638:
sources clearly refers to Cora as to the brain behind the party game plan, though at least at some points he played a vital role in the planning process. Some scholars refer to him as merely a transmission belt from the
Falange headquarters, where all the strings were pulled. Around 1950 Cora's leadership went under criticism with emergence of Juntas de Ofensivas de Agitación Carloctavista, Movimiento de Agitación Social Católico Monárquista and Frente Nacional Carlista, new Carloctavista structures challenging the collaborative strategy. Though it was Cora who laid out initial reading of the Carloctavista claim, in the 1940s as legal expert he withdrew to the back seat; his 1932 booklet was replaced as key theoretical work first by an anonymous pamphlet issued in 1948 and then by a lecture published by Antonio Lizarza in 1950.
690:, challenged his older sibling and claimed monarchical rights himself; it is not clear if and to what extent this move was inspired by or agreed with Cora, who rushed to promote the claim and became the chief advocate of the new claimant. During the following years he represented Don Francisco José in Spain, the task made easier by the 1961 withdrawal of Don Antonio into privacy. In more practical terms, Cora represented his king as a lawyer, fighting nobility-related legal battles before Spanish courts; in the early 1960s they were mostly about the duque de Madrid title, traditionally claimed by Carlist pretenders and at that time coveted also by another hopeful from the Javierista branch,
683:, who seemed leaning towards some sort of political activity. Early 1954 Cora convinced most members of the Comunión Católico-Monárquica executive to welcome Don Antonio as Carlos IX, the move which caught him by surprise. Following a brief vacillation period, later that year Don Antonio declared that he would not assume any political activity. Though there were alternative options considered, Cora y Lira then set sights on Don Antonio's 17-year-old son Don Domingo. He launched a fund-raising campaign to facilitate his settling in Spain, until in 1955 furious might-have-been Carlos IX expulsed Cora – which was his third expulsion already – for "arbitrario ejercicio del mando".
642:
698:
796:
826:; he became their public advocate and co-founded Sindicato Católico Obrero de Lugo. Following the advent of the Republic he sporadically kept addressing – in writing or during public meetings – social issues in general and agrarian ones in particular, also when related to Carlism. During Francoism Cora resumed his social interest, e.g. when active in Congreso de Orientación Social. On practical side, he engaged in charity work as hermano mayor honorario of Cofradía del Santísimo Cristo de la Piedad de Vivero.
671:
513:
565:
376:
541:, styled as a Magna Asamblea advocated earlier, and formed part of its presidential board. It did not challenge the Carlist reign of Don Alfonso Carlos, but in utter violation of his instructions it adopted the theory laid by Cora and declared that after death of the king, Doña Blanca would be in position to transmit hereditary rights to Don Carlos, who at that time was living abroad. The Carlist leader
47:
168:
1781:
611:
752:
347:. When serving as General Auditor de la Armada he was at least 3 times, in 1945, 1948 and 1956 officially received by Franco. Having reached the regular retirement age, in early 1956 Cora was moved to reserve, enabling his return as a retiree to Viveiro. Retaining his General Auditor rank he was officially assigned "a las órdenes del señor Ministro", and continued with honorary duties as
443:
232:
818:. In Madrid he engaged in Galician organizations active in the capital, growing to vice-president of Ler Gallego in 1929. In 1931 he entered junta directiva of Secretariado de Galicia in Madrid, nominated head of its Estadistica, Sociologia y Derecho committee. Finally, during early Francoism he resumed these duties as member of Junta Directiva of Centro Gallego in Madrid.
328:, charged by the rebels with mutiny; he co-signed death sentence of teniente Luis Sánchez Pinzón, jefe de servicios radiotelegráficos of the cruiser, executed shortly afterwards. Cora spent the rest of the Civil War as Fiscal de la Auditoria de la Base Naval Principal de El Ferrol; following the Nationalist victory in the summer of 1939 he was promoted to coronel.
284:. In 1920 he was promoted to teniente auditor de cuarta clase, two years later reaching the third class. He left Cartagena and was assigned to Asesoría General in Madrid. His career continued with the 1923 advancement to teniente auditor de segunda clase; at unspecified date but prior to the spring of 1925 he was already comandante auditor, a rank equivalent to
2558:
Carlos, namely his nomination of
Vicente de Cadenas as Cronista de Armas, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 103-104. However, unlike in case of nobility titles granted by earlier Carlist claimants, Franco has never recognized Carloctavista nobility titles, namely 2 marquesados, 10 condados and 1 vizcondado, all created in 1944-1951, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 101-103
2141:, p. 216. Some authors claim that the Cruzadistas went even further and declared Carlos Pio the legitimate heir, Canal 2000, p. 319. The text published in the press in 1935 as allegedly adopted by the assembly read that "nuestra inclinación hacia el Archiduque Don Carlos", Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 3, p. 29
649:
In daily business Cora's role was about propaganda activities and manning the interface to official authorities. Featuring "Viva Franco y Carlos VIII" as the slogan, he accompanied the claimant in his numerous tours across the country, apart from close meetings punctuated by public gatherings styled
492:
The theory presented by Cora referred to an earlier 1914 interpretation, which read that in case of all male branches extinguished or excluded, heritage rights might be transmitted to her son by an oldest daughter of the last legitimate king. The group - already known as the
Cruzadistas - focused on
787:
organization. Already in the mid-1910s his brother José was editor-in-chief of the paper; by the end of the decade Cora assumed these duties himself, though it is not clear for how long. He might have been related to the daily also in the 1920s, as during the dictatorship it was officially issued by
654:
and at some points believed that official nomination of Carlos VIII as the future jefe de estado was near. However, his repeated attempts to arrange Don Carlos' meeting with Franco bore no fruit until 1952. The encounter left many
Carloctavistas ecstatic, especially that soon afterwards Cora ensured
537:, where dynastical theory laid earlier was confirmed and openly specified with regard to Doña Blanca. As the expulsed were trying to institutionalize their movement and build an own organization, Cora was provisionally appointed jefe of its Madrid branch. In 1935 Cora participated in a gathering in
2557:
in 1961 Franco refused a Toisón de Oro honour from Don Juan; there are speculations that Franco considered Toisón a state decoration while he viewed the San Carlos
Borromeo order a dynastical one, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 87. In 1952 Franco also formally acknowledged some appointments made by Don
637:
were leaning towards cautious support for Carlos VIII, it was Cora y Lira who emerged as the most distinguished partisan of the cause. It is not clear, however, who has contributed most to engineering and daily execution of the
Carloctavista strategy of total commitment to the regime. None of the
528:
to the Cortes he was to enter a joint Right-wing local
Galician alliance known as Unión Orensana de Derechas, standing as representative of an Agrarian-Traditionalist grouping. However, the mainstream Carlist faction, locally known as "oficialistas", objected to his candidature; as a result, Cora
383:
Having
Carlist antecedents among his ancestors, he adhered to the Carlist cause from an early age. While he was studying in Madrid he was the secretary of the local Carlist Youth and pronounced speeches at Carlist feasts. Back in Galicia, the newspaper he contributed to is by one scholar noted as
303:
government embarked on reform of the army; the naval Cuerpo Jurídico was to be turned into a civil service. In
September 1931 Cora was promoted to teniente coronel only to be released from the staff job and assigned to Ferrol. In December 1931 he was already listed as retired, which permitted his
484:
and instead advocated appointing an heir during
Alfonso Carlos' lifetime. Initially Cora was not among the group's most active members and did not sign a February 1932 letter to the claimant, openly presenting the cause. However, in late 1932 he emerged as their key theorist, publishing a legal
264:
consulted explicitly claims they had no issue, though no descendants are listed on genealogical sites, when discussing whereabouts of the Cora family on the societé columns the local press has never acknowledged any children and none are mentioned among many relatives listed in Cora's obituary.
