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1920:, Hu Jintao had "almost unanimous support" to become the new CCP general secretary. To maintain China's image as a stable and respected country, Jiang and Hu emphasized their unity, striving to make this transition the first "smooth and harmonious" one in the PRC's history. Jiang stepped down as general secretary and left the Politburo Standing Committee, but retained the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission, which controlled the army and the nation's foreign policy. Jiang would continue counselling Hu from "behind the curtain", and it was formally agreed that Jiang would be "consulted on all matters of state importance". Both men also reached a "tacit understanding" that Hu would not be considered a "
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the 13 years "between 1989 and 2002", which not only evoked the memories of Jiang being a beneficiary of
Tiananmen, but also neglected the economic foundations laid by Deng, whose authority was still paramount until the mid-1990s. Additionally, Jiang was also criticized for his insistence on writing the "Three Represents" into the party and state constitutions (see below), which Yang called Jiang's attempt at "self-deification", i.e., that he saw himself as a visionary along the same lines as Deng and Mao. Yang contended, "The 'Three Represents' is just common sense. It is not a proper theoretical framework. It's what any ruler would tell the people to justify the continued rule of the governing party."
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Xiaoping's reform-oriented agenda following the latter's "Southern Tour". This shift was not only seen as the exercise of a political opportunist, it also sowed confusion among party loyalists in regards to what direction the party was headed or what the party truly believed in. While continued economic reforms resulted in an explosion of wealth around the country, it also led to the formation of special interest groups in many sectors of the economy, and the exercise of state power without any meaningful oversight. This opened the way for the sub-optimal distribution of the fruits of growth, and an expanding culture of corruption among bureaucrats and party officials.
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3032:" is not a formal title; it is a reference occasionally used by media outlets and scholars to refer to the foremost political leader in China at a given time. For example, there is no consensus on when Hu Jintao became the paramount leader (2002โ2012), as Jiang held the most powerful office in the military (i.e., Central Military Commission chairman) and did not relinquish all positions until 2005 to his successor, while Hu was the General Secretary of the Communist Party since 2002 and President of China since 2003.
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1886:. Cook and Lemish state this was because Jiang was worried that the popular new religious movement was "quietly infiltrating the CCP and state apparatus." On 20 July, security forces arrested thousands of Falun Gong organizers they identified as leaders. The persecution that followed was characterized as a nationwide campaign of propaganda, as well as the large-scale arbitrary imprisonment and coercive reeducation of Falun Gong organizers, sometimes resulting in death due to mistreatment in detention.
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1366:, who appointed Jiang as vice chairman of both commissions, a position equivalent to vice minister. Jiang's role was to ensure these SEZs increased economic prosperity without becoming "conduits" for foreign ideology. In 1980, Jiang headed a delegation which toured other SEZs in twelve countries; upon his return, he issued a radical report which recommended allowing local authorities to issue tax breaks and land leases, and increasing the power of
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the
Central Military Commission of the state, which marked the end of Jiang's political career. This followed weeks of speculation that forces inside the party were pressing Jiang to step aside. Jiang's term was supposed to have lasted until 2007. Hu also succeeded Jiang as the CMC chairman, but, in an apparent political defeat for Jiang, General
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3556:, p. 147, "In fact, no one of importance disagreed fundamentally with the necessity of Chapter 9 reform to spur economic development. The fault line between the so-called "liberals" and "conservatives" was the speed and style of the reforms. Still, the division was seismic, and the epicenter would soon be Tiananmen Square.".
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delivered the elder statesman's eulogy. Jiang had inherited a China rampant with political corruption, and regional economies growing too rapidly for the stability of the entire country. Deng's policy that "some areas can get rich before others" led to an opening wealth gap between coastal regions and the interior provinces.
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Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1998. 395pp. This was the first biography of Jiang to appear in the West. A comprehensive and highly readable journalistic account of Jiang's early years, his ascendancy within the Party bureaucracy, and his ultimate rise to power as Deng Xiaoping's successor
1999:
Beginning in July 2011, false reports of Jiang's death began circulating on the news media outside of mainland China and on the internet. While Jiang may indeed have been ill and receiving treatment, the rumors were denied by official sources. On 9 October 2011, Jiang made his first public appearance
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tried to publish a eulogy rehabilitating Hu and praising his reformist stance, Jiang took control of the newspaper's editorial board. As the protests continued to grow, the Party imposed martial law and deployed troops in
Beijing in May. In Shanghai, 100,000 protestors marched in the streets, and 450
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in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to
Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970 and 1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice
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Some have also associated Jiang with the widespread corruption and cronyism that had become a notable feature of the
Communist power apparatus since Jiang's years in power. In the military, the two vice-chairmen who sat atop the Central Military Commission hierarchy โ nominally as assistants to then
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The fact that Jiang rose to power as the direct beneficiary of the political aftermath of
Tiananmen has shaped the perception of his rule. Following the Tiananmen protests, Jiang threw his support behind elder Chen Yun's conservative economic policies, but subsequently changed his allegiance to Deng
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In the first few years, Jiang depended on the support of Deng
Xiaoping to remain in power, which forced Jiang into an "ultranationalist stance" towards Taiwan and the US. Jiang had supported Deng's calls against "bourgeois liberalization", but while Jiang was seen as a "thoughtful reformer", he " to
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wrote that "Jiang Zemin was a long time political cadre with a nose for ideological work and its importance. This meeting marked the beginning of a new era in propaganda and political thought work in China." Soon after, the
Central Propaganda Department was given more resources and power, "including
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At the same time, many biographers of Jiang have noted his government resembled an oligarchy as opposed to an autocratic dictatorship. Many of the policies of his era had been attributed to others in government, notably premier Zhu Rongji. Jiang was also characterized as a leader who was mindful to
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Jiang had a passable command of several foreign languages, including
English and Russian. Jiang remains the only paramount leader of China known to be able to speak in English. He enjoyed engaging foreign visitors in small talk on arts and literature in their native language, in addition to singing
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On 19 September 2004, after the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Jiang, at the age of 78, relinquished his post as chairman of the party's Central Military Commission, his last post in the party. Six months later in March 2005, Jiang resigned his last significant post, chairman of
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under Jiang's tenure, the Three Represents justified the incorporation of the new capitalist business class into the party, and changed the founding ideology of the CCP from protecting the interests of the peasantry and workers to that of the "overwhelming majority of the people", a euphemism aimed
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The Politburo also issued a list of "seven things" regarding "matters of universal concern to the masses", with party corruption as the top priority. Jiang was also appointed as the chairman of the Central Military Commission on 9 November 1989, succeeding Deng, and president of the PRC on 27 March
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Jiang was appointed as general secretary at the fourth plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee on 24 June 1989 with a fairly small power base inside the party, and thus, very little actual power. His most reliable allies were the powerful party elders Chen Yun and Li Xiannian. He was believed to
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wrote that Jiang might well have been given a positive historical assessment had it not been for his decision to 'overstay his welcome' by remaining in the Central Military Commission post after Hu had formally assumed the party leadership. Moreover, Jiang took credit for all the gains made during
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in 2001. As a result of the reforms, unemployment rates skyrocketed, rising as high as 40% in some urban areas, and stock markets fluctuated greatly. The scale of rural migration into urban areas was unprecedented anywhere, and little was being done to address an ever-increasing urban-rural wealth
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His careful public appeals were well received by both pro-democracy students and socialist party elders. On 20 May 1989, paramount leader Deng Xiaoping decided to appoint Jiang as the new general secretary, replacing Zhao Ziyang, who had supported the protestors. Jiang was selected as a compromise
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sustained an average of 8% GDP growth annually, achieving the highest rate of per capita economic growth in major world economies, raising eyebrows around the world with its astonishing speed. This was mostly achieved by continuing the process of a transition to a market economy. Additionally, he
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Domestically, Jiang's legacy and reputation is mixed. While some people attributed the period of relative stability and growth in the 1990s to Jiang's term, others argue that Jiang did little to correct systemic imbalance and an accumulation of problems which resulted from years of breakneck-pace
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in 1999, Jiang seemed to have put up a harsh stance for show at home, but in reality only performed symbolic gestures of protest, and no solid action. Jiang deemed the United States-China bilateral relation too important to be harmed in the emotion of the moment and sought to soothe the Chinese
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Jiang's biggest aim in the economy was stability, and he believed that a stable government with highly centralized power would be a prerequisite, choosing to postpone political reform, which in many facets of governance exacerbated the ongoing problems. After the coastal regions and SEZs were
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In the early 1990s, post-Tiananmen economic reforms by Vice Premier and later Premier Zhu Rongji with Jiang's support had stabilized and the country was on a consistent growth trajectory. At the same time, China faced myriad economic and social problems. At Deng's state funeral in 1997, Jiang
1951:
crisis, Jiang remained conspicuously silent, and observers were divided over whether it signified his waning influence, or respect for Hu. It has been argued that the institutional arrangements created by the 16th Congress left Jiang in a position where he could not exercise much influence.
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s GPS, causing it to lose direction and anchor on the high seas for twenty-four days until it acceded to an inspection. There were no chemical precursors on the ship. Although China sought a formal apology, the United States refused to apologize and refused to pay compensation. Despite the
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Under Jiang's leadership, China continued its style of developmental diplomacy which had been adopted under Deng Xiaoping. China's international behavior was generally both pragmatic and predictable. During Jiang's presidency, serious flare-ups between China and the United States occurred.
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After Xi Jinping assumed power in 2012, Jiang's position in the protocol sequence of leaders retreated; while he was often seated next to Xi Jinping at official events, his name was often reported after all standing members of the Communist Party's Politburo. Jiang reappeared at the
1992:, and toured the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution with Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, and other former senior officials. On 8 August 2008, Jiang appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics. He also stood beside Hu Jintao during the mass parade celebrating the
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students went on a hunger strike. After the third day, Jiang personally met with them to assure them that the Party shared their goals, and to promise future dialogue. He simultaneously sent a telegram to the Central Committee firmly supporting their martial law declaration.
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and multiple organ failures. On the day of Jiang's death, the government released a notice that the national flags would be flown half-staff in key locations of Beijing and diplomatic missions abroad. Foreigners were not invited to attend official mourning activities.
1988:, Jiang's name always appeared immediately after Hu Jintao's and in front of the remaining sitting members of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee. In 2007, Jiang was seen with Hu Jintao on stage at a ceremony celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the
1556:. It was a huge step to take in the realization of Deng's "socialism with Chinese characteristics". At the same time, Jiang elevated many of his supporters from Shanghai to high government positions, after regaining Deng's confidence. He abolished the outdated
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seek the opinion of his close advisers. Jiang is often credited with the improvement in foreign relations during his term, but at the same time many Chinese have criticized him for being too conciliatory towards the United States and Russia. The issue of
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Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside MarxismโLeninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CCP Congress in 2002.
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1370:. The report initially "caused consternation" among party leaders, but his pragmatic and empirical presentation appealed to Deng Xiaoping. His proposals were approved at the National People's Congress, cementing Jiang as an "early implementer" of
2188:, were said to have obstructed Hu Jintao's exercise of power in the military. Xu and Guo were characterized as "Jiang's proxies in the military". Eventually, both men were reported to have taken massive bribes, and both fell under the axe of the
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1961:, a publication thought to represent the views of the CMC majority, printed an article on 11 March 2003 which quotes two army delegates as saying, "Having one center is called 'loyalty', while having two centers will result in 'problems.
1696:, Jiang took a stance of goodwill towards the United States and adopted the "sixteen-characters formula" for working with the United States: "enhancing confidence, reducing troubles, expanding cooperation, and avoiding confrontation."
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2144:, have widely been seen as efforts to address perceived imbalances and move away from a sole focus on economic growth toward a broader view of development which incorporates non-economic factors such as health and the environment.
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each had Jiang-related events as the front-page or top stories, a fact that remained until Hu Jintao's media administrative changes in 2006. Jiang appeared casual in front of Western media, and gave an unprecedented interview with
1734:, the tone was relaxed as they sought common ground while largely ignoring areas of disagreement. Clinton would visit China in June 1998, and vowed that China and the United States were partners in the world, and not adversaries.
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1423:. Jiang received mixed reviews as mayor. Many of his critics dismissed him as a "flower pot", a Chinese term for someone who only seems useful, but actually gets nothing done. Many credited Shanghai's growth during the period to
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sufficiently developed, Jiang worked to reduce geographic disparities by encouraging richer cities to "provide financial, technological, and managerial assistance to the poorer, western ones." Jiang put forward the plan for
1946:
announced that "a new era has begun in China. But it is not that of Vice President Hu Jintao Rather, it is a new era of President Jiang Zemin, who has just stepped down as the Party's general secretary." Early in the 2003
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1580:", a number of heavy industries were deregulated and many small- and medium-sized SOEs were closed down or privatized, initially removing as many as 40 million jobs from SOEs. Jiang also oversaw the breaking of the "
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1446:, the most powerful position in the city, reporting directly to the central government. He also joined the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, in accordance with customs for party secretaries of major cities.
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1973:, and not Zeng Qinghong was appointed to succeed Hu as vice chairman, as was initially speculated. This power transition formally marked the end of Jiang's era in China, which roughly lasted from 1989 to 2004.
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the more conservative views of the elders and his Politburo colleagues". Deng was far more supportive of reforms, saying that "deviating to the Left is an even greater danger" than deviating to the right.
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in 2001, were landmark moments of his era. China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over
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In 1962, he returned to Shanghai and became the deputy director of the Shanghai Electric Research Institute. In 1966, he was appointed as the director and deputy party secretary of a
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7070:, Random House (English edition) 2005. Century Publishing Group, Shanghai (Chinese edition) 2005. The book is a general biography of Jiang with a more favorable stance towards him.
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1339:, where he served as head of the expert team to establish fifteen machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After the completion of his mission in 1972, he returned to China.
