Jews of Catalonia - Knowledge

458: 904:(1475-1521) granted them a permit to widen the community and move the synagogue to a new location, allowed them to remodel and adapt it into a house of prayer according to their rites and customs. By the end of 1527, the Catalonian community and the Aragonese community decided to merge. The joint synagogue of Catalonia and Aragon changed its location again in 1549. In 1555, the community approved the expenses for the construction of another synagogue. The Catalan-Aragonese community fought to avoid merging with the Sephardic communities. All other communities from the Iberian Peninsula merged into a single united Iberian community in Rome, except for the Catalonians who joined the Aragonese. With the establishment of the 314: 508: 608: 885: 1453: 855:(1240-1291), who studied many years in Catalonia, settled in Sicily, where he wrote most of his works. Sicily had been part of the Catalan-Aragonese crown for many years and the Jewish communities remained on the island until the end of the 15th century, with the expulsion edict of the Jews of the island on June 18, 1492. We know of the existence of a Catalan Jewish community in the island thanks to the identification of a manuscript of the 14th century as 20: 1122: 839: 1026: 1438:, of blessed memory, and other great Rabbis who accompanied them in their generation, although their opinions were not published. Therefore, you do not have to question the customs of our community, since as long as you cannot find any of the issues explicitly mentioned in the books, it should be assumed that they followed the custom according to these great Rabbis. » 1247: 197:. Jews often moved from Sepharad (the Muslim zone) to the northern lands (the Christian kingdoms), and vice versa. The fact that many of them spoke Arabic and also the vernacular Romance languages enabled them to serve as translators and acquire important positions in both Muslim and Christian governments. Jews owned fields and vineyards and many engaged in agriculture. 1422:«Answer: Dear Rabbis, God guard you; know that we are the expelled from the land of Catalonia, and according to what our parents of blessed memory used in those lands, we also used in these places where we have dispersed because of our sins. You know that the Rabbis of Catalonia, according to the dictates on which all the customs of our community are based, are 1922:: «Synagogues and study houses must be treated with respect and must be sprinkled (cleaned up). In Sepharad and in the West (Morocco), in Babylon and in the Holy Land, it is customary to light the candles in the synagogues and extend the blinds on the floor on which the parishioners sit. In the lands of 2025:

Catalonia. Before the reading of the Torah of Shabbat there appears the "blessing of the king" in which King Don Fadrique of Aragon is mentioned, surely it is King Fadrique III (1341-1377) who reigned in Sicily during 1355-1377. This manuscript represents the first document that refers to the Catalan

729:

The fifteenth century was very hard for Jewish life in the Iberian Peninsula. The communities that survived the 1391 riots faced great pressure on the part of the church and the Christian population. The kings, who were in a difficult economic situation, imposed heavy taxes on Jewish communities. The

2110:

The cemetery of the Jewish community of Salonica was established in the 16th century and was destroyed in 1943. Nowadays, the University of Salonica is in the same place. Although the tombstones were destroyed some local researchers transcribed the inscriptions, so the text of the funeral tombstones

1478:

of the prayers that had been in force in Algiers since ancient times. The Algerian Rabbis opposed this development, arguing that the old custom could not be changed, but in the following generations, most synagogues in the city of Algiers did change the rite of prayer and adopted the custom of

1217:

The coasts of Catalonia, Valencia and Mallorca are in front of the coast of the central Maghreb. These lands long maintained commercial relations; also, the Jewish communities maintained close ties. After the riots of 1391, a large group of Catalonian Jews fled to the coasts of the central Maghreb.

1201:

The Jews of Catalonia were the most prominent among their brothers in the rest of the Sepharad countries and their wisdom and science were superior. The distinguished communities of Barcelona always took pride in the fact that great Rabbis and personalities from their community illuminated the eyes

908:

in 1555, the Catalonian community maintained its own separate synagogue. In a census of 1868, it can be observed that of the total of 4995 Jews in Rome, 838 belonged to the community of Catalonia. In 1904 the Catalan synagogue ended up joining the other synagogues of Rome to form a single synagogue

1257:

The Muslim rulers of the central Maghreb received the Jewish exiles with open arms. As soon as the Christian authorities saw that Jews and converts fled to the Maghreb, they forbade them from leaving the country, increased their persecution and flight became more difficult. The Jews who settled in

1875:

The name Sepharad appears for the first time in the book of Obadiah 1:20: «And this exiled host of the children of Israel who are the Canaanites as far as Zarephath and the exile of Jerusalem which is in Sepharad shall inherit the cities of the southland». Rashi was based on the Targum Yonathan,

1530:

for various celebrations were recorded. Although more than 600 years have elapsed, and there have been certain alterations, we can affirm that the uniqueness of the liturgical tradition of the Jews of Algiers largely preserves the medieval tradition of liturgical songs of the Jews of Catalonia.

1521:

In 2000, the annual Ethnomusicology Workshop was held, which focused on the customs and liturgical tradition of the Jews of Algeria. Algerian cantors from France and Israel attended. The workshop was recorded and today the recordings can be listened to on the website of the National Library of

1265:

as is usual in Islamic countries in exchange for paying taxes. The situation of Jews in the central Maghreb before the arrival of the exiles was very poor, both their economic situation and the level of Torah studies. Peninsular refugees contributed to raising the country's economy thanks to

2035:

Until today, it was supposed that the migratory wave of Catalan Jews in Sicily began as a result of the 1391 revolts. See: Nadia Zeldes, «Els jueus i conversos catalans a Sicília: migració, relacions culturals i conflicte social», Roser Salicrú i Lluch et al. (eds.),

635:), Italy and the Ottoman Empire. It was the end of the Jewish communities of Valencia and Barcelona. The community of Mallorca held out until 1435, when Jews were forced to convert to Christianity; the community of Girona barely endured until the expulsion of 1492. 957:

that was called “Catalan”. Despite being a minority, the Catalonian Jews fought to avoid merging with the Sephardic communities and maintained their ancient customs. The religious leaders of the holy communities of Catalonia in Salonica received the title of

