841:, who himself lived under house arrest from 1450 to 1457 out of compassion. However, Zhu Wengui did not enjoy his freedom for long; he died after a few days.) The followers of the deceased emperor were punished, and his closest advisers were executed. Although the Yongle Emperor hoped that Fang Xiaoru, known for his integrity and honesty, would join his side and bring confidence to the new government, he was resolutely rejected. As punishment, the emperor not only executed his relatives but also his pupils. The purges, executions, imprisonments, and exiles affected tens of thousands of people.
833:
was unable to stop the rebels. Taking advantage of the chaos, members of the "peace party" in the government opened the gates of
Nanjing to the rebels on 13 July 1402. In the ensuing clashes, the imperial palace was burned down. Three bodies found at the cremation site were later identified as those of the emperor, empress, and their eldest son. Beginning in the Jiajing era (1522–1567), non-state historians who were sympathetic to the Jianwen Emperor propagated a folk legend in their writings that he lived in anonymity as a Buddhist monk.
1160:; Veritable Records of Emperor Taizu, i.e. the Hongwu Emperor), was compiled from 1399 to 1402, but was rewritten in 1402–1403 and again in 1411–1418. The Yongle Emperor's historians portrayed the Jianwen Emperor as a weak and immoral ruler who showed little interest in governing and was surrounded by corrupt and treacherous ministers. However, later versions of the history paint the Jianwen Emperor as an honest and benevolent leader who followed the advice of devoted Confucians and worked to correct the cruelties of his predecessor.
794:
Zhu Di was a decisive and exceptionally capable commander, leading elite units of the Ming armies that included a large number of
Mongolian cavalry. On the other hand, the imperial party was weakened by the indecision and poor coordination of its commanders, as well as the conflicting views between those who supported aggressive tactics and those who favored a more conciliatory approach. Additionally, the emperor and his closest ministers lacked military experience.
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government, discussing policies with them and overseeing their implementation by the ministries. Although they effectively acted as chancellors, they did not hold the official title. This reform proved beneficial for the administration of the empire, but it went against the edict of the Hongwu
Emperor, which strictly prohibited the restoration of the chancellery in any form.
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physically fit and preferred scholarly pursuits. He was known for his polite demeanor and adherence to
Confucian values. However, the Hongwu Emperor had doubts about his grandson's ability to rule, as he believed him to lack the necessary toughness. This may have been the reason for the purges of potentially dangerous generals in the first half of the 1390s.
534:, Prince of Yan, who was put in charge of the Beijing region and was responsible for guarding the border with the Mongols. When the emperor ordered the imprisonment of his uncle's followers, Zhu Di plotted against him. In 1399, Zhu Di rebelled under the pretext of protecting the emperor from corrupt court officials. This sparked a civil war known as the
817:
the government armies. In response, the emperor promoted Zhu Chang and Li
Jinglong, who were leaders of the "peace party" at court. However, Zhu Di rejected their offer for peace negotiations. Throughout the summer, the insurgents continued to raid the enemy's supply lines, while the front in Shandong and southern Beijing moved back and forth.
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accused of preparing an uprising. He presented his actions as a reasonable act of self-defense. He also stated that he had no interest in the throne, but as the eldest surviving son of the deceased founder of the dynasty, he felt obligated to restore the law and legality that had been subverted by the emperor's criminal advisers and ministers.
700:. Princedoms were either directly suppressed or had their powers limited for both real and perceived offenses. The government forbade the princes from participating in public life, in direct contradiction to the laws of the late Hongwu Emperor, which stated that they were to be the backbone of the throne at the head of the government's armies.
1179:; 'Abdicated Emperor', the name related to the legend of his abdication and the anonymous life of a Buddhist monk). However, Zhu Yousong was not recognized by the Qing as legitimate and his decisions were not considered valid. It was not until September 1736 that the Jianwen Emperor was given the posthumous name Emperor Gongmin Hui (
677:) and were given significant income and privileges by their father. They were stationed in various provinces and had their own personal guards, which could range from 3,000 to 15,000 men. Some of them even led the Ming armies in the 1390s, particularly on the northern border. The most powerful and eldest among them was
813:
dismissed him and appointed Sheng Yong as the new commander of the anti-rebellion forces. Following the advice of his supporters in
Nanjing, Zhu Di focused on a war of attrition starting in the autumn of 1400. Through small raids, he disrupted the enemy's communications in southern Beijing and western Shandong.
