2443:
4283:
3453:
2711:
3467:
3043:. Together with his son, Hector, he joined them in a conspiracy to revolt against Spain and formed a revolutionary committee code named: "Capá Prieto" (a tree known as Spanish Elm, Ecuador Laurel, cypre or salmwood and used for its wood to build ships, among other things). On September 23, 1868, Brugman and his son participated in the short-lived revolt against Spanish rule known as El "
3210:
2992:
The
Spanish government, believing that the independence movements would lose their popularity, granted land and initially gave settlers "Letters of Domicile". However, those Europeans who were of the Jewish and Protestant faith were excluded from direct acquisition of state land since it was expected
3243:
in the island's west coast, is called "Centro
Hasidico Puertorriqueno Toiras Jesed". The Sha'are Zedeck, which has been designated by the Puerto Rican government as a National Historic Monument., and Reform congregations are located in San Juan and the Chabad Center is located in Isla Verde, in the
3054:
After the failed revolution, the
Spanish Courts passed the "Acta de Culto Condicionado" (Conditional Cult Act) in 1870. The law was an attempt to attract more settlers who would be faithful to the Spanish Crown by granting the right of religious freedom to all who wished to worship a religion other
3067:
in 1898. In the late 1800s during the
Spanish–American War many Jewish American servicemen gathered together with local Puerto Rican Jews at the Old Telegraph building in Ponce to hold religious services. Rabbi Adolph Spiegel, was among the serviceman who stayed in Puerto Rico.He led services from
2936:
When the Crypto Jews arrived on the island of Puerto Rico, they were hoping to avoid religious scrutiny, but the
Inquisition followed the colonists. The Inquisition maintained no rota or religious court in Puerto Rico. However, heretics were written up and if necessary remanded to regional
3142:, the first appointment that a Puerto Rican governor made to the court, addressing the nomination to "A. Cecilio Snyder". Snyder actually used the name "Cecilio" when sworn in as Chief Justice. After his departure from the court, Snyder practiced law in San Juan until his death in 1959.
3263:
Puerto Rican Jews have made many contributions to the Puerto Rican way of life. Their contributions can be found, but are not limited to, the fields of education, commerce and entertainment. Among the many successful businesses which they have established are
Supermercados Pueblo
3305:
is a salsa singer who in 2002 won two Latin Grammy Awards, one for "Best Salsa Album", for "Temptation" and the other in the category "Best Salsa Single" for "Por Ese Hombre". In 2006, the
Billboard Latin Music Awards nominated her for a "Best Salsa Single" award for "Tu Eres".
3238:
languages in their teachings, the
Conservative congregation also uses English, Hebrew and Spanish. On November 30, 2005, the Puerto Rican Jewish community established their first synagogue outside of the Metropolitan San Juan area. The synagogue, which is located in the City of
3362:"; and author Stephen Earley Jordan II's short story "The Jew of Condado" (2014). In July 2003, members and friends of Temple Beth Shalom published "What's Cooking/ Que se Cocina en Puerto Rico", a Spanish/English cookbook which includes Jewish recipes and Jewish holidays.
3217:
Puerto Rico is home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in the
Caribbean with almost 3,000 Jewish inhabitants. Some Puerto Ricans have converted to Judaism, not only as individuals but as entire families. Puerto Rico is the only Caribbean island in which the
2997:. The opening of new lands to Catholics resulted in some sales of existing cultivated lands to others. This, however, did not keep people of Jewish descent from settling in Puerto Rico. Among the Puerto Rican Jews who lived in Puerto Rico in the 19th century was
3440:
On
October 31, 2005, the Senate of Puerto Rico approved Senate Resolution 1480, recognizing the contributions which the Jewish community has made to the way of life of Puerto Rico and the friendship which exists between the peoples of Puerto Rico and Israel.
3230:
movements are represented. Sha'are Zedeck, established in 1953, represents Conservative Judaism; Temple Beth Shalom, established in 1967, represents Reform Judaism; and Chabad Center, established in 1997, represents Orthodox Judaism.
3200:
and gave Luis Muñoz Marin and his administrators legal advice whenever called upon. According to Abe Fortas's biographer Laura Kalman, "Puerto Rico engaged Fortas. It became the one cause to which he was unconditionally committed."
3150:
In 1952, Puerto Rico achieved U.S. commonwealth status and officially became the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico"). That same year a handful of American Jews established the island's first
3118:
located in the southern region of the island and worked in the agricultural industry. Operation Bootstrap also attracted clothing manufacturers from New York and many of the people in the industry who came to the island were Jews.
4697:
4572:
4692:
3110:, the last non-Puerto Rican Governor of Puerto Rico appointed by an American president, helped advance legislation geared towards agricultural reform, economic recovery and industrialization. This program became known as
3081:
Jewish-American soldiers were assigned to the military bases in Puerto Rico and many choose to stay and live on the island. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico in the 1930s as refugees from
4622:
3032:. Like many other residents of Puerto Rico at the time, he resented the political injustices practiced by Spain on the island. This led him to become a believer in the cause of the Puerto Rican independence movement.
4672:
3196:, and the son of Orthodox Jews, was a friend of Luis Muñoz Marin and frequented Puerto Rico often during Roosevelt's, Kennedy's, and Lyndon B. Johnson's administrations. He participated in the drafting of the
4562:
4472:
4627:
2937:
Inquisitional tribunals in Spain or elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. As a result, many secret Jews settled the island's remote mountainous interior far from the concentrated centers of power in
2898:
among other languages and who accompanied Columbus as his interpreter, was the first "converso" Jew to set foot in Puerto Rico. The Jews who arrived and settled in Puerto Rico were referred to as "
4567:
3289:". He selected the band's repertoire from songs with a particular, positive social message and philosophy, and arranged his new band's sound to be as raw and powerful as the typical all-
2442:
4652:
4647:
4642:
2953:. Still, since Jews were not permitted to worship, the Crypto Jews eventually intermarried with Catholics and therefore, Puerto Rico virtually had no Jewish history of which to speak.