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1761:'s expression of "very sorry" as sufficient. The incident nonetheless created negative feelings towards the United States by the Chinese public and increased public feelings of
1772:, Jiang strengthened China's economic stature abroad, attempting to establish cordial relations with countries whose trade is largely confined to the American economic sphere.
1517:, after the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989, Jiang criticized the previous period as "hard on the economy, soft on politics" and advocated increasing political thought work.
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1462:, leading to an ideological crisis between "liberals" (who supported Deng's aggressive reforms) and "conservatives" (who favored slower change). After the Shanghai-based
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1730:. He made a speech at Harvard University, part of it in English, but could not escape questions on democracy and freedom. In the official summit meeting with president
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1681:, based on the incorrect suspicion that it was carrying chemical weapon precursors bound for Iran. Although China denied the allegation, the United States cut off the
1548:, he subtly suggested that the pace of reform was not fast enough. Jiang grew ever more cautious, and rallied behind Deng's reforms completely. Jiang coined the new "
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Nonetheless, Jiang's foreign policy was for the most part passive and non-confrontational. Foreign policy under Jiang inherited from that of Deng Xiaoping, that is,
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firms, increase foreign demand for Chinese goods and services, and secure energy and resources. This policy greatly expanded Chinese investment and influence in the
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1299:. As Jiang became increasingly involved in the Communist Party, his main work shifted from the technical side of engineering to administrative and political tasks.
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Jiang did not specialize in economics, and in 1997 handed most of the economic governance of the country to premier Zhu Rongji and remained in office through the
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be simply a transitional figure until a more stable successor government to Deng could be put in place. Other prominent Party and military figures like President
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Li, Yiping; Lai, Kun; Feng, Xuegang (May 2007). "The Problem of ' Guanxi ' for Actualizing Community Tourism: A Case Study of Relationship Networking in China".
1291:. Jiang joined the Chinese Communist Party when he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Jiang received his training at the
2008:
in October 2012, and took part in the 65th Anniversary banquet of the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 2014. At the banquet he sat next to
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3950:, p. 220, "Though Jiang had spent the preceding two years diligently building his relations with the military, his position remained dependent on Deng.".
1715:. The United States sent two carrier groups to the vicinity of Taiwan, and the PRC de-escalated. As a result of the United States response, Jiang ordered the
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1817:. He would often use foreign languages in front of the camera; once, he gave a 40-minute speech entirely in Russian. In an encounter with Hong Kong reporter
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1993; this marked the start of the arrangement in which the paramount leader of China simultaneously serves as Party leader, president and chair of the CMC.
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1264:, Anhui. This was also the hometown of a number of prominent figures in Chinese academic and intellectual establishments. Jiang grew up during the years of
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began in the same year, he did not suffer greatly during the turmoil, but was pulled down from his position as director of the institute and was sent to a
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2071:, and others. Following the rise of Xi Jinping, Song and other Jiang loyalists, including her brother Song Zuyu, fell under investigation for corruption.
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1180:" in Chinese politics steadily declined, Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s. Urged by
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1140:, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the
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6554:"The State Awards Of Ukraine: Diplomatic Dimension (The Nature And Content, Main Categories, Concepts, Methodology And Principles Of Reward System)"
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3429:"China Leans Heavily on Trouble-Shooter: Politics: Vice Premier Zhu Rongji's assignment is to cope with economic troubles, corruption, rural anger"
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1272:, died fighting the Japanese and was considered in Jiang Zemin's time to be a national hero. After Shangqing's death, Zemin became his male heir.
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7096:. "The Era of Jiang Zemin"; Prentice Hall, Singapore: 1999. General Jiang-era background information and analysis, not comprehensive biography.
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was another tense event in the China-United States relations which occurred during Jiang's presidency. On April 1, 2001, a United States US
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died; he had previously been forced to resign in January 1987 and accused of supporting "bourgeois liberalization". His death catalyzed the
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the power to go in to the propaganda-related work units and cleanse the ranks of those who had been supportive of the democracy movement."
1335:. In 1970, after leaving the cadre school, he became the deputy director of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the ministry and was sent to the
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In 2008, Jiang published an academic article on China's clean energy resources and another on China's information technology development.
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3997:, pp. 134, 180, "We must enhance socialist ideology while carrying out to the end the struggle against bourgeois liberalization.".
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Anne-Marie Brady, Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
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economic reforms, leaving the next administration facing innumerable challenges, some of which may have been too late to solve.
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1493:, and the retired elders to become the new general secretary. Before that, he had been considered to be an unlikely candidate.
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established two ministerial commissions to increase trade and foreign investment. The commissions were headed by vice premier
1168:, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the
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1965:" This was interpreted as a criticism of Jiang's attempt to exercise dual leadership with Hu on the model of Deng Xiaoping.
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1847:, which was later enshrined in both Party and State constitutions as an "important thought", following in the footsteps of
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2044:, also a native of Yangzhou, in 1949. She was his cousin, as Jiang's adoptive mother was Wang's aunt. Wang graduated from
1927:
At the 16th Party Congress, the majority of new members for Standing Committee were considered part of Jiang's so-called "
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to the United States in 1997, drawing various crowds in protest from the Tibet Independence Movement to supporters of the
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gap. Official reports put the figure on the percentage of China's GDP being moved and abused by corrupt officials at 10%.
9612:
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7935:
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5062:"Information Control and Self-Censorship in the PRC and the Spread of SARS โ Congressional-Executive Commission on China"
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2016:; there, Jiang again sat next to Xi Jinping and Hu Jintao. He appeared on 29 May 2017 at Shanghai Technology University.
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1381:, "ardent reformist" Zhao Ziyang appointed Jiang as the first vice minister and party secretary of the newly established
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In March 1982, he was pushed out as vice chairman of two commissions. After pressure from premier Gu and Shanghai mayor
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Jiang Zemin was born in the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu, on 17 August 1926. His ancestral home was the Jiangcun Village (
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in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by
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Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The
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775:
771:
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1955:
Although Jiang retained the chairmanship of the CMC, most members of the commission were professional military men.
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as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the "
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jet fighter over the South China Sea. China sought a formal apology, and accepted United States Secretary of State
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at placating the growing entrepreneurial class. Conservative critics within the party, such as hardline leftist
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on 18 October 2017. He appeared on 29 July 2019 at the funeral of former premier Li Peng. He also attended the
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1427:. Jiang was an ardent believer, during this period, in Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. In an attempt to curb
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After Hu succeeded Jiang as general secretary, the latter continued to " public life" for several years. The
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5752:"Fast-track success of Jiang Zemin's eldest son, Jiang Mianheng, questioned by Chinese academics for years"
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mass parade in October 2019, marking his last public appearance prior to his death. He did not attend the
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continued to influence affairs until much later. In 2022, Jiang died at the age of 96 in Shanghai; he was
1044:
11387:
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4753:: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469โ2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001
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since his premature obituary in Beijing at a celebration to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the
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Jiang died on 30 November 2022, at the age of 96, in Shanghai. According to the Chinese state media
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2012:, who had then succeeded Hu Jintao as CCP general secretary. In September 2015, Jiang attended the
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5093:"Reduced Budgets, the "Two Centers," and Other Mysteries of the 2003 National People's Congress"
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1984:
Jiang continued to make official appearances after giving up his last title in 2005. In China's
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1851:, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory. Officially termed as the latest development of
1552:" to move China's centrally-planned socialist economy into essentially a government-regulated
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9604:
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7102:"Power struggle in China: The post-Deng scenario and Jiang Zemin as the "first among equals""
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The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
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4593:"NewsLibrary.com โ newspaper archive, clipping service โ newspapers and other news sources"
4235:. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group.
2177:
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6401:"Hu Jintao's weak grip on China's army inspired Xi Jinping's military shake-up: sources"
6279:
5284:"Communist China celebrates 60th anniversary with instruments of war and words of peace"
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5230:"Former Leaders Visit Exhibition Marking 70th Anniversary of Long March โ china.org.cn"
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4732:
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The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics and Chinese Foreign Policy
3977:
3865:
3599:
3591:
3137:
2524:
2410:
2113:
1829:, Jiang scolded the Hong Kong journalists as "too simple, sometimes naive" in English.
1613:
1432:
1102:
673:
665:
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115:
6741:
5823:"Singer who disappeared six years ago resurfaces married to China president's brother"
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The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
4422:
The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
692:
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5972:"Chinese starlet Song Zuying, many others, under investigation for corruption by CCP"
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5510:"19th Party Congress: Former president Jiang Zemin's appearance quashes death rumour"
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Revenge of the Forbidden City: The suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999โ2005
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in 2000 regarding the central government's apparent "imperial order" of supporting
1602:
1518:
1221:
1106:
970:
917:
815:
578:
7038:
4137:"Jiang Zemin obituary | President who shepherded China's economic reforms, growth"
3672:"In Posthumous Memoir, China's Zhao Ziyang Details Tiananmen Debate, Faults Party"
1769:
9564:
9549:
9539:
9524:
9361:
9351:
9261:
8296:
7432:
7216:
6997:
6643:
6376:"Jiang Zemin: the president who took China from Tiananmen pariah to rising power"
6039:
5370:"Is China's Ex-Leader Jiang Zemin Dead? Local Censors Don't Want Any Speculation"
5214:
4880:
4857:
4851:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organization'"
4770:
4171:
3771:
2920:
2610:
1928:
1921:
1909:
1895:
1233:
1114:
906:
24:
9486:
5971:
5130:"China's Foreign- and Security-policy Decision-making Processes under Hu Jintao"
5092:
4874:"Death Trap โ How One Chinese City Resorted to Atrocities To Control Falun Dafa"
2681:
11403:
Members of the 15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
11398:
Members of the 14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
11393:
Members of the 13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
11139:
11095:
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9738:
9386:
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6763:
5149:
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2168:
2056:. Jiang Mianheng went on to be an academic and businessman, working within the
2049:
1905:
1690:
1654:
1581:
1553:
599:
429:
7117:
6120:
6048:
6043:
5480:"China's former leader Jiang Zemin at military parade amid infighting rumours"
4712:
4344:
3960:
Miller, Lyman (1 June 1996). "Overlapping Transitions in China's Leadership".
3714:
3133:
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11024:
10771:
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1932:
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830:
319:
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267:
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5208:
China's leadership makes show of unity ahead of key Communist Party congress
2575:
1935:, who had served as Jiang's chief of staff for many years, and vice premier
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11006:
10976:
10813:
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1810:
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1754:
1731:
1708:
1677:
In July 1993, the United States Navy stopped a Chinese container ship, the
1639:
1507:
1408:
1177:
1085:(17 August 1926 โ 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as
682:
585:
20:
7573:
Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party
4568:
4522:
4434:
3861:
3770:
Mackerras, Colin; McMillen, Donald H.; Watson, Andrew (16 December 2003).
11224:
11154:
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10633:
10506:
10475:
10460:
10447:
10382:
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9959:
9878:
9853:
9530:
9371:
8966:
8960:
7878:
7866:
7693:
7616:
7538:
7511:
7409:
7255:
7250:
7245:
6207:"China mourns former leader Jiang Zemin with bouquets, black front pages"
6094:
5976:
5400:"Jiang Zemin Appears in Public Three Months After Media Reports of Death"
5234:
2185:
2064:
2041:
1723:
1486:
1416:
1412:
1378:
1173:
944:
939:
934:
406:
294:
282:
273:
96:
6961:
5941:"Humble hometown hesitant to talk about Peng Liyuan, China's first lady"
4873:
4728:
4697:
Dittmer, Lowell (2003). "Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin".
2914:
2063:
It is believed that Jiang had a long-running friendship with the singer
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9753:
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7606:
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6009:
4941:
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3688:
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2458:
2141:
2068:
2009:
1883:
1879:
1857:
1478:
1455:
1424:
1407:
In 1985, a political reshuffle took place in Shanghai. Party Secretary
1130:
1122:
437:
164:
144:
2404:
2172:
helped increase China's international standing with China joining the
11239:
11194:
11184:
11134:
11089:
11064:
11029:
11011:
10797:
10781:
10761:
10696:
10691:
10659:
10387:
10103:
10014:
9974:
9893:
9808:
9800:
9555:
9407:
9001:
Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
8972:
8930:
7890:
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7555:
7093:
6233:
6172:"Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China into Global Market, Dies at 96"
5727:"Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China into Global Market, Dies at 96"
4360:"Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China into Global Market, Dies at 96"
2735:
1970:
1712:
1296:
1229:
835:
630:
331:
108:
8996:
Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
3579:
2751:
2231:
2083:, who was mayor of San Francisco at the time. Jiang also played the
11244:
11169:
11034:
11001:
10920:
10686:
10648:
10482:
10367:
10198:
8942:
8936:
7275:
6962:"ะฃะบะฐะท ะัะตะทะธะดะตะฝัะฐ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะน ะคะตะดะตัะฐัะธะธ ะพั 31 October 2007 ะณ. โ 1440"
6148:
5646:"Ex-leader removed from China party congress as Xi eyes more power"
3400:
2388:
2200:
between the mainland and Taiwan gained ground during Jiang's term.
2134:
2117:
1936:
1814:
1662:
1490:
1137:
864:
651:
359:
58:
5594:"92-year-old Jiang Zemin makes rare appearance at Li Peng funeral"
5568:"Ex-president Jiang joins mourners at Tiananmen premier's funeral"
2863:. Vol. III (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
2026:
70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China
1560:
in 1992, an advisory body composed of revolutionary party elders.
