2425:
587:
presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod. "Little Albert" responded by crying. This second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Albert with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses. As the story of "Little Albert" has made the rounds, inaccuracies and inconsistencies have crept in, some of them even due to Watson himself. Analyses of Watson's film footage of Albert suggest that the infant was mentally and developmentally disabled. An ethical problem of this study is that Watson and Rayner did not uncondition "Little Albert".
516:, which is a body instrument that we manipulate every time we talk in order to hear our "voice." As we change our throat shape and tongue position, different sounds are made. Watson explains that when a baby first cries, or first says "da" or "ma," that it is learning language. To further his theory, Watson and his wife conducted an experiment in which they conditioned a baby to say "da-da" when he wanted his bottle. Although the baby was conditioned and was a success for a short while, the conditioning was eventually lost. Watson argues, however, that as the child got older, he would imitate Watson as a result of Watson imitating him. By three years old, the child needed no help developing his vocabulary because he was learning from others. Thus, language is
528:
Sims' sees Mr. Sims on a street sidewalk and exclaims: "Upon my life! Addison Sims of
Seattle! I haven't seen you since the World's Fair in Chicago. Do you remember the gay parties we used to have in the old Windermere Hotel?" Even after all of this, Mr. Sims cannot remember the man's name, although they were old friends who used to encounter many of the same people, places, and experiences together. Watson argued that if the two men were to do some of their old shared activities and go to some of the old same places (the stimuli), then the response (or memory) would occur.
814:. He learned the advertising business' many facets at ground level, including a stint working as a shoe salesman in an upscale department store. Despite this modest start, in less than two years Watson had risen to a vice-presidency at Thompson. His executive's salary, plus bonuses from various successful ad campaigns, resulted in an income many times higher than his academic salary. Watson headed a number of high-profile advertising campaigns, particularly for Ponds cold cream and other personal-care products. In addition, he is credited with popularizing the "
622:
fears of another little boy, Peter. Peter seemed to fear white rats and rabbits. Watson and Jones put Peter in his highchair and gave him a nice afternoon snack. At the same time a white rabbit in a cage was put in a distance that did not seem to disturb the child. The next day the rabbit was put slightly closer until Peter showed signs of slight disturbance. This treatment was repeated days after days until Peter could serenely eat his snack with the rabbit being right next to him. Peter was even able to play with the rabbit afterwards. This form of
2491:
560:: an automatic response from infants when tickled, patted, or stroked lightly. The infant responds with smiles, laughs, and other affectionate responses. According to Watson, infants do not love specific people, they are only conditioned to do so. Because the mother's face is progressively associated with the patting and stroking, it becomes the conditioned stimulus eliciting the affection towards her. Affectionate feelings, for people later, generate the same response because they are somehow associated with the mother.
2730:
524:
chances and build upon these," meaning human babies have to form their language by applying sounds they have already formed. This, Watson says, is why babies point to an object but call it a different word. Lastly, Watson explains how a child learns to read words: a mom points at each word and reads in a patterned manner, and eventually, because the child recognizes the word with the sound, he or she learns to read it back.
751:, has been strongly criticized. J. M. O'Donnell (1985) deems Watson's views as radical calculations. This discontent stems partly from Watsons' description of a 'happy child', whereby a child can only cry when in physical pain, can occupy himself through his problem-solving abilities, and whereby the child strays from asking questions. Other critics were more wary of Watson's new interest and success in child psychology.
2444:
249:, to provide him a better opportunity for success. Moving from an isolated, rural location to the large urbanity of Greenville proved to be important for Watson, providing him the opportunity to experience a variety of different types of people, which he used to cultivate his theories on psychology. However, the initial transition would be a struggle for Watson, due to his limited social skills.
550:: an innate response to the body movement of the child being constrained. If a very young child is held in a way that she cannot move at all, then she will begin to scream and stiffen her body. Later this reaction is applied to different situations, e.g. children get angry when they are forced to take a bath or clean their room. These situations provoke rage because they are associated with
544:: evoked by only two stimuli that are unconditioned—a sudden noise or the loss of (physical) support. However, because older children are afraid of many things (e.g. different animals, strange people etc.), it must be that such fear-provoking stimuli are learned. Fear can be observed by the following reaction with infants: crying, rapid breathing, eyes closing, or sudden jumping.