750:
The main long-term target of the government's measures and the most dangerous opponent was Zhu Di. He was based in
Beijing and had shown himself to be a capable military leader and energetic administrator during campaigns against the Mongols. However, since 1392, when he was not named as a successor,
1151:
In an attempt to erase the memory of the defeated emperor, the era of
Jianwen was retroactively cancelled and the era of Hongwu was extended from 1399 to 1402. Many official documents from his government were destroyed, and private notes were also eliminated. Historians' views of the Jianwen Emperor
784:
He justified his actions by claiming that he was trying to end internal political disorder and confusion, defend the Hongwu
Emperor's statutes and laws defining the duties of princes, and honor his deceased father. He accused the emperor and his ministers of persecuting the princes, who were falsely
770:
The government was cautious towards Zhu Di, which gave him the opportunity to prepare and gather forces. However, the
Nanjing government had been systematically limiting Zhu Di's power. For instance, his personal guard of 15,000 men was transferred outside of Beijing, and the generals serving in the
582:
The Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398. Just six days later, on 30 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen took the throne. His gentle nature and adherence to Confucian principles made him acutely aware of the harshness of Hongwu's policies. As a result, he sought to bring about significant changes in the political
820:
In January 1402, Zhu Di launched an offensive. On the advice of the Nanjing eunuchs, he chose to advance westward instead of through the fortified cities along the Grand Canal. This strategic decision proved successful as the government forces in the west were weaker, allowing the rebels to disrupt
816:
In January 1401, the government army used firearms and rocket weapons to kill tens of thousands of rebels at Dongchang in Shandong. During the retreat to Beijing, Zhu Di narrowly escaped capture. In late February, the rebels launched an attack, and in April and May, they were successful in crushing
793:
At the beginning of the war, Zhu Di had a force of 100,000 men and only controlled the immediate vicinity of Beijing. In contrast, the Nanjing government had three times the number of soldiers and significantly more resources. However, the government's superiority was not as clear-cut as it seemed.
836:
On 17 July, Zhu Di ascended the imperial throne as the successor of the Hongwu Emperor. He denied legitimacy to his overthrown nephew, canceled his reforms, and attempted to erase them from history. The Jianwen Emperor's younger son, Zhu Wengui, and other relatives spent the rest of their lives in
832:
From April to June 1402, the rebel army engaged in fierce battles and successfully advanced from Xuzhou to the banks of the Yangtze River. The commander of the government fleet defected to the rebels, giving them an open road to Nanjing. The emperor, who was gathering forces to defend the capital,
774:
In June 1399, the emperor finally permitted Zhu Di's sons, who had been effectively held as hostages in Nanjing since the Hongwu Emperor's funeral, to return to Beijing. This event seemed to remove Zhu Di's inhibitions, and the immediate pretext for his rebellion was the arrest of two of his lower
647:
As crown prince, he criticized some of the laws and statements of the previous emperor, the Hongwu Emperor, as being too harsh. After taking the throne, he cancelled these laws, but his successor, the Yongle Emperor, later restored them. Additionally, the emperor abolished the unfair tax system of
631:
The ministers were elevated from the second rank to the first in the hierarchy of rank classes, placing them on equal footing with the highest-ranking generals (the military commissioners). The number of departments and ministry officials was altered, and the status and number of positions in the
812:
In the year 1400, there were numerous rebel attacks and government army counterattacks. The Imperial forces were unable to utilize their numerical advantage or mobilize additional troops, allowing Zhu Di to strengthen his position in the north. The emperor, who was dissatisfied with Li Jinglong,
573:
In May 1392, Zhu Biao died at the age of thirty-seven after several months of illness. As the eldest surviving son, Zhu Yunwen was named the new crown prince on 28 September 1392. He spent the next six years carefully preparing for his future role as regent. Like his father, Zhu Yunwen was not
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prefectures. In 1400, taxes in Jiangnan were reduced to a more reasonable level. The following year, the tax exemptions for Taoist and Buddhist clergy were limited, and they were required to hand over land exceeding a certain amount to be distributed to the needy. However, it seems that the
627:
was abolished in 1380, leaving no central office in the Ming administration to coordinate the work of ministries and other civil offices. Instead, all of these offices were directly under the emperor's control. The Jianwen Emperor relied on Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, and Fang Xiaoru to lead the
529:
As emperor, he surrounded himself with Confucian-educated officials who immediately began revising Hongwu's reforms. However, the most significant change was the attempt to limit or eliminate the princes, who were the sons of the Hongwu Emperor and had been the main support of the previous
570:. Upon assuming the imperial title, the Hongwu Emperor named his eldest son as his heir to the throne. In 1382, after the death of his elder brother, Zhu Yunwen became the eldest son of Zhu Biao. He was described as a mature and direct child who was well-liked by the emperor.