16:
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1989 to 2002
10681:
10653:
10643:
10362:
10178:
10088:
9356:
7753:
6211:
2832:. Vol. II (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
2320:
2084:
1482:
1474:
1419:
became the new Party Secretary of Shanghai, and Jiang became new
1280:
689:
363:
139:
5426:"Former Chinese president at war parade amid infighting rumours"
4925:"Elite politics and the fourth generation of chinese leadership"
2799:. Vol. I (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
1442:
held in October 1987, Jiang was promoted from mayor to Shanghai
11373:
General secretaries and Chairmen of the Chinese Communist Party
10730:
9939:
9840:
8924:
8289:
7135:
5258:"Jiang given place of honour to see culmination of his efforts"
4615:
4289:
Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption
3007:
2770:
2665:
2636:
2627:
2594:
2559:
2439:
2285:
1711:, who had been seen as moving its foreign policy away from the
1704:
1275:
Jiang attended the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
11438:
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
7140:
5696:"Jiang Zemin โ General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee"
3568:"The Political Fortunes of Shanghai's 'World Economic Herald'"
2961:
1878:
In June 1999, Jiang established an extralegal department, the
1597:. Construction of various infrastructure projects such as the
741:
1989โ2005: 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th Central Military Commission
9491:
7848:
7067:
The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin
6999:
The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin
2967:
2060:, and founded Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation.
1363:
1320:
1153:(SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly established
1146:
697:
10915:
3773:
Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China
3610:
1612:
policy in 1999, a national strategy which sought to develop
9423:
Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee
7683:
6584:"ๅๆปก็ปๆ้ฉฌ้ไน่กๅผๅง่ฎฟ้ฎ็บณ็ฑณๆฏไบๆฑไธปๅธญๆต่พพๆธฉๅพๅๅ
ๅชไน้ฉฌๆป็ปๅจๆบๅบไธปๆ้้ๆฌข่ฟไปชๅผ็ฆปๅผ้ฉฌ้ๆถๆฑๆณฝๆฐๅ็ง็บณ้ทไบฒๅ่ฏๅซ"
2978:
2970:
2547:
First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey
2355:
2250:
1948:
1860:, denounced this as betrayal of "true" communist ideology.
1658:
1283:
before transferring to National Chiao Tung University (now
6083:
Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise
3243:
3211:"Former Chinese President Jiang Zemin Has Reportedly Died"
2958:
1701:
a series of missile tests in the waters surrounding Taiwan
1307:
1287:). He graduated there in 1947 with a bachelor's degree in
1248:
1121:
of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside
1039:
6005:"Downfall of a diva mirrors Beijing's backstage politics"
3388:
2987:
2133:
Jiang's inscription engraved on a stone in his hometown,
2075:
foreign songs in its original language. In 1987, he sang
1544:
Deng grew critical of Jiang's leadership in 1992. During
1141:
670:
656:
642:
7374:
United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
6374:
Chen, Stella; Huang, Cary; Mai, Jun (30 November 2022).
4819:
Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong
3741:"USATODAY.com โ China completes military power transfer"
1979:
1739:
United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
1395:, which determines policy and elects the members of the
1344:
diplomatic relations between China and the United States
7745:(General Secretary of the Communist Party; 1st ranked)
7717:(General Secretary of the Communist Party; 1st ranked)
6493:"ๅๅพๅทด่ฅฟ่ฟ่กๅฝไบ่ฎฟ้ฎ้ไธญๅฏนๅคๅทดไฝ็ญๆ่ฎฟ้ฎๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธปๅธญๆต่พพๅ็ฆ้ฃๅกๆฏ็น็ฝไธปๅธญๅฐๆบๅบ่ฟๆฅๆฑไธปๅธญๅจๆบๅบๅ่กจไนฆ้ข่ฎฒ่ฏ"
4060:
4048:
3769:
3535:
3160:
China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future
3055:"'Eight Elders' Wield Power Behind the Scenes in China"
2507:
1295:
in Moscow in the 1950s. He also worked for Changchun's
9713:
State representative of the People's Republic of China
7714:
Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China
7055:
Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite.
4985:
4983:
4970:
4968:
4468:
Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War
4233:
An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China
3654:
3652:
3627:
3625:
3525:
3523:
3456:
3454:
3378:
3376:
3339:
3337:
3081:
Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (31 May 2012).
1753:
surveillance aircraft collided mid-air with a Chinese
1435:
in English in front of a group of student protesters.
11443:
Secretaries of the Communist Party Shanghai Committee
6034:
6032:
5620:"China's Jiang confounded doubters, mended U.S. ties"
4923:
Yongnian, Zheng; Fook, Lye Liang (1 September 2003).
4080:"Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies"
2990:
2975:
2014:
parade celebrating 70 years since end of World War II
1536:
History of the People's Republic of China (1989โ2002)
1391:
held in September 1982, Jiang became a member of the
1220:. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "
808:
1983โ85: Minister, Ministry of Electronic Industries
618:
604:
590:
7394:
2020 Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit
4773:, China Brief, Volume 11 Issue 17 (9 November 2011).
4231:
Wu, Guoyou; Ding, Xuemei (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.).
2882:
2308:
First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise
1843:
On 25 February 2000, Jiang introduced the theory of
1768:
A personal friend of former Canadian prime minister
11418:
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
6442:. Facts and Details. 1 October 1928. Archived from
6142:McDonell, Stephen; Wong, Tessa (30 November 2022).
5786:. New York: New York Review of Books. p. 164.
5725:Buckley, Chris; Wines, Michael (30 November 2022).
5042:
5030:
4995:
4980:
4965:
4904:
4892:
4636:"Leader of China Angrily Chastises Hong Kong Media"
4488:
4358:Buckley, Chris; Wines, Michael (30 November 2022).
4209:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3917:"Jiang Zemin to Have Lower Rank in Communist Party"
3826:
3802:
3721:
3649:
3637:
3622:
3520:
3451:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3334:
3322:
3274:
2984:
2981:
2964:
1157:and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982.
6704:"ๅจไธๅๆๅ
ฑๅๅฝๆป็ป่จ่ไผ่ฐๆถ่ฐๅฐๆนพ้ฎ้ข ๆฑไธปๅธญๅผบ่ฐๅฏน่ฏ่ฐๅค่ฆๆไธชๅบ็กๅฐฑๆฏ้ฆๅ
ๅฟ
้กปๆฟ่ฎคไธไธชไธญๅฝๅๅ"
6236:. Chinese Politics in the Hu Jintao era. pp. 44โ46
6047:
6029:
4386:"Hu's to blame for China's foreign assertiveness?"
3692:
3506:(1st ed.). Straits Times Press. p. 124.
3474:"Book: Real Story of Jiang Zemin: Introduction(4)"
3310:
3298:
3286:
3262:
1994:60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China
5674:. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 326.
3790:
3080:
2184:chairman Hu Jintao โ Vice Chairmen Xu Caihou and
516:Jiang during a press conference with Bill Clinton
11413:National Chiao Tung University (Shanghai) alumni
11338:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
11294:
9503:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
9418:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
7546:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
7184:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
6884:"[CCA 17] La France et l'Indo-Pacifique"
6523:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธปๅธญๆตๅทด่ฅฟ่ฎฟ้ฎไฝๆๅฅๆป็ปไธพ่ก้้ๆฌข่ฟไปชๅผๅนถๅๆฑไธปๅธญๆๅไธคๅฝๅ
้ฆๅจไบฒๅๅๅฅฝๆฐๆฐไธญไธพ่กไผ่ฐ"
6144:"Former Chinese leader Jiang Zemin dies aged 96"
4258:"Big ideas drive China's quest for super status"
2176:in 2001 and Beijing winning the bid to host the
1576:(SOEs) during their tenure. Per the concept of "
74:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
7099:
4106:"China Gets Down to Business at Party Congress"
1630:List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin
1184:in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term "
6274:
6272:
2567:The highest state order awarded to foreigners
2273:Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
2140:The policies of his successors, Hu Jintao and
1415:were both removed due to age issues. Instead,
1201:returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom
799:1987โ89: Communist Party Committee Secretary,
10901:
10610:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
10594:
10336:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
10320:
10062:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
10046:
9925:
9697:
9472:
8152:Working Committee of Central and State Organs
7785:
7156:
4165:(New York, NY: The Free Press, 1990), p. 546.
3687:
1063:
560:
546:
11428:Presidents of the People's Republic of China
7492:
6906:"Ordre de Tahiti Nui โ Liste des titulaires"
6464:
6373:
6141:
5911:"SINGING FOR CHINA: SONG ZUYING IN NEW YORK"
5724:
4922:
4764:'The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit'
4357:
3202:
1449:
11378:Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali
9941:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission
7198:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
7075:"Bringing true story of China to the world"
6269:
6077:
5776:
3476:. Chinaview.wordpress.com. 25 August 2006.
2035:
1931:", the most prominent being vice president
1719:to begin a ten-year modernization program.
1578:grasping the large, letting go of the small
1170:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
200:Chairman of the Central Military Commission
10908:
10894:
10601:
10587:
10327:
10313:
10053:
10039:
9932:
9918:
9704:
9690:
9479:
9465:
7792:
7778:
7296:1997 reelection as Party general secretary
7291:1992 reelection as Party general secretary
7163:
7149:
6886:(in French). Les Jeunes IHEDN. 1 June 2020
6314:The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray
5090:
3819:
3817:
2750:
2723:Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator
2680:
2645:
2609:
2574:
2539:
2473:
2403:
2370:
2335:
2300:
2265:
1867:
1070:
1056:
57:
8277:Institute of Party History and Literature
8172:Office for Safeguarding National Security
7338:1999 China 50th National Day grand parade
6467:"Smoke clears over China's U.S. strategy"
6393:
6038:
5777:Nathan, Andrew J.; Bruce, Gilley (2002).
5672:The-Cambridge Handbook Contemporary China
5148:
4940:
4660:
4658:
3925:. Agence France-Presse. 24 January 2013.
3572:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
3119:
2653:Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei
2343:Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali
2190:anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping
2046:Shanghai International Studies University
1572:Jiang and Zhu initiated major reforms to
1192:held later that year, which accelerated "
11323:20th-century Chinese heads of government
6335:
6317:. University of Michigan Press. p.
5128:Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (8 October 2009).
5127:
4255:
4134:
3892:"Jiang Zemin Elected President of China"
2582:Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
2128:
2099:Memorial Service for Jiang Zemin at the
2094:
1939:, a former party secretary of Shanghai.
1899:
1779:
1645:
1633:
1454:In April 1989, former general secretary
1306:
1252:Graduation photo of Jiang, taken in 1947
1247:
86:24 June 1989 โ 15 November 2002
11353:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
9508:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
4815:
4696:
4633:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4286:
4226:
4224:
3814:
3664:
3157:
2210:
2155:Historian and former Xinhua journalist
1563:
1105:from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was the third
11295:
9314:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
7979:Political and Legal Affairs Commission
7389:2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
6304:
6073:
6071:
5969:
5951:from the original on 11 September 2018
5490:from the original on 25 September 2017
5014:Lam, Willy Wo-Lap (17 December 2002).
4655:
4282:
4280:
4230:
4181:
4179:
3959:
3889:
3699:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 4โ5.
3565:
3426:
3238:
3236:
3153:
3151:
3052:
2688:Grand Cross of the Order of Tahiti Nui
2108:Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin
1784:Jiang Zemin delivered a speech at the
1022:2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
744:1987โ2002: 13th, 14th, 15th Politburo
672:
620:
128:27 March 1993 โ 15 March 2003
10889:
10582:
10308:
10034:
9913:
9685:
9460:
9428:Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
7773:
7519:Communist Party Secretary of Shanghai
7491:
7144:
6473:from the original on 11 December 2013
6411:from the original on 19 November 2015
6310:
6292:from the original on 5 September 2015
5362:
5160:from the original on 12 December 2013
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4314:
4312:
4197:from the original on 14 November 2017
4135:Krishnan, Ananth (30 November 2022).
3250:from the original on 12 February 2018
2858:
2825:
2792:
2411:Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope
1980:Official appearances after retirement
1510:were believed to be planning a coup.
1402:
1164:in 1985, later being promoted to its
8066:Comprehensively Law-Based Governance
7597:Minister of the Electronics Industry
6994:
6774:from the original on 18 October 2022
6624:from the original on 18 October 2022
6351:(in Chinese (China)). 20 June 2015.
6257:from the original on 3 December 2017
6002:
5921:from the original on 10 January 2014
5890:from the original on 8 February 2014
5859:from the original on 24 January 2010
5780:China's New Rulers: The Secret Files
5544:(in Chinese (China)). 29 July 2019.
5520:from the original on 20 October 2017
5406:from the original on 24 October 2013
5072:from the original on 18 October 2022
5048:
5036:
5001:
4989:
4974:
4929:Journal of Chinese Political Science
4910:
4898:
4776:
4621:
4603:from the original on 7 November 2017
4552:
4506:
4494:
4451:
4418:
4318:
4221:
4215:
4163:The Competitive Advantage of Nations
4116:from the original on 18 October 2022
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3947:
3832:
3808:
3796:
3751:from the original on 2 November 2012
3727:
3681:
3658:
3643:
3631:
3616:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3460:
3382:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3208:
3101:from the original on 18 October 2022
2377:Order of the Great Star of Djibouti
2363:The highest honorific order of Mali
2223:
1218:crackdown on the Falun Gong movement
902:1997 reelection as General Secretary
897:1992 reelection as General Secretary
6654:from the original on 21 August 2022
6594:from the original on 21 August 2022
6564:from the original on 21 August 2022
6551:
6533:from the original on 21 August 2022
6503:from the original on 21 August 2022
6068:
6017:from the original on 13 August 2018
5984:from the original on 14 August 2018
5688:
5541:ใๆ้น้ไธใไธญๅ
ฑไธๅธธๅงๅบๅธญๆ้นๅๅซๅผ ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ็ฐ่บซ[ๅพ]
5456:(in Chinese (China)). 29 May 2017.
5172:
5013:
4809:
4674:(in Chinese (China)). 6 June 2015.
