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restitution and reparation, the relationship to Israel and
Russian-speaking immigration from 1990 onwards are the central themes. As a "final chorus," the video installation "Mesubin" (The Gathered) brings the polyphony of contemporary Jewish together. Eight thematic rooms deal with religious aspects of Judaism and its lived practice, with the museum's family collections, and with art and music. What is sacred in Judaism? How is Shabbat celebrated? What is the sound of Judaism? In addition to original objects, the exhibition presents a wide variety of audio-visual media, virtual reality, art and interactive games.
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learned about particular highlights of the collection and were able to delve into larger-scale virtual exhibitions – for example, on the life story of Albert
Einstein or on Eastern European immigration between 1880 and 1924. Video interviews offered insights into current Jewish life in Germany. The computer game Sansanvis Park was developed especially for children. The facility was named after the Berlin real estate entrepreneur and patron Rafael Roth (1933–2013).
639:
Encyclopaedia
Judaica, the Jewish hospital in Frankfurt and the sculpture "GroĂźer Kopf" by Otto Freundlich. The shape of the black glass bodies refers to the "voids," the empty spaces made of concrete in Daniel Libeskind's museum architecture. Using infrared headphones, visitors can listen to up to 40 sound recordings with descriptions, explanations and background information, sounds and music for each object presented as they move along the black glass walls.
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the Jewish citizens of Berlin, second, the necessity to integrate physically and spiritually the meaning of the
Holocaust into the consciousness and memory of the city of Berlin. Third, that only through the acknowledgement and incorporation of this erasure and void of Jewish life in Berlin, can the history of Berlin and Europe have a human future.
320:, and the museum's inventory was confiscated. In 1976 a "Society for a Jewish Museum" formed and, three years later, the Berlin Museum, which chronicled the city's history, established a Jewish Department, but already, discussions about constructing a new museum dedicated to Jewish history in Berlin were being held.
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authority records, personal documents, correspondence, a photo archive as well as numerous testimonies from religious, social, cultural, intellectual, political, and economic life. The collection of more than 1,200 memoirs of German-speaking Jews (also and especially from the post-Nazi era) is unique.
451:
The exhibition is divided into five historical chapters spanning from the beginnings of Jewish life in
Ashkenaz, through the emancipation movement, the Enlightenment, and its failure, to the present. The largest space is dedicated to National Socialism and the chapter After 1945, where topics such as
418:
In recent years, Libeskind has designed two structural extensions: a covering made of glass and steel for the "Kollegienhaus" courtyard (2007), and the W. Michael
Blumenthal Academy of the Jewish Museum in a rectangular, 250 m (2,700 sq ft) 1960s flower market hall on the opposite side
651:
formed. The first acquisitions were Jewish ceremonial artworks belonging to the MĂĽnster Cantor Zvi Sofer. Soon, fine art, photography and family memorabilia were acquired. The collection is now divided into four areas: ceremonial objects and applied arts, fine arts, photography, and lastly, everyday
638:
The 'Gallery of the
Missing' is a project by the artist Via Lewandowsky. It involves three sound installations under the title 'Order of the Missing' in black mirrored glass showcases (glass bodies) that cannot be seen in the permanent exhibition. They depict destroyed objects of Jewish culture: the
414:
grows out of reach, atop 49 tall pillars (48 filled with Berlin's earth, one with earth from
Jerusalem). The third axis leads from the Museum to the Holocaust Tower, a 24 m (79 ft) tall empty silo. The bare concrete Tower is neither heated nor cooled, and its only light comes from a small
686:
The Rafael Roth
Learning Center was located in the basement of the Jewish Museum Berlin until March 2017. Here, Jewish history was presented in a multimedia and interactive way at 17 computer stations for individual visitors and groups. Under the headings "Things," "Stories," and "Faces," visitors
382:
The new design, which was created a year before the Berlin Wall came down, was based on three conceptions that formed the museum's foundation: first, the impossibility of understanding the history of Berlin without understanding the enormous intellectual, economic and cultural contribution made by
698:
With the opening of the academy in 2012, its programs were added to the previous range of activities. Founding director W. Michael
Blumenthal, after whom the academy is named, aimed to establish a Jewish museum that not only presented historical, religious, and social topics at exhibitions, but
672:
at the Jewish Museum. The LBI has its principal office in New York and holds the most comprehensive collection of materials on the history of Jews in Germany, Austria, and other German-speaking areas in Central Europe of the last 300 years – including about one million documents such as local
335:'s design was chosen from among 189 submissions by the committee for what was then planned as a "Jewish Department" for the Berlin Museum. While other entrants proposed cool, neutral spaces, Libeskind offered a radical, zigzag design, which earned the nickname "Blitz" ("Lightning").