2843:, but a sizable portion chose to establish and integrate themselves on the neighboring island because of Puerto Rico's cultural, linguistic, racial, and historic similarities to Cuba.
4637:
4507:
2962:
4612:
4522:
3432:) is of the Jewish faith. In one scene of the film, the family discusses the fact that there are many Jewish Puerto Ricans and that in San Juan there is a large Jewish community.
4487:
4050:
3260:
The municipality of Yauco has a street with the word "Judio" (Jewish) in it. It is the “Calle Cuesta de los Judios” which in the English language means "Jewish Slope Street"
1081:
4227:
Puerto Rico Senate Resolution 1480, Estado Libre Associado de Puerto Rico, Senado de Puerto Rico, R del S 1480, October 31, 2005, Presented by Senator Garriga Pico.
4667:
3532:
2847:
2472:
1659:
1314:
1009:
4075:
3138:. Snyder became the first Jew and the last non-Puerto Rican appointed to that court. In 1953, Governor Luis Muñoz MarĂn appointed him Chief Justice of the
2846:
Puerto Rican Jews have made many contributions in multiple fields, including business, commerce, education, and entertainment. Puerto Rico has the largest
1201:
2409:
173:
17:
3736:
1196:
4271:
1444:
4740:
4735:
4512:
4451:
4380:
1698:
4249:
4091:
3937:
2699:
2989:) which was originated August 10, 1815, with the intention of attracting European settlers who were not of Spanish origin to the islands.
683:
646:
4577:
2618:
4662:
1622:
4054:
4730:
4582:
1645:
4013:"The New York Times", Sunday May 29, 1949 "Puerto Rico Chorus Has Grown in Few Years Under Direction of Harvard-Trained Conductor"
3719:
2739:
995:
4092:
Work hard and improve constantly. (Israel Kopel, president of Almacenes Pitusa) (Top 10 Business Leaders of Puerto Rico: 1991),
4725:
3668:
3068:
1899 to 1905 in Ponce. Rabbi Spiegel played an instrumental role in the establishment of the first Jewish Synagogue in Ponce.
2402:
1572:
1507:
1389:
4210:
3787:
4745:
4682:
3979:
3899:
3702:
693:
4023:
3252:, founder of the Choir of the University of Puerto Rico, founded the Hebrew Festival Chorus of San Juan's Jewish Community.
4677:
3527:
2840:
1131:
4167:
4720:
4687:
4342:
4264:
3495:
2513:
1399:
1216:
1206:
446:
4517:
4477:
4319:
3490:
2503:
2467:
1795:
1710:
1404:
1269:
1136:
4497:
4444:
4413:
4364:
4349:
4337:
4187:
4139:
3891:
3871:
3655:
3634:
3583:
3505:
3500:
3485:
3156:
2540:
2520:
2508:
2395:
1487:
1449:
1424:
1344:
1329:
1176:
1116:
1071:
4632:
4552:
4527:
4354:
3739:[General Archive of Puerto Rico: Documents] (in Spanish). Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. Archived from
3510:
2636:
2525:
1780:
1762:
1668:
1562:
1414:
1409:
1334:
1299:
1166:
4602:
4537:
4482:
2298:
2197:
1752:
1735:
1688:
1587:
1497:
1434:
1384:
1364:
1359:
1279:
1253:
1228:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1066:
1061:
47:
3882:
Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo"; by
3249:
3020:
where Brugman was born, raised and educated. The Brugman family moved to Puerto Rico and settled in the City of
4617:
4542:
4257:
3561:
3515:
3283:
organized a band with an original sound and style that became one of Puerto Rico's greatest salsa orchestras, "
2982:
2669:
2477:
1771:
1757:
1725:
1705:
1673:
1617:
1592:
1567:
1547:
1537:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1454:
1369:
1354:
1274:
1233:
1186:
1181:
1101:
1046:
4106:
2981:, both of which were demanding more autonomy and had pro-independence movements. The Spanish Crown issued the
4557:
4547:
4492:
4279:
2482:
2192:
1730:
1715:
1678:
1640:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1582:
1577:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1502:
1468:
1439:
1339:
1324:
1248:
1238:
1156:
1126:
1051:
1037:
4607:
4532:
4437:
3835:
3410:, which originally aired on the ABC network from September 9, 1975, to June 8, 1979, had a character named
3139:
3135:
2641:
1800:
1720:
1683:
1607:
1552:
1419:
1394:
1319:
1294:
1284:
1223:
1146:
1141:
1121:
1111:
1091:
1076:
969:
673:
437:
432:
4502:
4408:
3740:
3197:
3193:
3028:(grocery store) and became rather successful, only to lose a good part of his fortune attempting to grow
2832:
2732:
2627:
1790:
1785:
1740:
1693:
1379:
1349:
1309:
1304:
1161:
467:
2851:
2828:
2264:
2109:
1817:
1211:
407:
397:
133:
3550:
3063:
was not established until after Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States at the end of the
3036:
2812:
It would be hundreds of years before an open Jewish community was established on the island. Very few
3420:
3051:). Brugman and his son refused to surrender to the Spanish authorities and eventually were executed.