542:
and the imperial palace was burned to the ground. It is believed that the emperor, along with his empress, mother, and eldest son, perished in the fire. However, their bodies were never found, leading to rumors of the emperor's survival and refuge in a Buddhist monastery.
614:
During the reign of the Jianwen Emperor, the civilian part of the administration gained more influence, while the military commanders and the emperor's uncles saw a decrease in their power. Additionally, there was a partial revival of the position of "Chancellor"
1749:
After several tax reductions during the 14th century, Suzhou prefecture, which accounted for 1.36% of the empire's land, was able to contribute 2.81 million ton of grain in 1393, which was 9.5% of the total tax revenue of the empire—29.4 million
751:
he has considered himself unjustly neglected. The princes saw the efforts of the new emperor and his government as a personal threat and a violation of the laws of the Hongwu Emperor, which everyone, including the emperor, was obliged to obey.
550:. He abolished the reforms implemented by the Jianwen Emperor and declared his predecessor illegitimate—thus, he did not grant him a temple or posthumous name and abolished the era of Jianwen, extending the era of Hongwu from 1398 to 1402.
821:
their lines. Despite the government's attempt to stop the rebel advance by sending General Xu Huizu to the north, they were unable to do so. The rebels continued their march south and by the beginning of March, they had captured
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officials for "subversive activity". With the support of Beijing's provincial dignitaries, Zhu Di responded by occupying the districts and prefectures around Beijing, calling the war a campaign to clear away disorders (
526:, the founder of the Ming dynasty. Zhu Biao died at the age of 37 in 1392, after which the Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yunwen as his successor. He ascended the throne after the Hongwu Emperor's death in June 1398.
805:, a city southwest of Beijing, but was ultimately defeated by Zhu Di in late September, resulting in heavy losses for the imperial army. In November 1399, the new commander of the imperial army,
661:
government did not have enough time to fully implement these changes before its fall. Despite this, there was still a noticeable shift towards supporting Yongle among the Buddhist community.
62:
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were increased. He also strengthened the academy's influence in educating princes. A series of changes were made to the powers and titles of offices, following the patterns of the
2976:
644:. However, after the Jianwen Emperor's overthrow, his reforms were criticized for deviating from the principles of the dynasty's founder and were subsequently repealed.
1615:
669:
The Jianwen government aimed to reduce the influence of the emperor's uncles, the sons of the Hongwu Emperor. These uncles were granted the title of prince (
2569:
The Care-taker Emperor: Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-Century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chʾi-yü
809:, took advantage of Zhu Di's absence from Beijing and laid siege to the city. However, Zhu Di quickly returned and forced the imperial army to retreat.
594:
Instead of relying on accomplished generals or members of the imperial family, he turned to Confucian scholars for guidance. His closest advisors were
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government. Fearing the potential power of his uncles, the Jianwen Emperor attempted to restrict their influence. One of the most dangerous uncles was
2531:
Chan, Hok-lam (2007). "Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)". In Leung, Philip Yuen-sang (ed.).
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were closely tied to their opinions of the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule. The official history of the Hongwu Emperor's reign, known as
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Shortly after the Jianwen Emperor ascended the throne, he re-elected the officials of the six ministries, many of whom had died in the
2711:
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Chan, Hok-lam (1988). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te Reigns". In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C (eds.).
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Chan, Hok-lam (2005). "Xie Jin (1369-1415) as Imperial Propagandist: His Role in the Revisions of the "Ming Taizu Shilu"".
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781:). He justified his rebellion in letters sent to the court in August and December 1399, as well as in a public statement.
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829:. As a result, the government was forced to withdraw its troops from Beijing and Shandong provinces to defend Zhili.
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on 1 June 1399, taking his own life and that of his family. In the following two months, in June and July, Zhu Fu (
692:) was supported by Qi Tai and, most notably, by Huang Zicheng, who cited past dynastic experiences, such as the
2576:
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1642:. However, it is widely believed that he survived and lived undercover for many more years as a Buddhist monk.