712:
The Jewish Museum Berlin Foundation receives an annual grant from the funds of the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural Affairs and the Media; this covers around three-quarters of its total budget. The remaining funds are raised primarily through donations and ticket sales.
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The previous permanent exhibition "Two Millennia of German Jewish History" was on display from September 2001 to December 2017. It presented Germany through the eyes of the Jewish minority. The exhibition began with displays of medieval settlements along the Rhine, in particular in
972:. In June 2019, then-director Schäfer used the museum's official Twitter account to retweet a call by 240 Jewish and Israeli academics for the German government to not equate BDS with anti-Semitism, to protect freedom of expression and assembly, and to fight anti-Semitism.
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closely followed and discussed political and social developments from a Jewish angle. The academy programs focus not only on the relationship between the majority population and individual minorities, but also on the interactions and ties between these minorities.
342:. Six months later the decision was reversed and construction on the $ 65 million extension to the Berlin Museum began in November 1992. The empty museum was completed in 1999 and attracted over 350,000 people before it was filled and opened on 9 September 2001.
374:
building by Libeskind. The two buildings have no visible connection above ground. The Libeskind building, consisting of about 15,000 m (160,000 sq ft), is a twisted zig-zag and is accessible only via an underground passage from the old building.
215:
Academy of the Jewish Museum Berlin was built – also after a design by Libeskind – in 2011/2012 in the former flower market hall. The archives, library, museum education department, a lecture hall and the Diaspora Garden can all be found in the academy.
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The new core exhibition entitled "Jewish Life in Germany: Past and Present" opened on 23 August 2020. Covering more than 3,500 square meters, it tells the story of Jews in Germany from their beginnings to the present day from a Jewish perspective.
980:, said, "Under these circumstances, one has to think about whether the term 'Jewish' is still appropriate." Schäfer resigned a week later "to avoid further damage". After his resignation he wrote a book on the history of anti-Semitism.
494:
stood at the beginning of the twentieth century. One focus of the exhibition was Berlin and its development into a European metropolis. The Jews living here as merchants and entrepreneurs, scientists and artists, were pioneers of the
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A line of "Voids", empty spaces about 66 feet (20 m) tall, slices linearly through the entire building. Such voids represent "That which can never be exhibited when it comes to Jewish Berlin history: Humanity reduced to ashes."
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in Düsseldorf (1975–1981). The exhibition tour concluded with an audio installation of people who grew up in Germany reporting on their childhood and youth after 1945. A new chapter of Jewish life in Germany began with them.
395:– is apparent, which is also divided into three areas with different meanings. In Berlin, the three axes symbolize three paths of Jewish life in Germany – continuity in German history, emigration from Germany, and the
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culture. The museum archive safeguards over 1,500 family bequests, in particular from the eras of the Empire, the First World War, and Nazism. The library comprises 100 000 media on Jewish life in Germany and abroad.
514:
for the possibility to emigrate. At the same time, small Jewish communities in West and East were forming. Towards the end of the exhibition, two major Nazi trials of the post-war period were examined – the Frankfurt
434:; the second prize was awarded to the Berlin firm Staab Architekten and third prize to Michael Wallraff of Vienna. The children's museum opened on June 27, 2021 and is housed in the W. Michael Blumenthal Academy.
489:
in the nineteenth century was presented as a time of optimism, achievement and prosperity, though setbacks and disappointments were displayed as well. German-Jewish soldiers fighting for their country in
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In the course of planning a new permanent exhibition, the Jewish Museum decided not to continue operating the Learning Center with its technical equipment after more than 15 successful years.
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movement. In February 2019, the German government indicated that it would take steps to prevent the museum becoming a platform for BDS. In May 2019 the German Bundestag passed a resolution
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in Europe. On 3,500 square metres (38,000 square feet) of floor space, the museum presents the history of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present day, with new focuses and new
630:, but to all victims of violence and war. Visitors are invited to walk on the faces and listen to the sounds created by the metal sheets, as they clang and rattle against one another.