2378:
2071:
1922:
1863:
754:
3810:
2850:, with over 3,000 Jewish inhabitants. It is also the only Caribbean island in which all three major
3322:
3064:
2821:
2660:
2583:
2462:
2081:
2061:
1171:
651:
192:
3021:
4418:
3911:
2608:
2598:
2457:
2222:
2212:
2177:
2056:
2046:
1829:
1000:
942:
776:
455:
412:
127:
3941:
3310:
3017:
2910:
2816:
settled in Puerto Rico after it was ceded by Spain to the United States under the terms of the
2725:
2675:
2554:
2341:
2076:
1990:
1056:
608:
227:
197:
4359:
3480:
3347:
3245:
3123:
3103:
3099:
3087:
2994:
2950:
2938:
2914:
2879:
2798:
2613:
2568:
2530:
2232:
2227:
2172:
1960:
875:
603:
590:
485:
202:
3846:
3826:
El Vocero, Suplemento: 40 Aniversario del Estado de Israel, seccion: Judios de PR, 1988 pg.6
3406:
2883:
2859:
2817:
2797:. However, many migrated to mountainous parts of the island, far from the central power of
2786:
2694:
2651:
2603:
2593:
2578:
2573:
2426:
2303:
2255:
1995:
1853:
666:
531:
520:
478:
43:
8:
4329:
4311:
3883:
3428:
plays the role of Mauricio Rodriguez, a Puerto Rican whose wife Sarah (played by actress
3335:
3265:
3131:
3111:
3040:
2918:
2794:
2588:
2356:
2051:
729:
596:
499:
492:
422:
310:
185:
3285:
4429:
4403:
4301:
4156:
4027:
3458:
3115:
2715:
2498:
2207:
2157:
2104:
2099:
2013:
1883:
1151:
980:
739:
659:
513:
79:
3418:. According to script Epstein was a fiercely proud Puerto Rican Jew. In the 2008 film
2789:
on his second voyage. An open Jewish community did not flourish in the colony because
4183:
3975:
3968:
3895:
3887:
3867:
3866:, pp. 212 - 215, Fundacion Historica del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico, (Spanish),
3698:
3651:
3630:
3219:
3164:
2930:
2906:
2351:
2293:
2273:
2090:
1650:
1289:
749:
620:
550:
427:
340:
207:
4214:
3672:
3612:
3784:
3314:
3171:
3090:, where in 1942 they established the first Jewish Community Center of Puerto Rico.
2970:
2855:
2685:
2563:
2321:
2202:
2162:
2126:
1824:
1374:
885:
641:
545:
460:
350:
142:
3791:
3394:
3378:
3318:
3302:
3235:
3186:; however, Puerto Rico also received a large influx of Jewish emigres from Cuba.
3127:
3107:
2998:
2922:
2895:
2283:
2242:
2237:
2217:
2139:
2133:
2066:
2018:
1858:
1839:
990:
719:
631:
614:
158:
51:
3294:
3520:
3472:
3425:
3386:
3366:
3331:
3183:
3044:
2942:
2891:
2863:
2831:
in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx came in the 1950s, when thousands of
2806:
2383:
2182:
2037:
1917:
1896:
1873:
1868:
1846:
1834:
1429:
910:
844:
809:
787:
724:
562:
540:
402:
381:
357:
123:
105:
55:
4244:
4122:
4001:
3016:
ancestry and Isabel Duliebre from Puerto Rico. His parents met and married in
4714:
4287:
3429:
3415:
3280:
3269:
3227:
2827:
The first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were refugees fleeing
2813:
2434:
2331:
2326:
1532:
1459:
985:
834:
829:
824:
814:
792:
744:
506:
345:
250:
212:
163:
4198:
3767:
3586:[The Jews in Puerto Rico] (in Spanish). prfrogui.com. Archived from
2993:
of the settlers to swear loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the
3938:"Puerto Rico's Jews planting roots on an island with little Jewish history"
3411:
3390:
3370:
3175:
3160:
2836:
2361:
2187:
2028:
2023:
1981:
1934:
1028:
895:
880:
839:
804:
417:
259:
3587:
4282:
3398:
3355:
3223:
3056:
3009:
2899:
2890:", arriving in Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493. Historians believe that
2755:
2346:
2288:
1953:
859:
854:
849:
819:
3352:
Remedios: Stories of Earth and Iron from the History of Puertorriqueñas
3279:
They have also made an impact in Puerto Rico's music industry. In 1970,
3240:
4140:"Eisa Davis and Quiara Alegria Hudes finalists for 2007 Pulitzer Prize"
3774:, MayagĂĽez Campus, XIII, 1/2. 1993, p. 41, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3374:
3334:
finalist in 2007.; author (history based fiction writer) the Ethiopian
3273:
3255:
3189:
3167:. The synagogue, called Sha'are Zedeck, hired its first rabbi in 1954.