263:
of the navy and having been nominated aspirante. Also at unspecified time prior to the mid-1920s Jesús Cora y Lira married María do Cármen López Prieto; nothing is known about his wife except that she outlived her husband. It is not clear whether the couple had any children. None of the sources
821:
Cora's interest in social issues is marked by his Traditionalist approach, entrenched in enmity towards laissez-faire liberalism – let alone Marxist and revolutionary ideas - and based on Catholic and gremialist solutions. First information on his activity comes from 1924, when he was noted as
629:
By voicing their support to the Carlist claim of Carlos VIII, Cora and other Carloctavistas openly breached loyalty to the regency of Don Javier; hence, they were again expulsed from mainstream Carlism by its political leader, Manuel Fal. Don Carlos started to organize own structures: Comunión
763:
It is not clear whether beyond the military realm Cora pursued his law career systematically or rather periodically, most likely when not tied up by his navy duties. The press reported him engaged in three different periods. In the 1910s he was briefly noted as the Lugo municipal attorney. In
532:
He continued as a Cruzadista. The group, now reduced to a minor secessionist Carlist branch though enjoying some support also in other regions, refused to budge; moreover, they assumed a challenging if not provocative name of Núcleo de la Lealtad. In July 1934 Cora took part in a meeting of
764:
1928-1930 he practiced as municipal judge of the Madrid Hospicio district court, but during the Republic years instead of a juez he was noted as a lawyer, member of the Madrid Colegio de Abogados. In the mid-1950s he was again noted as judge performing routine admin duties in Madrid.
548:
Following the 1936 outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Cora and the other Cruzadistas were re-admitted to the mainstream Carlist structures, though none of the sources consulted mentions his Carlist political activity in the late 1930s. Nothing is known about his position on regency of
2663:
according to one reading he considered his royal claim as a heavy cross to bear and was happy to declare the struggle over once both his sons concluded morganatic marriages, rendering the line incapable of transmitting the heritage rights further on, Montells 1995, available online
319:
On July 12, 1936 Cora with his wife left Madrid for his native Viveiro; none of the sources consulted identifies him as involved in military conspiracy and the press acknowledged that he was to commence summer holidays. Details of his activity during the first months of the
650:
as "concentraciones patrióticas". On the official front, he worked to ensure at least amicable permission if not approval on part of the regime, exploiting his links in El Pardo and among the top Falangists. He played down setbacks like the 1948 Franco's agreement with
242:
The couple had 7 children, Jesús born as the second and the last son. All were brought up in fervently Catholic ambience; the eldest of the siblings José was also a Carlist and the two youngest sisters became nuns. The young Jesús was first educated in the neighboring
2594:
most Carloctavista leaders were overwhelmed by this sequence of disasters and sensed that their cause was turning into a grotesque; one of them concluded that "estamos, queridos compañeros, en el más absoluto y completo de los ridículos", Heras y Borrero 2004, pp.
501:-resident Carlos Pio Habsburgo-Lorena; they started to call for a grand Carlist assembly, which would settle the succession issue. Don Alfonso Carlos acknowledged this as a breach of loyalty and in 1933 expulsed the Cruzadistas, including Cora, from the Comunión.
728:
1950:, Madrid 1958, p. 113; it was signed by Pedro de Apodaca, Juan Pérez de Nájera, Antonio Redondo, Emilio Deán, Ramón Cómas, Rafael Hidalgo de Morillo, Juan Vicedo Calatayud, Bibiano Esteban, Jaime Martínez Rubio and Francisco A. Jiménez, Ferrer 1958, p. 43
655:
Franco's acceptance of the Carlos-VIII-created Orden de San Carlos Borromeo. However, any official, semi-official or unofficial endorsement of Don Carlos's claim on part of the regime failed to materialize before in late 1953 he unexpectedly died of
630:
Católico-Monárquica and Juventudes Carlistas, carefully styled not to challenge the Francoist ban on political parties except FET; in late 1943 he appointed Cora his secretario general. At this point Cora emerged as political leader of the group.
2837:
which is incompatible with a stereotypical Spanish image of Gallegos, notorious for their indecision. The most popular Spanish joke about them claims that when you meet a Gallego on the stairs, you can not say whether he is going up or down, see
590:, that public promotional campaign of the royal claim of Don Carlos might commence across Spain. In June the latter issued a manifesto, announcing his personal claim to throne. The former Cruzadistas greeted him as Carlos VIII, now turning into
2520:
he declared "estamos debidamente autorizados para declaras que no ha sido alterada, al menos hasta la fecha, en los más minimo la situación que venía existiendo entre el Rey, nuestro Señor, y el Generalisimo Franco", Heras y Borrero 2004, p.
