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youth. They thought that using materials that can change shape could change the shape of a child's psyche. Joan encouraged artwork to be its own form of healing and to help patients learn new skills, instead of focusing on an absence of skills or abilities. Her relationship with patients was not one of a therapist to patient, but one between artists.
398:
addition to isolation from society. During the ninth stage, the crisis points of the previous stages are confronted again. For example, elderly adults confronting increasing physical and mental declines may lose trust in their own ability to care for themselves. They are facing a crisis similar to the trust vs. mistrust experienced in stage one.
435:
Joan
Erikson was an advocate of play throughout life, which she defined as something to do "for your own pleasure because you find it amusing and enhancing somehow." (page 2) Play can be anything from art, to sports, to conversation. Joan thought that adults spend too much time doing what they think
405:
Often during this time, individuals are put into retirement communities and assisted living facilities, which Joan believed was isolating them from society and from youth. She believed that "aging is a process of becoming free" and should not be treated as the opposite. As a result of these changes,
397:
The pair created the stages as they were experiencing them themselves, and after Erik's death in 1994, Joan added a ninth stage of very old age. This ninth stage is experienced in the eighties and nineties and is accompanied by a loss of physical health, friends, family members, and independence, in
609:
Joan Mowat
Erikson, who helped reshape the prevailing psychological view of human development through a six-decade, all-senses collaboration with her husband, Erik Erikson, and still found time to pursue her own interests in arts and crafts, education and dance, died on Sunday at a nursing home in
426:
Joan created the
Activities Program at the Austin Riggs Center in Massachusetts, which included a theatre program and other artistic outlets for patients. There, Joan worked with Ellen Kivnick to determine which types of creative practices led to improved psychological development in children and
422:
Joan
Erikson believed that the arts possess their own healing properties and can be used as an exclusive form of therapy. She believed that people's artwork should not be psychoanalyzed or interpreted but should be used solely for healing through creative process. She came into conflict with Anna
413:
Research has been done that supports
Erikson’s stages. In particular, the work of James E. Marcia on adolescence and identity supports Erikson’s crisis of adolescence. Criticism of their psychosocial development theory includes that it focuses on the development of American men and excludes other
288:
Joan
Erikson was the main collaborator in developing the eight stages of psychosocial development with her husband Erik Erikson. Her contribution to Erikson's theory of personality could have been neglected, but was nevertheless important: Erik admitted being unable to distinguish between his own
256:
and a master's from
Columbia's Teachers College. She completed doctorate course work before moving to Europe to conduct research for a dance dissertation. She spent time observing dance schools and teaching dance to children in Austria and Germany. After meeting husband Erik Erikson, Joan stopped
257:
research for her dissertation and took a job at the progressive school in Vienna, where he was working. She believed that children should be taught based on their interests, and structured lessons accordingly. She taught
English to many of the psychoanalysts at the school, including her husband.
198:. She later changed her name to Sarah Mowat Serson, then to Sally Mowat Serson, then to Joan Mowat Serson. When she married Erik she became Joan Mowat Homburger, and, in 1939, became Joan Mowat Erikson when she and Erik were naturalized as U.S. citizens "using the self-invented name Erikson."
439:
Play is important during for people in all stages of life, including older adults. Older adults have identified physical, cognitive, emotional, and social benefits from play. Joan
Erikson thought it was especially important for older adults facing retirement to engage in creative activities.
401:
Joan
Erikson believed that during the ninth stage, older adults can shift towards a more transcendent perspective, which increases life satisfaction. She describes transcendence as regaining skills such as play, activity, and song. Most importantly, it means moving beyond fear of death.
210:. Joan and Erik married in 1930. Joan persuaded Erik to move to the United States three years later ("to escape European fascism"), where they became citizens in 1939. The Eriksons spent time at Harvard and Yale Universities, and then moved to the University of California at Berkeley.
260:
During their time spent at the University of California at Berkeley, the Eriksons created the eight cycles of psychosocial development and Joan began her interest in arts and crafts, crucial to her later work in art therapy. In 1951, Joan became the director of activities at the
268:
Joan and Erik later returned to Harvard, where they taught classes together at the Joan and Erik Erikson Center. In the 1970s, Joan continued her art therapy work with adolescents at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco. She wrote several books, including
436:
they are supposed to be doing, and not taking time to do what they enjoy. She related play and humor, and believed that without a sense of humor, people lose freedom and the ability to play.
406:
individuals experience a loss of autonomy, self-esteem, and trust. Death is near and seen as an inevitable reality. Joan contributed to the writings on the first eight stages in the book,
213:
The Eriksons' daughter, Sue Erikson Bloland, says that, in the eyes of her father, her mother was "the ultimate source of strength and wisdom within the family (if not the universe), the
714:
206:
Joan moved to Vienna to conduct dance research for her doctoral dissertation and there met her husband-to-be Erik Homborger, who was working at a progressive school started by
742:
Daniel, Benveniste. (1998). "The Importance of Play in Adulthood: A Dialogue with Joan M. Erikson" in The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. 53 (1998), 6. Online at
265:, a psychiatric treatment facility for children and adults in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. She created the Theatre Program and the Montessori Nursery School there.