639:
learn to make different associations between their motoric behaviors and the environment. Another limitation concerns the kind of conditioned stimuli humans can learn. When researchers attempt to condition children to fear things such as curtains or wooden blocks they have had great difficulty. Humans may be "innately disposed to fear certain stimuli."
663:
because love—along with everything else understood by the behaviorist perspective—Watson argues, is conditioned. He uses invalidism to support his warning, contending that, since society does not overly comfort children as they become young adults in the real world, parents should not set up these unrealistic expectations. Moreover, he disapproves of
283:, parenting two sons, William Rayner Watson (1921) and James Broadus Watson (1924), who were raised with the behaviorist principles that John espoused throughout his career. The couple remained together until Rayner's death at age 36 in 1935. Like their half-sister, both sons later attempted suicide, with William killing himself in 1954.
675:, and encourages parents to be honest with their children about sex. He would reason such views by saying that "all of the weaknesses, reserves, fears, cautions, and inferiorities of our parents are stamped into us with sledge hammer blows," inferring that emotional disabilities were the result of personal treatment, not inheritance.
454:, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions. This outlook—combined with the complementary ideas of
408:
they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.
33:
730:
Critics determined that Watson's ideas mainly stemmed from his beliefs. How much
Rosalie Rayner agreed with her husband's child-rearing ideas has also been an important question, as she later penned an article entitled "I am a Mother of Behaviorist Sons", in which she wrote about the future of their
790:
position may be seen in his earlier writing in which his "starting point" for a science of behavior was "the observable fact that organisms, man and animal alike, do adjust themselves to their environment by means of hereditary and habit equipments." Nevertheless, Watson recognized the importance of
734:
R. Dale Nance (1970) worried that Watson's personal indiscretions and difficult upbringings could have affected his views while writing his book. This would include having been raised on a poor farm in South
Carolina and having various family troubles, such as abandonment by his father. Suzanne Houk
527:
This, according to Watson, is the start of memory. All of the ideas previously mentioned are what Watson says make up our memory, and that we carry the memory we develop throughout our lives. Watson tells the tale of Mr. Addison Sims and his friend in order to illustrate these ideas. A friend of Mr.
237:
Roe), was a very religious woman who adhered to prohibitions against drinking, smoking, and dancing, naming her son John after a prominent
Baptist minister in hopes that it would help him receive the call to preach the Gospel. In bringing him up, she subjected Watson to harsh religious training that
638:
The conditioning paradigm has certain limitations. Researchers have had a hard time conditioning infants that are just a few months old. This might be because they have not yet developed what Piaget calls "primary circular reactions". Because they cannot coordinate sensory motor actions they cannot
621:
Because "Little Albert" was taken out of town, Watson did not have the time to decondition the child. This obviously has ethical implications, but Watson did put in place a method for deconditioning fears. He worked with a colleague, Mary Cover Jones, on a set of procedures aimed at eliminating the
829:
An example of Watson's use of testimonials was with the campaign he developed for Pebeco
Toothpaste. The ad featured a seductively dressed woman, and coaxed women to smoke, as long as they used Pebeco toothpaste. The toothpaste was not a means to benefit health or hygiene, but as a way to heighten
662:
were starting to believe psychological care and analysis were required for infants and children. All of Watson's exclamations were due to his belief that children should be treated as a young adult. As such, he warns against the inevitable dangers of a mother providing too much love and affection,
407:
Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which
694:
Though having researched many topics throughout career, child-rearing became Watson's most prized interest. His book would be extremely popular, having sold 100,000 copies after just a few months of release. Many critics were surprised to see even his contemporaries come to accept his views. His
764:
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his
327:
at the age of 16. There, he would complete a few psychology courses, though never excelling. He would also consider himself to be a poor student, holding a few jobs on campus to pay for his college expenses. Others thought him as quiet, lazy, and insubordinate, and, as such, he continued to see
523:
Watson goes on to claim that, "words are but substitutes for objects and situations." In his earlier baby experiment, the baby learned to say "da" when he wanted a bottle, or "mama" when he wanted his mom, or "shoe-da" when he pointed to his father's shoe. Watson then argues that "we watch our
477:
Watson's behaviorism rejected the studying of consciousness. He was convinced that it could not be studied, and that past attempts to do so have only been hindering the advancement of psychological theories. He felt that introspection was faulty at best and awarded researchers nothing but more
586:
could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned "Little Albert" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they
690:
process. Further emphasizing nurture, Watson argued that nothing is instinctual, but rather everything is built into a child through the interaction with their environment. Parents, therefore, hold complete responsibility as they choose what environment to allow their child to develop in.