224:, though not in combat units but as an official in its juridical branch. Specializing in crew contracting issues he grew to teniente coronel auditor and as head of Cuerpo Jurídico de la Armada became a distinguished figure in the entire
577:
who led many specific initiatives. They climaxed in 1943: in March that year Don Carlos returned to Spain and re-settled in Barcelona. In May Cora took advantage of his personal Galician links and visited the Franco's residence of
2289:
his would-have been counter-candidates for leadership were nationally known Requeté commanders Antonio Lizarza Iribarren and Jaime del Burgo Torres, possibly also local leaders like a Navarro Emilio Dean Berro, see César Alcalá,
731:. At that time Carloctavismo was reduced to grouplets organized around few periodicals; their activity was boiling down to few isolated episodes. One of Cora's last public appearances was the 1966 Carloctavista gathering in
427:, but in the late 1920s he grew to mid-range positions of the Madrid organization; in 1928 active in its Sección de Propaganda, in 1930 he entered the UP executive of the Congreso district. During political thaw of the
572:
Cora is not listed among those who in the early 1940s reverted to the Cruzadista claim and raised the cause of Don Carlos. At that time following the death of Pérez Nájera the group had no clear leader, though it was
678:
Though many Carloctavistas considered their cause hopeless and withdrew into privacy or joined other Carlist branches, Cora was determined to go on; he advanced the cause of an older brother of the late Don Carlos,
3482:
2183:
a new letter to Fal, demanding termination of the regency, nomination of the king and suggesting Carlos Pio was issued by a few Navarrese priests and Antonio Lizarza in April 1941, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 3, p.
2607:
suggested that the oldest daughter of Carlos Pio, a 14-year-old Doña Alejandra, is declared "abanderada provisional" so that she could transmit hereditary rights to her future son, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp.
2796:
Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 183. Cora has been subject to Javierista ridicule since the mid-1940s, when he advanced the Carloctavista claim; for details and samples see Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 128
2068:
Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 70, Clemente 1999, p. 173. Many authors from the onset, i.e. from the early 1931, refer to Cruzadistas and to Nucleo de la Lealtad, see e.g. Santa Cruz 1979 vol. 3, pp. 26-7
431:
Cora engaged back in the re-established Carlist party of the mainstream Jaimista branch. In the first months of the Republic he was already Jefe of the Madrid provincial organization of the Jaimist
201:
806:
Cora cherished his Galician self and demonstrated interest in regional issues as correspondent of the local press and a once-off regionalist candidate to the Cortes. During late Restauración
3487:
2635:
Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 172; one author claims that even after 1956, Cora was supporting Don Antonio, see José Maria de Montells y Galán, La Otra Dinastia, 1833-1975, Madrid 1995,
2323:
69 (2009), p. 206; the author quotes a letter sent by Cora to Arrese. One more scholar notes that Cora was "more loyal to Carlism than to the regime", Ramón María Rodon Guinjoan,
743:
and the future king of Spain. With his death Carloctavismo lost its moving spirit, not that much in terms of theory and ideology, but rather in terms of dedication and enthusiasm.
273:
259:, pursuing law studies at Facultad de Derecho. He graduated at unspecified year though no later than in 1910; he then followed closely in the footsteps of his father, applying to
312:
694:. Though he was personally admitted by Franco in 1956, 1957, 1960 1964 and 1966, it is not known whether these meetings were anything more than routine courteous receptions.
209:
2214:
those listed as "principales próceres" were, apart from Cora, also Izaga, Deán Barro, Plazaola, del Burgo, Zuazo, Lizarza Iribarren and Larraya, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 53
2311:
some scholars claim that Carloctavismo and Falangismo were almost one and the same thing, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 122. Others note that Cora clearly distinguished between
659:. During the funeral ceremonies of late 1953 and early 1954 Cora enjoyed probably most media attention in his life, featured in the press, radio broadcasts and newsreels.
561:
in 1937 and afterwards. When speaking in public he limited himself to praising general patriotic values, like in a 1938 address to the Lugo branch of Juventud Antoniana.
251:, two years his junior, the acquaintance which was to last for decades to come. It is not known when the adolescent Cora completed his Ferrol education; he than moved to
280:
In 1911 Cora was listed as asesor in the naval Cuerpo de Aspirantes, assigned to Viveiro. Having passed in 1918 to Cuerpo Jurídico de la Armada he assumed duties in
2042:
Construción e destrución da cidadanía societaria: dinámica social e política da provincia de Lugo na Segunda República e nos primeiros anos do franquismo (1930-1950)
788:
Sindicatos Agrarios of Lugo, organization to some extent animated by Cora. His obituaries claimed that Cora collaborated also with Madrid periodicals, though except
2719:
2696:
2500:
1705:
1690:
1629:
1614:
1591:
1477:
1338:
587:
3246:
3211:
3180:
3150:
3093:
3032:
2365:, pp. 183-4. The thesis of Carloctavismo having been nothing but a Francoist invention is presented in numerous works of the author, see Josep Carles Clemente,
2198:
2172:
2057:
1769:
1576:
1516:
1501:
1442:
1407:
1383:
1368:
1310:
1220:
1140:
1110:
1044:
1020:
975:
727:. Mocked by them as "Don Jesús", in 1964 he took part in Primer Congreso de Estudios Tradicionalistas, organized by a freshly created Traditionalist think-tank
1872:, vol. 3, Seville 1979, p. 27. A Carlist circle under the same name and sharing the same vision was set up in Bilbao in the early 1930s, Santa Cruz 1979, p. 28
217:
723:. Its objective was gaining critical mass to confront what was left of mainstream Carlism, at that time increasingly under the influence of socialist-minded
707:
In the early 1960s Cora was leaning towards some sort of reconciliation between all Carlist offshoot branches which parted during the previous 20 years:
3013:
860:
687:
348:
228:, not infrequently reported in societé columns of the local press. At unspecified time he married Elisa de Lira y Montenegro; they settled in Viveiro.