4277:
4176:
3498:
3233:
3148:
3084:Events That Formed the Modern World
2935:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan
1924:" leader like Jiang, Deng and Mao.
1832:
1620:, particularly in Africa and Asia.
226:9 November 1989 โ 19 September 2004
13:
11433:Recipients of the Medal of Pushkin
7018:
6860:. 17 November 2000. Archived from
6710:. 29 December 2000. Archived from
5970:DeAeth, Duncan (21 January 2018).
5833:from the original on 20 April 2018
5178:
5137:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
4690:
4539:
4403:
4309:
4256:Gittings, John (19 October 2000).
3929:from the original on 12 March 2018
2480:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
2087:during his 1997 visit to Hawai'i.
1986:strictly defined protocol sequence
1775:
1325:First Ministry of Machine Building
14:
11454:
9329:Scientific Outlook on Development
8157:Central Financial Work Commission
8061:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
7379:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
7125:
6972:from the original on 2 April 2019
6355:from the original on 22 June 2015
5877:
5706:from the original on 29 June 2011
5600:from the original on 30 July 2019
5574:from the original on 29 July 2019
5548:from the original on 29 July 2019
5402:. Bloomberg L.P. 9 October 2011.
5340:"Jiang's Rumours of Death Spread"
5109:from the original on 26 June 2008
4889:, Pulitzer.org, 26 December 2000.
4678:from the original on 22 June 2015
4634:Landler, Mark (29 October 2000).
4383:
3890:Byrnes, Michael (29 March 1993).
3480:from the original on 18 July 2011
3439:from the original on 15 July 2014
3053:Holley, David (12 January 1992).
2931:, an internet meme spoofing Jiang
1918:16th National Congress of the CCP
1853:socialism with Chinese characters
1623:
1605:began under Jiang's leadership.
1440:13th National Congress of the CCP
1383:Ministry of Electronics Industry.
1149:to oversee the newly established
11328:21st-century Chinese politicians
9988:
9762:
9577:
9440:
9439:
8225:Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
7800:
7471:
7470:
7274:
6954:
6924:
6898:
6876:
6846:
6816:
6786:
6768:People's Daily (govopendata.com)
6756:
6726:
6696:
6666:
6636:
6606:
6588:People's Daily (govopendata.com)
6576:
6545:
6527:People's Daily (govopendata.com)
6515:
6497:People's Daily (govopendata.com)
6485:
6458:
6432:
6423:
6367:
6239:
6227:
6199:
6180:(in Chinese). 30 November 2022.
6164:
6135:
5996:
5963:
5933:
5902:
5871:
5845:
5815:
5770:
5744:
5718:
5664:
5638:
5612:
5586:
5560:
5532:
5502:
5472:
5460:from the original on 5 June 2017
5444:
5418:
5392:
5380:from the original on 6 July 2011
5350:from the original on 9 July 2011
5332:
5320:from the original on 8 July 2011
3408:from the original on 29 May 2008
2954:
2913:
2899:
2885:
2763:
2728:
2715:
2693:
2658:
2620:
2587:
2552:
2532:Medal of the State of Palestine
2517:
2506:
2484:
2466:The highest order of Kazakhstan
2451:
2438:
2416:
2381:
2348:
2313:
2278:
2243:
2230:
2167:. Under their joint leadership,
2116:, he died at 12:13 pm from
1515:CCP Politburo Standing Committee
1513:At the first meeting of the new
1496:
1342:In 1979, following a thawing of
1155:Ministry of Electronics Industry
1043:
1038:
863:
506:
487:
9267:Communist Youth League of China
8302:Executive Leadership Academies
8002:Office of the General Secretary
7364:1994 Russia, Ukraine and France
7170:
6988:
6938:. 18 April 2001. Archived from
6800:. 21 April 2000. Archived from
6740:. 17 April 2000. Archived from
6680:. 21 April 2000. Archived from
5908:
5302:
5276:
5250:
5222:
5201:
5121:
5084:
5054:
5007:
4916:
4863:
4843:
4762:Sarah Cook and Leeshai Lemish,
4756:
4743:
4627:
4585:
4500:
4377:
4351:
4249:
4154:
4128:
4098:
4072:
3953:
3909:
3883:
3838:
3763:
3733:
3559:
3492:
3466:
3420:
2743:The highest order of Venezuela
2499:Order of the Republic of Congo
2431:Order of merit of South Africa
1323:, which was established by the
1302:
1268:. His uncle and foster father,
1029:Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit
698:
671:
657:
643:
415:
11348:Chinese expatriates in Romania
11318:20th-century Chinese engineers
10669:Elected at 4th Plenary Session
10627:Elected at 1st Plenary Session
8680:7th: 1945โ1949 & 1954โ1956
8076:Financial and Economic Affairs
6995:Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2004).
6614:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐไผ่งๅๅธๆๆป็ป ๆๅบไธญๅฝๅๅ็่งๅๅๅธๆ็ไผ ็ปๅ่ฐ"
3427:Holley, David (31 July 1993).
3176:
3113:
3074:
3046:
3022:
3016:, traditionally romanized as
3012:
3003:
2947:
2048:. They had two sons together,
1958:People's Liberation Army Daily
1786:South Korean National Assembly
1584:", allowing China to join the
1113:from 1989 to 2002. He was the
818:the People's Republic of China
721:Central institution membership
619:
605:
591:
561:
547:
452:National Chiao Tung University
1:
9637:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
8270:Chinese Academy of Governance
7301:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
6764:"ๅพท็ฑณ้ทๅฐๆป็ป็ๅฎดๆฌข่ฟๆฑไธปๅธญ ๅๆฑไธปๅธญๆไบๅ่ณๅ
ถๅฝๅฎถๅ็ซ "
4700:Journal of East Asian Studies
3846:"China's military leadership"
3717:– via Internet Archive.
3039:
2861:Selected Works of Jiang Zemin
2829:Selected Works of Jiang Zemin
2796:Selected Works of Jiang Zemin
2602:Highest decoration of Greece
1889:
1529:
1337:Socialist Republic of Romania
1285:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
1243:
1182:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
966:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
738:Politburo Standing Committee
48:
11343:Chinese electrical engineers
8466:Politburo Standing Committee
7964:United Front Work Department
7742:Politburo Standing Committee
7740:Orders of precedence in the
7044:Resources in other libraries
5218:International Herald Tribune
5181:Reinventing the Chinese City
3856:(7): 1โ2. 1 September 2004.
3162:. New York, NY: 1804 Books.
2293:Brazilian order of chivalry
1827:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
1393:Central Committee of the CCP
1207:in 1999, and entry into the
1093:(CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as
794:Other political offices held
242:19 March 1990 โ 8 March 2005
7:
11358:Deaths from cancer in China
7936:Central Military Commission
6311:Miles, James A. R. (1997).
4624:, pp. 92โ93, 371, 437.
3896:Australian Financial Review
3396:"BBC: Profile: Jiang Zemin"
2878:
2778:State decoration of Russia
2219:
2216:
2213:
1707:government under President
1595:China's western development
1558:Central Advisory Commission
1277:National Central University
1188:" in his speech during the
1160:Jiang was appointed as the
1099:Central Military Commission
1017:US Belgrade embassy bombing
786:National People's Congress
446:National Central University
10:
11459:
9492:People's Republic of China
8113:Institutional Organization
7311:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
5150:10.1177/186810260903800304
5016:"Hu strikes back at Jiang"
3776:. Routledge. p. 249.
2708:Order of French Polynesia
2105:
2004:. Jiang reappeared at the
1893:
1871:
1836:
1728:Chinese democracy movement
1703:in 1996 in protest to the
1627:
1533:
1429:student discontent in 1986
1190:14th CCP National Congress
1101:from 1989 to 2004, and as
976:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
306:Yang Shangkun (1989โ1993)
18:
11423:Politicians from Yangzhou
11408:Nanjing University alumni
11208:
11115:
11048:
10930:
10822:
10806:
10714:
10668:
10626:
10617:
10515:
10494:
10396:
10343:
10241:
10220:
10122:
10069:
9997:
9986:
9947:
9862:
9819:
9771:
9760:
9737:
9719:
9586:
9575:
9516:
9498:
9436:
9400:
9342:
9292:
9240:
9137:
9022:
9013:
8988:
8913:
8838:
8768:
8757:
8668:
8563:
8463:
8452:
8445:
8330:
8257:
8181:
8140:
8044:
7987:
7944:
7906:
7825:
7814:
7750:
7738:
7722:
7711:
7705:
7700:
7690:
7680:
7672:
7667:
7657:
7648:
7640:
7630:
7621:
7613:
7603:
7594:
7586:
7581:
7570:
7562:
7552:
7543:
7535:
7525:
7516:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7465:
7439:The Man Who Changed China
7425:
7402:
7351:
7326:Persecution of Falun Gong
7283:
7272:
7261:China Western Development
7207:
7178:
7118:10.1080/09700169808458805
7058:in the wake of Tiananmen.
7039:Resources in your library
6440:"China under Jiang Zemin"
5880:"Sleeping with the enemy"
5185:Columbia University Press
4751:Omnidirectional Diplomacy
4749:Tomoyuki Kojima. China's
4713:10.1017/S1598240800001132
4561:Stanford University Press
4515:Stanford University Press
4427:Stanford University Press
4327:Stanford University Press
3504:A Hakka Woman's Singapore
3134:10.1080/14616680701278489
3109:– via Google Books.
2446:Order of the Golden Eagle
2203:
2124:
1874:Persecution of Falun Gong
1825:to seek a second term as
1460:Tiananmen Square protests
1450:Tiananmen Square protests
1257:
1224:", were written into the
1166:Communist Party secretary
991:Persecution of Falun Gong
950:China Western Development
850:
805:1984โ87: Mayor, Shanghai
717:
713:
709:
688:
681:
664:
650:
636:
629:
612:
598:
584:
577:
572:
568:
554:
540:
535:
531:
527:
495:
483:
473:
465:
436:
425:
400:
390:
373:
346:
341:
337:
325:
313:
251:
205:
198:
188:
176:
153:
132:
121:
114:
102:
90:
79:
72:
68:
56:
47:
40:
9252:People's Liberation Army
8162:Hong Kong Work Committee
7969:International Department
7504:Party political offices
7493:Offices and distinctions
7234:Socialist market economy
7100:Deba R. Mohanty (1998).
6910:france-phaleristique.com
6644:"่ตๆ๏ผๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธๆผๅพทๆไผ่ฐ ๆฟไธๅ้ๅปบไผไผดๅ
ณ็ณป"
6405:South China Morning Post
6380:South China Morning Post
6343:
6280:
6253:. BBC. 23 October 2012.
6081:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).
5945:South China Morning Post
5884:South China Morning Post
5756:South China Morning Post
5540:
5452:
5262:South China Morning Post
4816:Spiegel, Mickey (2002).
4666:
4559:. Stanford, California:
4513:. Stanford, California:
4472:Rowman & Littlefield
4325:. Stanford, California:
4287:Garlick, Jeremy (2024).
4193:. BBC. 23 October 2012.
3619:, pp. 133โ134, 149.
2940:
2786:
2174:World Trade Organization
2101:Great Hall of the People
2090:
2036:Family and personal life
1990:People's Liberation Army
1944:South China Morning Post
1904:Jiang with his wife and
1717:People's Liberation Army
1638:Jiang with US president
1586:World Trade Organization
1550:socialist market economy
1333:May Seventh Cadre School
1238:accorded a state funeral
1209:World Trade Organization
1186:socialist market economy
923:Socialist market economy
872:This article is part of
556:Traditional Chinese
518:Recorded 29 October 1997
9272:Young Pioneers of China
8841:CCDI Standing Committee
8142:Dispatched institutions
7954:Organization Department
7807:Chinese Communist Party
7457:Death and state funeral
7241:Three Stresses campaign
5310:"Where is Jiang Zemin?"
5213:13 October 2007 at the
4790:Oxford University Press
4769:27 January 2013 at the
4553:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
4507:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
4419:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
4319:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
2513:Medal 'Bethlehem 2000'
1868:Crackdown on Falun Gong
1574:state-owned enterprises
1293:Stalin Automobile Works
1142:Stalin Automobile Works
1091:Chinese Communist Party
930:Three Stresses campaign
542:Simplified Chinese
11368:Engineers from Jiangsu
8108:Spiritual Civilization
8103:Science and Technology
8036:Policy Research Office
7974:Social Work Department
7908:Decision-making bodies
7384:Hainan Island incident
6288:(in Chinese (China)).
6247:"Profile: Jiang Zemin"
4849:Amnesty International
4822:. Human Rights Watch.
4187:"Profile: Jiang Zemin"
3974:10.1353/sais.1996.0038
2165:Asian financial crisis
2137:
2103:
1913:
1789:
1747:Hainan island incident
1666:
1643:
1368:foreign joint ventures
1354:(SEZs) as part of his
1352:special economic zones
1319:research institute in
1312:
1297:First Automobile Works
1289:electrical engineering
1253:
1151:special economic zones
279:Hu Jintao (1999โ2004)
11383:Family of Jiang Zemin
9282:People's organization
9257:People's Armed Police
9140:Discipline Inspection
7989:Directly administered
7451:World Economic Herald
7316:Handover of Hong Kong
7062:Kuhn, Robert Lawrence
6794:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธปๅธญไธๅธ่
ๆป็ปๆฏ็นๆณ่ฏบๆฎๆดๆฏไผ่ฐ"
6674:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธปๅธญไธๅธ่
ๆป็ปๆฏ็นๆณ่ฏบๆฎๆดๆฏไผ่ฐ"
6648:Sohu (People's Daily)
6429:Kuhn, 2004; Lam, 1997
6087:Yale University Press
4569:10.1515/9781503634152
4523:10.1515/9781503634152
4435:10.1515/9781503634152
4112:. 13 September 1997.