381:
and learning ability in rats at different ages. Watson showed that the degree of myelinization was largely related to learning ability. Watson stayed at the
University of Chicago for five years doing research on the relationship between sensory input and learning. He discovered that the
339:. The successful petition would be central to his ascent into the psychology world, as his college experience introduced him to professors and colleagues who would be integral to his success in developing psychology into a credible field of study. Watson began studying philosophy under
743:
as the inspiration of Watson's emphasis on environmental factors. Little Albert did not fear the rat and white rabbit until he was conditioned to do so. From this experiment, Watson concluded that parents can shape a child's behavior and development simply by a scheming control of all
600:
published a report that questions whether John Watson knew of cognitive abnormalities in Little Albert that would greatly skew the results of the experiment. In 2014, however, the journals that initially endorsed Beck and
Fridlund's claims about Albert and Watson (the
830:
the sexual attraction of the consumer. Watson stated that he was not making original contributions, but was just doing what was normal practice in advertising. Watson stopped writing for popular audiences in 1936, and retired from advertising at about age 65.
536:
Watson was interested in the conditioning of emotions. Of course behaviorism putting an emphasis on people's external behaviors, emotions were considered as mere physical responses. Watson thought that, at birth, there are three unlearned emotional reactions:
432:) due to what Watson believed were unnecessary subjective elements. It was not until 1916 that he would recognize the more general significance of Pavlov's formulation, after which Watson would make such the subject of his presidential address to the
322:
Despite his poor academic performance and having been arrested twice during high school—first for fighting, then for discharging firearms within city limits—Watson was able to use his mother's connections to gain admission to
Greenville's
232:
He was born on
January 9, 1878. His father, Pickens Butler Watson, was an alcoholic and left the family to live with two Indian women when John was 13 years old—a transgression which he never forgave. His mother, Emma Kesiah Watson
735:(2000) shared similar concerns while analyzing Watson's hope for a businesslike and casual relationship between a mother and her child. Houk points out that Watson only shifted his focus to child-rearing when he was fired from
497:(1924), Watson discussed his thoughts on what language really is, which leads to a discussion of what words really are, and finally to an explanation of what memory is. They are all manual devices used by humans that result in
707:. Hall's beliefs differed from Watson's behaviorism, as the former believed that one's behavior is mostly shaped by heredity and genetically predetermined factors, especially during childhood. His most famous concept, the
765:
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.
294:
Historian John
Burnham interviewed Watson late in life, presenting him as a man of strong opinions and some bitterness towards his detractors. In 1957, shortly before his death, Watson received a Gold Medal from the
398:
In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (also called "The Behaviorist Manifesto"). In the "Manifesto", Watson outlines the major features of his new philosophy of psychology,
261:, while he was in graduate school. They had two children, also named John and Mary Ickes Watson, the latter of whom attempted suicide later in life. Young Mary and her husband, Paul Hartley, had a daughter,
759:
Watson has been misquoted in regards to the following passage, which is often presented out of context and with the last sentence omitted, making his position appear more radical than it actually was:
822:
coffee. He has been widely but erroneously credited with re-introducing the "testimonial" advertisement after the tool had fallen out of favor (due to its association with ineffective and dangerous
478:
issues. He pushed for psychology to no longer be considered the science of the 'mind'. Instead, he stated that psychology should focus on the 'behavior' of the individual, not their consciousness.