450:. We can say that at that time Barcelona became the most important Talmudic study center in all of the European Jewry. It was also during this time that certain Catalan Jewish families occupied key positions in the Catalonian economy, such as the 1798:, column 3, 10; vol 3, 257; vol. 2, 141, vol. 3, 86, vol. 3, 118, vol. 4, column 3, 10. For more information about the differences between the customs of Catalonia and Sepharad see: Aharon Gabbai, «Hanachat Tefillin be-chol ha-moed». 1193:

The members of the Holy community Catalonia in our city of Salonica did not change their custom, and until today they maintain the tradition of their ancestors and offer their prayers to God on Days of Awe following the ancient

1185:

And because of the misfortunes and tumult of the exile, that arrived of fatal form on the poor wandering refugees, the majority of the customs were confused, and slowly, almost all were fused in the same order of prayers called

2562:

The workshop was organized by the faculty of music of the University of Bar-Illan with the collaboration of the phonotheque of the National Library of Israel and the Jewish Music Research Center of the Hebrew University of

1586:

A history of Jewish Catalonia : the life and death of Jewish communities in Medieval Catalonia / Sílvia Planas, Manuel Forcano; photography, Josep M. Oliveras. 2009, Includes bibliographical references.

1218:

We know that most of the Jews of Barcelona fled and settled in the city of Algiers. At that time, three kingdoms were established in the Maghreb after the fall of the Almohad, one in the area of present-day

1582:

I Congrés per a l'estudi dels jueus en territori de llengua catalana: Barcelona-Girona, del 15 al 17 d'octubre de 2001, Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2004, pp. 185-208.

1330:

and his disciples. Throughout the generations, the Jews of the central Maghreb have faithfully and meticulously maintained the spiritual legacy and customs that came from Catalonia. Until today,

519:

In the 14th century Christian fanaticism prevailed throughout the Iberian Peninsula and there were many persecutions against the Jews. We can mention among Catalonian sages of this period Rabbi

2337:, had been dedicated in Mallorca to the medical profession. Once in the Maghreb, where there was not so much demand for this profession, he was forced to earn a living as a rabbi. ( 577: 592:

in 1348. In 1370, Jews of Barcelona were victims of attacks instigated by a blood libel; a few Jews were assassinated and the secretaries of the community were imprisoned in the

355: 1897:: «Know your majesty the King, that the name of our land in which we live, in the sacred language is Sepharad and in the language of the Ishmaelites (Arabs) that inhabit it is 534: 2167: 2071:

The archive documents were published in: Ariel Toaff, «The jewish communities of Catalonia, Aragon and Castile in 16th century Rome», Ariel Toaff, Simon Schwarzfuchs (eds.),

810:. The Edict was decreed on March 31, 1492, and time was given until July 31 for Jews to sell up their property and leave. This date was the eve of the eighth of the month of 1733:

is based on six medieval Hebrew manuscripts (from the 14th to the 16th century) and also includes a series of commentaries, laws and customs compiled by a disciple of Rabbi

158:, the Christian kingdoms progressively conquered all Islamic territories, from north to south. With the Christian Reconquista, the territories occupied by the kingdoms of 697:

During the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the kings of the Crown of Aragon expanded their territories to the lands of the Mediterranean; they conquered

1102: 476:. The authorities prohibited Jews from performing public office and were forced to participate in public disputes with representatives of Christianity, such as the 983: 872:. It was found in the church of Sancta Sanctorum Salvatore and commemorates the construction of the synagogue of the Catalan Jews in 1453, it is one of the oldest 627:. As a result of the riots, many Jews were forced to convert to Christianity and many others died as martyrs. Others succeeded in fleeing to North Africa (such as 734:” and they always kept them under suspicion, since many of them accepted Christianity only as an outward pretense but actually maintained Judaism in secret. The 1813: 1170:«One of the most precious pearls that our ancestors brought from the exile of Catalonia, when they had to leave as exiles, was the old order of the prayers of 151:(in Arabic: الأندلس). While little is known about the history of the Jews at the beginning of Islamic rule, we know the Jews began to use the term Sepharad. 1098: 892:

Catalonian Jews were also exiled to the city of Rome. In 1517 the Catalonian Jewish community of Rome was well organized and built a synagogue following the

921:

The exiled Jews of Catalonia also migrated to the Ottoman Empire where they were organized in communities according to the place of origin that were called

2284: 2276: 2268: 2232: 1325: 1082: 1069: 964: 350: 822:, a day on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred. A large number of Jews converted to Christianity to be allowed to stay in Catalonia. 499:

with the French king for which they renounced to their rights over the Occitan lands. In return, the Franks resigned their demands on the Catalan lands.

323: 1238:. In general, the Jews of Castile went to Morocco, while the Jews of Catalonia, Valencia, Mallorca and Aragon went to peesent-day Algeria and Tunisia. 1003: 231:

and an important center for Torah study in Barcelona. During this period, Barcelona became a link in the chain of transmission of the teachings of the

67: 1474:(and also prayers and supplications) in the middle of prayer. They argued that the custom of the city had to be changed. So, they began to change the 181:

in 732 to retreat to the south. All the lands freed from the Islamic domain became counties and remained under the administrative organization of the

993: 223:

Barcelona and Girona were known as important Jewish communities from the 9th century CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries there was a rabbinical court

1088: 974: 457: 177:

The reconquest of Catalonia began under the auspices of the Frankish kings, who forced the Muslims who had managed to cross the Pyrenees at the

968:, who arrived in Salonica in 1492. He had a great influence on all the communities of Salonica and was one of the first to sign the agreements 1319:

occupied his place. The Jews of the central Maghreb accepted the authority of these two great Rabbis, who were followed by the descendants of

2298:

The Sephardic community (Castile) became the largest and most influential in Salonica, which was how the Judeo-Spanish language (also called

1574:

Jewish Catalonia: Catalog of the exhibition held in Girona at the Museu d'Història de Catalunya, 2002.; Includes bibliographical references.