3393:
3370:
2958:
2858:
1005:
850:
622:
156:
3442:
815:
428:
913:
Purificación de Cora Más Villafuerte and Jesús' father were cousins sharing the same grandfather, Miguel de Cora y Bolaño, Abel Expósito 2003
2813:
583:
2668:
2647:
670:
3383:
324:
are not known; in October 1936 Cora was again in the navy. He formed part of the Ferrol jury which court-martialled officers from the
3517:
3437:
810:
opposed autonomy plans and pursued a traditional, regionalism based cultural identity, but in 1930 Cora co-drafted a document titled
304:
return – already as a civilian – to Madrid; it is not clear whether he resigned voluntarily or was pushed into retirement. Until the
450:
Within Carlist structures Cora emerged as a restless politician; his voice was heard in the party ranks nationwide mostly thanks to
3452:
720:
716:
924:
Purificación de Cora y Más Villafuerte, da prensa de partido ao xornalismo como empresa: historia e periodismo en Lugo 1908 a 1940
404:
and by some as a regionalista. Both denominations might have been correct, though the question proved pointless as he lost to a
2764:
2734:
524:
Cora continued his political career beyond the official party structures, though its direction was initially not clear. In the
332:
2843:
3492:
3467:
3427:
2465:
El carlismo no quiere ni una Monarquía absoluta, ni una Monarquía liberal, ni un Estado totalitario, ni un Estado policíaco
2193:
circumstances of his death remain highly unclear. The Carlist press listed him among victims of the Republican terror, see
1963:, in some versions signed as authored by "J. de Arco", a pen-named sometimes used by Cora, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 142
1193:
247:, where he frequented Colegio del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, a local middle-class school. It is in the college that he met
123:
1067:, p. 135; he was personally mentioned by Don Alfonso Carlos in his 1933 letter; the Carlist king queried about his health
922:
though not in the Lugo province; he held governmental jobs in Albacete, Ciudad Real and Cuenca, see Nicolas Vidal Lopez,
558:
3375:
3231:
3195:
3165:
3135:
3078:
2994:
2943:
2912:
2749:
2704:
2484:
2479:, a full-blown lecture of Octavista claim, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 173; the work was originally a PhD thesis, see
1806:
1720:
1660:
1652:
1637:
1599:
1561:
1546:
1531:
1353:
1164:
1125:
882:
260:
3388:
3289:
2978:
2784:
2434:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2299:
2277:
2138:
2086:
2002:
1865:
1094:
1064:
931:
712:
473:
456:, a weekly mouthpiece of the Madrid branch of the party where he defended a far right policy and used the pseudonyms
325:
2971:
Os rudimentos da lingüística galega: un estudio de textos lingüísticos galegos de principios do século XX, 1913-1936
3497:
3462:
3043:
the author speclaizing in Carlist press does not indicate duration of his tenure, see Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
2336:
e.g. he engineered a propaganda strategy of dealing with failed Don Carlos' marriage, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 118
1675:
651:
554:
331:
Late 1939 Cora was assigned to an unspecified navy job in Madrid; three years later he was nominated consejero of
416:
2654:. Among those backing Don Francisco José the Gipuzkoanos prevailed, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe 2009, p. 199
708:
423:
institutions and remained active also during declining phases of the regime. It is not clear when he engaged in
3512:
3346:
3325:
2640:
2422:
2410:
2223:
e.g. travelling to Italy in 1943 to elicit appropriate statement form dona blanca, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 55
1981:
550:
436:
432:
190:. Their first representative was noted in the 15th century and some grew to local regidores; also during late
127:
119:
3477:
3432:
3010:
525:
469:
389:
196:
3472:
2548:
Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 86-8, 243, some claim the meeting took place in 1951, Clemente Muñoz 1995, p. 118
1961:
Comentarios a la Vigente Ley Reguladora de la Sucesión Dinástica Española impropriamenta llamada Ley Sálica
292:
in most European armies. He is not listed as engaged in any naval combat operations, especially during the
2413:, p. 25, Clemente 1999, p. 24. The same thesis repeated also by others, see Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas,
1427:
2201:. One author indicates he died of hunger when a refugee in Valencia in 1938, Guillermo Arsenio de Izaga,
405:
2415:
Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideological del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha
1881:
822:
engaged in the local Lugo Sociedad de Pasivos. During the dictatorship he gradually focused on agrarian
3407:
724:
691:
194:
a distant Jesús' relative, Purificación de Cora y Más Villafuerte, apart from setting up a local daily
1455:
Juan Sandalio Sánchez Ferragut, comandante del crucero "Almirante Cervera", que fue fusilado en Ferrol
1295:
1280:
634:
3457:
3447:
2109:
990:
855:
680:
477:
344:
305:
2927:
2897:
2882:
1909:
1853:
1836:
1821:
1798:
1736:
1265:
1250:
1235:
1184:
e.g. when acknowledged during summer holiday of 1926, when he was 36, Xoán Ramón Fernández Pacios,
472:
as the director of the paper. Following assumption of the Carlist claim by an 82-year-old pretender
3005:
in 1915 a José Cora y Lira was named as redactor while Antonio Cendrón Grandas was named director,
735:. He died 3 months before his lifetime efforts crashed definitely with the July 1969 nomination of
579:
256:
2270:
La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
452:
3365:
1904:"Nuestras autoridades, Ilmo. Señor D. Jesús de Cora y Lira, Jefe provincial carlista de Madrid",
902:
494:
476:, it became evident that the Carlist dynasty would soon extinguish. Cora joined the group led by
424:
300:
2810:
2604:
2312:
1462:
779:
756:
736:
641:
420:
340:
697:
354:
1481:
385:
2665:
2644:
3507:
3502:
783:, the Lugo newspaper launched in 1910, issued in 2,000 copies and closely related to local
619:
296:; it seems that until the fall of the monarchy he served performing office jobs in Madrid.
2104:
1886:
La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937)
1848:
1793:
8:
3266:
960:
773:
656:
409:
191:
529:
withdrew from the list and he let the steam off by writing bitter letters to the press.
2425:, p. 152 and María Teresa Borbón-Parma, Josep Carles Clemente, Joaquín Cubero Sanchez,
574:
143:
politician. In the navy juridical arm he rose to general auditor, a rank equivalent to
3065:
until 1930, when it was purchased by new proprietors, Abejón Mendoza 2010, pp. 161-165
3422:
3342:
3321:
3285:
2974:
2780:
2636:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2295:
2273:
2134:
2082:
1998:
1977:
1090:
1060:
927:
795:
321:
213:
487:
El futuro Caudillo de la Tradición Española – Estudio Jurídico, Histórico y Político
2317:
El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56)
662:
542:
534:
408:
candidate. None of the sources consulted records his renewed bid until the fall of
393:
308:
coup he was not a single time noted in the press as holding a military assignment.
