93:
443:. In August 1905 Zangwill and Wolf met to discuss the Uganda Scheme, and in subsequent correspondence between the two we learn that both supported the creation of a Jewish colony in British East Africa. Wolf had objected to any specifically "Jewish national homeland", that is to say a state which ghettoized Jews, preserving Jewish customs and law as the basis for governance. Though Zangwill's literary works suggest his nostalgia for the ghetto, he too recognized the need for a modern Jewish polity. Both concurred that a self-governing Jewish territory should be based on a preponderance of Jews in the region rather than British legislative
36:
1128:
415:, as the East Africa offer was called, particularly representatives from Eastern Europe who argued that Palestine was the sole acceptable site for a Jewish homeland. Herzl was severely criticized for his willingness to seek a Jewish state outside of the Middle East, and such criticism, Zangwill claimed, contributed to Herzl's death from heart failure in 1904. In a 1905 speech on the East Africa offer he exclaimed:
337:
immigrants, Jewish financial support, or international political support. Since there was strong support on the part of some members of the
Zionist leadership, however, peace was kept in the movement by the time-honored parliamentary maneuver of voting to establish a committee for the investigation of the possibility, which was not finally dismissed until the
394:
important play, "The
Melting Pot", a survivor of the pogrom who escapes to America after witnessing the murder of his family. The events of Kishinev also convinced Zangwill of the immediate need to find a place of Jewish refuge be it in Palestine or some other site. In commenting on the pogroms in a greeting to the
451:
structure. This basic agreement between
Zangwill and Wolf would lead to the formation of the Jewish Territorial Organisation (ITO), an organisation dedicated to "obtaining a large tract of territory (preferably within the British Empire) wherein to found a Jewish Home of Refuge", and to the elevation
336:
in danger. Notwithstanding its emergency and temporary nature, the proposal still proved very divisive, and widespread opposition to the plan was demonstrated by a walkout led by the
Russian Jewish delegation to the Congress. Few historians believe that such a settlement scheme could have attracted
308:
spoke in favor of the proposal. In his speech to the
Congress Zangwill made clear that, though he did not see East Africa as the ultimate consummation of the Zionist cause, he did believe that it proved a particularly useful, temporary (if still somewhat long-term) solution to the Jewish problem in
393:
which resulted in the deaths of over forty Jews, as well as the destruction and looting of hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses. The specter of
Kishinev profoundly influenced Zangwill's actions and work. Indeed, several years after the event, Zangwill would make the protagonist of his most
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of white settlementāfor $ 4.38 per acre, in order to build a refuge for Jews of all nations. He had brought with him a cornerstone which read "Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by
Mordecai M. Noah in the Month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825) and in the Fiftieth Year of American
661:
established the
Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization (Frayland-lige far Yidisher Teritoryalistisher Kolonizatsye) in London in 1935. This organization attempted, unsuccessfully, to pursue Jewish autonomy by obtaining a large piece of territory in sparsely populated areas in
402:
The
Kishineff massacre has brought home to the blindest the need of a publicly and legally safeguarded home for our unhappy race. When you come to consider where this centralized home should be you will find no place as practicable as Palestine, or at least for a start, its
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in 1903 and institutionalized in 1905. The establishment was a response to Herzl's rejection of Uganda proposal, as the ITO led by
Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement. It attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g.
678:, who informed Steinberg that the Australian government would not "depart from the long-established policy in regard to alien settlement in Australia" and could not "entertain the proposal for a group settlement of the exclusive type contemplated by the Freeland League".
685:
in 1948, Steinberg criticized the exclusivist politics of the Israeli government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other region of the world. After Steinberg's death in 1957 the Freeland League was led by
235:
hoped for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel but recognized that global events demanded an immediate solution to the Jewish problem, in Russia at least, even if that solution required Jewish refugees to settle outside of
626:; which saw the destruction of Jewish agricultural colonies in Ukraine and the Crimea. There were attempts to establish Crimea as a Jewish Homeland following World War II, which had some support from
423:. His people called him dreamer and demagogue, and towards the end men of his own party called him traitor and broke his heart. He worked for his people: they paid him his wages and he has gone home.
92:
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had made the territorial alternatives to Eretz Israel less viable. Accordingly, in 1925 the ITO was dissolved and most of its members returned to the Zionist movement.
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formally rejected the Uganda Scheme. Following the rejection of the East Africa offer, Zangwill contacted Lucien Wolf, an English Jewish journalist and member of the
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447:, and both concurred that the new government should be formed on a modern, democratic basis rather than some earlier biblical ideal or Eastern European
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about the creation of a Jewish colony in Africa. And in April 1903 his efforts in London seemed to bear fruit. In response to the horrors of
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orientation, and for a time had a considerable influence among Russian Jews. The party supported Herzl during the debate over the Uganda Scheme.
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Independence." However, the scheme failed to attract Noah's fellow Jews. It began and ended with the ceremonial laying of that cornerstone.
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The first instance of what might be termed Territorialism, though the term did not yet exist, much predated Zionism. In 1825 the
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or "ITOmen". ITO attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g.
