272:
443:
During the war's final months, Horikoshi recorded Japan's descent into chaos and exhaustion. Though he returned to work at the
Matsumoto plant on 22 July, as Matsumoto had been spared from air raids, he found the workforce demoralised and operations in chaos as a result of the emergency evacuations which had scattered employees and workshops around the country. Most of the remaining Mitsubishi employees abandoned all efforts to work by early August and prepared for Japan's defeat and surrender, which came on 15 August, six days after the
580:
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convinced that surely our government had in mind some diplomatic measures which would bring the conflict to a halt before the situation became catastrophic for Japan. But now, bereft of any strong government move to seek a diplomatic way out, we are being driven to doom. Japan is being destroyed. I cannot do other but to blame the military hierarchy and the blind politicians in power for dragging Japan into this hellish cauldron of defeat.
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In semi-retirement by the early 1970s, he served as an advisor to the society of
Japanese aircraft constructors, and continued to receive letters from aircraft enthusiasts around the world. On a trip to New York, he travelled to Long Island and stayed in the Garden City Hotel, where Charles Lindbergh
392:
fighter, returned to Nagoya on the 17th, in time to experience another air raid on the
Mitsubishi factories the next day. As a result of the air raid, the company evacuated its machinery and engineers to the suburbs of eastern Nagoya. Horikoshi and the Engineering Department were rehoused in a school
437:
For the first time, I really saw the effects of the incendiary raids on Nagoya. The city is a wasteland, charred and unspeakably desolate. My former factory is a ghostly, steel-ribbed wreck, shattered by bombs and torn apart by the dispersal crews. It is hard to believe that all this is true. I knew
442:
Still very weak, Horikoshi was sent home to rest after only a week back at work. He returned to his hometown, where he rejoined his family and rested through the month of July. In his diary, he recorded how they could still hear distant explosions as the Allies bombed nearby
Takasaki and Maebashi.
517:
in a Tokyo hospital on 11 January 1982, aged 78. His obituary was covered in several major newspapers around the world. He was posthumously promoted to the fourth rank in the order of precedence. He was survived by five children, none of whom pursued a career in aircraft design or engineering.
362:
When we awoke on the morning of
December 8, 1941, we found ourselves â without any foreknowledge â to be embroiled in war... Since then, the majority of us who had truly understood the awesome industrial strength of the United States never really believed that Japan would win this war. We were
357:
Despite
Mitsubishi's close ties to the Japanese military establishment and his direct participation in the nation's buildup towards the Second World War, Horikoshi was strongly opposed to what he regarded as a futile war. Excerpts from his personal diary during the final year of the war were
45:
544:
in the
English dub). In particular, although the film follows the progression of his aircraft designs, the details of his personal life are mostly fictitious (for example, he had an older brother, not a younger sister). These additional plot elements were adapted by Miyazaki from
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the following night, with B-29s hurling "tens of thousands of incendiary bombs," destroyed most of the largely wooden city. On 12 March, Horikoshi sent most of his family, including his elderly mother, children and brother-in-law, to his home village near
767:
Jiro
Horikoshi was an actual man but he did not have a wife who suffered from tuberculosis, and he did not smoke. ... Miyazaki has himself stated that Naoko â Jiro Horikoshi's fictitious wife was lifted from the woman Setsuko in the Hori Tatsuo novel
299:, an experimental aircraft that never passed the prototype stage after some flight tests. However, lessons learned from this design led to the development of the far more successful
384:
on the
Mitsubishi Engine Works in Daiko-cho, Nagoya a week later caused extensive damage to the works and a severe setback in production. Horikoshi, who had been at a conference in
405:
on 25 December and remained bedridden through early April. During this time, he recorded in detail the horrors of the increasing
American air raids on Tokyo and Nagoya, including
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with Hidemasa Kimura. He subsequently left Mitsubishi and taught at educational and research institutions. From 1963 to 1965, he was a lecturer at the University of Tokyo's
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that soon I would be well. Strangely, though, I had little desire to return to work. The impression of the shattered city and the wrecked factories will not leave me.