1802:

16 (5778), pp. 366-379 (in Hebrew). Aharon Gabbai, «Nusach chatimat birkat ha-erusin», Moriah year 36, 1-2 (5778), pp. 349-369 (in Hebrew).

495:

The kings of the Crown of Aragon expanded the Catalan domains and conquered Mallorca, Valencia, Ibiza and Menorca. In 1258 they signed the

1518:

until the present day. According to the tradition, these are the original melodies that arrived from Catalonia with the two great Rabbis.

646:, offers us an account about the riots of 1391. In summary, we can conclude from his account that the riots began on the first day of the 1202:

of the whole Jewish diaspora. There was a saying that Sephardic Jews used to say: the air of Barcelona, it makes you wise. »

185:. The Catalan counties, led by the counts of Barcelona, slowly broke free from the Franks and began to govern themselves independently. 1349:

by the Rabbis of Algiers throughout generations has been respect for customs and traditions; the established custom has always trumped

488:. The Jews were private property of the monarchy who charged them taxes in exchange for protection. 2040:, Barcelona: Institut de Recerca en Cultures Medievals, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 455-466. 1991:

In some manuscripts preserved in the Cairo Genizah, we find Jews called the 'Sephardic' or the 'Andalusi'. See: Menahem ben Sassoon,

1560:

Ariel Toaff, «The jewish communities of Catalonia, Aragon and Castile in 16th century Rome», Ariel Toaff, Simon Schwarzfuchs (eds.),

390:

Although the city of Girona was an important center of Torah that had a Bet Midrash (House of Study) dedicated to the study of the

1839: 2099:

Actes del I Congrés per a l'estudi dels jueus en territori de llengua catalana: Barcelona-Girona, del 15 al 17 d'octubre de 2001

1463:

In the eighteenth century, scholars questioned some of the ancient customs saying that they contradicted the dictates of Rabbi

200:

In this early period, the Jewish scholars of Catalonia who sought advanced Talmudic studies studied at Talmudic academies (

588:

resumed the activity of the Barcelona Yeshivah in the 50s and 60s, after the Jewish community was heavily affected by the

2601: 2455:

Alger, writes: "This machzor was brought by our Sepharad parents when they fled from the ravages of 1391, and our Rabbis

1295:, despite his great preparation and knowledge of the Torah, had been dedicated to the medical profession. After a while, 954: 138:

refers to the Iberian Peninsula in Roman times. At the beginning of the 5th century, the peninsula was conquered by the

2596: 600:, conditions for Jews seem to have improved somewhat. With John I even making legal exemptions for some Jews, such as 1853: 1823: 1205:

The Catalonian Jewish community of Salonica was totally annihilated in the Holocaust. The few survivors emigrated to

1065:"Machzor le-Rosh ha-Shana ve-Yom ha-Kippurim ke-minhag qahal qadosh Catalan yashan ve-chadash be-irenu zot Saloniki" 694:. During the 1391 attacks, the majority of the Jewish communities of Sepharad, Catalonia and Aragon were destroyed. 313: 849:

We know that Jews from the Iberian Peninsula settled in Sicily since the 11th century. The famous Kabbalist Rabbi

2472: 1510:. The Jews from Algiers have maintained the texts and melodies that arrived in Algiers during the period of the 2611: 2302:, etc.) became the lingua franca of all Jewish communities (including those of Catalonia, France and Ashkenaz). 2004:

Moshe Idel, «The Ecstatic Kabbalah of Abraham Abulafia in Sicily and its Transmission during the Renaissance»,

830:

Many of the Catalonian Jews arrived in Italy and found refuge in Sicily, Naples, Livorno and the city of Rome.

774:

The first group of Jews were exiled from Catalonia in the wake of the 1391 attacks; they went mainly to Italy (

762:(1451-1504) married and unified the two kingdoms. In 1492 they completed the reconquest with the defeat of the 142:. During this period, numerous decrees were issued against the Jew, who were forcibly converted or expelled . 2606: 2591: 507: 273: 2049:

See: Ariela Piatelli, «Gli ebrei catalani nella Sicilia del ’400. In un armadio di pietra la loro storia»,

242: 51: 34:(Catalonian Jewry, Catalonian Judaism, in Hebrew: יהדות קטלוניה) is the Jewish community that lived in the 884: 607: 321:

In the 12th and 13th centuries the Catalonian Talmudic academies thrived. The great Rabbis and kabbalists

1758:, a clear distinction between Sepharad and Catalonia is made, both in customs and rites of prayer. See: 1556:

The Golden Age of Aragonese Jewry. Community and society in the Crown of Aragon, 1213-1327, London: 1997.

1151:, there is a long historical introduction about the Jewish community of Catalonia and the edition of the 159: 2484:

See: Shelomo Ouaknin, «Teshuvot chakhme Algir ve-Tunis be-inyan shinui be-minhag ha-tefillah be-Algir»,

730:

lives of the “Converso” Jews who converted to Christianity was not easy either, the church called them “

145:

In 711 CE, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by the Muslims. The areas under Islamic rule were called

66:. The Catalan Jewish community developed unique characteristics, which included customs, a prayer rite ( 1675:

mentions on several occasions that in Catalonia tradition was ruled according to the opinions of Rabbi

166:

were also called by the Jews Sepharad, while Catalonia and the other kingdoms of the north were called

1142:"Machzor le-yamim noraïm Kefí Minhag q q Qatalan, ha-yadua be-shem nusach Bartselona minhag Qatalunya" 1128:

according to the custom of the Catalonian Holy communities (Vol. 1: Tefillat Shemuel). Salonica, 1927.