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Since 2002, the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Friends and Patrons of the Jewish Museum Berlin have presented the annual Prize for Understanding and Tolerance. Past recipients included:
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1683:
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In 2016, a jury appointed by the Jewish Museum Berlin awarded the first prize in an architectural competition for a new €3.44 million children's museum for 3 to 12 year-olds to
477:(1646–1724, also known as Glückel von Hameln), who left a diary detailing her life as a Jewish business woman in Hamburg. The intellectual and personal legacies of philosopher
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1981:
506:, emphasis was placed on the ways in which Jews reacted to the increasing discrimination against them, such as founding Jewish schools and social services. After the
2002:
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Brenner, M. (1999). Jewish Culture in Contemporary America and Weimar Germany: Parallels and Differences. Central European University Jewish Studies Yearbook, 2(2).
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In the basement, visitors first encounter three intersecting, slanting corridors named the "Axes." Here a similarity to Libeskind's first building – the
1902:
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626:, the only empty or "voided" space of the Libeskind Building that can be entered. Kadishman dedicated his artwork not only to Jews killed during the
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From its opening in 2001 to December 2017, the museum had over eleven million visitors and is one of the most visited museums in Germany.
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in 1937. To reflect this focus on living history, the entrance hall of the museum both contained busts of prominent German Jews, such as
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The first Jewish Museum in Berlin was founded on 24 January 1933, under the leadership of Karl Schwartz, six days before the Nazis
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2015:
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The Kollegienhaus building is the U-shaped building in the foreground; Libeskind's building is the adjacent zig-zag structure.
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1966:
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1152:"Presentation of the history of the museum on the Jewish Museum Berlin website, part 2: Controversies and Contradictions"
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Rosenfield, Karissa (17 November 2012). "Daniel Libeskind's Academy of the Jewish Museum Berlin Opens Today". ArchDaily.
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277:. Schwartz intended the museum as a means to revitalise Jewish creativity, and to demonstrate that Jewish history was
1933:
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is documented in the collections, the library and the archive, and is reflected in the museum's program of events.
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197:. It consists of three buildings, two of which are new additions specifically built for the museum by architect
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By 2019, the museum was dubbed the "Anti-Jewish Museum" due to hosting a series of speakers favorable to the
1815:
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The second axis connects the Museum proper to the Garden of Exile, whose foundation is tilted. The Garden's
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1903:"Berlin Jewish Museum director resigns over Tweet endorsing antisemitic BDS – Diaspora – Jerusalem Post"
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1130:"Presentation of the history of the museum on the Jewish Museum Berlin website, part 1: Background"
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Das Berliner Jüdische Museum in der Oranienburger Strasse: Geschichte einer zerstörten Kulturstätte
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Das Berliner Jüdische Museum in der Oranienburger Strasse: Geschichte einer zerstörten Kulturstätte
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1209:"Now Practicing What He Preaches; Jewish Museum in Berlin Is a Noted Architect's First Building"
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Changing exhibitions present a broad range of themes, eras and genres. Notable exhibitions are:
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slit in its roof. The Jewish Museum Berlin was Libeskind's first major international success.
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1994:
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1732:"Preis für Verständigung und Toleranz an Barrie Kosky und Herta Müller – neue musikzeitung"
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1976:
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254:'s celebrated lost sculpture of The Young David was placed in the entrance of the museum
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1998:
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1077:"Jewish Culture in Contemporary America and Weimar Germany: Parallels and Differences"
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1476:"Olson Kundig's children's museum at Jewish Museum Berlin is inspired by Noah's Ark"
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Mitteilung des Stiftungsrats: Hetty Berg wird neue Direktorin des JĂĽdischen Museums
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818:
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332:
198:
155:
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1871:"Director of Jewish Museum in Berlin resigns after BDS-linked tweet sparks uproar"
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2426:
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1970:
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Looting and Restitution: Jewish-Owned Cultural Artifacts from 1933 to the Present
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and, in addition to curating Jewish history, also featured collections of modern
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2007:
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1963:
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239:. Originally used as a hospice, the building was remodeled for use as a museum.