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685:
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Though greatly weakened by his long illness, Horikoshi returned to work at Mitsubishi in May. He was assigned to the company's No. 1 Works, located at
304:
502:, Third Class, for his achievements. His memoir regarding the development of the Zero was published in Japan in 1970, and was translated by the
255:, Japan, in 1903. Horikoshi graduated from the newly established Aviation Laboratory (KÅkÅ« KenkyÅ«jo) within the Engineering Department of the
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In 1937, Horikoshi and his team at Mitsubishi were asked to design Prototype 12 (corresponding to the 12th year of the
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614:
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414:
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330:). Subsequently, he was involved with designing many other fighters manufactured by Mitsubishi, including the
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commander who had led Zero fighter squadrons during the war. The book was published in the US in 1956 as
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260:
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259:, and started his career in Mitsubishi Internal Combustion Engine Company Limited, which later became
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806:. Trans. by Shojiro Shindo and Harold N. Wantiez. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press.
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from 1965 to 1969. Between 1972 and 1973, he was a professor of the Faculty of Engineering of
433:. While on the train to Matsumoto, he witnessed the true scale of the war's impact on Nagoya:
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in the Tokai region forced Mitsubishi to halt aircraft production at its plant in Ohimachi,
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8:
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119:
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326:, in Japan also known as the "Rei-sen" (literally meaning "zero fight", shortened for
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Penberthy, Jeff (14 December 1972). "Plane Designer Recalls Days of Zero's Success".
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to be safe from the bombings, though his wife, Sumako, remained with him in Nagoya.
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703:"Jiro Horikoshi, 78, Dies in Tokyo; Designer of Zero Fighter Aircraft".
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314:). Prototype 12 was completed in July 1940, and it was accepted by the
236:
720:"Miyazaki's 'The Wind Rises' Ignites Debate & Japanese Box-Office"
686:"Jiro Horikoshi, 78, Dies in Tokyo; Designer of Zero Fighter Aircraft"
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had spent the night before his solo trans-Atlantic flight in 1927.
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In 1956, Horikoshi collaborated on a book about the Zero with
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In the 1973 autumn honours list, Horikoshi was awarded the
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After the war, Horikoshi participated in the design of the
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2600, the new fighter was named as "Model 00", "Zero", or
16:
Japanese chief engineer of fighter designs of World War 2
785:"EXCLUSIVE: Hayao Miyazaki on Rising for His Final Film"
774:(as of 23 December 2014 this link is now offline, and )
536:, released in 2013, in which his voice was provided by
49:
Horikoshi while a student at Tokyo Imperial University
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Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
804:
Eagles of Mitsubishi: The Story of the Zero Fighter
665:
663:
508:
Eagles of Mitsubishi: The Story of the Zero Fighter
295:One of Jiro Horikoshi's first works was the flawed
401:Exhausted and overworked, Horikoshi fell ill with
644:Zero! The Story of Japan's Air War in the Pacific
484:Zero: The Story of Japan's Air War in the Pacific
307:"Claude") which entered mass production in 1936.
831:
660:
638:
532:, a fictionalized biographical animated film by
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388:with Imperial Navy officers to discuss the new
358:published in 1956 and made his position clear:
209:
607:Technology and Industrial Development in Japan
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34:
609:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. p. 215.
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510:, which was published in English in 1981.
463:, and was subsequently a professor at the
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247:Jiro Horikoshi was born near the city of
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393:building which had been requisitioned.
263:, Nagoya Aircraft Manufacturing Plant.
220:. He was the chief engineer of several
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478:, a general in the JASDF and a former
275:Horikoshi (center) and members of the
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707:. Associated Press. 12 January 1982.
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411:Tokyo incendiary raid of 9â10 March
13:
865:Academic staff of Nihon University
860:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries people
461:Institute of Space and Aeronautics
14:
896:
214:, 22 June 1903 â 11 January 1982)
646:. New York: EP Dutton & Co.
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565:
880:20th-century Japanese engineers
352:
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875:Deaths from pneumonia in Japan
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749:Bailey, Ian (24 August 2014).