79:). Although the Jews of Catalonia had a ritual of prayer and different traditions from those of 868:(the sacred Ark of the synagogue where the Torah scrolls are stored) was rediscovered in the city of 747: 93:

Following the expulsion of 1492, Jews who did not convert to Christianity were forced to emigrate to

2370:

book: «In Algiers the local custom is followed, and legal decisions are not issued according to the

496: 477: 178: 214:

and moved with his family to Cordoba to study the Hebrew language under the patronage of Governor

1876:

which translated the name Sepharad by the term Aspamia: «Sepharad, translated Yonathan: Aspamia».

1658:

divides the people of Israel into four major families: Sepharad, Ashkenaz, Catalonia and Italy (

204:) in the South. Those who wished to study science or linguistics went to Sepharad, as did Rabbi 2097:

The censuses were published in: Simon Schwarzfuchs, «La Catalogne et l'invention de Sepharad»,

1282: 755: 742: 564: 2073:

The Mediterranean and the Jews. Banking, Finance and International Trade (XVI-XVIII centuries)

1562:

The Mediterranean and the Jews. Banking, Finance and International Trade (XVI-XVIII centuries)

601: 759: 652: 216: 1445:, the Jews of Algiers were strictly conservative with the customs that came from Catalonia. 1303:(maximum rabbinical authority) and head of the Rabbinic Court of the Algiers community, and 2519:'Chokhmat Miskén: ve-hu sefer Qrovatz she-nahagu leomram ha-qahal ha-qadosh she-be-ir Argel 121:

Historians affirm that Jews arrived at the Iberian Peninsula before the destruction of the

1487:). Only two synagogues maintained the ancient custom (known as the custom of literalists, 1413:, responded to a question asked by the Rabbis of Fez on a matter referring to the laws of 1050:

was first published. According to the colophon, the impression was finished on the eve of

8: 1956:(patriarchs), due to the great amount of personalities that enjoyed this honorific title. 735: 294: 268: 248: 2026:

Jewish community of Sicily, which as we can see already existed before the 1391 revolts.

1266:

commercial activities with European lands and also improved the level of Torah studies.

2572:

Edwin Seroussi & Eric Karsenti, «The Study of Liturgical Music of Algerian Jewry».

2101:, Barcelona: Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2004, pp. 185-208. 763: 710: 354:(12th century) among the Girona kabbalists of this period. Also, from Girona was Rabbi 1893:, we can deduce that Sepharad referred to the lands under the rule of Islam, that is, 1567:

Eduard Feliu, «La trama i l'ordit de la historia dels jueus a la Catalunya medieval»,

348:

of Posquières (1120-1198), stood out in the city of Girona. We can also include Rabbi

2410:

were compiled in two books, one of which was published in the third part of the book

2223:

according to the custom of the old and new Catalan community of our city of Salonica.

1819: 1275: 1190:, almost all, except some exceptional communities that did not change their customs. 987:, also arrived after the expulsion and established a very important library. Another 807: 738:

persecuted and punished the new Christians who observed the commandments of Judaism.

597: 540: 416: 373:(little sister). From the city of Girona was the greatest of Catalonian sages, Rabbi 341: 258: 206: 54:

of 1492. Its splendor was between the 12th to 14th centuries, in which two important

35: 24: 661: 2463:, of holy and blessed memory, kept it. And thus, accustomed the later generations». 1654:, the secret of the 12 doors). Regarding the different traditions and customs, the 851: 624: 616: 571: 527: 512: 437: 423: 329: 262:(late 11th century, first half of the 12th century). We know that two of the great 2248:, Tel Aviv: 1936 (it includes lists with the surnames of the communities Catalan 2088:

called: Catalan, Aragon, Castilla, Lisbon, Guerush Sepharad, Mallorca and Sicily.

2006:

Italia Judaica V: Atti del V Convegno internazionale (Palermo, 15-19 giugno 1992)

1452: 1164: 647: 430: 335: 333:(late 12th century, beginning of the 13th century) disciples of the famous Rabbi 298: 190: 569:(1361-1444). From this same period, we can include the cartographer of Mallorca 1385: 1156: 1112:"Machzor le-Rosh ha-Shana kefi minhag Sepharad ba-qehilot ha-qedoshot Saloniqi" 1042: 1032:

according to the rite of Barcelona and the custom of Catalonia. Salonica, 1527.

864: 845:(Torah Scrolls Ark) of the Catalonian Jewish community of Agira, Sicily (1453). 803: 799: 674:(Sunday, 9/7/1391), they extended to other communities of the Crown of Aragon: 547: 521: 98: 2038:

Els catalans a la Mediterrània medieval: noves fonts, recerques i perspectives

2585: 1133: 815: 814:

in the Hebrew calendar that year; the expelled Jews were traveling by sea on

731: 665: 554: 406: 400: 186: 122: 87: 1253:, according to the custom of the Holy communities of Algiers, Livorno, 1886. 741:

Catalonia hosted one of the longest disputes in the Middle Ages, the famous

1901:, and the name of its capital is Cordoba». The letter was written by Rabbi 1470:(1534-1572). The old custom that came from Catalonia consisted of reciting 938: 795: 106: 256:

of Barcelona (late 11th century, beginning of the 12th century) and Rabbi

1465: 1379: 913:

River. Since then we have no information about the Catalonian community.

589: 469: 375: 155: 110: 1943:

dates from the end of the 6th century to the middle of the 11th century.

1114:

and includes the prayers of the community of Aragon and the communities

1625:, Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961-1966. 1544:, Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961–1966. 1052: 901: 670: 147: 1132:

The Catalonian Jewish community of Salonica existed as such until the

1569:

I Congrés per a l'estudi dels jueus en territori de llengua catalana.