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Since September 2001, there has been a branch of the archive of the New York
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In 1991, Berlin's government temporarily canceled the project to finance its
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and one of the last exhibitions to be held was a retrospective of the German
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366:. Essentially, it consists of two buildings – a baroque old building, the
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622:, 10,000 faces punched out of steel and distributed on the ground of the
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for Virtual Library Museums by Susannah Reid, University of Newcastle
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482:
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1500:
301:, and also a number of works by contemporary Jewish artists such as
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1425:"Information about the design and creation of the glass courtyard"
481:(1729–1786) were next; both figures were flanked by depictions of
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The Jewish Museum's collections date back to the 1970s, when the
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The Whole Truth … everything you always wanted to know about Jews
317:
281:. The museum's art collection was also seen as a contribution to
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Stories of an exhibition: two millennia of German Jewish history
2039:
462:
1990:
1844:"Germany vows to prevent BDS activity at Berlin Jewish museum"
1761:"'Anti-Jewish' Museum in Berlin under fire for supporting BDS"
2047:
507:
470:
312:
On 10 November 1938, during the 'November Pogroms', known as
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by Elke Dorner. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 3. Auflage 2006;
1234:
Breslau, Karen (3 February 1992). "The New Face of Berlin".
1948:
1450:"Information about the design and creation of the academy"
1736:
1566:"List of all special exhibitions on the museum's website"
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Contemporary Museums – Architecture, History, Collections
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Home and Exile: Jewish Emigration from Germany since 1933
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The diaspora garden at the W. Michael Blumenthal Academy
1985:
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473:. The Baroque period was regarded through the lens of
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In 1988, the Berlin government announced an anonymous
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Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
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370:(that formerly housed the Berlin Museum) and a new,
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for the new museum's design, with a jury chaired by
1501:"The Children's World of the Jewish Museum Berlin""
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Central European University Jewish Studies Yearbook
2412:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
1959:(in German, English, Spanish, Italian, and French)
1207:
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590:Counterpoint: The Architecture of Daniel Libeskind
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550:A Time for Everything. Rituals Against Forgetting
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358:The Jewish Museum Berlin is located in what was
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582:Chrismukkah: Stories of Christmas and Hanukkah
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562:How German is it? 30 Artists' Notion of Home
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1401:Daniel Libeskind – Jüdisches Museum Berlin,
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2016:
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1977:A Short Photographic Essay on the Museum
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1707:"Prize for Under-standing and Tolerance"
1592:Highlights from the Jewish Museum Berlin
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1366:"Daniel Libeskind, Jewish Museum Part 2"
1279:"Daniel Libeskind, Jewish Museum Berlin"
1201:
1199:
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421:
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349:
189:) was opened in 2001 and is the largest
2191:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1986:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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574:Typical!: Clichés about Jews and Others
546:Snip it! Stances on Ritual Circumcision
442:
14:
2638:
1205:
527:
2011:
1816:"Beware of tikkunism and tikkunistas"
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739:Prize for Understanding and Tolerance
566:Kosher & Co: On Food and Religion
1341:"Information about the architecture"
1173:Goldberger, Paul (5 February 1995).
211:Opposite the building ensemble, the
1787:Weinthal, Benjamin (4 April 2013).
1724:
1474:Sophie Lovell (26 September 2019).
1105:. Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich.
676:
265:. The museum was built next to the
24:
1991:Website of Studio Daniel Libeskind
1919:
1759:Wienthal, Benjamin (9 June 2019).
1590:Stiftung JĂĽdisches Museum Berlin.
1537:, Proprietas-Verlag, Berlin 2001;
1533:Stiftung JĂĽdisches Museum Berlin.
978:Central Council of Jews in Germany
316:, the museum was shut down by the
25:
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1940:
966:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
456:The previous permanent exhibition
2575:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2473:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2303:
340:bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics
244:
228:
54:
29:Jewish museum in Berlin, Germany
1982:Interview with Daniel Libeskind
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1836:
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1594:, Nicolai-Verlag, Berlin 2010;
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1417:
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952:2023 – Corinne Michaela Flick,
664:The Leo Baeck Institute archive
2676:2001 establishments in Germany
2382:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
1242:
1227:
1206:Riding, Alan (17 March 1998).
1166:
1144:
1052:
959:
510:, 250 000 survivors waited in
437:
13:
1:
2196:Monument to Freedom and Unity
2127:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1964:detailed November 2001 review
1045:
702:
694:W. Michael Blumenthal Academy
659:Modern media exhibition space
60:The Kollegienhaus (1735) and
2397:Museum Europäischer Kulturen
1250:"A Perfectly Normal Museum?"
970:calling the BDS anti-Semitic
716:
7:
2661:Museums established in 2001
1993:– with descriptions of the
1693:Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg
1018:
682:Rafael Roth Learning Center
649:Society for a Jewish Museum
10:
2697:
2681:Jews and Judaism in Berlin
2671:History museums in Germany
2666:Daniel Libeskind buildings
2372:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
1025:Jewish Museum, Emmendingen
1011:. Hentrich & Hentrich.