2004:
1018:
947:
905:
734:
714:
273:
180:
100:
3005:
2929:
destroyed. One of the consequences of these disturbances was the mass
2874:
According to historians, the first Jews to arrive in Puerto Rico were
4143:
3382:
3155:
in the former residence of William Korber, a wealthy Puerto Rican of
3152:
3060:
2926:
2925:
orthodoxy in their kingdoms. Hundreds of Jews were killed, and their
2887:
2167:
2152:
1242:
1190:
952:
900:
890:
571:
567:
557:
472:
232:
920:
3290:
2974:
2767:
2336:
1946:
1878:
709:
217:
168:
4390:
2961:
2545:
3365:
Among the notable people with Puerto Rican and Jewish roots are:
3309:
Puerto Rican literature has also been enriched with the works of
3298:
3293:
salsa sound in vogue at the time. This genre was made popular by
2946:
2790:
2781:
2312:
2278:
2147:
1941:
930:
925:
797:
688:
583:
579:
575:
324:
319:
296:
278:
153:
148:
138:
116:
91:
67:
3209:
3114:. As a result of the program, many Jews migrated to the city of
3086:
occupied Europe. The majority settled in the island's capital,
3029:
3013:
3004:
Mathias Brugman (1811–1868) was the son of Pierre Brugman from
2761:
1972:
1967:
1927:
1912:
1023:
915:
335:
301:
287:
222:
3182:'s 15,000 Jews went into exile. The majority of them fled to
3024:
where Brugman met and married Ana Maria Laborde. He opened a
935:
364:
268:
237:
4239:
3234:
The Reform congregation utilizes the English, Spanish, and
3179:
3083:
2978:
2802:
87:
3669:"Crypto Jews in Puerto Rico Welcomed by Reform Community"
4459:
3344:
His Family and Africa: Mother of Major Western Religions
2977:. Two of its remaining possessions were Puerto Rico and
3533:
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
3204:
2917:, established an ecclesiastical tribunal known as the
2869:
3785:"Carlism's Defense of the Church in Spain, 1833-1936"
3448:
3256:
Jewish influence in Puerto Rican and popular culture
1951:
1932:
355:
2886:'s crew during his second voyage to the so-called "
4051:"H. Toppel, 84, supermarket mogul, philanthropist"
3967:
2759:began in the 15th century with the arrival of the
4712:
3276:, Pitusa and Me Salve, founded by Israel Kopel.
3695:Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews
2835:(most of Eastern-European descent) fled after
4445:
4265:
3961:
3959:
2733:
2403:
4180:What's Cooking/ Que se Cocina en Puerto Rico
3737:"Archivo General de Puerto Rico: Documentos"
4127:Fundacion de Cultura Popular de Puerto Rico
3811:The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico
3768:"Puerto Rico y Curazao: The Brugman Family"
3272:(clothing store), founded by Jorge Artime,
647:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4452:
4438:
4272:
4258:
4111:FundaciĂłn Nacional para la Cultura Popular
3956:
3297:, but La Selecta featured the addition of
3248:. In the 1950s, the Puerto Rican musician
2839:came to power. The majority immigrated to
2740:
2726:
2441:
2410:
2396:
4129:, (Spanish), Retrieved November 12, 2008.
4113:, (Spanish), Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3159:descent, which was designed and built by
2945:which meant that they secretly practiced
3627:The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614
3208:
2973:had lost most of its possessions in the
2960:
4049:Denardo, Christina (October 18, 2008).
4048:
3666:
3581:
3562:Puerto Rico Virtual Jewish History Tour
3268:) founded by George and Harold Toppel,
3035:Brugman admired independence advocates
14:
4713:
4142:. hedgebrook.org. 2007. Archived from
3965:
3935:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
2941:and lived quiet lives. They practiced
4460:History of the Jews in North America
4433:
4253:
3931:
3929:
3582:Vazquez, Larizza (December 8, 2000).
3301:to lighten up the sound melodically.
3192:, who was an associate judge for the
2878:, Jews who were forced to convert to
4741:Jewish-American history by territory
4736:History of the Jews in the Caribbean
3849:, Center for History and New Media,
3762:
3760:
3758:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3607:
3605:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3528:History of the Jews in Latin America
3100:President of the Puerto Rican Senate
2801:, and continued to self-identify as
3797:
3660:
3496:Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
3336:Yosef Alfredo Antonio Ben-Jochannan
3205:Establishment of a Jewish community
2870:First Jews to arrive in Puerto Rico
24:
4213:. movies.yahoo.com. Archived from
4211:"Nothing Like the Holidays (2008)"
3926:
3876:
3697:, University of California Press,
3491:Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
3435:
3338:whose two better known works are "
25:
4757:
4414:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
4233:
4053:. Palm Beach Post. Archived from
3755:
3708:
3602:
3566:
3506:German immigration to Puerto Rico
3501:French immigration to Puerto Rico
3486:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
2848:Jewish community in the Caribbean
438:Historical population comparisons
18:Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico
4573:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4281:
3936:Luxner, Larry (August 3, 2004).
3836:The Jewish Traveler: Puerto Rico
3671:. Cryptojews.com. Archived from
3650:, p. 17, Yale University Press,
3629:; Page xxv, Hackett Publishing,
3511:Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
3465:
3451:
2949:while publicly professing to be
2709:
1082:Democratic Republic of the Congo
996:Historical population by country
4731:Jews and Judaism in Puerto Rico
4221:
4203:
4192:
4172:
4161:
4150:
4132:
4116:
4100:
4085:
4069:
4042:
4016:
4007:
3995:
3904:
3886:; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto;
3856:
3840:
3829:
3820:
3777:
3729:
3404:The American television sitcom
3071:
2956:
4004:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3853:, Retrieved December 11, 2008.
3817:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3794:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3726:, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
3687:
3640:
3619:
3555:
3544:
3516:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
3360:Emily Goldberg Learns to Salsa
3145:
2921:. It was intended to maintain
2670:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
13:
1:
4726:Social history of Puerto Rico
4082:, Retrieved January 10, 2009.
3538:
653:Christianity and Judaism
4746:Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
4698:United States Virgin Islands
3940:. luxner.com. Archived from
3862:Rivera, Luis Rafael (2007).
3140:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3136:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3134:as Associate Justice of the
7:
4409:Demographics of Puerto Rico
4097:, Retrieved January 9, 2009
4026:. Prpop.org. Archived from
3914:. Prairieschooltraveler.com
3847:Puerto Rican Labor Movement
3584:"Los JudĂos en Puerto Rico"
3444:
3198:Constitution of Puerto Rico
3194:United States Supreme Court
1952:
1933:
1660:Latin America and Caribbean
356:
10:
4762:
4721:Immigration to Puerto Rico
2265:Jewish political movements
1962:Conversion to Judaism
4673:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4591:
4465:
4399:
4373:
4328:
4310:
4294:
4245:Synagogues in Puerto Rico
4178:Esratty, Barbara (1994).