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711:, and a close friend of Zhu Di. In the fall of 1398, the emperor stripped him of his title and exiled him to
693:
606:, all of whom were idealistic reformers. However, they lacked practical experience in governing the country.
3035:
2704:
801:
as the commander of the troops tasked with suppressing the rebellion. Geng Bingwen led 130,000 troops to
591:" ("vastly martial"), the era name of the reign of his grandfather and predecessor, the Hongwu Emperor.
24:
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of his reign, "Jianwen", means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp change in tone from "
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in October 1595. However, he was not given a posthumous temple name until July 1644, when
8:
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His reign was restored to the official history of the dynasty by the decision of the
747:; 1379–1400), the Prince of Min based in Yunnan, were also stripped of their titles.
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northeast, close to Zhu Di, were gradually replaced by followers of the emperor.
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and committed suicide or died unyielding, including Minister of Rites Chen Di (
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was burned and the Jianwen Emperor's supposed death date proposed by the
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719:(1374–1446), the Prince of Dai, was placed under house arrest in
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169:
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On 18 July 1402 the Jianwen era was officially abolished by the
1175:; 'Magnanimous Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Rang (
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After conquering Nanjing, Zhu Di ascended to the throne as the
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Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
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the previous era, particularly the excessive taxes imposed on
2533:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
826:
727:; 1371–1399), the Prince of Xiang, set fire to his palace in
623:), the head of the civil administration. This came after the
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Sìtiān Zhāngdào Chéngyì Yuāngōng Guānwén Yángwǔ Kèrén Dǔxiào
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The Jianwen Emperor disappeared on 13 July 1402, the date
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Zhu Yunwen was born on 5 December 1377, the second son of
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and his wife Lady Lü. Zhu Biao was the eldest son of the
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1961:
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2472:, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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2719:
2597:Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435
681:, who was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor.
66:Posthumous illustration of the Jianwen Emperor,
2487:Goodrich, L. Carington; Fang, Chaoying (1976).
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2509:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
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837:prison. (Zhu Wengui was released in 1457 by
2712:
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1723:Conferred by the Hongguang Emperor in 1644
684:The policy of "reducing the feudatories" (
480:(5 December 1377 – ?), personal name
119:Imperial Grandson-heir of the Ming dynasty
1659:was reestablished until the beginning of
522:, the eldest son and crown prince of the
735:; 1364–1428), the Prince of Qi based in
2600:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2491:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2489:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
765:
566:, the founder and first emperor of the
205: 1395; died 1402)
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2593:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1355:
1251:
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881:), Right Censor-in-Chief Lian Zining (
797:In August 1399, the emperor appointed
703:The first victim of the new order was
266:): 6 February 1399 – 17 July 1402
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1222:; 30 November 1396 – 1402), first son
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152:Hongwu 10, 5th day of the 11th month
1611:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
877:), Left Censor-in-Chief Jing Qing (
13:
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2299:
1830:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2011.
1171:gave him the temple name Huizong (
14:
3057:
3046:Historical controversies in China
3016:15th-century missing person cases
2615:
869:, Ministers of Justice Bao Zhao (
137:Imperial Grandson-heir Zhu Zhanji
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1559:Crown Princess Yiwen (1359–1412)
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1225:Zhu Wengui, Prince of Runhuai (
665:Reduction of the princes' power
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16:2nd emperor of the Ming dynasty
2506:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2002).
2466:The Cambridge History of China
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1616:List of people who disappeared
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980:
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929:
882:
858:
707:, the Prince of Zhou based in
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1:
3026:Missing person cases in China
3011:15th-century Chinese monarchs
3006:14th-century Chinese monarchs
2941:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1757:
694:Rebellion of the Seven States
553:
227:Zhu Wengui, Prince of Runhuai
3041:Suicides in the Ming dynasty
3021:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
2721:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
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844:
754:
577:
7:
2470:The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
2388:震直六月歸附。七月同致仕戶部尚書王鈍巡視中原。九月卒。
1846:. Accessed 14 October 2012.
1604:
1237:
516:emperor of the Ming dynasty
85:30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402
76:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
10:
3062:
3031:Murdered emperors of China
2594:Dreyer, Edward L. (1982).
1798:Goodrich & Fang (1976)
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19:This article is about the
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2567:Heer, Philip de (1986).