996:, Braun Publishing, 2010;
983:
707:
219:
2646:Jewish museums in Germany
2588:
2545:
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2312:
2301:
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1969:29 September 2010 at the
1075:Brenner, Michael (1999).
620:Shalekhet – Fallen leaves
618:created the installation
512:"Displaced Persons" camps
345:
235:The original building on
161:
151:
141:
131:
92:
81:
73:
69:
53:
44:
37:
2357:Freie Universität Berlin
2342:Berlin Zoological Garden
2246:Vorderasiatisches Museum
1821:The Canadian Jewish News
1686:28 November 2019 at the
1635:"About the Organisation"
893:Renate Lasker-Harpprecht
643:Collections and archives
634:Another art installation
38:
2038:Visitor attractions in
1926:The Last Jews in Berlin
1101:Simon, Hermann (2000).
1030:Jewish Museum Frankfurt
596:Permanent installations
432:Olson Kundig Architects
362:before the fall of the
263:officially gained power
187:JĂĽdisches Museum Berlin
39:JĂĽdisches Museum Berlin
2417:Schloss Charlottenburg
2402:Natural History Museum
2280:St. Hedwig's Cathedral
1662:. Jewish Museum Berlin
1564:Jewish Museum Berlin.
889:Anita Lasker-Wallfisch
857:Richard von Weizsäcker
660:
611:
427:
419:of the street (2012).
407:
385:
372:deconstructivist-style
355:
2483:German-Russian Museum
2241:Museum of Islamic Art
1613:"Leo Baeck Institute"
883:W. Michael Blumenthal
734:from 2020: Hetty Berg
724:W. Michael Blumenthal
658:
603:
425:
405:
380:
353:
213:W. Michael Blumenthal
203:German-Jewish history
18:Jewish Museum, Berlin
2555:Charlottenhof Palace
2387:Kaufhaus des Westens
2290:Topography of Terror
2226:Oranienburger StraĂźe
2078:Berlin Wall Memorial
2068:Alte Nationalgalerie
1928:, by Leonard Gross;
1711:Jewish Museum Berlin
1639:Jewish Museum Berlin
1505:Jewish Museum Berlin
1454:Jewish Museum Berlin
1429:Jewish Museum Berlin
1370:Jewish Museum Berlin
1345:Jewish Museum Berlin
1283:Jewish Museum Berlin
1254:Jewish Museum Berlin
1176:"Reimagining Berlin"
1156:Jewish Museum Berlin
1134:Jewish Museum Berlin
1035:Jewish Museum Munich
837:Jan Philipp Reemtsma
783:Otto Graf Lambsdorff
534:Welcome to Jerusalem
519:(1963–1965) and the
475:Glikl bas Judah Leib
443:Permanent exhibition
271:Oranienburger StraĂźe
237:Oranienburger StraĂźe
183:Jewish Museum Berlin
33:Jewish Museum Berlin
2613:Transport in Berlin
2570:Potsdam Roman Baths
2547:Metropolitan region
2535:Soviet War Memorial
2422:Soviet War Memorial
2171:Humboldt University
1824:. 30 September 2012
1696:, 26 November 2019.
1304:"Berlin Wall Trail"
1260:on 9 December 2014.
1162:on 9 December 2014.
1140:on 9 December 2014.
976:, president of the
753:Heinrich von Pierer
670:Leo Baeck Institute
528:Special exhibitions
487:Age of Emancipation
406:The Garden of Exile
393:Felix Nussbaum Haus
329:Josef Paul Kleihues
112: /
34:
2362:Gas Lantern Museum
2335:Bundespräsidialamt
2253:Platz der Republik
2110:Checkpoint Charlie
1908:The Jerusalem Post
1789:"The Jew in a Box"
1615:(official website)
1480:Wallpaper Magazine
1314:on 5 December 2014
1214:The New York Times
1181:The New York Times
1007:Simon, H. (2000).
1004:, pp. 214–17.
990:Van Uffelen, Chris
954:Wolfgang Ischinger
933:Madeleine Albright
863:Berthold Leibinger
661:
612:
504:National Socialism
502:In the section on
428:
408:
356:
283:German art history
32:
2651:Museums in Berlin
2633:
2632:
2478:East Side Gallery
2437:Tempelhof Airport
2347:Botanical Gardens
2285:Staatsoper Berlin
2176:Kronprinzenpalais
1600:978-3-89479-607-5
1238:. pp. 60–62.