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countries, by settling them in agricultural colonies on lands purchased by the committee, particularly in
160:āthe first Jew born in the United States to reach national prominenceātried to found a Jewish "refuge" at
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Zionism without Zion: The Jewish Territorial Organization and Its Conflict with the Zionist Organization
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The Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) was founded by British Jewish author, critic, and activist
439:. Wolf was an opponent of political Zionism, but did support the creation of Jewish colonies in the
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leaders had seriously considered proposals for Jewish homelands in places other than the
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848:""Zionism without Zion"?: Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist Movement, 1882ā1956"
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in Australia. Territorialist projects in the USSR ended mostly with the advent of the
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argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or
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898:"Before Crimea Was an Ethnic Russian Stronghold, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland"
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worked to encourage the emigration and settlement of Jews there, likewise with the
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362:), and on the African, Asian, and Australian continents, yet with little success.
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Herzl is dead: he worked for his people as no man ever worked for them since
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for a Jewish homeland in Palestine had proven so futile and the dream of
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was established in 1934. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast or JAO for short (
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political movement which first arose in 1903 in response to the British
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Zangwill's interest in territorialism began in 1903 in response to the
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for Jewish settlement. When Herzl revealed Chamberlain's offer to the
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proposed to Herzl the creation a semiautonomous region on the
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Image in 1825, a Pivotal Year on the Niagara Frontier on
254:, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". Some
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groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as
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332:
to investigate the offer as a temporary measure for
646:
Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization
508:also took up the idea, combining it with a strong
499:
610:(which saw the dissolution of the Territorialist
328:Herzl introduced a controversial proposal to the
1660:
1378:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America
312:In 1903 British cabinet ministers suggested the
269:As early as 1902, Herzl's negotiations with the
180:. He purchased land on Grand Islandāthen on the
1408:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
1398:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland
385:rituals. This inflammatory use of the ancient "
196:, was aimed at facilitating mass emigration of
780:Image of the City of Ararat (Grand Island, NY)
729:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
670:. One of the more well-known ventures was the
600:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
96:Members of the Jewish Territorial Organization
1003:
640:political purges against Jewish organisations
475:government, the colonial power at the time),
139:
622:), and then in their totality following the
277:so distant that he decided to approach the
1373:Women's International Zionist Organization
1010:
996:
895:
638:, along with launching another series of
471:, establishing several contacts with the
134:the political philosophy of the same name
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
91:
43:This article includes a list of general
14:
1661:
983:Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism
845:
752:
630:, however such plans were rejected by
1482:Timeline of the ArabāIsraeli conflict
991:
27:Jewish political movement (1903ā1925)
1467:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86
963:Steinberg, Isaac Nachman (1888ā1957)
891:
889:
841:
839:
817:
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793:
791:
546:), and then in a region surrounding
29:
1462:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379
946:"A Jewish colony in the Kimberleys"
571:
452:of Zangwill to the ITO presidency.
24:
967:Australian Dictionary of Biography
956:
896:Veidlinger, Jeffrey (2014-03-04).
495:Other Territorialist Organizations
435:, the main representative body of
136:). The ITO was dissolved in 1925.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
18:Jewish Territorialist Organization
1720:
1684:Organizations established in 1903
1477:IsraeliāPalestinian peace process
976:
886:
836:
812:
788:
433:Board of Deputies of British Jews
1403:Institute for Zionist Strategies
1126:
759:. Wayne State University Press.
455:The ITO's members were known as
176:, the Biblical resting place of
132:(though not to be confused with
34:
1268:Zionist Organization of America
714:Jewish Colonization Association
681:After the establishment of the
560:ŠŠ²ŃŠµĢŠ¹ŃŠŗŠ°Ń Š°Š²ŃŠ¾Š½Š¾ĢŠ¼Š½Š°Ń Š¾ĢŠ±Š»Š°ŃŃŃ
506:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
500:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
489:British occupation of Palestine
483:, but with little success. The
396:Federation of American Zionists
264:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
190:Jewish Colonization Association
102:Jewish Territorial Organisation
1618:Zionism as settler colonialism
1273:Zionist Organization of Canada
1103:Revival of the Hebrew language
938:
914:
773:
746:
564:Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast
353:and British Jewish journalist
316:, land for a Jewish state in "
13:
1:
1353:Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)
1278:Religious Zionists of America
1263:Zionist Federation of Germany
800:The Second Aliyah (1905ā1915)
739:
120:, which was preferred by the
1669:Defunct Jewish organizations
1613:Progressive except Palestine
734:Proposals for a Jewish state
377:, a Western province of the
7:
1608:Muslim supporters of Israel
1017:
864:10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1
697:
650:In the face of the looming
582:
534:a Territorialist effort in
427:In 1905 the members of the
369:. In April of that year in
10:
1725:
1628:Zionist political violence
1593:Jewish political movements
1363:Jewish Resistance Movement
1253:World Zionist Organization
1118:Zionism, race and genetics
519:
344:
140:Overview of territorialism
1694:Jewish settlement schemes
1545:
1494:
1437:
1426:
1388:American Zionist Movement
1228:
1135:
1124:
1025:
769:– via Google Books.