2560:10.1163/1568532054905142
1621:
1315:Empress Chun (1286–1344)
1231:; 1401–1457), second son
37:Emperor Jianwen of Liang
1260:Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344)
1216:, Crown Prince Hejian (
496:Emperor Huizong of Ming
255:Era name and dates
902:Minister of Personnel
29:Emperor Jianwen of Jin
1139:Right Censor-in-Chief
1095:Right Censor-in-Chief
1051:Right Censor-in-Chief
1007:Right Censor-in-Chief
759:Further information:
490:), also known by his
224:, Crown Prince Hejian
160:Yingtian Prefecture,
25:Jin dynasty (266–420)
2630:at Wikimedia Commons
1714:Conferred by Mei Yin
1134:Left Censor-in-Chief
1090:Left Censor-in-Chief
1046:Left Censor-in-Chief
998:Left Censor-in-Chief
914:Minister of Justice
905:Minister of Revenue
861:), Ministers of War
766:Conflict with Zhu Di
715:. In February 1399,
3036:People from Nanjing
2134:, pp. 201–202.
1903:, pp. 190–191.
1781:, pp. 184–185.
1740:, executed in 1380.
1667:officially started.
1202:Empress Xiaominrang
1196:Consorts and Issue:
638:National University
625:Central Secretariat
508:Emperor Hui of Ming
191:Empress Xiaominrang
1204:, of the Ma clan (
917:Minister of Works
908:Minister of Rites
514:), was the second
2983:
2982:
2688:
2687:
2679:Succeeded by
2626:Media related to
2571:. Leiden: Brill.
2542:978-962-996-239-5
1701:Conferred by the
1690:Hongguang Emperor
1688:Conferred by the
1663:in 1403 when the
1655:, and the former
1601:
1600:
1397:Empress Xiaocigao
1144:
1143:
789:Course of the war
474:
473:
466:
465:
447:Standard Mandarin
397:
396:
351:
350:
23:emperor. For the
3053:
2859:Prince of Lu (魯)
2848:Prince of Lu (潞)
2828:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2672:Emperor of China
2662:Preceded by
2652:
2638:Jianwen Emperor
2634:
2633:
2625:
2611:
2582:
2563:
2546:
2527:
2502:
2483:
2450:
2444:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2328:瑺六月迎降。九月封忠誠伯，仍任。
2321:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:Qianlong Emperor
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1661:Chinese New Year
1649:
1643:
1632:
1508:Lü Ben (d. 1382)
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1185:Qianlong Emperor
1182:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1004:
995:
988:
982:
975:
969:
962:
951:
944:
938:
931:
920:Censor-in-Chief
911:Minister of War
896:
895:
884:
880:
876:
872:
860:
851:Jingnan campaign
839:Emperor Yingzong
825:in the north of
778:Jingnan campaign
761:Jingnan campaign
746:
739:, and Zhu Pian (
734:
726:
687:
672:
618:
536:Jingnan campaign
513:
501:
489:
488:
462:
461:
438:
437:
420:
419:
399:
398:
346:
340:
324:
323:
306:
305:
301:嗣天章道誠懿淵功觀文揚武克仁篤孝
288:
287:
265:
264:
249:
248:
236:
235:
206:
204:
170:Jiangsu Province
157:
64:
55:
54:
53:
47:Jianwen Emperor
44:
43:
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3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
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2984:
2979:
2886:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2723:
2718:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2651:5 December 1377
2647:
2646:
2639:
2628:Jianwen Emperor
2618:
2608:
2590:
2588:Further reading
2585:
2579:
2543:
2524:
2499:
2480:
2468:. Vol. 7:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2414:History of Ming
2412:
2408:
2399:History of Ming
2397:
2393:
2384:History of Ming
2382:
2378:
2369:History of Ming
2367:
2363:
2354:History of Ming
2352:
2348:
2339:History of Ming
2337:
2333:
2324:History of Ming
2322:
2318:
2309:History of Ming
2307:
2300:
2291:History of Ming
2289:
2285:
2276:History of Ming
2274:
2270:
2261:History of Ming
2259:
2255:
2246:History of Ming
2244:
2240:
2231:History of Ming
2229:
2225:
2216:History of Ming
2214:
2210:
2201:History of Ming
2199:
2195:
2186:History of Ming
2184:
2180:
2171:History of Ming
2169:
2165:
2156:History of Ming
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1943:
1935:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1824:Dardess, John.