331:
After graduating, Watson spent a year at Batesburg Institute, the name he gave to a one-room school in Greenville, at which he was principal, janitor, and handyman. Watson entered the
474:, there was no psychology, and that after Wundt there was only confusion and anarchy. It was Watson's new behaviorism that would pave the way for further advancements in psychology.
2241:
Dewsbury, Donald A (1990). "Early interactions between animal psychologists and animal activists and the founding of the APA committee on precautions in animal experimentation".
1537:
Watson, John B. 1903. "Animal Education: An Experimental Study on the Psychical Development of the White Rat, Correlated with the Growth of its Nervous System" (dissertation).
4455:
942:. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including…John B. Watson." (p. 310).
933:
1886:
Powell. R. A., N. Digdon, B. Harris, and C. Smithson. 2014. "Correcting the record on Watson, Rayner and Little Albert: Albert Barger as 'Psychology's lost boy'."
291:
Watson burned his letters and personal papers, thus depriving historians of a resource for understanding the early history of behaviorism and of Watson himself.
722:, as well as in many popular magazines, Watson later regretted having written in the area altogether, conceding that he "did not know enough" to do a good job.
272:(1898–1935). In searching Rayner's bedroom, Mary discovered love letters from Watson. The affair became front-page news in Baltimore. The publicity resulted in
4359:
699:
started to become a new phenomenon and would influence some of his successors, though the field had already been delved into by psychologists prior to Watson.
199:. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising, as well as conducting the controversial "
590:
In 2009, Beck and Levinson found records of a child, Douglas Merritte, who seemed to have been Little Albert. They found that he had died from congenital
4450:
4371:
328:
himself as "unsocial," making few friends. Nevertheless, being a precocious student, Watson would leave Furman with a master's degree at the age of 21.
2269:
Harris, B. 1984. "'Give me a dozen healthy infants...': John B. Watson's popular advice on child rearing, women, and the family." Pp. 126–54 in
4365:
1847:
594:
at the age of 6. Thus, it cannot be concluded to what extent this study had an effect on Little Albert's life. On January 25, 2012, Tom Bartlett of
377:
Watson earned his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1903. In his dissertation, "Animal Education", he described the relationship between brain
686:' debate, claiming that the world would benefit from extinguishing pregnancies for 20 years while enough data was gathered to ensure an efficient
4445:
1367:"Picture Imperfect: Shunned by parents, battered by a husband, actress Mariette Hartley could have filled her scrapbook with pain and suffering"
357:. Wanting to make psychology more scientifically acceptable, Watson thought of the approach as a declaration of faith, based on the idea that a
482:
578:
carried out in 1920 to be one of the most controversial in psychology. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the
4430:
4415:
1233:
1901:
Digdon, N., R. A. Powell, and B. Harris. 2014. "Little Albert's alleged neurological impairment: Watson, Rayner and historical revision."
1263:
2473:
2461:
2304:
Todd, James T. 1994. "What Psychology Has to Say About John B. Watson: Classical Behaviorism in Psychology Textbooks, 1920-1989." In
1923:
739:
due to his affair with Rayner. Laura E. Berk (2008) similarly examines the roots of the beliefs that Watson came to honor, noting the
4440:
2297:
2064:
3518:
2823:
265:, an actor who suffered from psychological issues that she attributed to her being raised according to her grandfather's theories.
2449:
2224:
Coon, Deborah J. 1994. "'Not a Creature of Reason': The Alleged Impact of Watsonian Behaviorism on Advertising in the 1920s." In
2028:
Watson, R. R. (1930). I am the mother of a behaviorist’s sons. Parent’s Magazine & Better Family Living, 5(12), 16-18, 67-68.
2458:– A biographical sketch of Watson's life and work on the website of Johns Hopkins University, where he worked from 1908 to 1920.
3427:
2918:
964:
650:
The 20th century marked the formation of qualitative distinctions between children and adults. In 1928, Watson wrote the book
351:, led Watson to develop a highly descriptive, objective approach to the analysis of behavior, an approach he would later call
4460:
1300:
1273:
1243:
1178:
1168:
336:
470:
of Skinner). It was this new perspective that Watson claimed would lead psychology into a new era. He claimed that prior to
2518:
1865:
1322:
916:
4425:
3870:
3355:
2986:
3528:
2981:
2176:
2122:
Watson, John B. 1907. "Kinaesthetic and Organic Sensations: Their Role in the Reactions of the White rat to the Maze."