1136:. In 1927, they published a numbered edition in three volumes of the 679: 668:

and close to seventy other locations. From day seven of the month of

593: 525:(1304-1370) who was born in Provence but dwelled in Barcelona, Rabbi 302: 139: 59: 39: 619:), 14th century, copy from the History Museum of the Jews in Girona. 125:

although the oldest gravestones date from the third century.

19: 2008:, Roma: Ministerio per i benni culturali e ambientali, pp. 330-340. 1905:, and therefore, the sentence only reflects the time of the author. 1163:, written in Hebrew. Below is a fragment of the translation of the 1007:, who had rebuilt the Catalonian synagogue after the fire of 1545. 930: 714: 691: 675: 391: 286: 226: 163: 133: 80: 47: 43: 1063:

in the nineteenth century. In 1863 they printed an edition titled

451: 2141:

in order to build a Synagogue of the holy community of Catalonia.

1694:: «In Catalonia the halachic decisions are followed according to 1415: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1121: 1038: 791: 787: 702: 657: 643: 485: 301:. The kings of the Crown of Aragon extended their domains to the 211: 102: 75: 2182:

according to the rites of Barcelona and the custom of Catalonia.

838: 1679:

while in Sepharad was ruled according to the opinions of Rabbi

1564:, Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1989, pp. 259–270. 1549:

History of the Jews in Aragon: regesta and documents, 1213-1327

1260: 1206: 934: 905: 779: 775: 718: 706: 698: 687: 683: 398:

served as the head of the community. During this period, Rabbi

290: 182: 63: 1721: 1603: 1577:

Simon Schwarzfuchs, «La Catalogne et l'invention de Sefarad»,

948: 1926:(Christian lands) in the synagogues people sit on chairs ». ( 1365:

in Algiers have always been dictated following the school of

1159:; the same summary introduction is found in the first volume 942: 910: 869: 194: 94: 55: 1025: 783: 240:

Important Catalonian Rabbis from this time are Rabbi

2414:, and that the printers added to the fourth volume of the 2075:, Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1989, pp. 259-270. 1449:

Algiers, for example, arrived from Catalonia around 1391.

1078:"Machzor ke-minhag qahal qadosh Catalan yashan ve-chadash" 73:), and a tradition of its own in issuing legal decisions ( 2277:

Tefillat Yaaqov. Machzor le-Shacharit ve-Musaf Yom Kippur

1591:

Els jueus catalans: la historia que mai no t'han explicat

1246: 888:

Banner of the Catalan-Aragonese Synagogue of Rome (1838).

596:

for a few days without food. Following the succession of

383:, or Nachmanides) (1194-1270), whose Catalonian name was 2201:"machzor le-yamim noraim be-nusach qahal qadoix Catalan" 1725:, which constitutes the first reconstruction of the old 1710:

vol 2, 141, vol 3, 86, vol 3, 118, vol 4, column 3, 10).

769: 1815:

After Expulsion: 1492 and the Making of Sephardic Jewry

1353:, and this is a characteristic that was inherited from 2021:, the manuscript Parma Palatina 1750 is identified as 1345:

One of the characteristics of the manner of dictating

532:(1315-1376) who served as a Rabbi in Barcelona, Rabbi 468:

In Catalonia in the 13th century Jews were victims of

2285:

Tefillat Seadi. Machzor leil Kippur u-Mincha u-neila

1212: 2533:was imposed, they also maintained the melodies and 1660:

Sheneh Luchot ha-Berit, Torah she-bikhtav, Bemidbar

916: 745:(1413-1414). In the 15th century, we find the poet 297:became the capital of the unified realm called the 1506:and festivals, etc., were edited in a book called 1059:Catalonian Jews published several reprints of the 472:and were forced to wear a distinctive sign called 1092:, and those who carried out the impression were: 642:, in a letter he sent to the Jewish community of 2583: 2324:was for many years the great Rabbi of Catalonia. 1840:"Ottoman Empire welcomed Jews exiled from Spain" 1291:had long been the grand Rabbi of Catalonia, and 154:In a process of territorial reoccupation called 1209:after the war between the years 1945 and 1947. 991:from the Catalonian Jewish community was Rabbi 210:(920-970), who was born in the Catalan city of 1952:Barcelona was well-known like the city of the 1698:, while in Sepharad are followed according to 1502:mentioned above, which are recited on special 1048:"Machzor le-nusach Barcelona minhag Catalunya" 766:and expelled Jews from all of their kingdoms. 1389:). In fact, the Jews of Algiers followed the 962:and not the title Rabbi. The first known was 2111:of the Catalan community has been preserved. 1646:that correspond to the 12 tribes of Israel ( 1010:In 1515, the community was divided into two 1342:are considered the main Rabbis of Algiers. 1258:the central Maghreb received the status of 949:The Catalonian Jewish Community of Salonica 404:(1210-1263) and his famous disciples Rabbi 2549:reading, as is nowadays accustomed to the 2269:Tefillat Shemuel. Machzor le-Rosh ha-Shana 2197:Shelomoh ben Avraham ha-Kohen (Maharshakh) 2150:We find witnesses of this division in the 2120:Torah teacher, religious community leader. 1652:Sefer Shaar ha-Kavanot, nusach ha-tefillah 806:). The second group were expelled by the 511:Stone commemorating the inauguration of a 308: 2402:, and served as the head of the Algerian 1491:): The Great Synagogue and the synagogue 1441:Also, regarding the order of prayers and 909:that was constructed on the banks of the 394:, the main city was Barcelona, where the 1854:"Spain announces it will expel all Jews" 1623:A history of the Jews in Christian Spain 1542:A history of the Jews in Christian Spain 1483:(known as the custom of the Kabbalists, 1451: 1245: 1180:the 'nusach Barcelona, minhag Catalunya' 1120: 1024: 883: 837: 606: 506: 456: 312: 18: 1373:, and not according to the opinions of 86:today they are usually included in the 2584: 2541:, although they were told outside the 2473:National Library of Israel R 23 V 2883 2311:National Library of Israel R 56 A 346. 1636:Rabbi Yitzhaq Luria Ashkenazi (Arizal) 1241: 825: 339:(the Blind) (1160-1235), son of Rabbi 2233:National Library of Israel R 41 A 257 2168:National Library of Israel R 52 A 347 1974:The letter was published in the book 1737:at the Talmudic academy of Barcelona. 1393:dictation inherited from the Catalan 898:Schola hebreorum Nationis Catalanorum 770:The diaspora of the Jews of Catalonia 2451:(1867-1952), in his introduction to 1642:Catalonia is one of the 12 existing 1495:(later renamed Guggenheim Society). 1457:Chokhmat Misken: ve-hu sefer Qrovats 1230:, which was ruled by the dynasty of 366:(12th-13th centuries) author of the 2366:, wrote in his introduction to the 1866:Third century BCE - 5th century CE. 1811: 1788:Shimon ben Tzemach Duran (Rashbatz) 1673:Shimon ben Tzemach Duran (Rashbatz) 1593:, Barcelona: Angle Editorial, 2014. 1524:Shabbat, Rosh Chodesh, Yamim Noraim 623:The end of the century brought the 484:participate as a representative of 13: 1198:that they brought from Catalonia. 1001:, exegete and philosopher, son of 14: 2623: 1719:Recently, has been published the 1597: 1213:Settlement in the central Maghreb 794:) and the Ottoman Empire (mainly 282:(1110-1179), moved to Barcelona. 249:Yehudah ben Barzilay ha-Barceloni 2362:(1682-1729), author of the work 1993:Yehude Sicilia, teudot u-meqorot 1918:(Maimonides) writes in his book 1067:. This edition was published by 917:Settlement in the Ottoman Empire 243:Yitzchaq ben Reuven al-Bargeloni 116: 90:Jewish community. 2566: 2556: 2523: 2503: 2491: 2478: 2466: 2441: 2420: 2376: 2344: 2327: 2314: 2305: 2292: 2259: 2238: 2226: 2206: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2144: 2123: 2114: 2104: 2091: 2078: 2065: 2056: 2043: 2029: 2011: 1998: 1985: 1968: 1959: 1946: 1933: 1908: 1879: 1869: 1571:Barcelona: 2001, pp. 9–29. 1534: 1080:was printed. The editors were: 953:The Jews of Catalonia formed a 724: 578:Shelomoh ben Meshullam de Piera 502: 317:Seal attributed to Nachmanides 2398:, and at the same time of the 1995:, Jerusalem: 1991 (in Hebrew). 1860: 1846: 1832: 1805: 1740: 1713: 1665: 1628: 1615: 1110:was published under the title 586:Nisim ben Reuven Girondi (Ran) 462:Heqdesh rabbi Shemuel ha-Sardi 438:Yom Tov ben Avraham ha-Sevilli 189:became a zone of containment ( 1: 2084:They were organized in seven 1780:Yitzchaq bar Sheshet (Ribash) 464:in the Old City of Barcelona. 16:Jewish community in Catalonia 2500:was established around 1765. 2360:Refael Yedidya Shelomo Tzror 1609: 1234:from the ancient capital of 972:of the sages. Later we find 575:(14th century) and the poet 535:Chasday ben Yehudah Cresques 522:Peretz ben Yitzchaq ha-Kohen 7: 2514:Nehoray ben Seadya Azoviv, 2488:39, pp. 33-102 (in Hebrew). 2246:Guedole Salonica le-dorotam 2244:Yitzchaq Shemuel Immanuel, 1982:(edition of Hanover, 1924). 1772:Shelomoh ben Adret (Rashba) 1677:Shelomoh ben Adret (Rashba) 1405:. Thus, for example, Rabbi 1311:(judge) to his court. When 862:Catalonia. In 2017, an old 748:Shelomoh ben Reuven Bonafed 541:Yitzchaq bar Sheshet Perfet 428:(1250-1327), his son Rabbi 10: 2628: 2602:Jews and Judaism in Europe 1764:Avraham ben David (Raabad) 1276:Yitzhaq bar Sheshet Perfet 555:Yitzchaq ben Moshe ha-Levi 442:(1250–1330), disciples of 2597:Jews and Judaism in Spain 2545:and the blessings of the 2300:Ladino, Judezmo, Spañolit 1885:From the letter of Rabbi 1692:Moshe ben Maymon (Rambam) 1409:(1510-1580), grandson of 1116:Catalan yashan ve-chadash 1056:of the year 5287 (1526). 