3862:10.1080/1356788041071
3566:Wright, Kate (1990).
3404:. 19 September 2004.
3158:Hammond, Ken (2023).
2492:Republic of the Congo
2132:
2098:
2058:Chinese space program
1916:In the run-up to the
1903:
1872:Further information:
1783:
1649:
1637:
1599:QinghaiโTibet railway
1534:Further information:
1465:World Economic Herald
1350:decided to encourage
1310:
1279:in Japanese-occupied
1251:
1234:his political faction
1194:opening up and reform
1027:2002 Germany, Libya,
981:Handover of Hong Kong
913:Policies and theories
11363:Deaths from leukemia
10721:surname stroke order
10403:surname stroke order
10129:surname stroke order
9319:Deng Xiaoping Theory
9277:United front (China)
8265:Central Party School
8167:Macau Work Committee
8007:Central Guard Bureau
7959:Publicity Department
7701:Order of precedence
7476:Category:Jiang Zemin
7003:. Crown Publishers.
6744:on 11 September 2004
6529:. 24 November 1993.
6499:. 23 November 1993.
6095:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k
6079:Marquis, Christopher
6054:. Penguin Press HC.
5486:. 3 September 2015.
5344:Nihon Keizai Shimbun
5179:Hu, Richard (2023).
4879:6 April 2012 at the
4170:28 June 2015 at the
2793:Jiang Zemin (2010).
2178:2008 Summer Olympics
1564:Economic development
1546:Deng's southern tour
1431:, Jiang recited the
1372:Deng Xiaoping Theory
816:Paramount Leader of
10678:(General Secretary)
9413:Neoauthoritarianism
8671:Military Commission
8446:Leadership sittings
8242:Hong Kong and Macau
8024:Cryptography Office
7359:International trips
6968:. 31 October 2007.
6966:President of Russia
6714:on 7 September 2004
6446:on 23 November 2010
6003:Nakazawa, Katsuji.
5829:. 16 October 2014.
5516:. 18 October 2017.
5453:ไธๅฆ็ๆตๆฑๆณฝๆฐ็ฐ่บซไธๆตท็งๅคงๆๅฝฑๅๅๅญ็
4886:Wall Street Journal
4856:18 May 2015 at the
4667:่กฅ็ขๆ่ฏๅฝขๆ "ๅคง็ปๆ"ไฟฎๆญฃไธไธชไปฃ่กจ๏ผ
4293:Bloomsbury Academic
4160:Michael E. Porter.
4069:, pp. 220โ222.
4057:, pp. 216โ222.
3695:Out of Mao's shadow
3678:. 15 May 2009. p.2.
3676:The Washington Post
3544:, pp. 148โ149.
3221:on 30 November 2022
3122:Tourism Geographies
2238:Order of Josรฉ Martรญ
2198:Chinese unification
2030:20th Party Congress
2022:19th Party Congress
2006:18th Party Congress
1882:, to crack down on
1763:Chinese nationalism
1689:humiliation of the
1652:President of Russia
1608:Jiang launched the
1389:12th Party Congress
1356:Four Modernizations
1329:Cultural Revolution
1317:thermal engineering
1266:Japanese occupation
1214:human rights abuses
1205:Macau from Portugal
1172:, when he replaced
1007:International trips
502:Jiang Zemin's voice
478:Electrical engineer
11388:Mayors of Shanghai
10619:Standing Committee
10345:Standing Committee
10071:Standing Committee
9372:Crown Prince Party
9334:Xi Jinping Thought
9309:Mao Zedong Thought
9243:Wider organisation
8086:Cyberspace Affairs
8012:Central Guard Unit
7925:Standing Committee
7651:President of China
7582:Political offices
7191:President of China
7106:Strategic Analysis
6942:on 1 November 2004
6864:on 4 December 2004
6620:. 19 August 1998.
6465:Willy Wo-Lap Lam.
6177:The New York Times
5731:The New York Times
5626:. 30 November 2022
5432:. 3 September 2015
4942:10.1007/BF02876950
4641:The New York Times
4517:. pp. 63โ64.
4364:The New York Times
4086:. 30 November 2022
3850:Strategic Comments
3244:"Cengage Learning"
3190:. 29 December 1995
2846:on 6 December 2020
2813:on 6 December 2020
2616:Athens Gold Medal
2396:Order of Djibouti
2138:
2114:Xinhua News Agency
2104:
2077:When We Were Young
1914:
1813:of CBS in 2000 at
1790:
1742:public's outrage.
1667:
1644:
1433:Gettysburg Address
1403:Career in Shanghai
1313:
1254:
1232:, although he and
1103:president of China
763:Central Committee
116:President of China
11290:
11289:
11016:
10917:Political leaders
10883:
10882:
10724:
10710:
10709:
10638:General Secretary
10576:
10575:
10495:Alternate members
10406:
10357:General Secretary
10302:
10301:
10221:Alternate members
10213:
10132:
10083:General Secretary
10028:
10027:
9907:
9906:
9864:1982 Constitution
9836:NPCSC Chairperson
9773:1954 Constitution
9679:
9678:
9488:Paramount leaders
9454:
9453:
9382:New Zhijiang Army
9236:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9025:Central Committee
9016:National Congress
9009:
9008:
8761:Central Committee
8753:
8752:
8456:Central Committee
8333:National Congress
8326:
8325:
8193:Cryptography Work
8144:for co-ordination
8098:National Security
8048:for co-ordination
7916:General Secretary
7817:Central Committee
7767:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7751:Succeeded by
7723:Succeeded by
7691:Succeeded by
7668:Diplomatic posts
7658:Succeeded by
7631:Succeeded by
7624:Mayor of Shanghai
7604:Succeeded by
7553:Succeeded by
7526:Succeeded by
7485:
7484:
7343:Handover of Macau
7321:1998 China floods
7094:Lam, Willy Wo-Lap
7025:Library resources
7010:978-1-4000-5474-9
6932:"ๅงๆฟๅบๆไบๆฑไธปๅธญ"่งฃๆพ่
ๅ็ซ ""
6770:. 21 April 2000.
6552:Voronin, Viktor.
6407:. 11 March 2015.
6344:ๆจ็ปง็ปณ๏ผๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธไปถ่ ขไบๅฃฐๆๅคงๅคงไธ้
6328:978-0-472-08451-7
6215:. 1 December 2022
6104:978-0-300-26883-6
6061:978-1-59420-271-1
5681:978-0-521-78674-4
5652:. 22 October 2022
5514:The Straits Times
5484:The Straits Times
5288:Los Angeles Times
5238:. 22 October 2006
5194:978-0-231-21101-7
4870:Ian Denis Johnson
4788:. (New York, NY:
4578:978-1-5036-3415-2
4532:978-1-5036-3415-2
4481:978-1-5381-8725-8
4464:Lampton, David M.
4444:978-1-5036-3415-2
4336:978-1-5036-3415-2
4302:978-1-350-25231-8
4242:978-1-4878-0392-6
4110:Los Angeles Times
3783:978-1-134-53175-2
3706:978-1-4165-3705-2
3513:978-981-4642-47-7
3433:Los Angeles Times
3184:"The New Emperor"
3094:978-1-59884-901-1
3060:Los Angeles Times
2870:978-7-119-07978-3
2839:978-7-119-07383-5
2806:978-7-119-06025-5
2784:
2783:
2670:17 November 2000
2463:19 November 1999
2328:Award of Ukraine
2290:23 November 1993
2255:21 November 1993
2032:in October 2022.
2002:Xinhai Revolution
1996:in October 2009.
1912:, 25 October 2002
1908:with his wife in
1705:Republic of China
1614:national champion
1421:mayor of Shanghai
1162:mayor of Shanghai
1087:general secretary
1080:
1079:
996:Handover of Macau
986:1998 China floods
889:
888:
854:
853:
705:
704:
638:Yale Romanization
579:Standard Mandarin
511:
386:, Shanghai, China
368:Republic of China
236:State Commission:
220:Party Commission:
11450:
11014:
10910:
10903:
10896:
10887:
10886:
10807:Alternate member
10794:
10786:
10758:
10745:
10717:
10624:
10623:
10603:
10596:
10589:
10580:
10579:
10487:
10480:
10452:
10399:
10329:
10322:
10315:
10306:
10305:
10211:
10125:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10032:
10031:
9992:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9911:
9910:
9766:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9683:
9682:
9581:
9481:
9474:
9467:
9458:
9457:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9401:Related articles
9345:
9324:Three Represents
9304:MarxismโLeninism
9296:
9244:
9141:
9026:
9020:
9019:
8917:
8842:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8672:
8567:
8467:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8450:
8449:
8334:
8185:
8145:
8049:
8029:Central Archives
7990:
7947:
7909:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7771:
7770:
7706:Preceded by
7676:Hassanal Bolkiah
7673:Preceded by
7641:Preceded by
7614:Preceded by
7587:Preceded by
7563:Preceded by
7536:Preceded by
7509:Preceded by
7501:
7500:
7489:
7488:
7474:
7473:
7369:1998 Japan visit
7306:Three Gorges Dam
7278:
7229:Three Represents
7222:paramount leader
7200:
7193:
7186:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7142:
7141:
7121:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7014:
7002:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6830:. Archived from
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6804:on 18 March 2005
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6734:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ่ฎฟๅทดๅๆฏๅฆๅๅฐ็ญ็ๆฌข่ฟ"
6730:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6281:ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ"ๅคชไปปๆง" ไน ่ฟๅนณๅ้ ไธญๅ
ฑ
6276:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6040:Kissinger, Henry
6036:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5796:. Archived from
5785:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5758:. 9 January 2015
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5570:. 29 July 2019.
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5290:. 2 October 2009
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5226:
5220:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5152:
5134:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5100:Media.hoover.org
5097:
5091:James Mulvenon.
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4944:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4867:
4861:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4813:
4807:
4780:
4774:
4760:
4754:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4550:
4537:
4536:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4416:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4183:
4174:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3217:. Archived from
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3050:
3033:
3030:Paramount leader
3026:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2951:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:Biography portal
2890:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2859:— (2013).
2855:
2853:
2851:
2842:. Archived from
2826:— (2012).
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:. Archived from
2775:31 October 2007
2769:
2767:
2766:
2758:Medal of Pushkin
2754:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2701:French Polynesia
2699:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2673:Order of Brunei
2664:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2593:
2591:
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2407:
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2384:
2374:
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2325:2 December 1995
2319:
2317:
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2304:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2225:
2208:
2207:
2081:Dianne Feinstein
2079:and danced with
1964:
1849:MarxismโLeninism
1845:Three Represents
1839:Three Represents
1833:Three Represents
1722:Jiang went on a
1713:One-China policy
1687:
1672:taoguang yanghui
1603:Three Gorges Dam
1519:Anne-Marie Brady
1506:and his brother
1259:
1226:CCP constitution
1222:Three Represents
1216:, including the
1119:third generation
1107:paramount leader
1072:
1065:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1012:1998 Japan visit
971:Three Gorges Dam
918:Three Represents
885:
884:
882:
875:
867:
860:
859:
856:
855:
842:
829:
701:
700:
677:
676:
675:
660:
659:
646:
645:
644:Gลng Jaahk-mร ahn
625:
624:
623:
608:
607:
594:
593:
570:
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563:
550:
549:
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384:Jing'an District
380:
377:30 November 2022
356:
354:
342:Personal details
328:
316:
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243:
227:
210:
191:
179:
158:
126:
105:
93:
84:
61:
51:
38:
37:
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11447:
11293:
11292:
11291:
11286:
11212:
11204:
11111:
11051:
11044:
10933:
10932:Party Committee
10926:
10914:
10884:
10879:
10818:
10802:
10793:(died Apr 1989)
10792:
10784:
10756:
10743:
10716:
10706:
10664:
10613:
10607:
10577:
10572:
10511:
10490:
10485:
10478:
10451:(expelled 1995)
10450:
10398:
10392:
10339:
10333:
10303:
10298:
10237:
10216:
10124:
10118:
10065:
10059:
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9758:
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9680:
9675:
9582:
9573:
9512:
9494:
9485:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9432:
9396:
9362:Tsinghua clique
9352:Shanghai clique
9343:
9338:
9294:
9288:
9262:Militia (China)
9242:
9228:
9224:20th: 2022โ2027
9219:19th: 2017โ2022
9214:18th: 2012โ2017
9209:17th: 2007โ2012
9204:16th: 2002โ2007
9199:15th: 1997โ2022
9194:14th: 1992โ1997
9189:13th: 1987โ1992
9184:12th: 1982โ1987
9179:11th: 1978โ1982
9139:
9133:
9129:20th: 2022โ2027
9124:19th: 2017โ2022
9119:18th: 2012โ2017
9114:17th: 2007โ2012
9109:16th: 2002โ2007
9104:15th: 1997โ2002
9099:14th: 1992โ1997
9094:13th: 1987โ1992
9089:12th: 1982โ1987
9084:11th: 1977โ1982
9079:10th: 1973โ1977
9024:
9015:
9005:
8984:
8915:
8909:
8905:20th: 2022โ2027
8900:19th: 2017โ2022
8895:18th: 2012โ2017
8890:17th: 2007โ2012
8885:16th: 2002โ2007
8880:15th: 1997โ2002
8875:14th: 1992โ1997
8870:13th: 1987โ1992
8865:12th: 1982โ1987
8860:11th: 1978โ1982
8840:
8834:
8830:20th: 2022โ2027
8825:19th: 2017โ2022
8820:18th: 2012โ2017
8815:17th: 2007โ2012
8810:16th: 2002โ2007
8805:15th: 1997โ2002
8800:14th: 1992โ1997
8795:13th: 1987โ1992
8790:12th: 1982โ1987
8785:11th: 1980โ1982
8770:
8760:
8759:Approved by the
8758:
8749:
8745:20th: 2022โ2027
8740:19th: 2017โ2022
8735:18th: 2012โ2017
8730:17th: 2007โ2012
8725:16th: 2002โ2007
8720:15th: 1997โ2002
8715:14th: 1992โ1997
8710:13th: 1987โ1992
8705:12th: 1982โ1987
8700:11th: 1977โ1982
8695:10th: 1973โ1977
8670:
8664:
8660:20th: 2022โ2027
8655:19th: 2017โ2022
8650:18th: 2012โ2017
8645:17th: 2007โ2012
8640:16th: 2002โ2007
8635:15th: 1997โ2002
8630:14th: 1992โ1997
8625:13th: 1987โ1992
8620:12th: 1982โ1987
8615:11th: 1977โ1982
8610:10th: 1973โ1977
8565:
8559:
8555:20th: 2022โ2027
8550:19th: 2017โ2022
8545:18th: 2012โ2017
8540:17th: 2007โ2012
8535:16th: 2002โ2007
8530:15th: 1997โ2002
8525:14th: 1992โ1997
8520:13th: 1987โ1992
8515:12th: 1982โ1987
8510:11th: 1977โ1982
8505:10th: 1973โ1977
8465:
8455:
8453:
8441:
8332:
8322:
8297:Guangming Daily
8253:
8220:Military Reform
8215:Inspection Work
8183:
8177:
8143:
8141:
8136:
8081:Foreign Affairs
8047:
8045:
8040:
7988:
7983:
7945:
7940:
7907:
7902:
7827:
7816:
7810:
7806:
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7763:
7758:
7756:
7747:
7744:
7734:
7728:
7719:
7716:
7709:
7696:
7687:
7682:Chairperson of
7678:
7663:
7654:
7646:
7636:
7627:
7619:
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7600:
7592:
7576:
7568:
7558:
7549:
7541:
7531:
7522:
7514:
7494:
7486:
7481:
7461:
7433:Shanghai clique
7421:
7398:
7347:
7279:
7270:
7217:Leadership core
7209:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7169:
7128:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7053:Gilley, Bruce.