1394:
190:, one of three children of John Reaby and Mary Louise MacDonald Serson. Her father (who died when she was six) and her brother were priests ordained in the
221:, a longtime friend, said that "to her husband, Joan was always bigger than life. Far beyond the lovely and loving woman he married, she represented to him
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Retirement can be a major adjustment for some older adults, particularly if work has become a large part of how they identify themselves.
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contribution and his wife's. Joan had a great influence on the development of the stages and on the inclusion of the eighth stage.
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Freud over this issue while working at the school in Vienna, stating that children's creativity should not be psychoanalyzed.
1102:
686:
1379:
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In 1944, Joan gave birth to a fourth child, Neil, who was born with Down's Syndrome and was immediately institutionalized.
1125:"From Despair to Integrity: Using Narrative Therapy for Older Individuals in Erikson's Last Stage of Identity Development"
702:
Benveniste, Daniel (2000). "Erik H. Erikson: An Outsider at the Center of Things" in Benveniste, D. (2000) Book Review of
1347:
1296:
723:
Fine, Paul (2011). "Some Thoughts About Wisdom Keepers," American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. Online at
1222:"A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development"
736:
Fine, Paul (2011). "Some Thoughts About Wisdom Keepers," American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry online at
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1384:
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of Hamden, Conn., and Jon of Port Angeles, Wash.; a daughter, Sue Bloland of Manhattan, and three grandchildren.
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510:
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http://www.aacap.org/aacap/custom/googlesearch.aspx?q=Paul%20Fine&cx=005963334930150341854:fhyugbr2cou
725:
http://www.aacap.org/aacap/custom/googlesearch.aspx?q=Paul%20Fine&cx=005963334930150341854:fhyugbr2cou
1319:
Jones, Elizabeth (2011). ""Play" across the life cycle: From initiative to integrity to transcendence".
808:"Joan Erikson, Life Cycles Theorist, Dies" in Harvard University Gazette, September 11, 1997. Online at
744:
http://internationalpsychoanalysis.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/9.-Joan-Erikson-Importance-of-Play.pdf
546:"Joan Erikson, Life Cycles Theorist, Dies" in Harvard University Gazette, September 11, 1997. Online at
919:
1173:
Burr, Brandon; Atkins, Ladonna; Bertram, Anita Glee; Sears, Kaye; McGinnis, Andreae N. (2019-05-04).
191:
809:
712:
http://internationalpsychoanalysis.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/7.-Erikson-Biography-Review-.pdf
547:
767:
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/fame-the-power-and-cost-of-a-fantasy/377856/
237:
69:
864:
Benveniste, Daniel (1998). "The Importance of Play in Adulthood: A Dialogue with Joan Erikson".
240:, three years after the death of her husband, Erik. Mrs. Erikson's survivors included two sons,
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women–the very essence of the feminine ideals of beauty, compassion, nurturance, and strength."
822:
585:
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8:
262:
1202:
1152:
1029:
596:
218:
166:; June 27, 1903 – August 3, 1997) was well known as the collaborator with her husband,
1175:""If you stop playing you get old": investigating reflections of play in older adults"
978:
963:"Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Erikson's ninth stage"
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778:
Wallerstein, Judith. (1997). "Joan Erikson–In Memoriam" (October 4, 1997) online at
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962:
877:
873:
669:
Wallerstein, Judith (1997). "Joan Erikson–In Memoriam" (October 4, 1997) online at
651:
Benveniste, Daniel (2000). "Erik H. Erikson: An Outsider At the Center of Things".
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In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's psychological development
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92:, author, educator, craftsperson, weaver, jeweler, beadwork, dance ethnographer
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http://www.apadivisions.org/division-39/publications/reviews/shadow-fame.aspx
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Fleming, James S., "Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Stages" online at
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110:
89:
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171:
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Bloland, Sue Erikson (1999). "Fame: The Power and Cost of a Fantasy" in
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183:
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894:
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Helped reshape the prevailing psychological view of human development
456:
Activity, Recovery, Growth: The Communal Role of Planned Activities
187:
50:
1002:"A Time to Sing and a Time to Dance: Activating Hope and Wisdom"
217:
healer, the solver of all problems both practical and personal.
810:
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/09.11/JoanEriksonLife.html
793:
In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik Erikson
548:
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/09.11/JoanEriksonLife.html
513:
In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik Erikson
247:
791:
Eisold, Barbara (2004). "A Review of Susan Erikson Bloland,
1338:
Erikson, Erik H; Erikson, Joan M; Kivnick, Helen Q (1994).
591:"Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles"
201:
1172:
584:
170:, and as an author, educator, craftsperson, and dance
1337:
410:, and later added the final part on the ninth stage.
628:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
293:Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
1123:Goodcase, Eric T.; Love, Heather A. (2016-08-17).