285:
281:
248:
235:
183:
480:, which vehemently opposed sorting the dynastical crisis by an agreement with the
178:
Along his paternal line Jesús Cora y Lira was descendant to an established, noble
3017:
2817:
2672:
2651:
2391:
Los días fugaces. El Carlismo. De las guerras civiles a la transición democratica
845:
740:
701:
336:
244:
225:
179:
144:
2969:
compared to 15,000 of most popular Galician dailies, Benigno Fernández Salgado,
1929:"designar a su debido secesor según los leyes y procedimientos tradicionales",
512:
205:
3398:
3416:
3318:
Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco
2203:
Los presos de Madrid: recuerdos e impresiones de un cautivo en la España roja
1974:
Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco
840:
591:
401:
148:
1870:
Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español: 1939-1966
564:
633:
Though some high-positioned collaborative Carlists like the Cortes speaker
289:
221:
17:
936:
Los diarios gallegos ante el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914)
397:
335:. Also in 1942 Cora was promoted to general auditor, a rank equivalent to
3054:
Prensa y autonomismo en la provincia de Lugo durante la Segunda República
823:
768:
3483:
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
3206:
e.g. in August 1931 he wrote on agrarian issues in Galicia, compare
2353:, replicated in a number of books by Josep Carles Clemente, e.g. his
746:
498:
481:
152:
2467:, detailed discussion of the work in Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 91-98
46:
2302:, pp. 249-50, or a Catalan Ramón Gassió Bosch, Clemente 1999, p. 24
1893:
784:
538:
293:
1394:
when mentioned, Cora is usually referred to as "abogado" or "juez"
582:. Though he did not speak to caudillo himself, he agreed with his
3353:
Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español
1756:
some authors report him as elected, Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
835:
388:. In the 1910s he was vaguely associated with the right wing; in
272:
187:
171:
140:
83:
21:
1864:
its first issue appeared on July 25, 1929, Manuel de Santa Cruz
729:
Centro de Estudios Históricos y Políticos General Zumalacárregui
597:
2805:
Francisco Elías de Tejada, Rafael Gambra, Francisco Puy Muñoz,
732:
553:, assumed after the death of Don Alfonso Carlos in 1936, or on
442:
375:
311:
252:
231:
2016:
El Fénix que siempre renace. El carlismo ourensano (1894-1936)
610:
351:
of Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar into the early 1960s.
167:
2530:
especially in the fall of 1949, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 79
751:
2828:
Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 160, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 202
2315:
and national-sindicalism, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe,
200:
served also as a civil governor. Jesús' great-grandfather,
64:
3488:
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
3371:
Don Carlos burial footage, Cora featured a number of times
3282:
Cruzadistas y carloctavistas: historia de una conspiración
2683:
Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 158, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 124
2379:
El Carlismo: historia de una disidencia social (1833-1976)
2292:
Cruzadistas y carloctavistas: historia de una conspiración
1424:
Sociedad Benéfica de Historiadores Aficionados y Creadores
2020:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Series V, Historia Contemporánea
182:
family. The Coras have been for centuries related to the
814:
and during the Republic he was noted for supporting the
777:
Cora was its Lugo correspondent; he contributed also to
2777:
El naufragio de las ortodoxias: el carlismo, 1962-1977
1995:
El carlismo. Dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España
2091:
Raros, heterodoxos, disidentes y viñetas del Carlismo
3307:
El archiduque Carlos de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón
2325:
Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976)
435:, in early 1932 re-united with offshoot branches in
666:: between Don Antonio and Don Francisco (1954-1969)
2349:in Clemente 1995, pp. 115-118 or a section titled
747:Civil servant, publisher, regionalist, syndicalist
155:advocated a claim to the Spanish throne raised by
2446:Alcalá 2012, p. 330, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 84
1057:El carlismo en el novecientos español (1876-1936)
204:, was a military and participated in wars of the
3414:
686:In 1956 another brother of the late Don Carlos,
2427:Don Javier, una vida al servicio de la libertad
28: and the second or maternal family name is
951:Santiago F. Pardo de Cela, Carlos Adrán Goás,
485:analysis of the Carlist succession law titled
139:(1890–1969) was a Spanish soldier and a
137:Jesús de Cora y Lira, 1st Count of Cora y Lira
3389:Carloctavista site advancing Domingo I claim
1780:see the official Cortes service, available
715:and the recently separated politicians like
497:, setting their sights on her youngest son,
147:. He is known mostly as political leader of
2347:Carlos VIII, que inventaron los franquistas
400:district, by some sources referred to as a
3394:full-blown Carloctavista genealogical tree
2775:Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,
2477:La sucesión legítima a la corona de España
1474:Boletín oficial de la provincia de Caceres
45:
1186:A praia de Foz imán turístico 1850 a 1930
504:
151:, a branch of Carlism which during early
3259:Colección de Pregones. Semana Sabta 1981
2567:Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 89-90, 119-121
812:Aportación al futuro Estatuto de Galicia
794:
750:
696:
669:
640:
563:
511:
446:Juan Pérez Nájera (photo from the 1870s)
441:
374:
310:
271:
230:
166:
2355:Breve historia de las guerras carlistas
3415:
2481:Fondo Francisco Javier de Lizarza Inda
1948:Breve historia del legitimismo español
1942:and accompanied by a manifesto titled
1731:"Por la noche. Velada en el Círculo",
545:promptly disauthorised the gathering.
3443:Leaders of political parties in Spain
2131:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
2044:, Santiado de Compostela 2012, p. 223
953:La Milicia Honrada de Viveiro en 1810
3332:Historia del tradicionalismo español
1486:Historia del tradicionalismo español
157:Carlos Pio Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón
2495:in 1948 he was received by Franco,
2367:Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo
934:, also Cristina Barreiro Gordillo,
792:no other title can be identified.
333:Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar
162:
13:
3316:Francisco de las Heras y Borrero,
3305:Francisco de las Heras y Borrero,
3274:
2576:Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 124-131
2403:El carlismo en la España de Franco
1972:Francisco de las Heras y Borrero,
1944:A todos los leales de la Tradición
267:
208:. His son and Jesús' grandfather,
202:José María de Cora Aguiar y Maseda
14:
3529:
3403:; contemporary Carlist propaganda
3384:Carloctavismo by Montells y Galan
3359:
2241:Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 71, 187
212:, joined the Carlists during the
3518:20th-century Spanish journalists
3438:Politicians from Galicia (Spain)
3337:José Maria de Montells y Galán,
3251:
3236:
3224:El problema social y el carlismo
3216:
3200:
3185:
3170:
3155:
3140:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3104:Abejón Mendoza 2010, pp. 161-165
3098:
3083:
3068:
3059:
3046:
3037:
3022:
3007:Boletín de Real Academia Gallega
2999:
2984:
2963:
2948:
2932:
2917:
2902:
2887:
2872:
2863:
2848:
2831:
2822:
2809:, Madrid 1971, available online
2799:
2790:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2724:
2709:
2686:
2677:
2657:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2514:
2511:Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 71, 76
2505:
2489:
2470:
2458:
2150:Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, pp. 58-59
895:Cora. torre de Xerdiz Ourol Lugo
609:
601:: serving Don Carlos (1943-1953)
559:Falange Española Tradicionalista
468:and others. In 1932 he replaced
3453:People of the Spanish Civil War
3113:Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 143
2973:, Santiago de Compostela 2000,
2585:Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 140-1
2449:
2440:
2339:
2330:
2305:
2283:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2187:
2177:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2123:
2114:
2096:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2034:
2031:Prada Rodriguez 2005, pp. 135-7
2025:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1953:
1936:
1923:
1914:
1898:
1875:
1858:
1841:
1826:
1811:
1786:
1774:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1642:
1619:
1604:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1467:
1447:
1432:
1412:
1397:
1388:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1324:
1315:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1198:
1178:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1079:
1070:
1049:
1034:
1025:
926:, Santiago de Compostela 2009,
901:service, 13.03.2003, available
392:Cora presented his bid for the
2345:see e.g. a sub-chapter titled
2250:Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 71-2
2102:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 39,
1488:, vol XXX, Sevilla 1979, p. 37
1337:service 16.01.2003, available
1010:
995:
980:
965:
945:
916:
907:
887:
872:
557:of Carlist organizations into
130:, Comunión Católico-Monárquica
1:
3302:16/370 (2007), pp. 78–87
2869:Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 37.