1823:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1650:
1646:
1636:Imperial Palace
1633:
1629:
1624:
1607:
1602:
1240:
1193:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1123:
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1096:
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1091:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1008:
1000:
999:
984:
971:
958:
940:
873:) and Hou Tai (
847:
791:
768:
763:
757:
667:
652:, specifically
612:
583:landscape. The
580:
556:
504:posthumous name
478:Jianwen Emperor
425:Literal meaning
402:Jianwen Emperor
342:
308:
290:
279:Emperor Xiàomǐn
272:Posthumous name
230:
208:
200:
196:
193:
159:
153:
151:
150:5 December 1377
70:
49:
48:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3059:
3049:
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3038:
3033:
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2872:
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2862:
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2845:
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2837:
2831:
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2825:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
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2800:
2795:
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2780:
2775:
2769:
2764:
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2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2682:Yongle Emperor
2680:
2677:
2668:
2665:Hongwu Emperor
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:Regnal titles
2654:
2653:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2617:
2616:External links
2614:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2564:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2484:
2478:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:, p. 185.
2436:
2421:
2416:, Volume 111:
2406:
2401:, Volume 111:
2391:
2386:, Volume 111:
2376:
2371:, Volume 111:
2361:
2356:, Volume 111:
2346:
2341:, Volume 111:
2331:
2326:, Volume 111:
2316:
2311:, Volume 111:
2298:
2293:, Volume 111:
2283:
2278:, Volume 111:
2268:
2263:, Volume 111:
2253:
2248:, Volume 111:
2238:
2233:, Volume 111:
2223:
2218:, Volume 111:
2208:
2203:, Volume 111:
2193:
2188:, Volume 111:
2178:
2173:, Volume 111:
2163:
2158:, Volume 111:
2148:
2136:
2121:
2109:
2107:, p. 201.
2094:
2092:, p. 200.
2077:
2075:, p. 199.
2060:
2058:, p. 198.
2043:
2041:, p. 196.
2028:
2026:, p. 195.
2011:
1999:
1997:, p. 192.
1987:
1975:
1960:
1958:, p. 194.
1941:
1939:, p. 193.
1920:
1918:, p. 191.
1905:
1890:
1888:, p. 189.
1875:
1873:, p. 188.
1863:
1861:, p. 187.
1848:
1817:
1815:, p. 186.
1802:
1800:, p. 397.
1783:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1732:The first was
1725:
1716:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1669:
1653:Yongle Emperor
1644:
1640:Yongle Emperor
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
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1618:
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1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:Hongwu Emperor
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
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1239:
1236:
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1234:
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1037:
1032:
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1022:
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1014:
1010:
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1006:
997:
990:
977:
964:
953:
946:
933:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
891:Hanlin Academy
846:
843:
790:
787:
767:
764:
756:
753:
666:
663:
634:Hanlin Academy
611:
608:
579:
576:
564:Hongwu Emperor
555:
552:
548:Yongle Emperor
524:Hongwu Emperor
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
450:
449:
443:
442:
441:Transcriptions
434:
433:
426:
422:
421:
414:
408:
407:
404:
403:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
371:
365:
364:
359:
353:
352:
349:
348:
334:
333:
327:
326:
275:
274:
268:
267:
257:
256:
252:
251:
241:
240:
232:
231:
229:
228:
225:
218:
216:
210:
209:
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189:
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182:
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174:
173:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
112:Yongle Emperor
109:
105:
104:
102:Hongwu Emperor
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
65:
57:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3058:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2835:Southern Ming
2832:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:(Restoration)
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2607:0-8047-1105-4
2603:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2498:0-231-03801-1
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2434:, p. 60.
2433:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2146:, p. 60.
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2119:, p. 67.
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2009:, p. 62.
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1985:, p. 86.
1984:
1979:
1973:, p. 61.