1089:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 3–21,
1083:"The Ego Identity Status Approach to Ego Identity"
589:
542:
540:
236:Joan died on August 3, 1997, in a nursing home in
704:Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik Erikson
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1058:Psychological Perspectives on Human Development
684:http://teamapproach.ca/tal/serson/sersnrev.html
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750:http://swppr.org/Textbook/Ch%209%20Erikson.pdf
1054:"Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Stages"
1395:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
1122:
646:
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506:Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
450:Wisdom and the Senses: The Way of Creativity
884:
840:
283:
252:Joan obtained an undergraduate degree from
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946:L'intelligence collective Ă petite Ă©chelle
920:"Joan Erikson, Life Cycles Theorist, Dies"
863:
795:(New York: Viking Press, 2004)" online at
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580:
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248:Education and professional accomplishments
1400:Naturalized citizens of the United States
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961:Brown, Cynthia; Lowis, Michael J (2003).
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471:(with E.H. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)
1226:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
1040:
125: 1930; died 1994)
1362:
1291:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 21–25.
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1275:
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1080:
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780:http://gos.sbc.edu/w/wallerstein1.html
671:http://gos.sbc.edu/w/wallerstein1.html
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475:Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version
1318:
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1076:
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866:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
430:
202:Moves to Vienna and the United States
1220:Knight, Zelda Gillian (2017-01-25).
682:"Rev. John Reaby Serson" online at
624:"Some Thoughts About Wisdom Keepers"
621:
528:
1051:
463:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
13:
1163:
1071:
710:. Vol. 87, No. 6. p. 5. Online at
14:
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765:, November 1999 Issue, Online at
487:Saint Francis and His Four Ladies
80:Naturalized United States citizen
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274:Activity, Recovery, and Growth;
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88:Collaborator with her husband,
878:10.1080/00797308.1998.11822474
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1:
1191:10.1080/03601277.2019.1627058
979:10.1016/s0890-4065(03)00061-6
521:
177:
1340:Vital involvement in old age
1129:Clinical Social Work Journal
1000:Arjona, Ruben (2012-08-23).
693:. Accessed December 6, 2015.
469:Vital Involvement in Old Age
7:
1380:Developmental psychologists
1342:. WW Norton & Company.
1271:. Harvard University Press.
1095:10.1007/978-1-4613-8330-7_1
610:Brewster, Mass. She was 95.
499:
377:Generativity vs Stagnation
355:Identity vs Role Confusion
10:
1416:
1141:10.1007/s10615-016-0601-6
1081:Marcia, James E. (1993),
1018:10.1007/s11089-012-0484-6
708:The Psychoanalytic Review
706:by Lawrence J. Friedman.
653:The Psychoanalytic Review
622:Fine, Paul (March 2011).
534:Ontario Births, 1869-1912
477:(with E.H. Erikson, 1997)
461:"The Arts as Healing" in
192:Anglican Church of Canada
182:Joan Erikson was born in
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967:Journal of Aging Studies
408:The Life Cycle Completed
344:Industry vs Inferiority
284:Psychosocial development
231:
1179:Educational Gerontology
465:(with H. Kivnick, 1983)
238:Brewster, Massachusetts
70:Brewster, Massachusetts
1390:Barnard College alumni
1385:People from Brockville
1285:Wexler, Alice (2009).
586:Robert McG. Thomas Jr.
366:Intimacy vs Isolation
388:Integrity vs Despair
278:Wisdom and the Senses
196:Sarah Lucretia Serson
194:. Her birth name was
164:Sarah Lucretia Serson
33:Sarah Lucretia Serson
16:Canadian psychologist
1267:Gilligan, C (1982).
926:. September 11, 1997
333:Initiative vs Guilt
1006:Pastoral Psychology
899:Austen Riggs Center
294:
271:The Universal Bead;
263:Austen Riggs Center
147:Sue Erikson Bloland
1288:Art and Disability
717:2016-03-04 at the
689:2016-03-04 at the
597:The New York Times
481:The Universal Bead
431:Importance of play
322:Autonomy vs Shame
311:Trust vs Mistrust
292:
219:Judith Wallerstein
160:Joan Mowat Erikson
1104:978-1-4613-8332-1
588:(8 August 1997).
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90:Erik Erikson
64:(1997-08-03)
23:Joan Erikson
1375:1997 deaths
1370:1903 births
950:(in French)
930:February 3,
633:December 3,
418:Art therapy
347:Competence
144:Jon Erikson
77:Nationality
1364:Categories
1110:2021-07-10
904:4 December
833:2022-07-21
522:References
341:Childhood
330:Preschool
208:Anna Freud
184:Brockville
178:Early life
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39:1903-06-27
1304:7 October
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987:0890-4065
895:"History"
414:groups.
358:Fidelity
1327:: 84–91.
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715:Archived
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493:Legacies
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308:Infancy
133:Children
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603:25 July
391:Wisdom
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105:Spouse
1203:S2CID
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380:Care
369:Love
325:Will
314:Hope
232:Death
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