7050:
7049:
7048:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7019:Further reading
7011:
6991:
6986:
6985:
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6747:
6745:
6732:
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6727:
6717:
6715:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6684:on 22 July 2019
6672:
6671:
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6655:
6642:
6641:
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6627:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6590:. 19 May 1996.
6582:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6558:cyberleninka.ru
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6140:
6136:
6105:
6089:. p. 252.
6076:
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5907:
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5893:
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5862:
5860:
5853:"Asia Sentinel"
5851:
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5821:
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5806:
5804:
5803:on 5 April 2017
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5424:
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5419:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5376:. 6 July 2011.
5368:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5346:. 6 July 2011.
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5316:. 1 July 2011.
5314:Financial Times
5308:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5264:. 9 August 2008
5256:
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5215:Wayback Machine
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4771:Wayback Machine
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4597:Nl.newsbank.com
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4172:Wayback Machine
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4049:
4045:, pp. 682.
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3686:
3682:
3670:Pomfret, John.
3669:
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3611:
3580:10.2307/2158797
3574:(23): 121โ132.
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3209:McDonald, Joe.
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2921:Politics portal
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1962:
1929:Shanghai clique
1910:Crawford, Texas
1898:
1896:Shanghai clique
1892:
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1870:
1841:
1835:
1802:-1's 7 pm
1778:
1776:Media depiction
1685:
1632:
1626:
1566:
1538:
1532:
1499:
1473:candidate over
1452:
1444:party secretary
1405:
1305:
1270:Jiang Shangqing
1246:
1203:in 1997 and of
1076:
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1000:
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911:
907:Shanghai clique
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391:Political party
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10962:Zhang Chunqiao
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9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9867:(1982โpresent)
9860:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9851:
9843:
9838:
9832:
9830:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9813:
9805:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9779:
9777:
9769:
9768:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9745:
9743:
9739:Common Program
9735:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9729:Vice President
9726:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9709:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9686:
9677:
9676:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9576:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9558:
9553:
9543:
9533:
9528:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9510:
9505:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9484:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9461:
9452:
9451:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9404:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9387:Xishan Society
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9348:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9248:
9246:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9174:8th: 1956โ1969
9171:
9161:
9151:
9149:5th: 1927โ1928
9145:
9143:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9074:9th: 1969โ1973
9071:
9069:8th: 1956โ1969
9066:
9064:7th: 1945โ1956
9061:
9059:6th: 1928โ1945
9056:
9054:5th: 1927โ1928
9051:
9049:4th: 1925โ1927
9046:
9044:3rd: 1923โ1925
9041:
9039:2nd: 1922โ1923
9036:
9034:1st: 1921โ1922
9030:
9028:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8946:
8940:
8934:
8928:
8921:
8919:
8916:CCDI Secretary
8911:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8855:8th: 1956โ1969
8852:
8846:
8844:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8780:8th: 1956โ1969
8776:
8774:
8763:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8690:9th: 1969โ1973
8687:
8685:8th: 1956โ1969
8682:
8676:
8674:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8605:9th: 1969โ1973
8602:
8600:8th: 1956โ1969
8597:
8595:7th: 1945โ1956
8592:
8590:6th: 1928โ1945
8587:
8585:5th: 1927โ1928
8582:
8580:4th: 1925โ1927
8577:
8575:3rd: 1923โ1925
8571:
8569:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8500:9th: 1969โ1973
8497:
8495:8th: 1956โ1969
8492:
8490:7th: 1945โ1956
8487:
8485:6th: 1928โ1945
8482:
8480:5th: 1927โ1928
8477:
8471:
8469:
8458:
8454:Elected by the
8447:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8338:
8336:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8283:People's Daily
8279:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8189:
8187:
8184:Leading groups
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8148:
8146:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8050:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8019:Secrecy Office
8016:
8015:
8014:
8004:
7997:General Office
7993:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7899:(2012โpresent)
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7820:
7812:
7811:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7749:
7736:
7735:
7724:
7721:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7689:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7629:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7602:
7593:
7588:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7578:
7569:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7551:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7447:
7442:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7416:Jiang Mianheng
7413:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7213:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7168:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7127:
7126:External links
7124:
7123:
7122:
7112:(2): 249โ261.
7097:
7091:
7081:. 2 March 2005
7071:
7059:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7009:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6953:
6936:People's Daily
6923:
6897:
6875:
6858:People's Daily
6854:"ๆฑๆณฝๆฐไธปๅธญไธๆ่ฑ่ไธนไผ่ฐ"
6845:
6834:on 26 May 2004
6828:People's Daily
6815:
6798:People's Daily
6785:
6755:
6738:People's Daily
6725:
6708:People's Daily
6695:
6678:People's Daily
6665:
6635:
6618:zhouenlai.info
6605:
6575:
6560:. p. 39.
6544:
6514:
6484:
6457:
6431:
6422:
6392:
6366:
6334:
6327:
6303:
6268:
6238:
6226:
6198:
6163:
6134:
6103:
6067:
6060:
6028:
5995:
5962:
5932:
5915:The New Yorker
5909:Fan, Jiayang.
5901:
5878:Parry, Simon.
5870:
5844:
5814:
5792:
5769:
5743:
5717:
5700:People's Daily
5687:
5680:
5663:
5637:
5611:
5585:
5559:
5531:
5501:
5471:
5443:
5417:
5391:
5361:
5331:
5301:
5275:
5249:
5221:
5200:
5193:
5171:
5120:
5083:
5068:. 6 May 2003.
5053:
5051:, p. 540.
5041:
5039:, p. 527.
5029:
5006:
5004:, p. 497.
4994:
4992:, p. 522.
4979:
4977:, p. 521.
4964:
4915:
4913:, p. 496.
4903:
4901:, p. 483.
4891:
4862:
4842:
4828:
4808:
4775:
4755:
4742:
4689:
4654:
4626:
4614:
4584:
4577:
4563:. p. 64.
4538:
4531:
4499:
4497:, p. 358.
4487:
4480:
4470:. Lanham, MD:
4450:
4443:
4429:. p. 63.
4402:
4376:
4350:
4335:
4329:. p. 11.
4308:
4301:
4276:
4248:
4241:
4220:
4218:, p. 405.
4208:
4175:
4153:
4127:
4097:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4033:, p. 212.
4023:
4021:, p. 213.
4011:
4009:, p. 214.
3999:
3987:
3952:
3940:
3908:
3882:
3837:
3835:, p. 181.
3825:
3813:
3811:, p. 219.
3801:
3789:
3782:
3762:
3732:
3730:, p. 163.
3720:
3705:
3680:
3663:
3661:, p. 162.
3648:
3646:, p. 160.
3636:
3634:, p. 161.
3621:
3609:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3532:, p. 138.
3519:
3512:
3491:
3465:
3463:, p. 133.
3450:
3419:
3387:
3385:, p. 105.
3372:
3370:, p. 104.
3360:
3358:, p. 103.
3348:
3346:, p. 102.
3333:
3331:, p. 101.
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3283:, p. 609.
3273:
3261:
3232:
3201:
3175:
3168:
3147:
3128:(2): 117โ119.
3112:
3093:
3073:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3021:
3018:Chiang Tze-min
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2910:
2896:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2838:
2823:
2805:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:17 April 2001
2738:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:22 April 2000
2630:
2617:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:22 April 2000
2597:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:19 April 2000
2562:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:15 April 2000
2527:
2514:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:20 March 2000
2494:
2481:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:Order of Cuba
2256:
2253:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2169:Mainland China
2126:
2123:
2106:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2054:Jiang Miankang
2050:Jiang Mianheng
2040:Jiang married
2037:
2034:
1981:
1978:
1906:George W. Bush
1891:
1888:
1869:
1866:
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1795:People's Daily
1777:
1774:
1699:Jiang oversaw
1655:Vladimir Putin
1625:
1624:Foreign policy
1622:
1582:iron rice bowl
1565:
1562:
1554:market economy
1531:
1528:
1498:
1495:
1451:
1448:
1404:
1401:
1304:
1301:
1245:
1242:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
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999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
926:
925:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
891:
890:
887:
886:
874:a series about
870:
868:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
833:
822:
813:
810:
809:
806:
803:
793:
792:
791:
788:
787:
764:
745:
742:
739:
720:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
695:
686:
685:
679:
678:
668:
662:
661:
658:Gong Zaak-maan
654:
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
631:Yue: Cantonese
627:
626:
616:
610:
609:
606:Chiang Tzรช-min
602:
596:
595:
588:
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:Transcriptions
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
538:
537:
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532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
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462:
460:
459:
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434:
433:
427:
423:
422:
411:
405:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
381:(aged 96)
375:
371:
370:
357:17 August 1926
348:
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159:
156:Vice President
151:
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15:
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2:
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11118:
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11057:
11055:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11025:Yu Zhengsheng
11023:
11021:
11018:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
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10906:
10904:
10899:
10897:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10799:
10796:
10791:
10788:
10785:(to PSC 1989)
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10772:Yang Shangkun
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10757:(to PSC 1989)
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10744:(to PSC 1989)
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10715:Other members
10713:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10661:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10616:
10611:
10604:
10599:
10597:
10592:
10590:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10514:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10493:
10484:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10456:Jiang Chunyun
10454:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10397:Other members
10395:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10240:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10228:Zeng Qinghong
10226:
10225:
10223:
10219:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10184:Jiang Chunyun
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10174:Zhang Wannian
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10123:Other members
10121:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10051:
10049:
10044:
10042:
10037:
10036:
10033:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10005:Deng Xiaoping
10003:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9965:Deng Xiaoping
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9935:
9930:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9916:
9915:
9912:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9884:Yang Shangkun
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9847:Song Qingling
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9827:Constitutions
9826:
9822:
9818:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9798:
9797:Song Qingling
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9765:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9707:
9702:
9700:
9695:
9693:
9688:
9687:
9684:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9569:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9536:Deng Xiaoping
9534:
9532:
9529:
9526:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9515:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9482:
9477:
9475:
9470:
9468:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9449:
9448:
9435:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:Fujian clique
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9291:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9239:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9136:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9021:
9018:
9012:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8850:7th 1949โ1956
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8767:
8764:
8756:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8451:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8329:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8139:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7855:Zhang Wentian
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7843:Xiang Zhongfa
7841:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7795:
7790:
7788:
7783:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7755:
7746:
7743:
7737:
7733:, 2nd ranked)
7732:
7727:
7726:Yang Shangkun
7718:
7715:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7671:
7666:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7645:
7644:Yang Shangkun
7639:
7635:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7612:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7567:
7566:Deng Xiaoping
7561:
7557:
7548:
7547:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7478:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7267:
7266:Go Out policy
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7159:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7012:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6992:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6885:
6879:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6426:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6273:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6085:. New Haven:
6084:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6063:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5827:The Telegraph
5824:
5818:
5799:
5795:
5793:1-59017-046-6
5789:
5782:
5781:
5773:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4860:23 March 2000
4859:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4831:
4829:1-56432-269-6
4825:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4798:0-19-537728-1
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4752:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:(1): 97โ128.
4706:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4659:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
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4409:
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4384:Doshi, Rush.
4380:
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3923:
3922:The Telegraph
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3697:
3696:
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3689:Philip P. Pan
3684:
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3500:Lee, Wei Ling
3495:
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3325:
3319:, p. 84.
3318:
3313:
3307:, p. 82.
3306:
3301:
3295:, p. 76.
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3271:, p. 66.