433:
386:
sense controlled the behavior of rats running in mazes. In 1908, Watson was offered and accepted a faculty position at
296:
1098:
Kintsch, Walter; Cacioppo, John T. (1994). "Introduction to the 100th Anniversary Issue of the Psychological Review".
4435:
1016:
596:
3407:
2372:
1903:
1331:
609:
3480:
3816:
3402:
2853:
2233:
1290:
57:
3460:
369:(1849–1936), and eventually included a highly simplified version of Pavlov's principles in his popular works.
4174:
3900:
3432:
3315:
2617:
787:
184:
1366:
4126:
3888:
3511:
3442:
3064:
2284:
Samelson, F (1981). "Struggle for Scientific Authority: The Reception of Watson's Behaviorism, 1913–1920".
1816:
1444:
215:
3470:
2410:
2391:
1599:
3465:
4420:
3496:
3265:
2563:
1422:
939:
920:
627:
463:
441:
429:
246:
109:
1524:
839:
1907. "Kinaesthetic and Organic Sensations: Their Role in the Reactions of the White rat to the Maze."
4132:
3397:
3389:
3019:
2753:
2629:
2110:
1962:
1866:"A New Twist in the Sad Saga of Little Albert – Percolator – The Chronicle of higher educacionalismo"
1483:
826:). However, testimonial advertisements had been in use for years before Watson entered advertising.
4353:
2639:
2607:
2543:
2511:
863:
740:
736:
579:
387:
273:
200:
501:. By using anecdotes that illustrate the behaviors and activities of mammals, Watson outlined his
219:
survey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
4317:
3929:
3774:
3661:
3566:
3504:
3422:
3029:
2951:
2709:
2674:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2593:
444:
416:
as primarily a physiological mechanism controlling glandular secretions. He had already rejected
156:
1125:
Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; et al. (2002).
4037:
3727:
3643:
3437:
3240:
3079:
2956:
2936:
2883:
2793:
2748:
2719:
2694:
2624:
2612:
2578:
2154:
1631:
1352:
992:
583:
413:
3417:
3412:
3097:
3039:
2991:
2818:
2783:
2758:
2649:
2538:
2016:
1888:
1538:
1205:
792:
683:
623:
603:
582:. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered,
403:, with the first paragraph of the article concisely describing Watson's behaviorist position:
332:
307:
113:
93:
76:
238:
later led him to develop a lifelong antipathy toward all forms of religion and to become an
4410:
4405:
4090:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3721:
3655:
3637:
3560:
3548:
3024:
2961:
2863:
2773:
2603:
2588:
2470:
2363:
2123:
1931:
1678:
1044:
748:
436:. The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of
344:
303:
209:
142:
2361:
Wyczoikowska, A. 1913. "Theoretical and experimental studies in the mechanism of speech."
343:
on the recommendation of Furman professor, Gordon Moore. The combined influence of Dewey,
8:
4311:
4180:
4138:
3947:
3941:
3822:
3685:
3631:
2868:
2858:
2843:
2808:
2803:
2788:
2768:
2763:
2634:
2573:
2504:
804:
467:
204:
192:
3578:
1682:
1457:
175:(January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the
4305:
4073:
3864:
3852:
3751:
3709:
3649:
3619:
3572:
3335:
3215:
3049:
2996:
2908:
2903:
2838:
2778:
2738:
2664:
2490:
2338:
2313:
1797:
1762:
1146:
1071:
912:
811:
808:
551:
517:
512:
as a "manipulative habit," because when we speak language, the sound originates in our
437:
245:
In an attempt to escape poverty, Watson's mother sold their farm and brought Watson to
3977:
3455:
4341:
4323:
4251:
4234:
4204:
4162:
4156:
4108:
4102:
4001:
3882:
3715:
3360:
3350:
3275:
3250:
2931:
2888:
2813:
2714:
2699:
2583:
2548:
2343:
2258:
2093:
2068:
1979:
1839:
1754:
1722:
1603:
1519:
1296:
1269:
1239:
1174:
1150:
1076:
1066:
1012:
696:
324:
176:
88:
3485:
3475:
2405:
2386:
1924:"'Psychological Care of Infant and Child': A Reflection of Its Author and His Times"
1801:
1766:
4377:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4186:
4168:
4114:
4096:
4049:
3959:
3935:
3834:
3792:
3679:
3673:
3370:
3365:
3230:
3225:
3125:
2946:
2893:
2848:
2833:
2828:
2704:
2679:
2429:
2333:
2325:
2293:
2250:
2202:
2181:
2171:
2060:
1983:
1831:
1789:
1746:
1717:
1709:
1418:
Burnham, John C. 1994. "John B. Watson: Interviewee, Professional Figure, Symbol."