833: 421:(1235-1310). Also, Rabbi 2529:In the synagogues where 2394:was a descendant of the 2156:David Ben Zimra (Radbaz) 1706:, vol 3, 257, see also: 1700:Baal ha-Turim and Rambam 1681:Asher ben Yechiel (Rosh) 1466:Yitzchaq Luria Ashkenazi 1283:Shimon ben Tzemacḥ Duran 1046:(Days of Awe), known as 925:. There were Catalonian 565:Shimon ben Tzemach Duran 560:Profiat Duran, ha-Ephody 528:Nisim ben Reuven Girondi 407:Aharon ben Yosef ha-Levi 193:) against the spread of 23:Synagogue in Catalonia. 2137:, he ruled in favor of 1526:, festivals, fasts and 1522:Israel. The liturgy of 1269:Two of the great later 1103:Seadi Avraham Shealtiel 879: 435:(1269-1343), and Rabbi 309:12th and 13th centuries 259:Avraham bar Chiyya Nasi 1812:Ray, Jonathan (2013). 1685:Rabbi Yaaqov ben Asher 1460: 1254: 1129: 1033: 984:Yehudah ben Benveniste 889: 846: 758:(1452-1516) and Queen 656:(Sunday, 4/6/1391) in 620: 516: 465: 414:(1235-1303) and Rabbi 318: 293:in 1137, and thus the 272:(1122-1193) and Rabbi 269:Yitzchaq ben Abba Mari 58:centers flourished in 28: 2612:Medieval Catalan Jews 2576:91 (2002), pp. 31-50. 1455: 1287:fled to the Maghreb. 1249: 1147:In the second volume 1124: 1028: 955:community in Salonica 887: 841: 610: 562:) (1350-1415), Rabbi 510: 492: 480:of 1263 in which the 478:Barcelona Disputation 460: 316: 27:, Barcelona ca. 1350. 22: 2607:Jewish ethnic groups 2592:History of Catalonia 1794:vol. 3, 118; vol. 4 330:Azriel bene Shelomoh 217:Shemuel ibn Nagrella 2531:minhag ha-mequbalim 2498:Minhag ha-mequbalim 2416:'Tashbetz' Responsa 2355:For example, Rabbi 2053:(13 setembre 2017). 1889:to the King of the 1887:Chasday ibn Shaprut 1796:(Chut ha-Meshulash) 1621:See: Yitzhak Baer, 1489:minhag ha-pashtamim 1485:minhag ha-mequbalim 1383:, and his work the 1242:The Jews of Algiers 1161:"Tefillat Shemuel " 1099:Bekhor Yosef Arditi 826:Settlement in Italy 602:Abraham David Taroç 581:(1310/50-1420/25). 552:(1340-1412), Rabbi 545:(1326-1408), Rabbi 538:(the elder), Rabbi 513:synagogue in Girona 295:County of Barcelona 266:of Provence, Rabbi 2437:'Chut ha-meshulash 2412:'Chut ha-meshulash 2158:, first part, 292. 2062:Tradition, custom. 1939:The period of the 1754:literature of the 1648:Rabbi Chayim Vital 1461: 1375:Maran ha-Bet Yosef 1326:Shelomo ben Shimon 1255: 1130: 1083:Moshe Yaaqov Ayash 1070:Yitschaq Amariliyo 1034: 1018:(Old Catalan) and 965:Eliezer ha-Shimoni 890: 847: 764:Kingdom of Granada 756:Fernando of Aragon 743:Dispute of Tortosa 621: 517: 466: 417:Shelomoh ben Adret 385:Bonastruc ça Porta 351:Yaaqov ben Sheshet 319: 207:Menachem ben Saruq 179:Battle of Poitiers 38:, in the Lands of 29: 2553:of the Sephardim. 2543:tefillah (amidah) 2273:; second volume: 1980:Yehudah ibn Verga 1188:'nusach Sepharad' 1149:"Tefillat Yaaqov" 1014:that were called 808:Catholic Monarchs 790:), North Africa ( 760:Isabel of Castile 598:John I of Castile 424:Asher ben Yechiel 376:Moshe ben Nachman 342:Avraham ben David 285:Catalonia joined 246:(1043 -?), Rabbi 36:Iberian Peninsula 32:Jews of Catalonia 25:Sarajevo Haggadah 2619: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2527: 2521:, Livorno 1772. 2515: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2445: 2427: 2392:Avraham ibn Taua 2388: 2383: 2356: 2351: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2281:; third volume: 2263: 2257: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2210: 2204: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2135:Samuel de Medina 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2033: 2027: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1972: 1966: 1965:Liturgical poem. 1963: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1928:Hilkhot Tefillah 1916:Moshe ben Maymon 1912: 1906: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1809: 1803: 1744: 1738: 1717: 1711: 1669: 1663: 1632: 1626: 1619: 1589:Manuel Forcano, 1551:Jerusalem: 1978. 1459:, Livorno, 1772. 1407:Avraham ibn Taua 1367:Ribash, Rashbatz 1323:, his son Rabbi 1004:Barukh Almosnino 945:, among others. 900:). In 1519 Pope 852:Avraham Abulafia 717:(1323-1326) and 640:Chasday Cresques 572:Avraham Cresques 548:Chasday Cresques 431:Yaaqov ben Asher 2627: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2528: 2524: 2513: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2449:Yitzchaq Morali 2446: 2442: 2421: 2386: 2377: 2354: 2345: 2341:, chap. 4, 45). 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2264: 2260: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2211: 2207: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2139:Moshe Almosnino 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2030: 2019:Sidur Catalunya 2016: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1913: 1909: 1903:Yehudah ha-Levi 1884: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1810: 1806: 1745: 1741: 1729:Catalonia. The 1722:Sidur Catalunya 1718: 1714: 1688:(Baal ha-Turim) 1670: 1666: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604:Sidur Catalunya 1600: 1554:Yom Tov Assis, 1537: 1244: 1226:and a third in 1215: 1022:(New Catalan). 1020:Catalan chadash 994:Moshe Almosnino 951: 919: 882: 836: 828: 772: 727: 625:revolts of 1391 515:(14th century). 505: 433:(Baal ha-Turim) 336:Yitzchaq el Cec 311: 299:Crown of Aragon 254:Yehudah ha-Nasi 191:Marca Hispanica 170:or named after 131:, derived from 119: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2579: 2578: 2565: 2555: 2522: 2502: 2490: 2477: 2465: 2453:machzor minhag 2440: 2419: 2375: 2343: 2326: 2313: 2304: 2291: 2265:First volume: 2258: 2237: 2225: 2205: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2143: 2122: 2113: 2103: 2090: 2077: 2064: 2055: 2042: 2028: 2010: 1997: 1984: 1976:Shevet Yehudah 1967: 1958: 1945: 1932: 1907: 1878: 1868: 1859: 1845: 1831: 1824: 1804: 1739: 1712: 1702:» (reference: 1664: 1627: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1598:External links 1596: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1540:Yitzhak Baer, 1536: 1533: 1447:Machzor minhag 1386:Shulchan Arukh 1307:was appointed 1243: 1240: 1214: 1211: 1089:Chanokh Pipano 1016:Catalan yashan 950: 947: 918: 915: 881: 878: 874:Aron ha-Qodesh 865:Aron ha-Qodesh 843:Aron ha-Qodesh 835: 832: 827: 824: 804:Land of Israel 800:Constantinople 771: 768: 751:in Catalonia. 