3270:
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3169:9781736850084
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2705:3 April 2001
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2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:Zeng Qinghong
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:Tung Chee-hwa
1820:
1819:Sharon Cheung
1816:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:Xinwen Lianbo
1801:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1770:Jean Chrรฉtien
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
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1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:Yang Shangkun
1497:Rise to power
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
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1398:
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1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:State Council
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Deng Xiaoping
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:Jiang in 1962
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Jingde County
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
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1187:
1183:
1179:
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1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:Deng Xiaoping
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1066:
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1041:
1037:
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1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
956:
955:Go Out policy
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
915:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
883:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
857:
849:
841:
837:
834:
832:
831:Deng Xiaoping
828:
824:
823:
820:
819:
807:
804:
802:
798:
797:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
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733:
729:
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724:
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669:
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639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
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615:
611:
603:
601:
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587:
583:
580:
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571:
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559:
557:
553:
545:
543:
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534:
530:
526:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
453:
450:
448:(transferred)
447:
444:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
408:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
349:
345:
340:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
320:Deng Xiaoping
318:
312:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:Zhang Wannian
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:Cao Gangchuan
266:
265:
261:
254:
250:
237:
234:
233:
230:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
187:
184:
183:Yang Shangkun
181:
175:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
157:
152:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
125:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
101:
98:
95:
89:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:Jiang in 2002
60:
55:
46:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
11213:Chairpersons
11180:Chen Liangyu
11159:
11080:Gong Xueping
11052:Chairpersons
11007:Chen Liangyu
10986:
10977:Chen Guodong
10814:Ding Guangen
10740:
10718:
10675:
10640:, dismissed)
10486:(added 1994)
10466:Wei Jianxing
10433:Yang Baibing
10413:Ding Guangen
10400:
10352:
10164:Wu Guanzheng
10149:Li Changchun
10139:Ding Guangen
10126:
10109:Wei Jianxing
10078:
10009:
9969:
9888:
9846:
9807:
9795:
9749:CPG Chairman
9625:N. Dynasties
9621:S. Dynasties
9545:
9438:
9392:Gang of Four
9367:Eight Elders
8955:Wu Guanzheng
8949:Wei Jianxing
8316:Jinggangshan
8295:
8288:
8281:
8174:in Hong Kong
7884:
7757:(2nd randed)
7739:
7712:
7681:
7649:
7622:
7595:
7571:
7544:
7517:
7469:
7449:
7445:Toad worship
7437:
7210:and theories
7171:
7109:
7105:
7083:. Retrieved
7078:
7065:
7054:
7029:
6998:
6989:Bibliography
6974:. Retrieved
6965:
6956:
6944:. Retrieved
6940:the original
6935:
6926:
6914:. Retrieved
6909:
6900:
6888:. Retrieved
6878:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:the original
6857:
6848:
6836:. Retrieved
6832:the original
6827:
6818:
6806:. Retrieved
6802:the original
6797:
6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6767:
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6742:the original
6737:
6728:
6716:. Retrieved
6712:the original
6707:
6698:
6686:. Retrieved
6682:the original
6677:
6668:
6656:. Retrieved
6647:
6638:
6626:. Retrieved
6617:
6608:
6596:. Retrieved
6587:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6557:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6526:
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6496:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6460:
6448:. Retrieved
6444:the original
6434:
6425:
6413:. Retrieved
6404:
6395:
6383:. Retrieved
6379:
6369:
6357:. Retrieved
6348:
6337:
6313:
6306:
6294:. Retrieved
6285:
6259:. Retrieved
6250:
6241:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6210:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6175:
6166:
6154:. Retrieved
6152:(in Chinese)
6147:
6137:
6113:j.ctv3006z6k
6082:
6049:
6044:"Chapter 17"
6019:. Retrieved
6008:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5975:
5965:
5955:11 September
5953:. Retrieved
5944:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5914:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5883:
5873:
5863:11 September
5861:. Retrieved
5847:
5835:. Retrieved
5826:
5817:
5807:12 September
5805:. Retrieved
5798:the original
5779:
5772:
5760:. Retrieved
5755:
5746:
5734:. Retrieved
5730:
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5671:
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5649:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5623:
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5588:
5576:. Retrieved
5562:
5550:. Retrieved
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5513:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5483:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5446:
5434:. Retrieved
5429:
5420:
5408:. Retrieved
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5373:
5364:
5352:. Retrieved
5343:
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5313:
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5287:
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5261:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5233:
5224:
5217:
5203:
5183:. New York:
5180:
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5143:(3): 63โ97.
5140:
5136:
5123:
5111:. Retrieved
5099:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5065:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5009:
4997:
4935:(1): 65โ86.
4932:
4928:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4884:
4865:
4845:
4835:28 September
4833:. Retrieved
4818:
4811:
4805:Google Books
4783:
4782:James Tong.
4778:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4671:
4645:. Retrieved
4639:
4629:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4596:
4587:
4555:
4509:
4502:
4490:
4467:
4421:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4363:
4353:
4321:
4288:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:The Guardian
4261:
4251:
4232:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4190:
4162:
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4083:
4074:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3968:(2): 21โ42.
3965:
3961:
3955:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3895:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3853:
3849:
3840:
3828:
3804:
3799:, p. 3.
3792:
3772:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3723:
3694:
3683:
3675:
3666:
3639:
3612:
3571:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3503:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3468:
3441:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3399:
3390:
3363:
3351:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3214:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3187:
3178:
3159:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3087:. ABC-CLIO.
3083:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3058:
3048:
3024:
3017:
3011:
2949:
2929:Toad worship
2907:China portal
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:the original
2828:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2795:
2424:South Africa
2360:17 May 1996
2194:
2182:
2162:
2157:Yang Jisheng
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2111:
2076:
2073:
2062:
2039:
2018:
1998:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1915:
1877:
1862:
1842:
1811:Mike Wallace
1803:
1793:
1791:
1767:
1759:Colin Powell
1755:Shenyang J-8
1744:
1736:
1732:Bill Clinton
1721:
1709:Lee Teng-hui
1698:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1640:Bill Clinton
1618:global South
1610:Going Global
1607:
1591:
1571:
1567:
1543:
1539:
1524:
1512:
1508:Yang Baibing
1500:
1471:
1463:
1453:
1437:
1409:Chen Guodong
1406:
1386:
1376:
1341:
1314:
1303:Early career
1274:
1255:
1198:
1178:Eight Elders
1159:
1135:
1082:
1081:
879:
839:
826:
814:
699:Kang Tik-bรฎn
683:Southern Min
586:Hanyu Pinyin
536:Chinese name
379:(2022-11-30)
327:Succeeded by
303:(1992โ1998)
297:(1989โ1998)
291:(1995โ2003)
285:(1995โ2003)
276:(2002โ2005)
270:(2002โ2005)
259:
235:
219:
207:
190:Succeeded by
123:
104:Succeeded by
81:
35:
28:
21:Chinese name
11313:2022 deaths
11308:1926 births
11303:Jiang Zemin
11267:Feng Guoqin
11262:Jiang Yiren
11257:Wang Liping
11235:Wang Yiping
11225:Chen Pixian
11160:Jiang Zemin
11155:Wang Daohan
11106:Huang Lixin
11085:Liu Yungeng
11040:Chen Jining
10987:Jiang Zemin
10982:Rui Xingwen
10957:Chen Pixian
10934:Secretaries
10741:Jiang Zemin
10676:Jiang Zemin
10656:(dismissed)
10634:Zhao Ziyang
10612:(1987โ1992)
10507:Wang Hanbin
10479:(died 1993)
10476:Tan Shaowen
10461:Qian Qichen
10448:Chen Xitong
10383:Liu Huaqing
10353:Jiang Zemin
10338:(1992โ1997)
10212:(died 1999)
10194:Qian Qichen
10189:Jia Qinglin
10169:Chi Haotian
10079:Jiang Zemin
10064:(1997โ2002)
10010:Jiang Zemin
9970:Jiang Zemin
9960:Hua Guofeng
9889:Jiang Zemin
9879:Li Xiannian
9854:Ye Jianying
9829:(1975โ1982)
9804:(co-acting)
9782:Chairperson
9776:(1954โ1975)
9742:(1949โ1954)
9617:16 Kingdoms
9546:Jiang Zemin
9531:Hua Guofeng
8967:Wang Qishan
8961:He Guoqiang
8951:(1992โ2002)
8771:Secretariat
8437:20th (2022)
8432:19th (2017)
8427:18th (2012)
8422:17th (2007)
8417:16th (2002)
8412:15th (1997)
8407:14th (1992)
8402:13th (1987)
8397:12th (1982)
8392:11th (1977)
8387:10th (1973)
8046:Commissions
7946:Departments
7931:Secretariat
7893:(2002โ2012)
7887:(1989โ2002)
7885:Jiang Zemin
7881:(1987โ1989)
7879:Zhao Ziyang
7875:(1981โ1987)
7869:(1976โ1981)
7867:Hua Guofeng
7863:(1943โ1976)
7857:(1935โ1943)
7851:(1931โ1935)
7845:(1928โ1931)
7839:(1921โ1927)
7694:Vicente Fox
7617:Wang Daohan
7539:Zhao Ziyang
7512:Rui Xingwen
7410:Wang Yeping
7256:Project 985
7251:Project 211
7246:Program 973
7172:Jiang Zemin
7132:Appearances
7079:China Daily
7030:Jiang Zemin
6916:30 November
6912:(in French)
6890:30 November
6824:"ๆฑไธปๅธญไผ่งๅธ่
่ฎฎ้ฟ"
6385:30 November
6349:Duowei News
6286:Duowei News
6191:30 November
6156:30 November
5977:Taiwan News
5762:30 November
5736:30 November
5656:30 November
5630:30 November
5524:14 November
5494:14 November
5436:30 November
5294:30 November
5268:30 November
5242:30 November
5235:Xinhua News
5113:14 November
5022:30 November
4672:Duowei News
4647:16 November
4607:14 November
4369:30 November
4269:30 November
4090:30 November
3962:SAIS Review
3875:30 November
3225:30 November
3194:30 November
3066:30 November
3013:Jiฤng Zรฉmรญn
2428:5 May 1999
2211:Decoration
2186:Guo Boxiong
2065:Song Zuying
2042:Wang Yeping
1724:state visit
1650:Jiang with
1487:Li Xiannian
1417:Rui Xingwen
1413:Wang Daohan
1379:Wang Daohan
1327:. When the