1972:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:9781442204911
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:Conferred by
1673:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1597:
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1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
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1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
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1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
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1556:
1555:
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1551:
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1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1505:
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1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
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1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:; 1378–1402)
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1165:Wanli Emperor
1161:
1155:
1131:
1126:
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1033:
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1001:Lian Zining (
991:
985:Yan Zhenzhi (
978:
965:
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592:
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569:
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561:
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541:
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502:) and by his
497:
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35:emperor, see
34:
33:Liang dynasty
30:
27:emperor, see
26:
22:
2929:N. Dynasties
2925:S. Dynasties
2741:
2670:
2648:
2643:House of Zhu
2641:
2596:
2568:
2551:
2532:
2508:
2488:
2469:
2465:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2373:賜六月歸附。七月改刑部。
2368:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2290:
2286:
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2256:
2245:
2241:
2235:齊泰正月復，閏三月又謫。
2230:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2175:昭七月出掌平燕布政司事。
2170:
2166:
2155:
2151:
2139:
2112:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1866:
1825:
1820:
1745:
1728:
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1710:
1697:
1684:
1672:
1647:
1630:
1195:
1194:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1137:Lian Zining
1129:Yan Zhenzhi
1093:Lian Zining
1085:Yan Zhenzhi
1049:Lian Zining
1041:Yan Zhenzhi
848:
835:
831:
819:
815:
811:
799:Geng Bingwen
796:
792:
783:
776:
773:
769:
749:
702:
689:
683:
674:
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642:Zhou dynasty
630:
620:
613:
593:
581:
572:
568:Ming dynasty
557:
545:
528:
507:
495:
481:
477:
475:
454:Hanyu Pinyin
320:
313:
309:
302:
295:
291:
284:
278:
244:Zhu Yunwen (
162:Ming dynasty
93:30 June 1398
90:Enthronement
68:Qing dynasty
41:
21:Ming dynasty
3001:1402 deaths
2996:1377 births
2921:16 Kingdoms
2457:Works cited
2447:Chan (1988)
2432:Chan (2005)
2280:鈍六月歸附。七月致仕。
2144:Heer (1986)
2132:Chan (1988)
2117:Chan (2005)
2105:Chan (1988)
2090:Chan (1988)
2073:Chan (1988)
2056:Chan (1988)
2039:Chan (1988)
2024:Chan (1988)
2007:Tsai (2002)
1995:Chan (1988)
1983:Chan (2007)
1956:Chan (1988)
1937:Chan (1988)
1916:Chan (1988)
1901:Chan (1988)
1886:Chan (1988)
1871:Chan (1988)
1859:Chan (1988)
1813:Chan (1988)
1779:Chan (1988)
1399:(1332–1382)
1341:(1355–1392)
1286:(1328–1398)
1169:Zhu Yousong
992:Jing Qing (
928:Zhang Dan (
887:Fang Xiaoru
807:Li Jinglong
723:. Zhu Bai (
698:Han dynasty
696:during the
604:Fang Xiaoru
492:temple name
331:Temple name
98:Predecessor
2990:Categories
2913:3 Kingdoms
2883:(doubtful)
2676:1398–1402
2578:9004078983
2552:T'oung Pao
2523:0295981245
2479:0521243327
1836:1442204915
1758:References
1738:Hu Weiyong
1665:Yongle era
1657:Hongwu era
1428:Lady Zheng
1214:Zhu Wenkui
1154:Taizu Silu
1132:Jing Qing
1104:Zhang Dan
1088:Jing Qing
1060:Zhang Dan
1044:Jing Qing
1016:Zhang Dan
979:Zheng Ci (
972:Bao Zhao (
959:Ru Chang (
941:Wang Dun (
621:chengxiang
554:Early life
482:Zhu Yunwen
460:Jiànwén Dì
337:Shenzong (
222:Zhu Wenkui
156:洪武十年十一月初五日
31:. For the
2843:Hongguang
2818:Chongzhen
2265:新六月歸附，仍任。
1971:Tsai 2002
1763:Citations
1219:和簡皇太子 朱文奎
1183:) by the
1124:Bao Zhao
1119:Tie Xuan
1109:Wang Dun
1080:Bao Zhao
1075:Tie Xuan
1065:Wang Dun
1036:Bao Zhao
1021:Wang Dun
966:Hou Tai (
948:Chen Di (
845:Ministers
803:Zhengding
755:Civil war
658:Songjiang
578:Accession
432:) Emperor
343:Huizong (
260:Jiànwén (
133:Successor
128:1392–1398
108:Successor
2877:(regent)
2861:(regent)
2850:(regent)
2808:Taichang
2798:Longqing
2778:Chenghua
2772:Yingzong
2762:Yingzong
2205:練子寧二月任右。
2160:茹瑺十一月復任。
1605:See also
1339:Zhu Biao
1238:Ancestry
1207:孝愍讓皇后 馬氏
1127:Zheng Ci
1117:Ru Chang
1112:Chen Di
1083:Zheng Ci
1073:Ru Chang
1068:Chen Di
1039:Zheng Ci
1030:Tie Xuan
1027:Ru Chang
1024:Chen Di
935:Yu Xin (
867:Tie Xuan
737:Jingzhou
729:Jingzhou
650:Jiangnan
636:and the
585:era name
560:Zhu Biao
520:Zhu Biao
430:era name
384:Zhu Biao
312:Gōngmǐn
172:, China)
2793:Jiajing
2788:Zhengde
2783:Hongzhi
2767:Jingtai
2742:Jianwen
2514:Seattle
2418:子寧六月殉難。
2250:紞七月自經死。
2220:十二月任督軍。
2190:景清二月任左。
1705:in 1736
1692:in 1644
1678:Mei Yin
1228:潤懷王 朱文圭
1122:Hou Tai
1078:Hou Tai
1034:Hou Tai
893:, etc.