732:new Christians 726: 723: 617:Passover bread 504: 501: 497:Corbeil treaty 310: 307: 118: 115: 99:Ottoman Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2624: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2575: 2569: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2217:Rosh ha-Shana 2214: 2209: 2202: 2199:mentions the 2198: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Mishneh Torah 1917: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1872: 1863: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1825:9780814729113 1821: 1818:. NYU Press. 1817: 1816: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634:According to 1631: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1493:Yakhin u-Boaz 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361:. Matters of 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1252: 1251:Machzor Qatan 1248: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:, another in 1221: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Rosh ha-Shana 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Judeo-Spanish 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1036:In 1526, the 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999:Marbitz Torah 996: 995: 990: 986: 985: 981: 977: 976: 975:Moshe Capsali 971: 967: 966: 961: 960:Marbitz Torah 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 914: 912: 907: 903: 899: 895: 886: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 858: 854: 853: 844: 840: 831: 823: 821: 818:, the 9th of 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 767: 765: 761: 757: 754:In 1469 King 752: 750: 749: 744: 739: 737: 733: 722: 721:(1435-1442). 720: 716: 712: 708: 705:(1297-1516), 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 618: 614: 611:Seal for the 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 579: 574: 573: 568: 566: 561: 557: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 536: 531: 529: 524: 523: 514: 509: 500: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 439: 434: 432: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 410:of Barcelona 409: 408: 403: 402: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 377: 372: 371:Achot qetanah 369: 365: 364: 361: 358: 353: 352: 347: 344: 343: 338: 337: 332: 331: 326: 325: 315: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 280: 276: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 244: 238: 237: 234: 230: 228: 221: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 187:Old Catalonia 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 149: 143: 141: 137: 135: 130: 126: 124: 123:Second Temple 117:Early history 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 85: 82: 78: 77: 72: 70: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 21: 2573: 2568: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2307: 2299: 2294: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2253: 2252:and Catalan 2249: 2245: 2240: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1953: 1948: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1871: 1862: 1848: 1834: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1735:Yona Girondi 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1617: 1590: 1581: 1578: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1548: 1547:Jean Régné, 1541: 1535:Bibliography 1527: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:Mara de-Atra 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1231: 1216: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1076:In 1869 the 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1047: 1043:Yamim Noraim 1037: 1035: 1029: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1002: 998: 992: 988: 982: 979: 973: 969: 963: 959: 952: 926: 922: 920: 897: 893: 891: 873: 863: 859: 856: 850: 848: 842: 829: 819: 811: 773: 753: 746: 740: 728: 725:15th century 696: 669: 651: 648:Hebrew month 639: 637: 632: 628: 622: 612: 585: 583: 576: 570: 563: 559: 553: 546: 539: 533: 526: 520: 518: 503:14th century 494: 489: 481: 473: 470:blood libels 467: 461: 454:of Girona. 452:Taroç family 447: 443: 436: 429: 422: 415: 411: 405: 401:Yona Girondi 399: 395: 389: 384: 380: 374: 370: 367: 362: 359: 356: 349: 345: 340: 334: 328: 322: 320: 289:in 1112 and 284: 278: 274: 267: 263: 257: 253: 247: 241: 239: 235: 232: 224: 222: 215: 205: 201: 199: 176: 171: 167: 153: 146: 144: 132: 128: 127: 120: 107:North Africa 92: 83: 74: 68: 31: 30: 2364:'Pri Tzadiq 2339:Maguen Avot 1782:, 79, 369. 1395:Bet Midrash 1355:Bet Midrash 1178:, known as 1155:written in 1140:, entitled 896:Catalonia ( 876:in Europe. 736:Inquisition 590:Black Death 357:Avraham ben 305:countries. 275:Avraham ben 156:Reconquista 111:Middle East 2586:Categories 2563:Jerusalem. 2486:Mekabtziel 2439:), 3, 10. 2435:, vol. 4 ( 2221:Yom Kippur 2195:of rabbi, 1914:So, Rabbi 1899:al-Andalus 1895:al-Andalus 1690:and Rabbi 1380:Yosef Caro 1328:(Rashbash) 1299:was named 1285:(Rashbatz) 1280:and Rabbi 1232:Beni-Ziyan 1176:Yom Kippur 1086:and Rabbi 1053:Yom Kippur 970:(Haskamot) 816:Tisha B'Av 567:(Rashbatz) 148:al-Andalus 50:until the 2374: ». 2372:Bet Yosef 2154:of Rabbi 2133:of Rabbi 2051:La Stampa 1930:, 11, 5). 1786:of Rabbi 1778:of Rabbi 1774:new 345, 1770:of Rabbi 1762:of Rabbi 1610:Footnotes 1579:Actes del 1504:Shabbatot 1167:version: 1134:Holocaust 1096:, called 711:Neopatria 680:Barcelona 594:synagogue 264:chachamim 252:, called 140:Visigoths 88:Sephardic 71:Catalonia 60:Barcelona 52:expulsion 40:Catalonia 2539:piyyutim 2461:Rashbatz 2433:Tashbetz 2408:Responsa 2404:Yeshivah 2396:Rashabtz 2368:Taixbetz 2335:Rashbatz 2193:Responsa 2152:Responsa 2131:Responsa 1978:, Rabbi 1792:Tashbetz 1784:Responsa 1776:Responsa 1768:Responsa 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