2259:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 102
1959:accompanied by another work,
1747:Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
419:Cora engaged in the emerging
216:. His son and Jesús' father,
3122:Prada Rodriguez 2005, p. 135
2626:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 145
2617:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 144
2539:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 79
2232:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 70
2159:Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 37
2120:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 39
1247:La Correspondencia de España
1055:José Carlos Clemente Muñoz,
866:
345:Gran Cruz del Mérito Militar
315:general auditor sleeve strap
20:, the first or paternal
7:
3493:Spanish publishers (people)
3468:20th-century Spanish judges
3428:People from Francoist Spain
3339:La Otra Dinastia, 1833-1975
2455:Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 82
2369:1935–1972, Barcelona 1977,
893:Xosé Manuel Abel Expósito,
829:
674:Don Antonio (earlier photo)
433:Partido Católico Monárquico
379:Cora y Lira (centre), 1920s
220:(died 1928), served in the
10:
3534:
3313:180 (1983), pp. 26–35
3294:Iñigo Bolinaga Irasuegui,
1262:La Correspondencia Militar
470:Guillermo Arsenio de Izaga
341:Gran Cruz del Mérito Naval
15:
3355:, vols. 3-4, Sevilla 1979
3257:Modesto Pérez Rodriguez,
2716:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
2693:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
2497:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
2079:El carlismo contra Franco
1866:Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta
1702:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
1687:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
1626:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
1611:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
717:Francisco Elías de Tejada
326:Almirante Cervera cruiser
210:Dario de Cora y Cadórniga
115:
107:
99:
91:
72:
53:
44:
37:
2327:, Barcelona 2015, p. 112
2268:Robert Vallverdú Martí,
1882:Eduardo González Calleja
1426:service 2009, available
1294:1923, p. 578, available
1279:1922, p. 565, available
767:Upon the 1917 launch of
437:Comunión Tradicionalista
415:Following the advent of
128:Comunión Tradicionalista
3498:Spanish Roman Catholics
3463:Spanish anti-communists
3351:Manuel de Santa Cruz ,
3052:Paloma Abejón Mendoza,
2040:Antonio Somoza Cayado,
2022:, vol. 17, 2005, p. 135
2014:Julio Prada Rodriguez,
1908:18.12.1931, available
1735:05.11.1906, available
1461:a service, available
526:1933 electoral campaign
3265:11.04.1981, available
3230:25.02.33, available
3009:219 (1929), available
2077:José Carlos Clemente,
1719:06.01.62, available
1672:La Vanguardia Española
1573:Hoja Oficial del Lunes
1292:Guía Oficial de España
1277:Guía Oficial de España
1192:04.04.2015, available
959:03.05.2013, available
803:
771:-based Catholic daily
760:
704:
675:
646:
569:
521:
516:Najera leading Madrid
447:
380:
316:
277:
276:teniente auditor strap
239:
175:
3513:National syndicalists
3401:Por Dios y por España
3334:vol XXX, Sevilla 1979
3245:10.12.62, available
3243:Hoja Oficial de Lunes
3056:, Madrid 2010, p. 160
2942:17.06.54, available
2205:, Madrid 1940, p. 460
2195:El Avisador Numantino
2108:30.05.35, available
2093:, Madrid 1995, p. 116
1920:González Calleja 2012
1418:María José Barreiro,
1406:12.07.36, available
1321:Fernández Pacios 2015
1249:05.05.18, available
798:
754:
700:
673:
644:
584:Jefe de la Casa Civil
567:
515:
445:
378:
314:
275:
234:
170:
3478:Spanish syndicalists
3433:Galician journalists
3263:Semana Santa Viveiro
3222:compare his lecture
3210:11.08.31, available
3194:09.04.69, available
3179:30.01.24, available
3164:05.04.45, available
3149:22.07.31, available
3134:14.03.29, available
3092:24.02.18, available
3077:09.04.69, available
3031:24.02.18, available
2993:09.04.69, available
2957:04.04.17, available
2926:03.04.32, available
2911:25.02.33, available
2896:29.12.29, available
2881:30.08.29, available
2857:18.11.15, available
2842:14.12.12, available
2807:¿Que es el carlismo?
2763:08.12.66, available
2748:23.04.60, available
2733:28.01.60, available
2718:05.12.57, available
2703:16.02.56, available
2695:16.02.56, available
2499:13.05.48, available
2197:15.11.39, available
2171:21.05.38, available
2056:05.09.34, available
1892:9 (2012), available
1890:El Argonauta Espanol
1852:05.01.33, available
1835:13.12.31, available
1820:02.07.30, available
1805:09.09.28, available
1797:25.06.28, available
1768:21.02.18, available
1704:19.01.61, available
1689:05.12.57, available
1674:09.04.69, available
1659:22.01.56, available
1651:14.01.56, available
1636:16.02.56, available
1628:16.02.46, available
1613:13.05.48, available
1598:04.05.45, available
1590:04.05.45, available
1575:09.06.47, available
1560:02.10.45, available
1545:05.08.42, available
1530:19.09.42, available
1515:20.01.40, available
1500:09.07.39, available
1476:02.01.37, available
1441:01.11.36, available
1382:08.12.31, available
1367:23.10.31, available
1352:27.09.31, available
1331:Ordenanzas militares
1309:07.04.25, available
1264:04.06.20, available
1234:02.05.18, available
1219:21.10.11, available
1163:08.04.69, available
1139:21.10.11, available
1124:05.06.35, available
1109:02.06.40, available
1043:14.10.28, available
1019:20.08.19, available
1004:16.10.28, available
989:20.11.05, available
974:26.10.28, available
942:88 (2015), pp. 29-54
881:09.04.69, available
3473:Spanish monarchists
3376:Cora's obituary in
2377:. p. 184, his also
2351:Gallery of traitors
2089:, p. 179, his also
1459:Asturias Republican
1453:Marcelino Laruejo,
1420:Manuel Barreiro Rey
1087:Franco. A biography
808:La Voz de la Verdad
780:La Voz de la Verdad
757:La Voz de la Verdad
721:José Luis Zamanillo
657:cerebral hemorrhage
588:Julio Muñoz Aguilar
555:forced amalgamation
412:liberal democracy.