1002:978-3-03768-067-4
873:Wolfgang Schäuble
831:Michael Verhoeven
616:Menashe Kadishman
608:Menashe Kadishman
538:Cherchez la femme
485:and country. The
479:Moses Mendelssohn
295:Moses Mendelssohn
179:
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116:52.502°N 13.395°E
88:, Berlin, Germany
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331:. A year later,
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2504:Molecule Man
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2216:Neues Museum
2142:Tränenpalast
2083:Berliner Dom
2073:Altes Museum
1925:
1906:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1876:Israel Hayom
1874:
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1853:. Retrieved
1849:Sun-Sentinel
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1312:the original
1307:
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1282:
1258:the original
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1244:
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1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1184:. Retrieved
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1160:the original
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1138:the original
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947:Herta MĂĽller
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877:Hubert Burda
813:Imre Kertész
793:Helmut Panke
773:Johannes Rau
769:Michael Otto
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291:Ernst Oppler
278:
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186:
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26:
2608:Spree River
2593:Berlin Wall
2510:MĂĽggelberge
2263:Sony Center
2181:Kulturforum
2166:Hotel Adlon
2132:Fernsehturm
2100:Bode Museum
2061:Weltzeituhr
1740:(in German)
1666:5 September
1660:"Directors"
1644:17 February
1619:17 February
1485:17 February
1413:(in German)
1219:17 February
1186:17 February
960:Controversy
867:Iris Berben
803:Fritz Stern
799:Helmut Kohl
759:Otto Schily
728:2014–2019:
722:1997–2014:
624:Memory Void
610:(1997–2001)
492:World War I
438:Exhibitions
360:West Berlin
325:competition
195:scenography
119: /
94:Coordinates
74:Established
64:-Bau (1992)
2640:Categories
2560:New Palace
2498:Uber Arena
2442:Tiergarten
2186:Lustgarten
2122:DDR Museum
2001:, and the
1744:12 October
1571:9 December
1459:9 December
1434:9 December
1375:9 December
1350:9 December
1318:9 December
1288:9 December
1090:(2): 1–16.
1046:References
937:Igor Levit
923:Heiko Maas
907:Joe Kaeser
703:Management
605:Shalekhet,
558:Obsessions
497:modern age
307:Lesser Ury
275:Jewish art
146:Hetty Berg
107:13°23′42″E
104:52°30′07″N
2603:Landmarks
2580:Sanssouci
2270:Reichstag
1984:from the
717:Directors
397:Holocaust
169:.jmberlin
152:Architect
86:Kreuzberg
62:Libeskind
1967:Archived
1684:Archived
1236:Newsweek
1019:See also
592:(2003).
586:10+5=God
576:(2008);
556:(2013);
540:(2017);
412:oleaster
142:Director
82:Location
2598:Culture
2457:Wannsee
2003:academy
1887:16 June
1716:22 July
984:Sources
941:2022 –
931:2020 –
921:2019 –
911:2018 –
901:2017 –
887:2016 –
881:2015 –
871:2014 –
861:2013 –
851:2012 –
845:2011 –
835:2010 –
817:2009 –
807:2008 –
797:2007 –
787:2006 –
777:2005 –
767:2004 –
757:2003 –
747:2002 –
708:Funding
471:Mayence
318:Gestapo
220:History
162:Website
2623:S-Bahn
2618:U-Bahn
2115:museum
2040:Berlin
1997:, the
1932:
1855:9 June
1828:9 June
1800:9 June
1772:9 June
1598:
1541:
1510:20 May
1407:
1109:
1000:
463:Speyer
346:Design
2048:Mitte
1080:(PDF)
827:Bosch
628:Shoah
542:Golem
508:Shoah
467:Worms
1930:ISBN
1889:2019
1857:2019
1830:2019
1802:2019
1774:2019
1746:2022
1718:2024
1668:2016
1646:2023
1621:2023
1596:ISBN
1573:2014
1539:ISBN
1512:2023
1487:2023
1461:2014
1436:2014
1405:ISBN
1377:2014
1352:2014
1320:2014
1290:2014
1221:2023
1188:2023
1107:ISBN
998:ISBN
891:and
821:and
469:and
364:Wall
305:and
297:and
181:The
132:Type
77:2001
1737:nmz
829:),
269:on
173:/en
171:.de
167:www
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