4024:"Calle Cuesta Los Judios"
4002:Synagogues in Puerto Rico
3974:. Yale University Press.
3790:February 1, 2009, at the
3772:University of Puerto Rico
3551:Destination the New World
3421:Nothing Like the Holidays
3328:Elliot, a Soldier's Fugue
3170:After the success of the
2969:By the 19th century, the
2866:—are represented.
668:Hinduism and Judaism
66:
61:
42:
37:
4693:Turks and Caicos Islands
4199:Internet Movie Data Base
3864:La Justicia en sus Manos
3093:
3076:
494:Temple in Jerusalem
187:Bar and bat mitzvah
4419:Stateside Puerto Ricans
3970:Abe Fortas: a Biography
3851:George Mason University
3783:Wilhelmsen, Alexandra.
3667:Ezratty, Harry (2006).
3648:The Spanish Inquisition
3615:. globalpuertorico.com.
3313:who wrote the book for
3178:in 1959, almost all of
3106:together with Governor
3037:RamĂłn Emeterio Betances
456:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4623:British Virgin Islands
3966:Kalman, Laura (1990).
3815:Jewish Virtual Library
3625:Homza, Lu Ann (2006).
3214:
3018:New Orleans, Louisiana
2987:Real CĂ©dula de Gracias
2983:Royal Decree of Graces
2966:
2911:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2829:German–occupied Europe
2793:was prohibited by the
2754:Jewish immigration to
2716:Puerto Rico portal
2473:Holyoke, Massachusetts
4563:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4240:Chabad of Puerto Rico
4076:Puerto Rico Companies
3646:Kamen, Henry (1999).
3481:List of Puerto Ricans
3348:Aurora Levins Morales
3340:Black Man of the Nile
3213:Inside Sha'are Zedeck
3212:
3130:(1907–1959), born in
3124:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3059:. Even so, the first
2995:Roman Catholic Church
2964:
2915:Isabella I of Castile
1202:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1197:Republic of the Congo
591:Second Temple Judaism
462:Kingdom of Judah
433:Modern historiography
4146:on October 25, 2007.
3720:Jewish Life Emerging
3407:Welcome Back, Kotter
3311:Quiara AlegrĂa Hudes
3065:Spanish–American War
2902:" or "secret Jews".
2884:Christopher Columbus
2882:and were members of
2852:Jewish denominations
2822:Spanish–American War
2818:1898 Treaty of Paris
2787:Christopher Columbus
2450:By region or country
2304:World Agudath Israel
1445:United Arab Emirates
532:Second Temple period
522:Babylonian captivity
4578:Trinidad and Tobago
4473:Antigua and Barbuda
4168:Studio in the Woods
4030:on October 26, 2013
3944:on November 7, 2005
3884:Delma S. Arrigoitia
3743:on October 18, 2007
3693:Jacobs, J. (2002).
3590:on October 31, 2005
3346:"; author and poet
3266:Pueblo Supermarkets
3132:Baltimore, Maryland
3122:In 1942, President
3112:Operation Bootstrap
3041:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2919:Spanish Inquisition
2795:Spanish Inquisition
2695:Spanish (Castilian)
597:Hellenistic Judaism
175:Land of Israel
134:Principles of faith
34:
4513:Dominican Republic
4404:Portal:Puerto Rico
4094:Caribbean Business
3613:"Jewish Community"
3459:Puerto Rico portal
3215:
3128:Aaron Cecil Snyder
2967:
2820:, which ended the
2785:) who accompanied
2765:(variously called
2676:Jones–Shafroth Act
2158:Jewish Koine Greek
1700:Dominican Republic
981:Judaism by country
660:Jews and Christmas
515:Assyrian captivity
32:
4706:
4705:
4595:other territories
4427:
4426:
4217:on June 29, 2011.
3981:978-0-300-17369-7
3900:978-0-942347-52-4
3703:978-0-520-23517-5
3675:on April 30, 2008
3250:Augusto RodrĂguez
3165:Antonin Nechodoma
2931:forced conversion
2907:Catholic Monarchs
2750:
2749:
2637:Roman Catholicism
2420:
2419:
2369:
2368:
2117:
2116:
1864:Reconstructionist
1808:
1807:
960:
959:
767:
766:
604:Jewish–Roman wars
552:Hasmonean dynasty
468:Kingdom of Israel
372:
371:
73:
72:
33:Puerto Rican Jews
16:(Redirected from
4753:
4663:Saint Barthélemy
4593:Dependencies and
4466:Sovereign states
4454:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4120:
4114:
4104:
4098:
4089:
4083:
4080:Right Management
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:on March 5, 2010
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3973:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3880:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3844:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3818:
3808:
3795:
3781:
3775:
3766:Acosta, Ursula.
3764:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3717:
3706:
3705:, OCLC 48920842.