1344:
1138:
1126:
1107:
1061:
1053:
1004:
961:
823:
417:
262:
137:
2051:
Nance, R. D. (1970). "G. Stanley Hall and John B. Watson as child psychologists".
4257:
4222:
4192:
4025:
3953:
3858:
3745:
3542:
3340:
3305:
3245:
3195:
2684:
2477:
1326:
1039:
1000:
968:
807:, an academic colleague, Watson subsequently began working late in 1920 for U.S.
700:
279:
In 1921, following the finalization of the divorce, Watson and Rayner married in
258:
1669:
Watson, John B.; Rayner Watson, Rosalie (1921). "Studies in Infant Psychology".
1319:
1111:
4347:
4335:
4293:
4281:
4210:
4144:
4120:
4067:
4061:
4031:
4019:
3989:
3983:
3912:
3906:
3876:
3846:
3768:
3613:
3590:
3380:
3300:
3295:
3260:
3235:
3205:
3200:
3185:
3180:
3160:
3155:
2926:
2254:
2167:
1793:
1008:
908:
859:
655:
575:
269:
2482:
1142:
4399:
4329:
4299:
4228:
4216:
4198:
4055:
4013:
4007:
3995:
3840:
3828:
3733:
3703:
3697:
3667:
3625:
3554:
3285:
3270:
3255:
3210:
3175:
3140:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3084:
3044:
2976:
2878:
2873:
2455:
1653:
1403:
819:
672:
664:
591:
471:
425:
421:
302:
Watson lived on his farm until his death in 1958 at age 80. He was buried at
268:
Watson's wife later sought divorce due to his ongoing affair with a student,
2298:
10.1002/1520-6696(198107)17:3<399::aid-jhbs2300170310>3.0.co;2-2
4383:
4287:
4150:
4043:
3971:
3965:
3786:
3780:
3739:
3607:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3290:
3280:
3220:
3190:
3170:
3069:
2966:
2669:
2553:
2486:
2347:
2072:
2065:
10.1002/1520-6696(197010)6:4<303::aid-jhbs2300060402>3.0.co;2-m
1843:
1758:
815:
668:
348:
160:
2262:
782:, the sentence is provided in the context of an extended argument against
440:, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established
3894:
3375:
3165:
3150:
3115:
2971:
2898:
2598:
1503:
712:
659:
502:
455:
383:
378:
366:
358:
353:
311:
180:
105:
3526:
2314:"The Early Research of John B. Watson: Before the Behavioral Revolution"
1817:"Finding Little Albert: A journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory"
1607:
3584:
3310:
3145:
2941:
2798:
2689:
2527:
2329:
493:
Watson argued that mental activity could not be observed. In his book,
459:
340:
280:
188:
152:
130:
2219:
Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism.
1737:
Irons, Gary (2012). "Little Albert: A Neurologically Impaired Child".
1626:
Watson, John B. 2009 . "Talking and Thinking." Ch. 10, pp. 180–200 in
32:
3345:
3130:
3034:
2185:
1835:
1750:
1713:
1235:
Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism
1057:
687:
1697:
795:
discussion which was often neglected by his eugenic contemporaries.
390:
and was immediately promoted to chair of the psychology department.