889:of the
741:Chinese
717:Zhu Gui
709:Kaifeng
610:Reforms
540:Nanjing
506:as the
494:as the
412:Chinese
393:Lady Lü
369:Dynasty
310:Emperor
292:Emperor
207:
199:
195:
180:Unknown
166:Nanjing
2953:W. Xia
2881:Dingwu
2875:Dongwu
2870:Yongli
2865:Shaowu
2854:Longwu
2813:Tianqi
2757:Xuande
2752:Hongxi
2747:Yongle
2737:Hongwu
2604:
2575:
2539:
2520:
2495:
2476:
2403:清六月殉難。
2358:昭六月殉難。
2343:鉉八月死難。
2313:泰六月殉難。
2295:迪六月殉難。
1842:
1834:
1734:Lan Yu
1191:Family
1147:Legacy
1115:Qi Tai
1107:Yu Xin
1071:Qi Tai
1063:Yu Xin
1019:Yu Xin
956:Qi Tai
863:Qi Tai
855:Zhu Di
823:Xuzhou
743::
721:Datong
713:Yunnan
705:Zhu Su
690:xuefan
679:Zhu Di
654:Suzhou
602:, and
600:Qi Tai
589:Hongwu
532:Zhu Di
390:Mother
380:Father
185:Spouse
125:Tenure
2897:Shang
2803:Wanli
2649:Born:
1622:Notes
1181:恭閔惠皇帝
1101:1402
1057:1401
1013:1400
925:1399
899:Year
827:Zhili
357:House
239:Names
214:Issue
201:(
197:
82:Reign
2969:Qing
2965:Ming
2961:Yuan
2949:Song
2945:Liao
2937:Tang
2901:Zhou
2729:Ming
2602:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2474:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1750:ton.
1158:太祖實錄
865:and
675:wang
656:and
476:The
374:Ming
296:Ràng
285:孝愍皇帝
177:Died
147:Born
2977:PRC
2973:ROC
2957:Jīn
2933:Sui
2917:Jìn
2909:Han
2905:Qin
2893:Xia
2556:doi
1177:讓皇帝
1003:練子寧
987:嚴震直
885:),
883:練子寧
512:明惠帝
500:明惠宗
487:朱允炆
418:建文帝
362:Zhu
321:惠皇帝
314:Huì
303:讓皇帝
247:朱允炆
52:建文帝
2992::
2975:/
2971:→
2967:→
2963:→
2959:→
2955:/
2951:/
2947:/
2943:→
2939:→
2935:→
2931:→
2927:/
2923:→
2919:/
2915:→
2911:→
2907:→
2903:→
2899:→
2895:→
2512:.
2439:^
2424:^
2301:^
2124:^
2097:^
2080:^
2063:^
2046:^
2031:^
2014:^
1963:^
1944:^
1923:^
1908:^
1893:^
1878:^
1851:^
1838:,
1805:^
1786:^
1771:^
1187:.
1173:惠宗
1005:)
996:)
994:景清
989:)
981:鄭賜
976:)
974:暴昭
968:侯泰
963:)
961:茹瑺
952:)
950:陳迪
945:)
943:王鈍
937:郁新
932:)
930:張紞
879:景清
875:侯泰
871:暴昭
859:陳廸
745:朱楩
733:朱榑
725:朱柏
688:,
686:削藩
673:,
619:,
617:丞相
598:,
345:惠宗
339:神宗
319:恭閔
263:建文
203:m.
168:,
2827:明
2713:e
2706:t
2699:v
2610:.
2581:.
2562:.
2558::
2545:.
2526:.
2501:.
2482:.
1156:(
983:)
970:)
939:)
671:王
615:(
510:(
498:(
484:(
347:)
341:)
325:)
316:(
307:)
298:(
289:)
281:(
250:)
158:)
154:(
39:.
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