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711:
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504:University of Washington Press
1:
592:
489:
367:
242:
870:People from Gunma Prefecture
855:Japanese aerospace engineers
526:Horikoshi is the subject of
7:
450:
328:model zero fighter airplane
281:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
261:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
210:
10:
901:
642:; Horikoshi, Jiro (1956).
605:Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996).
445:atomic bombing of Nagasaki
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33:
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802:Horikoshi, Jiro (1992).
465:National Defense Academy
337:("Thunderbolt") and the
291:Horikoshi (October 1938)
235:fighter, as well as the
751:"The Wind Rises Review"
584:Order of the Rising Sun
500:Order of the Rising Sun
440:
409:Operation Meetinghouse
380:. An air raid made by
365:
316:Imperial Japanese Navy
292:
284:
672:The Los Angeles Times
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374:a powerful earthquake
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318:. Since 1940 was the
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218:aeronautical engineer
542:Joseph Gordon-Levitt
372:On 7 December 1944,
227:designs used during
718:Cangialosi, Jason.
257:University of Tokyo
233:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
231:, most notably the
120:University of Tokyo
850:Aircraft designers
770:The Wind has Risen
757:on 16 October 2014
705:The New York Times
692:. 12 January 1982.
690:The New York Times
586:, 3rd Class (1973)
552:The Wind Has Risen
522:In popular culture
513:Horikoshi died of
415:air raid on Nagoya
293:
285:
267:Engineering career
167:Significant design
151:Engineering career
813:978-0-295-97168-1
640:Okumiya, Masatake
431:Nagano Prefecture
344:("Strong gale").
196:
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892:
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788:
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764:
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753:. Archived from
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726:. Archived from
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571:
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476:Okumiya Masatake
469:Nihon University
407:the devastating
297:Mitsubishi 1MF10
253:Gunma Prefecture
215:
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137:Sumako Horikoshi
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73:Gunma Prefecture
64:
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730:on 27 July 2014
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305:Allied codename
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87:11 January 1982
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77:Empire of Japan
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549:'s 1937 novel
534:Hayao Miyazaki
529:The Wind Rises
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339:Mitsubishi A7M
332:Mitsubishi J2M
301:Mitsubishi A5M
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211:Horikoshi JirÅ
199:Jiro Horikoshi
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91:(aged 78)
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28:Horikoshi Jiro
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787:. 9 May 2014.
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724:Yahoo! Voices
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653:0-74344-491-4
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480:Imperial Navy
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413:. A massive
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795:Bibliography
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759:. Retrieved
755:the original
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732:. Retrieved
728:the original
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538:Hideaki Anno
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353:Pearl Harbor
348:World War II
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229:World War II
198:
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184:J2M "Raiden"
150:
89:(1982-01-11)
65:22 June 1903
18:
845:1982 deaths
840:1903 births
547:Hori Tatsuo
283:(July 1937)
161:A7M "Reppu"
106:Nationality
834:Categories
593:References
490:Later life
368:Earthquake
243:Early life
237:NAMC YS-11
179:A6M "Zero"
126:Occupation
61:1903-06-22
761:31 August
734:15 August
515:pneumonia
427:Matsumoto
312:ShÅwa era
116:Education
25:Professor
822:28334804
451:Post-war
420:Takasaki
403:pleurisy
324:A6M Zero
222:Japanese
157:Projects
142:Children
129:Engineer
110:Japanese
397:Illness
249:Fujioka
225:fighter
69:Fujioka
820:
810:
650:
613:
570:
559:Honors
378:Nagoya
335:Raiden
134:Spouse
573:Japan
540:(and
457:YS-11
390:Reppu
386:Tokyo
382:B-29s
342:Reppu
205:å è¶ äºé
99:Japan
95:Tokyo
36:å è¶ äºé
818:OCLC
808:ISBN
763:2014
736:2013
648:ISBN
611:ISBN
277:A6M1
84:Died
55:Born
506:as
429:in
174:A5M
836::
816:.
765:.
722:.
688:.
662:^
625:^
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555:.
486:.
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97:,
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824:.
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303:(
202:(
145:5
63:)
59:(
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