3059:
3054:
3014:
2438:
2434:
971:: "Watson obtained his Ph.D. under the supervision of Angell 1903."
783:
919:. Psychology Press. "Watson's outspoken atheism repelled many in
362:
239:
2356:
Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.
1420:
Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.
642:
2729:
2306:
Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism
2226:
Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism
2137:
Watson, John B. 1908. "The Behavior of Noddy and Sooty Terns."
1292:
Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism
999:, edited by M. J. Coleman and L. H. Ganong. Thousand Oaks, CA:
513:
569:
276:
asking Watson to resign his faculty position in October 1920.
234:
2496:
1551:
718:
Although he wrote extensively on child-rearing, including in
2197:
Watson, John B. 1936. "John Broadus Watson ." Pp. 271–81 in
1124:
747:
Watson's advice to treat children with respect but relative
3074:
2308:, edited by J. T. Todd & E. K. Morris. Greenwood Press.
2228:, edited by J. T. Todd & E. K. Morris. Greenwood Press.
633:
574:
One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant
2273:, edited by M. Lewin. New York: Columbia University Press.
2231:
Curtis, H. S. 1900 . "Automatic Movements of the Larynx."
997:
The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia
869:
1921. "Studies in Infant Psychology," with Rosalie Rayner.
1780:
Harris, B (1979). "Whatever happened to Little Albert?".
1289:
Todd, James Thomas; Morris, Edward K. (January 1, 1994).
1262:
Reevy, Gretchen; Ozer, Yvette Malamud; Ito, Yuri (2010).
703:, for instance, became very well known for his 1904 book
2271:
In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Portrays the Sexes
1127:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
2090:
Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood
658:, his assistant and wife. In it, Watson explains that
4456:
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
2152:
Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology.
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
715:' tendency to act out with conflicting mood swings.
1668:
850:
Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology
1650:Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications
1335:, edited by A. Rutherford. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
372:
2286:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
2053:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
1814:
1613:
481:Meanwhile, Watson served as the president of the
365:. Later, Watson became interested in the work of
4397:
1582:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
1552:"Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology"
257:Watson married Mary Ickes, sister of politician
2464:Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
1544:
1097:
845:1913. "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It."
488:
2450:John B. Watson. His Life in Words and Pictures
1556:Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology
1166:
858:1920. "Conditioned emotional reactions," with
842:1908. "The Behavior of Noddy and Sooty Terns."
483:Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology
3512:
2512:
2037:Harris, B. 2014. "Rosalie Rayner, Feminist?"
1921:
1815:Beck, H. P.; Levinson, S.; Irons, G. (2009).
1435:
1433:
1431:
1382:
1380:
886:1936. "John Broadus Watson." — autobiography
855:1915. "Recent experiments with homing birds."
754:
613:) published articles debunking those claims.
462:—has contributed to what is sometimes called
2354:Todd, James T., and Edward K. Morris. 1994.
2000:An Introduction to the History of Psychology
1695:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1500:The Story of Psychology: A Thematic History.
1441:An Introduction to the History of Psychology
1261:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
682:," in support of the 'nurture' side of the '
680:not more babies but better brought up babies
2278:Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology
4451:People from Travelers Rest, South Carolina
3519:
3505:
2519:
2505:
2489:
2471:The Psychological Care of Infant and Child
2312:Todd, James T.; Morris, Edward K. (1986).
2311:
2201:3, edited by C. Murchison. Worcester, MA:
1428:
1377:
1288:
1167:Sheehy, Noel; Forsythe, Alexandra (2004).
31:
2452:– Furman University Psychology Department
2337:
2125:Psychological Review Monograph Supplement
1721:
1637:
1494:
1492:
1187:
1075:
1065:
2283:
2240:
2199:A History of Psychology in Autobiography
1994:
1992:
1040:"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
634:Limitations of the conditioning paradigm
252:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1472:
1450:
1231:
962:"Classics in the History of Psychology"
286:
4446:People from Greenville, South Carolina
4398:
2467:, Robert H. Wozniak, Bryn Mawr College
2280:. New York: New York University Press.