572:××Ö“××שע ×××××Öø× ×Öø××¢ ××¢×× ×
559:
544:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
192:, created in 1891 by the
1293:Jewish Agency for Israel
1108:Hebraization of surnames
1098:Negation of the Diaspora
552:Jewish Autonomous Region
429:Seventh Zionist Congress
339:Seventh Zionist Congress
1298:Jewish National Council
1258:Zionist General Council
659:Isaac Nachman Steinberg
515:
510:Socialist Revolutionary
194:Baron Maurice de Hirsch
64:more precise citations.
1689:1925 disestablishments
1643:Conservatism in Israel
1358:Jewish Party (Romania)
922:"Yivo | Frayland-lige"
583:yidishe avtonome gegnt
425:
405:
389:" sparked a three-day
330:Sixth Zionist Congress
320:" (actually in modern
314:British Uganda Program
302:Sixth Zionist Congress
97:
1679:Zionist organizations
1393:Am Yisrael Foundation
852:Jewish Social Studies
719:Kiryas Joel, New York
417:
400:
304:in August 1903,
126:Jewish Territorialism
95:
1648:Liberalism in Israel
1623:Zionist antisemitism
1447:Chronology of Aliyah
1333:World Agudath Israel
1283:Jewish National Fund
965:by Beverley Hooper,
952:on February 4, 2012.
926:yivoencyclopedia.org
846:Alroey, Gur (2011).
753:Alroey, Gur (2016).
724:New Square, New York
586:) is still today an
409:Zionist Organization
398:Zangwill commented:
158:Mordecai Manuel Noah
1674:Political movements
1588:Jewish emancipation
1472:Timeline of Zionism
1457:Balfour Declaration
1088:Gathering of Israel
487:and the subsequent
485:Balfour Declaration
298:British East Africa
1704:Jewish nationalism
1452:History of Zionism
709:Free State Project
688:Mordkhe Schaechter
628:Vyacheslav Molotov
528:October Revolution
290:Joseph Chamberlain
287:Colonial Secretary
98:
1656:
1655:
1583:Jewish Autonomism
1490:
1489:
1442:History of Israel
1418:Birthright Israel
784:New York Heritage
642:within the USSR.
588:autonomous oblast
580:
530:there was in the
256:socialist Zionist
223:Before 1905 some
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1709:Jewish self-rule
1633:Zio (pejorative)
1603:Muscular Judaism
1573:New antisemitism
1553:List of Zionists
1507:Independence Day
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1318:Hashomer Hatzair
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122:Zionist movement
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1578:Not one inch
1568:Antisemitism
1558:Anti-Zionism
1517:Yom HaAliyah
1313:Habonim Dror
1243:Hovevei Zion
1180:Post-Zionism
1077:
1063:Jewish state
966:
958:
950:the original
940:
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222:
216:(especially
187:
174:Mount Ararat
162:Grand Island
143:
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1428:History and
1195:Non-Zionism
1190:Neo-Zionism
1155:Revisionist
1113:Judaization
676:John Curtin
608:Great Purge
548:Birobidzhan
437:Anglo Jewry
387:blood libel
355:Lucien Wolf
296:plateau in
294:Uasin Gishu
62:introducing
1663:Categories
1308:Bnei Akiva
1288:Poale Zion
1215:Yiddishist
1137:Ideologies
1093:Settlement
931:2019-11-16
907:2023-07-27
830:2023-07-27
806:2023-07-27
740:References
692:Yiddishist
550:, where a
526:After the
520:See also:
473:Portuguese
375:Bessarabia
204:and other
178:Noah's Ark
154:journalist
146:playwright
45:references
1537:Rabin Day
1522:Herzl Day
1430:timelines
1238:Histadrut
1210:Canaanism
1205:Christian
1165:Religious
1057:proposals
880:154121434
872:1527-2028
624:Holocaust
577:romanized
481:Australia
461:Galveston
360:Galveston
341:in 1905.
252:Argentina
218:Argentina
200:from the
172:", after
118:Palestine
70:July 2023
1495:Holidays
1303:Mizrachi
1170:Cultural
1053:Homeland
1026:Concepts
698:See also
668:Suriname
655:genocide
616:agitprop
614:and its
596:far east
441:Diaspora
383:Passover
371:Kishinev
309:Russia.
283:Kishinev
182:frontier
150:diplomat
108:, was a
1368:Palmach
1323:Haganah
1175:Federal
1145:General
1055: (
1019:Zionism
694:goals.
664:Ecuador
579::
568:Yiddish
556:Russian
536:Ukraine
449:Kehilla
345:History
279:British
225:Zionist
164:in the
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1383:Aytzim
1160:Reform
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479:, and
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465:Alaska
391:pogrom
318:Uganda
170:Ararat
110:Jewish
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1638:Ulpan
1343:Betar
1338:Irgun
1220:Golus
1200:Green
1150:Labor
876:S2CID
322:Kenya
210:North
152:and
1348:Lehi
1248:Bilu
1033:Zion
868:ISSN
761:ISBN
652:Nazi
620:OZET
532:USSR
516:USSR
477:Asia
445:fiat
275:Zion
212:and
198:Jews
188:The
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