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3664:
3658:
3644:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3579:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3172:Cuban Revolution
3104:Luis Muñoz MarĂn
2742:
2735:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2445:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2261:
2260:
2142:
1963:
1957:
1938:
1902:
1901:
1849:
1796:New Zealand
1748:
1711:El Salvador
1701:
1633:Northern America
1625:
1219:
975:
974:
886:Crimean Karaites
782:
781:
760:
758:
679:
677:
669:
663:
654:
642:Rabbinic Judaism
623:
617:
611:
599:
587:
553:
546:Maccabean Revolt
523:
516:
510:
502:
495:
489:
481:
463:
387:
386:
361:
256:
255:
188:
176:
75:
74:
35:
31:
21:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4461:
4458:
4428:
4423:
4395:
4369:
4324:
4306:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:Brenda K. Starr
4121:
4117:
4105:
4101:
4090:
4086:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3964:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3881:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3809:
3798:
3792:Wayback Machine
3782:
3778:
3765:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3718:
3709:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3665:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3438:
3436:Resolution 1480
3395:Joaquin Phoenix
3379:Benjamin Agosto
3350:with her work "
3303:Brenda K. Starr
3270:Almacenes Kress
3258:
3228:Orthodox Jewish
3207:
3148:
3108:Rexford Tugwell
3096:
3079:
3074:
2999:Mathias Brugman
2965:Mathias Brugman
2959:
2872:
2746:
2710:
2708:
2416:
2371:
2370:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2238:Judeo-Malayalam
2218:Judaeo-Georgian
2138:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2019:Yiddish theatre
1961:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1847:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1746:
1699:
1623:
1217:
1001:Genetic studies
972:
962:
961:
779:
769:
768:
756:
755:
675:
674:
667:
657:
652:
634:and Middle Ages
632:Rabbinic period
619:
613:
606:
594:
565:
551:
521:
514:
505:
497:
493:
484:
479:in Judaism
476:
461:
384:
374:
373:
253:
243:
242:
186:
174:
119:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:Sint Eustatius
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Cayman Islands
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4234:External links
4232:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4202:
4191:
4171:
4160:
4149:
4131:
4115:
4099:
4084:
4068:
4041:
4015:
4006:
3994:
3980:
3955:
3925:
3912:"Korber House"
3903:
3875:
3855:
3839:
3828:
3819:
3796:
3776:
3754:
3728:
3707:
3686:
3659:
3639:
3618:
3601:
3565:
3554:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3521:Crypto-Judaism
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:Judaism portal
3462:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3426:John Leguizamo
3387:Leslie Kritzer
3367:Geraldo Rivera
3332:Pulitzer Prize
3323:In the Heights
3257:
3254:
3206:
3203:
3184:Miami, Florida
3147:
3144:
3095:
3092:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3045:Grito de Lares
2958:
2955:
2951:Roman Catholic
2943:Crypto-Judaism
2892:Luis de Torres
2871:
2868:
2841:Miami, Florida
2807:Crypto-Judaism
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2299:Territorialism
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Judaeo-Spanish
2180:
2178:Judaeo-Iranian
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:United Kingdom
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Bilad-el-Sudan
1054:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1010:Land of Israel
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
973:
968:
967:
964:
963:
958:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
870:
869:
868:Related groups
865:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
795:
780:
775:
774:
771:
770:
765:
764:
763:
762:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
725:Jewish atheism
722:
717:
712:
704:
703:
699:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:Islamic–Jewish
671:
664:
649:
644:
636:
635:
628:
627:
626:
625:
601:
588:
560:
555:
548:
543:
541:Yehud Medinata
535:
534:
528:
527:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
490:
482:
470:
465:
458:
450:
449:
447:Ancient Israel
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
403:Land of Israel
400:
392:
391:
385:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
369:
368:
367:
362:
358:Shulchan Aruch
353:
348:
343:
338:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
291:
290:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
263:
262:
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
183:
178:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
136:
131:
124:God in Judaism
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
95:
94:
84:
83:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
40:
39:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4584:
4583:United States
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:Puerto Ricans
4284:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4188:0-942929-06-3
4185:
4182:, Omni Arts,
4181:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4107:Raphy Leavitt
4103:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4034:September 12,
4029:
4025:
4019:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3918:September 12,
3913:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3892:0-942347-52-8
3889:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3872:1-57581-884-1
3869:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3656:0-300-07880-3
3653:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3635:0-87220-795-1
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3430:Debra Messing
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:Robert Hegyes
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:, Hila Levy,
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3358:, author of "
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:Raphy Leavitt
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Spanish Crown
2963:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2905:In 1478, the
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:American Jews
2810:
2808:
2805:and practice
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Protestantism
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:New York City
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:United States
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:Puerto Ricans
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Judeo-Aramaic
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Judeo-Italian
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:Denominations
1814:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:United States
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Guinea-Bissau
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Lists of Jews
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
971:
966:
965:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
867:
866:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
772:
761:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:The Holocaust
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
701:
700:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
672:
670:
665:
661:
655:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
633:
630:
629:
622:
616:
610:
605:
602:
598:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
533:
530:
529:
524:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
501:
496:
491:
487:
483:
480:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
377:
366:
363:
360:
359:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Mishneh Torah
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:
309:
308:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
286:
285:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
184:
182:
179:
177:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
107:
106:Who is a Jew?