2084:
2082:
1974:"Watson, John Broadus." Pp. 662–63 in
1959:Psychological Care of Infant and Child
1953:
1951:
1949:
1863:
1779:
1489:
1364:
1037:
881:Psychological Care of Infant and Child
720:Psychological Care of Infant and Child
652:Psychological Care of Infant and Child
644:Psychological Care of Infant and Child
197:Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It
3500:
2500:
2050:
1989:
1930:. Duquesne University. Archived from
1853:from the original on October 9, 2022.
1736:
1664:
1662:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1572:
1514:
1512:
1414:
1412:
1314:
1312:
1257:
1255:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1022:
798:
786:. That Watson did not hold a radical
299:for his contributions to psychology.
187:. Watson advanced this change in the
4431:American developmental psychologists
2039:Revista de Historia de la PsicologĂa
1910:
1365:Strand, Monica (November 18, 1990).
1162:
1160:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
531:
4416:20th-century American psychologists
2079:
1976:The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
1946:
1652:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
1458:"Profile data: John Broadus Watson"
917:Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology
13:
3529:American Psychological Association
2211:
2177:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1702:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1696:Watson, J. B.; Rayner, R. (1920).
1659:
1585:
1569:
1509:
1409:
1309:
1252:
1210:
935:The Cambridge Companion to Atheism
564:
434:American Psychological Association
361:could transform psychology into a
297:American Psychological Association
14:
4472:
2419:
1864:Basken, Paul (January 25, 2012).
1698:"Conditioned emotional reactions"
1173:. Psychology Press. p. 244.
1157:
974:
833:
616:
597:The Chronicle of Higher Education
570:"Little Albert" experiment (1920)
16:American psychologist (1878–1958)
4441:Johns Hopkins University faculty
2728:
2442:
2426:Works by or about John B. Watson
1528:. 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2020.
1170:Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology
744:stimulus-response associations.
678:Watson deemed his slogan to be "
412:In 1913, Watson viewed Pavlov's
2191:
2172:Conditioned emotional reactions
2160:
2144:
2131:
2116:
2099:
2044:
2031:
2022:
2005:
1968:
1895:
1880:
1857:
1808:
1773:
1730:
1689:
1531:
1400:A History of Western Psychology
1392:
1358:
1338:
1282:
803:Thanks to contacts provided by
458:, evolutionary continuism, and
373:Dissertation on animal behavior
347:, Henry Herbert Donaldson, and
2526:
2234:American Journal of Psychology
2139:Carnegie Institute Publication
1295:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1118:
1091:
955:
926:
902:
393:
58:Travelers Rest, South Carolina
1:
2824:Industrial and organizational
2002:. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning
890:
466:(not to be confused with the
227:
4461:University of Chicago alumni
3065:Human factors and ergonomics
2411:Resources in other libraries
2392:Resources in other libraries
1445:Wadsworth Publishing Company
1332:Psychology's Feminist Voices
1238:. New York: Guilford Press.
1131:Review of General Psychology
949:
915:, and Charlotte White. 2013.
818:" during an ad campaign for
725:
626:is a technique today called
489:Language, speech, and memory
317:
222:
216:Review of General Psychology
207:. He was also the editor of
191:through his 1913 address at
149:Other academic advisors
7:
2476:September 26, 2018, at the
2441:(public domain audiobooks)
2107:The Origins of Behaviorism.
1600:University of Chicago Press
1112:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.195
10:
4477:
4426:Behaviourist psychologists
2456:It's All in the Upbringing
2358:New York: Greenwood Press.
2255:10.1037/0003-066x.45.3.315
1998:Hergenhahn, B. R. (2005).
1794:10.1037/0003-066x.34.2.151
1484:W. W. Norton & Company
1439:Hergenhahn, B. R. (1992).
1232:Buckley, Kerry W. (1989).
1009:10.4135/9781452286143.n563
1003:. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
940:Cambridge University Press
628:systematic desensitization
464:Methodological Behaviorism
247:Greenville, South Carolina
110:Methodological behaviorism
4244:
4083:
3922:
3761:
3600:
3535:
3451:
3388:
3095:
3005:
2917:
2754:Applied behavior analysis
2737:
2726:
2562:
2534:
2406:