1174:Zhao Ziyang
1115:core leader
1083:Jiang Zemin
945:Project 985
940:Project 211
935:Program 973
881:Jiang Zemin
766:1988โ2008:
747:1983โ2002:
726:1989โ2002:
592:Jiฤng Zรฉmรญn
430:Alvin Jiang
407:Wang Yeping
315:Preceded by
295:Liu Huaqing
283:Chi Haotian
274:Guo Boxiong
178:Preceded by
97:Zhao Ziyang
92:Preceded by
42:Jiang Zemin
25:family name
11297:Categories
11282:Hu Wenrong
11277:Dong Yunhu
11272:Wu Zhiming
11251:Chen Tiedi
11230:Peng Chong
11220:Ke Qingshi
11210:Conference
11200:Gong Zheng
11190:Yang Xiong
11175:Xu Kuangdi
11165:Zhu Rongji
11150:Peng Chong
11145:Su Zhenhua
11130:Ke Qingshi
11101:Dong Yunhu
11075:Chen Tiedi
11060:Yan Youmin
11020:Xi Jinping
10997:Wu Bangguo
10992:Zhu Rongji
10972:Peng Chong
10967:Su Zhenhua
10952:Ke Qingshi
10942:Rao Shushi
10924:since 1949
10790:Hu Yaobang
10777:Wu Xueqian
10767:Yang Rudai
10754:Li Ruihuan
10749:Li Tieying
10736:Tian Jiyun
10702:Li Ruihuan
10502:Wen Jiabao
10443:Zou Jiahua
10438:Wu Bangguo
10428:Li Tieying
10423:Li Lanqing
10418:Tian Jiyun
10378:Zhu Rongji
10373:Li Ruihuan
10204:Wen Jiabao
10159:Wu Bangguo
10154:Li Tieying
10144:Tian Jiyun
10114:Li Lanqing
10099:Li Ruihuan
10094:Zhu Rongji
10020:Xi Jinping
9980:Xi Jinping
9955:Mao Zedong
9899:Xi Jinping
9791:Liu Shaoqi
9786:Mao Zedong
9754:Mao Zedong
9609:3 Kingdoms
9561:Xi Jinping
9521:Mao Zedong
9295:Ideologies
9014:Elected by
8382:9th (1969)
8377:8th (1956)
8372:7th (1945)
8367:6th (1928)
8362:5th (1927)
8357:4th (1925)
8352:3rd (1923)
8347:2nd (1922)
8342:1st (1921)
8210:Rural Work
7897:Xi Jinping
7873:Hu Yaobang
7861:Mao Zedong
7837:Chen Duxiu
7748:1989โ2002
7720:1989โ1993
7655:1993โ2003
7634:Zhu Rongji
7628:1985โ1988
7607:Li Tieying
7601:1983โ1985
7590:Zhang Ting
7577:1989โ2004
7550:1989โ2002
7529:Zhu Rongji
7523:1987โ1989
7331:610 Office
6477:6 December
6415:25 October
6296:25 October
6234:Lam, Willy
6219:1 December
6121:1348572572
6010:The Nikkei
5710:4 December
5164:6 December
5076:6 December
4345:1332788951
4146:3 December
4120:12 January
3901:8 December
3755:5 December
3715:1150955831
3443:5 December
3254:6 December
3040:References
2459:Kazakhstan
2142:Wen Jiabao
2069:Chen Zhili
2010:Xi Jinping
1894:See also:
1890:Retirement
1884:Falun Gong
1880:610 Office
1858:Deng Liqun
1737:After the
1661:summit in
1628:See also:
1530:Leadership
1481:, premier
1479:Li Ruihuan
1456:Hu Yaobang
1425:Zhu Rongji
1411:and Mayor
1358:. China's
1244:Early life
1131:Xi Jinping
1123:Mao Zedong
961:Key events
600:WadeโGiles
474:Profession
469:Politician
466:Occupation
438:Alma mater
353:1926-08-17
301:Zhang Zhen
165:Rong Yiren
145:Zhu Rongji
11240:Li Guohao
11195:Ying Yong
11185:Han Zheng
11135:Cao Diqiu
11090:Yin Yicui
11070:Ye Gongqi
11065:Hu Lijiao
11030:Han Zheng
11012:Han Zheng
10798:Qin Jiwei
10782:Song Ping
10762:Li Ximing
10697:Song Ping
10692:Yao Yilin
10660:Yao Yilin
10388:Hu Jintao
10104:Hu Jintao
10015:Hu Jintao
9975:Hu Jintao
9894:Hu Jintao
9874:President
9809:Dong Biwu
9801:Dong Biwu
9724:President
9556:Hu Jintao
9408:Shuanggui
9344:Groupings
9169:1955โ1956
9165:1949โ1955
9159:1933โ1945
9155:1928โ1933
8975:(2017โ22)
8973:Zhao Leji
8969:(2012โ17)
8963:(2007โ12)
8957:(2002โ07)
8945:(1987โ92)
8939:(1978โ87)
8933:(1955โ68)
8931:Dong Biwu
8927:(1949โ55)
8566:Politburo
8475:4th: 1927
8205:Education
8071:Financial
7921:Politburo
7891:Hu Jintao
7731:President
7661:Hu Jintao
7556:Hu Jintao
7352:Diplomacy
6976:21 August
6946:21 August
6868:21 August
6808:21 August
6778:21 August
6748:21 August
6718:21 August
6688:21 August
6658:21 August
6628:21 August
6598:21 August
6568:21 August
6537:21 August
6507:21 August
6186:0362-4331
6129:253067190
6021:14 August
5988:14 August
5049:Kuhn 2004
5037:Kuhn 2004
5002:Kuhn 2004
4990:Kuhn 2004
4975:Kuhn 2004
4959:144696105
4951:1874-6357
4911:Kuhn 2004
4899:Kuhn 2004
4792:, 2009);
4737:155266344
4721:1598-2408
4622:Kuhn 2004
4495:Kuhn 2004
4390:Brookings
4216:Kuhn 2004
4141:The Hindu
4067:Kuhn 2004
4055:Kuhn 2004
4043:Kuhn 2004
4031:Kuhn 2004
4019:Kuhn 2004
4007:Kuhn 2004
3995:Kuhn 2004
3982:153471937
3948:Kuhn 2004
3870:219695239
3833:Kuhn 2004
3809:Kuhn 2004
3797:Kuhn 2004
3745:USA Today
3728:Kuhn 2004
3659:Kuhn 2004
3644:Kuhn 2004
3632:Kuhn 2004
3617:Kuhn 2004
3604:157680075
3588:0156-7365
3554:Kuhn 2004
3542:Kuhn 2004
3530:Kuhn 2004
3461:Kuhn 2004
3383:Kuhn 2004
3368:Kuhn 2004
3356:Kuhn 2004
3344:Kuhn 2004
3329:Kuhn 2004
3317:Kuhn 2004
3305:Kuhn 2004
3293:Kuhn 2004
3281:Kuhn 2004
3269:Kuhn 2004
3142:153691620
2736:Venezuela
2635:Medal of
2525:Palestine
1971:Xu Caihou
1485:, elders
1397:Politburo
1230:Hu Jintao
1002:Diplomacy
836:Hu Jintao
484:Signature
426:Relatives
332:Hu Jintao
208:In office
194:Hu Jintao
169:Hu Jintao
124:In office
109:Hu Jintao
82:In office
11245:Xie Xide
11170:Huang Ju
11050:Congress
11035:Li Qiang
11015:(acting)
11002:Huang Ju
10921:Shanghai
10687:Qiao Shi
10649:Qiao Shi
10483:Huang Ju
10368:Qiao Shi
10199:Huang Ju
9850:(acting)
9812:(acting)
9446:Category
8943:Qiao Shi
8937:Chen Yun
8056:Auditing
7208:Policies
6970:Archived
6772:Archived
6652:Archived
6622:Archived
6592:Archived
6562:Archived
6531:Archived
6501:Archived
6471:Archived
6409:Archived
6353:Archived
6290:Archived
6255:Archived
6251:BBC News
6149:BBC News
6050:On China
6042:(2001).
6015:Archived
5982:Archived
5949:Archived
5925:14 April
5919:Archived
5894:14 April
5888:Archived
5857:Archived
5837:19 April
5831:Archived
5704:Archived
5650:euronews
5598:Archived
5572:Archived
5546:Archived
5518:Archived
5488:Archived
5458:Archived
5404:Archived
5378:Archived
5348:Archived
5318:Archived
5211:Archived
5155:Archived
5104:Archived
5070:Archived
5066:cecc.gov
4877:Archived
4854:Archived
4767:Archived
4729:23417742
4676:Archived
4601:Archived
4466:(2024).
4195:Archived
4191:BBC News
4168:Archived
4114:Archived
3933:12 March
3927:Archived
3749:Archived
3691:(2008).
3502:(2015).
3478:Archived
3437:Archived
3406:Archived
3401:BBC News
3248:Archived
3188:Asia NOW
3099:Archived
2879:See also
2389:Djibouti
2214:Country
2135:Yangzhou
2118:leukemia
1937:Huang Ju
1815:Beidaihe
1694:incident
1663:Shanghai
1601:and the
1491:Chen Yun
1145:premier
1138:Yangzhou
1136:Born in
1095:chairman
801:Shanghai
652:Jyutping
360:Yangzhou
260:See list
19:In this
11253: โ
11247: โ
11125:Chen Yi
11108: โ
11092: โ
10947:Chen Yi
10682:Li Peng
10654:Hu Qili
10644:Li Peng
10471:Xie Fei
10363:Li Peng
10209:Xie Fei
10179:Luo Gan
10089:Li Peng
9490:of the
9357:Tuanpai
8981:(2022โ)
8125:Secrecy
7754:Li Peng
7426:Related
7085:19 June
6838:11 July
6469:. CNN.
6450:7 March
6359:22 June
6261:21 July
6212:Reuters
5624:Reuters
5604:30 July
5578:29 July
5552:29 July
5430:Reuters
5410:8 March
4802:Link at
4682:22 June
4201:21 July
4084:AP News
3596:2158797
3484:7 March
3412:7 March
3000:Chinese
2321:Ukraine
2085:ukulele
1788:in 1995
1642:in 1999
1483:Li Peng
1475:Tianjin
1438:At the
1387:At the
1281:Nanjing
1117:of the
1097:of the
1089:of the
690:Hokkien
420:
412:
364:Jiangsu
140:Li Peng
133:Premier
11117:Mayors
10731:Wan Li
9841:Zhu De
9823:&
9799:&
9649:W. Xia
9550:Core 3
9540:Core 2
9525:Core 1
9167:&
9157:&
8989:Others
8925:Zhu De
8311:Yan'an
8306:Pudong
8290:Qiushi
8258:Others
8247:Office
8235:Office
8230:Taiwan
8198:Office
8130:Office
8118:Office
8091:Office
7828:Leader
7412:(wife)
7403:Family
7284:Events
7136:C-SPAN
7027:about
7007:
6325:
6184:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6101:
6058:
5790:
5678:
5464:30 May
5384:6 July
5354:7 July
5324:6 July
5191:
4957:
4949:
4826:
4796:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4575:
4529:
4478:
4441:
4395:5 July
4343:
4333:
4299:
4239:
3980:
3868:
3780:
3713:
3703:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3510:
3166:
3140:
3105:1 June
3091:
3010::
3008:pinyin
3002::
2867:
2836:
2803:
2771:Russia
2768:
2733:
2698:
2666:Brunei
2663:
2637:Athens
2628:Greece
2625:
2595:Greece
2592:
2560:Turkey
2557:
2522:
2489:
2456:
2421:
2386:
2353:
2318:
2286:Brazil
2283:
2248:
2204:Honors
2125:Legacy
1665:(2001)
1129:, and
401:Spouse
252:Deputy
23:, the
10233:Wu Yi
9593:Shang
9163:7th:
9153:6th:
8979:Li Xi
7849:Bo Gu
7708:First
7688:2001
7418:(son)
6125:S2CID
6109:JSTOR
5801:(PDF)
5784:(PDF)
5158:(PDF)
5133:(PDF)
5107:(PDF)
5096:(PDF)
5018:. CNN
4955:S2CID
4733:S2CID
4725:JSTOR
3978:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3600:S2CID
3592:JSTOR
3138:S2CID
2941:Notes
2850:7 May
2817:7 May
2787:Works
2220:Note
2217:Date
2091:Death
1692:Yinhe
1686:'
1683:Yinhe
1679:Yinhe
1364:Gu Mu
1321:Wuhan
1260:) in
1147:Gu Mu
1111:China
432:(son)
414:(
410:
30:Jiang
10877:20th
10873:19th
10869:18th
10865:17th
10861:16th
10857:15th
10853:14th
10849:13th
10845:12th
10841:11th
10837:10th
10570:20th
10566:19th
10562:18th
10558:17th
10554:16th
10550:15th
10546:14th
10542:13th
10538:12th
10534:11th
10530:10th
10296:20th
10292:19th
10288:18th
10284:17th
10280:16th
10276:15th
10272:14th
10268:13th
10264:12th
10260:11th
10256:10th
9825:1978
9821:1975
9665:Qing
9661:Ming
9657:Yuan
9645:Song
9641:Liao
9633:Tang
9597:Zhou
9565:Core
7684:APEC
7087:2015
7005:ISBN
6978:2022
6948:2022
6918:2022
6892:2022
6870:2022
6840:2021
6810:2022
6780:2022
6750:2022
6720:2022
6690:2022
6660:2022
6630:2022
6600:2022
6570:2022
6539:2022
6509:2022
6479:2013
6452:2010
6417:2015
6387:2022
6361:2015
6323:ISBN
6298:2015
6263:2018
6221:2022
6193:2022
6182:ISSN
6158:2022
6117:OCLC
6099:ISBN
6056:ISBN
6023:2018
5990:2018
5957:2018
5927:2014
5896:2014
5865:2018
5839:2018
5809:2018
5788:ISBN
5764:2022
5738:2022
5712:2010
5676:ISBN
5658:2022
5632:2022
5606:2019
5580:2019
5554:2019
5526:2017
5496:2017
5466:2017
5438:2022
5412:2017
5386:2011
5374:Time
5356:2011
5326:2011
5296:2022
5270:2022
5244:2022
5189:ISBN
5166:2013
5115:2017
5078:2013
5024:2022
4947:ISSN
4837:2007
4824:ISBN
4794:ISBN
4717:ISSN
4684:2015
4649:2023
4609:2017
4573:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4397:2024
4371:2022
4341:OCLC
4331:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4271:2022
4237:ISBN
4203:2018
4148:2022
4122:2020
4092:2022
3935:2018
3903:2022
3877:2022
3778:ISBN
3757:2013
3711:OCLC
3701:ISBN
3584:ISSN
3508:ISBN
3486:2010
3445:2013
3414:2010
3256:2013
3227:2022
3215:Time
3196:2022
3164:ISBN
3107:2017
3089:ISBN
3068:2022
2865:ISBN
2852:2020
2834:ISBN
2819:2020
2801:ISBN
2356:Mali
2251:Cuba
2224:Ref.
2052:and
1949:SARS
1922:core
1800:CCTV
1798:and
1792:The
1751:EP-3
1745:The
1659:APEC
784:11th
780:10th
761:15th
757:14th
753:13th
749:12th
736:15th
732:14th
728:13th
374:Died
347:Born
10919:of
10833:9th
10829:8th
10825:7th
10719:in
10526:9th
10522:8th
10518:7th
10401:in
10252:9th
10248:8th
10244:7th
10127:in
9998:PRC
9948:CCP
9673:PRC
9669:ROC
9653:Jฤซn
9629:Sui
9613:Jรฌn
9605:Han
9601:Qin
9589:Xia
7134:on
7114:doi
6091:doi
5145:doi
4937:doi
4709:doi
4565:doi
4519:doi
4431:doi
3970:doi
3858:doi
3576:doi
3130:doi
3004:ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ
1657:at
1477:'s
1196:".
1109:of
776:9th
772:8th
768:7th
693:POJ
666:IPA
614:IPA
562:ๆฑๆพคๆฐ
548:ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ
395:CCP
50:ๆฑๆณฝๆฐ
27:is
11299::
10481:โ
9671:/
9667:โ
9663:โ
9659:โ
9655:โ
9651:/
9647:/
9643:/
9639:โ
9635:โ
9631:โ
9627:โ
9623:/
9619:โ
9615:/
9611:โ
9607:โ
9603:โ
9599:โ
9595:โ
9591:โ
7110:22
7108:.
7104:.
7077:.
7064:.
6964:.
6934:.
6908:.
6856:.
6826:.
6796:.
6766:.
6736:.
6706:.
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6650:.
6646:.
6616:.
6586:.
6556:.
6525:.
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6403:.
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6321:.
6319:59
6284:.
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6249:.
6209:.
6174:.
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6123:.
6115:.
6107:.
6097:.
6070:^
6046:.
6031:^
6013:.
6007:.
5980:.
5974:.
5947:.
5943:.
5917:.
5913:.
5886:.
5882:.
5855:.
5825:.
5754:.
5729:.
5702:.
5698:.
5648:.
5622:.
5596:.
5512:.
5482:.
5428:.
5372:.
5342:.
5312:.
5286:.
5260:.
5232:.
5187:.
5153:.
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5139:.
5135:.
5102:.
5098:.
5064:.
4982:^
4967:^
4953:.
4945:.
4931:.
4927:.
4883:,
4872:,
4800:โ
4731:.
4723:.
4715:.
4703:.
4670:.
4657:^
4638:.
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4525:.
4474:.
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4279:^
4260:.
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