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
27:
19:
4708:
4688:Sint Maarten
4668:Saint Martin
4657:
4385:
4223:
4215:the original
4205:
4194:
4179:
4174:
4163:
4152:
4144:the original
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4093:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4055:the original
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:the original
4018:
4009:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3969:
3948:November 12,
3946:. Retrieved
3942:the original
3916:. Retrieved
3906:
3878:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3831:
3822:
3814:
3779:
3771:
3747:November 12,
3745:. Retrieved
3741:the original
3731:
3723:
3694:
3689:
3679:November 12,
3677:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3662:
3647:
3642:
3626:
3621:
3594:November 12,
3592:. Retrieved
3588:the original
3557:
3546:
3439:
3419:
3414:, played by
3412:Juan Epstein
3405:
3403:
3391:Julio Kaplan
3371:David Blaine
3364:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3326:. Her play,
3321:
3308:
3295:Willie ColĂłn
3284:
3278:
3262:
3259:
3233:
3220:Conservative
3216:
3188:
3176:Fidel Castro
3169:
3149:
3121:
3097:
3080:
3072:20th century
3053:
3049:Cry of Lares
3048:
3047:" (English:
3034:
3025:
3003:
2991:
2986:
2968:
2957:19th century
2935:
2904:
2894:, who spoke
2875:
2873:
2860:Conservative
2845:
2837:Fidel Castro
2826:
2811:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2674:
2646:
2535:
2483:Philadelphia
2362:Post-Zionism
2233:Judeo-Berber
2228:Judeo-Arabic
2188:Judeo-Gascon
1935:Pidyon haben
1854:Conservative
1745:
1400:Saudi Arabia
1218:South Africa
1207:Sierra Leone
1029:Israeli Jews
943:Mosaic Arabs
896:Kaifeng Jews
757:Arab–Israeli
730:Emancipation
609:Great Revolt
418:Anti-Judaism
413:Antisemitism
408:Name "Judea"
203:Baal teshuva
29:Ethnic group
26:
4658:Puerto Rico
4568:Saint Lucia
4518:El Salvador
3724:Jewish News
3399:Jenna Wolfe
3356:Micol Ostow
3146:1950s-1960s
3057:Catholicism
2900:Crypto-Jews
2880:Catholicism
2777:Secret Jews
2773:Crypto-Jews
2756:Puerto Rico
2357:Revisionist
2347:Neo-Zionism
1954:Zeved habat
1747:Puerto Rico
1573:Netherlands
1405:South Korea
1390:Philippines
1270:Afghanistan
1137:Ivory Coast
911:Crypto-Jews
876:Bnei Anusim
855:Bene Israel
820:Beta Israel
777:Communities
684:Middle Ages
423:Persecution
198:Bereavement
4715:Categories
4653:Montserrat
4648:Martinique
4643:Guadeloupe
4498:Costa Rica
4061:January 9,
3539:References
3375:Bruno Mars
3286:La Selecta
3274:Doral Bank
3190:Abe Fortas
3163:architect
3126:appointed
2927:synagogues
2909:of Spain,
2833:Cuban Jews
2700:Vocabulary
2619:Television
2599:Literature
2342:Maximalism
2294:Secularism
2274:Autonomism
2091:Literature
1884:Humanistic
1488:Azerbaijan
1450:Uzbekistan
1425:Tajikistan
1345:Kyrgyzstan
1330:Kazakhstan
1177:Mozambique
1152:Madagascar
1072:Cape Verde
1024:New Yishuv
1019:Old Yishuv
970:Population
948:Subbotniks
906:Samaritans
845:Romanyotim
788:Ashkenazim
735:Old Yishuv
715:Sabbateans
702:Modern era
694:Golden Age
621:Bar Kokhba
341:Beit Yosef
208:Philosophy
4638:Greenland
4553:Nicaragua
4528:Guatemala
4381:Dominican
3383:Ian Gomez
3174:, led by
3153:synagogue
3061:synagogue
2933:of Jews.
2888:New World
2876:conversos
2768:conversos
2584:Education
2491:Subgroups
2352:Religious
2208:Zarphatic
2198:Bukharian
2168:Judeo-Tat
2153:Yeshivish
2127:Languages
2082:Sephardic
2072:Israelite
2062:Ethiopian
2052:Ashkenazi
1991:Religious
1781:Australia
1763:Venezuela
1669:Argentina
1651:Greenland
1563:Lithuania
1415:Sri Lanka
1410:Singapore
1335:Kurdistan
1300:Indonesia
1290:Hong Kong
1243:Abayudaya
1167:Mauritius
901:Igbo Jews
891:Krymchaks
810:Sephardim
678:relations
572:Sadducees
568:Pharisees
558:Sanhedrin
473:Jerusalem
233:Synagogue
101:Etymology
38:Languages
4603:Anguilla
4538:Honduras
4508:Dominica
4483:Barbados
4343:Corsican
4330:European
3987:April 4,
3788:Archived
3445:See also
3424:, actor
3330:, was a
3315:Broadway
3299:trumpets
3291:trombone
3246:Carolina
3244:city of
3241:MayagĂĽez
3088:San Juan
3022:MayagĂĽez
2975:Americas
2939:San Juan
2923:Catholic
2856:Orthodox
2799:San Juan
2782:marranos
2686:Language
2628:Religion
2609:Politics
2594:Language
2514:Corsican
2427:a series
2425:Part of
2379:Category
2337:Kahanism
2284:Feminism
2256:Politics
2140:Biblical
2110:American
2057:Bukharan
2047:American
1947:Shidduch
1923:Clothing
1879:Haymanot
1825:Orthodox
1753:Suriname
1736:Paraguay
1689:Colombia
1588:Portugal