257:Universidad Central
186:and the comarca of
3284:, Barcelona 2012,
3016:2016-05-05 at the
2816:2016-02-07 at the
2671:2008-05-09 at the
2650:2008-05-09 at the
2429:, Barcelona 1997,
2294:, Barcelona 2012,
2272:, Montserrt 2014,
2133:, Cambridge 2008,
2129:Martin Blinkhorn,
1946:, Melchor Ferrer,
1931:El Cruzado Español
1906:El Cruzado Español
1588:Pensamiento Alaves
1175:Abel Expósito 2003
1151:Abel Expósito 2003
1076:Abel Expósito 2003
1031:Abel Expósito 2003
861:Don Francisco Jose
816:autonomous statute
804:
800:Estatuto da Galiza
790:El Cruzado Español
761:
741:Principe de España
711:, Carloctavistas,
705:
688:Don Francisco José
676:
647:
645:Franco (mid-1950s)
570:
522:
474:Don Alfonso Carlos
453:El Cruzado Español
448:
381:
339:, in 1945 awarded
317:
286:capitán de corbeta
278:
240:
176:
2779:, Pamplona 1997,
1733:El Correo Español
1190:O gabinete de Foz
478:Juan Pérez Nájera
218:Jesús Cora y Cora
214:First Carlist War
134:
133:
120:Comunión Jaimista
80:(aged 78–79)
58:Jesús Cora y Lira
39:Jesús Cora y Lira
3525:
3458:Spanish admirals
3448:People from Lugo
3404:
3330:Melchor Ferrer,
3296:El carloctavismo
3269:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3220:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2967:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2417:, Estella 1999,
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1818:Unión Patriótica
1815:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
999:
993:
984:
978:
969:
963:
949:
943:
920:
914:
911:
905:
891:
885:
876:
774:El Ideal Gallego
613:
568:Carlist standard
425:Unión Patriótica
421:primoderiverista
396:from his native
384:leaning towards
355:Early politics:
349:consejero togado
255:and enrolled at
249:Francisco Franco
184:province of Lugo
163:Family and youth
124:Unión Patriótica
79:
49:
35:
34:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3413:
3412:
3399:
3362:
3341:, Madrid 1995,
3320:, Madrid 2004,
3311:Historia y Vida
3277:
3275:Further reading
3272:
3256:
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3237:
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3217:
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3060:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3027:
3023:
3018:Wayback Machine
3004:
3000:
2989:
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2836:
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2818:Wayback Machine
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2662:
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2634:
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2605:Jaime del Burgo
2603:
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2506:
2494:
2490:
2475:
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2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2405:, Madrid 1994,
2393:, Cuenca 2013,
2381:, Madrid 1990,
2357:, Madrid 2011,
2344:
2340:
2335:
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2310:
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2119:
2115:
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2097:
2081:, Madrid 2003,
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2013:
2009:
1997:, Madrid 2000,
1992:
1988:
1976:, Madrid 2004,
1971:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1859:
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1842:
1833:El Siglo Futuro
1831:
1827:
1816:
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1791:
1787:
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1155:
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1120:
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1101:
1089:, London 2011,
1084:
1080:
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1059:, Madrid 1999,
1054:
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1039:
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1000:
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950:
946:
921:
917:
912:
908:
892:
888:
877:
873:
869:
846:Carlo-francoism
832:
749:
737:Don Juan Carlos
702:Prince of Spain
692:Don Carlos Hugo
668:
627:
626:
625:
621:
616:
615:
614:
603:
575:Antonio Lizarza
510:
373:
270:
268:Military career
261:Cuerpo Jurídico
174:, early 20th c.
165:
145:counter-admiral
116:Political party
87:
81:
77:
68:
62:
60:
59:
40:
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12:
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3373:
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3366:Cora genealogy
3361:
3360:External links
3358:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3335:
3328:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3280:César Alcalá,
3276:
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3199:
3184:
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2488:
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2439:
2338:
2329:
2313:Traditionalism
2304:
2282:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2186:
2176:
2161:
2152:
2143:
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2095:
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2061:
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2024:
2007:
1986:
1965:
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1618:
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1580:
1565:
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1490:
1482:Melchor Ferrer
1466:
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1431:
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1396:
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1342:
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1239:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1177:
1168:
1153:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1099:
1085:Paul Preston,
1078:
1069:
1048:
1033:
1024:
1009:
994:
979:
964:
944:
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906:
899:xenealoxía.org
886:
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864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
831:
828:
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667:
661:
635:Esteban Bilbao
618:
617:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
602:
596:
592:Carloctavistas
509:
503:
466:Incógnito Leal
372:
353:
337:contralmirante
269:
266:
206:Napoleonic era
164:
161:
132:
131:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:Known for
105:
104:
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96:
93:
89:
88:
82:
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63:
57:
55:
51:
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3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3293:
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3290:9788493884253
3287:
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2979:9788481218596
2976:
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2808:
2802:
2793:
2786:
2785:9788431315641
2782:
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2757:
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2727:
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2502:
2498:
2492:
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2473:
2466:
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2437:, pp. 191-198
2436:
2435:9788401530180
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2400:
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2364:
2363:9788499671697
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2275:
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2196:
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2136:
2132:
2126:
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2107:
2106:
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2087:9788489644878
2084:
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2055:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2004:
2003:9788420639475
2000:
1996:
1993:Jordi Canal,
1990:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
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1103:
1096:
1095:9780006862109
1092:
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1073:
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1065:9788483741535
1062:
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1052:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
998:
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988:
987:Vida Marítima
983:
977:
973:
968:
962:
958:
954:
948:
941:
937:
933:
932:9788496982383
929:
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890:
884:
880:
875:
871:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:Carloctavismo
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
801:
797:
793:
791:
786:
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722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
699:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
672:
665:
664:Carloctavista
660:
658:
653:
643:
639:
636:
631:
624:
620:
612:
600:
599:Carloctavista
595:
593:
589:
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581:
576:
566:
562:
560:
556:
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546:
544:
540:
536:
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459:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
371:(before 1933)
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
313:
309:
307:
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207:
203:
199:
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189:
185:
181:
173:
169:
160:
158:
154:
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149:Carloctavismo
146:
142:
138:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
75:
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56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
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3258:
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3187:
3177:La Provincia
3176:
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3089:
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2715:
2711:
2700:
2692:
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2679:
2659:
2643:, available
2631:
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2590:
2581:
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2563:
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2544:
2535:
2526:
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2507:
2496:
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2483:, available
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2442:
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2307:
2291:
2285:
2269:
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2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1994:
1989:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1905:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1847:
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1832:
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1817:
1813:
1802:
1792:
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1473:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1335:todoexpertos
1334:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
986:
982:
971:
967:
956:
952:
947:
939:
935:
923:
918:
909:
898:
894:
889:
878:
874:
824:cooperatives
820:
811:
807:
805:
799:
789:
778:
772:
766:
762:
755:
706:
685:
677:
663:
648:
632:
628:
598:
571:
547:
531:
523:
517:
505:
491:
486:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
417:dictatorship
414:
410:Restauración
382:
368:
364:
361:regionalista
360:
356:
343:and in 1947
330:
318:
298:
279:
241:
195:
192:Restauración
177:
136:
135:
78:(1969-00-00)
29:
25:
18:Spanish name
3508:1969 deaths
3503:1890 births
3147:El Progreso
3090:El Progreso
3029:El Progreso
2955:El Progreso
2855:El Progreso
2169:El Progreso
2054:El Progreso
1984:, pp. 35-36
1766:El Progreso
1513:El Progreso
1498:El Progreso
1439:El Progreso
1404:El Progreso
1380:El Progreso
1365:El Progreso
1307:El Progreso
1217:El Progreso
1137:El Progreso
1107:El Progreso
1041:El Progreso
1017:El Progreso
972:El Progreso
856:Don Antonio
713:Sivattistas
709:Rodeznistas
681:Don Antonio
623:Carlos VIII
518:Cruzadistas
508:(1933-1943)
495:Doña Blanca
429:dictablanda
197:El Progreso
92:Nationality
3417:Categories
3347:8492001658
3326:8497725565
2641:8492001658
2423:8460589323
2411:8424506707
2389:, p. 128,
1982:8497725565
851:Don Carlos
551:Don Javier
543:Manuel Fal
506:Cruzadista
482:Alfonsinos
462:J. de Arco
301:Republican
238:in Colegio
111:politician
100:Occupation
3151:< here
2938:see e.g.
2401:, p. 54,
2105:La Nación
1849:La Nación
1794:La Nación
867:Footnotes
769:La Coruña
725:Huguistas
535:Zumárraga
499:Barcelona
398:Mondoñedo
322:Civil War
306:July 1936
282:Cartagena
153:Francoism
3423:Carlists
3300:Historia
3208:El Orzán
3014:Archived
2981:, p. 302
2814:Archived
2787:, p. 182
2669:Archived
2648:Archived
2321:Hispania
2280:, p. 121
2005:, p. 306
1933:25.06.32
1232:La Epoca
1207:08.04.69
1002:El Orzán
830:See also
785:diocesan
652:Don Juan
580:El Pardo
539:Zaragoza
402:Maurista
386:Jaimismo
369:carlista
365:upetista
357:carlista
294:Riff War
180:Galician
103:military
16:In this
3408:YouTube
2595:142-143
1801:, also
1333:post,
940:Aportes
897:entry
836:Carlism
802:(draft)
520:, 1930s
406:Liberal
226:Galicia
188:Viveiro
172:Viveiro
141:Carlist
95:Spanish
86:, Spain
84:Viveiro
67:, Spain
22:surname
3345:
3324:
3288:
2977:
2924:El Sol
2894:El Sol
2879:El Sol
2783:
2639:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2298:
2276:
2137:
2085:
2001:
1980:
1097:, p. 6
1093:
1063:
930:
733:Poblet
458:Goiriz
394:Cortes
253:Madrid
245:Ferrol
236:Franco
2608:143-4
290:major
3343:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3267:here
3247:here
3232:here
3212:here
3196:here
3181:here
3166:here
3136:here
3094:here
3079:here
3033:here
3011:here
2995:here
2975:ISBN
2959:here
2944:here
2928:here
2913:here
2898:here
2883:here
2859:here
2844:here
2811:here
2781:ISBN
2765:here
2750:here
2735:here
2720:here
2705:here
2697:here
2666:here
2645:here
2637:ISBN
2501:here
2485:here
2431:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2199:here
2173:here
2135:ISBN
2110:here
2083:ISBN
2058:here
1999:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1910:here
1894:here
1854:here
1837:here
1822:here
1807:here
1799:here
1782:here
1770:here
1737:here
1721:here
1706:here
1691:here
1676:here
1661:here
1653:here
1638:here
1630:here
1615:here
1600:here
1592:here
1577:here
1562:here
1547:here
1532:here
1517:here
1502:here
1478:here
1463:here
1443:here
1428:here
1408:here
1384:here
1369:here
1354:here
1339:here
1311:here
1296:here
1281:here
1266:here
1251:here
1236:here
1221:here
1194:here
1165:here
1141:here
1126:here
1111:here
1091:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1045:here
1021:here
1006:here
991:here
976:here
961:here
928:ISBN
903:here
883:here
390:1918
367:and
299:The
222:navy
76:1969
73:Died
65:Lugo
61:1890
54:Born
30:Lira
26:Cora
3406:on
3378:ABC
3309:,
3298:,
3261:,
3228:ABC
3192:ABC
3162:ABC
3132:ABC
3075:ABC
2991:ABC
2940:ABC
2909:ABC
2840:ABC
2761:ABC
2746:ABC
2731:ABC
2701:ABC
2319:,
2018:,
1888:,
1803:ABC
1717:ABC
1657:ABC
1649:ABC
1634:ABC
1596:ABC
1558:ABC
1543:ABC
1528:ABC
1457:,
1422:,
1350:ABC
1205:ABC
1188:,
1161:ABC
1122:ABC
955:,
938:,
879:ABC
739:as
719:or
288:or
24:is
3419::
3226:,
2699:,
2521:78
2184:49
1884:,
1868:,
1655:,
1632:,
1594:,
1484:,
1480:,
594:.
586:,
489:.
464:,
439:.
363:,
359:,
159:.
126:,
122:,
460:,
32:.
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