1498:Bulgaria
1435:Thailand
1385:Pakistan
1365:Mongolia
1360:Malaysia
1280:Cambodia
1254:Zimbabwe
1229:Tanzania
1107:Eswatini
1097:Ethiopia
1087:Djibouti
1067:Cameroon
1062:Botswana
991:Diaspora
953:Noahides
926:Marranos
850:Cochinim
835:Bukharim
825:Gruzinim
815:Teimanim
805:Mizrahim
793:Galician
759:conflict
720:Hasidism
710:Haskalah
615:Diaspora
486:timeline
398:Timeline
311:Rabbinic
218:Kabbalah
193:Marriage
169:Tzedakah
159:Holidays
117:Religion
80:a series
78:Part of
62:Religion
4633:Curaçao
4618:Bonaire
4613:Bermuda
4543:Jamaica
4523:Grenada
4478:Bahamas
4365:Spanish
4360:Italian
4320:Chinese
4302:African
4295:African
3342:" and "
3319:musical
3026:colmado
3006:Curaçao
2947:Judaism
2854:—
2791:Judaism
2661:History
2647:Judaism
2574:Cuisine
2555:Culture
2541:Spanish
2531:Italian
2504:Chinese
2499:African
2463:Chicago
2322:General
2313:Zionism
2289:Leftism
2279:Bundism
2203:Knaanic
2163:Yevanic
2148:Yiddish
2105:Yiddish
2100:Israeli
2077:Mizrahi
2067:Israeli
2038:Cuisine
2014:Ancient
1996:Secular
1942:Kashrut
1918:Wedding
1905:Customs
1897:Culture
1874:Science
1869:Renewal
1859:Karaite
1840:Hasidic
1772:Oceania
1758:Uruguay
1726:Jamaica
1706:Ecuador
1674:Bolivia
1618:Ukraine
1593:Romania
1568:Moldova
1548:Hungary
1538:Germany
1533:Georgia
1523:Finland
1518:Estonia
1513:Denmark
1508:Czechia
1493:Belarus
1483:Austria
1478:Armenia
1455:Vietnam
1370:Myanmar
1355:Lebanon
1275:Bahrain
1234:Tunisia
1212:Somalia
1187:Nigeria
1182:Namibia
1172:Morocco
1102:Eritrea
1047:Algeria
931:Neofiti
840:Italkim
830:Juhurim
740:Zionism
689:Khazars
584:Sicarii
580:Zealots
576:Essenes
563:Schisms
428:Leaders
390:General
382:History
325:Tosefta
320:Midrash
297:Mishnah
279:Ketuvim
274:Nevi'im
223:Customs
154:Shabbat
149:Halakha
141: (
139:Mitzvot
126: (
92:Judaism
68:Judaism
48:English
44:Spanish
4558:Panama
4548:Mexico
4493:Canada
4488:Belize
4386:Jewish
4350:German
4338:French
4186:
3978:
3898:
3890:
3870:
3701:
3654:
3633:
3397:, and
3354:" and
3236:Hebrew
3224:Reform
3157:German
3030:coffee
3014:Jewish
2896:Hebrew
2864:Reform
2862:, and
2762:anusim
2614:Sports
2569:Cinema
2536:Jewish
2521:German
2509:French
2468:Hawaii
2384:Portal
2243:Domari
2173:Shassi
2134:Hebrew
2029:Humour
1973:Hiloni
1968:Aliyah
1928:Niddah
1913:Minyan
1848:Reform
1835:Haredi
1830:Modern
1731:Mexico
1716:Guyana
1679:Brazil
1641:Canada
1613:Sweden
1603:Serbia
1598:Russia
1583:Poland
1578:Norway
1558:Latvia
1543:Greece
1528:France
1503:Cyprus
1469:Europe
1440:Turkey
1430:Taiwan
1340:Kuwait
1325:Jordan
1315:Israel
1249:Zambia
1239:Uganda
1157:Malawi
1127:Guinea
1117:Gambia
1052:Angola
1038:Africa
921:Dönmeh
916:Anusim
860:Berber
798:Litvak
750:Israel
656:
593:
507:Second
475:
336:Targum
302:Gemara
288:Talmud
260:Tanakh
213:Ethics
164:Prayer
56:Ladino
52:Hebrew
4608:Aruba
4533:Haiti
4391:TaĂno
4374:Other
4355:Irish
4312:Asian
4157:Komix
3161:Czech
3116:Ponce
3094:1940s
3077:1930s
3055:than
3010:Dutch
2652:Islam
2604:Music
2579:Dance
2546:TaĂno
2526:Irish
2332:Labor
2327:Green
2024:Dance
1982:Music
1801:Palau
1721:Haiti
1684:Chile
1608:Spain
1553:Italy
1460:Yemen
1420:Syria
1395:Qatar
1375:Nepal
1320:Japan
1295:India
1285:China
1224:Sudan
1147:Libya
1142:Kenya
1122:Ghana
1112:Gabon
1092:Egypt
1077:Benin
936:Xueta
881:Lemba
500:First
365:Zohar
269:Torah
251:Texts
238:Rabbi
228:Rites
128:names
4678:Saba
4503:Cuba
4184:ISBN
4063:2009
4036:2015
3989:2017
3976:ISBN
3950:2008
3920:2015
3896:ISBN
3888:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3749:2008
3699:ISBN
3681:2008
3652:ISBN
3631:ISBN
3596:2008
3226:and
3180:Cuba
3098:The
3084:Nazi
3039:and
2979:Cuba
2913:and
2803:Jews
2752:The
2589:Flag
1791:Guam
1786:Fiji
1741:Peru
1694:Cuba
1380:Oman
1350:Laos
1310:Iraq
1305:Iran
1262:Asia
1191:Igbo
1162:Mali
181:Brit
90:and
88:Jews
3317:'s
3008:of
2779:or
2564:Art
2005:Art
351:Tur
143:613
4717::
4125:,
4109:,
4078:,
3958:^
3928:^
3894:;
3813:,
3799:^
3770:,
3757:^
3722:,
3710:^
3604:^
3568:^
3401:.
3393:,
3389:,
3385:,
3377:,
3373:,
3369:,
3222:,
3102:,
3001:.
2858:,
2824:.
2809:.
2775:,
2771:,
2429:on
618:,
612:,
582:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
82:on
54:,
50:,
46:,
4453:e
4446:t
4439:v
4273:e
4266:t
4259:v
4065:.
4038:.
3991:.
3952:.
3922:.
3751:.
3683:.
3637:.
3598:.
3264:(
3012:-
2985:(
2741:e
2734:t
2727:v
2411:e
2404:t
2397:v
1245:)
1241:(
1193:)
1189:(
662:)
658:(
624:)
607:(
600:)
595:(
586:)
566:(
509:)
498:(
488:)
477:(
145:)
130:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.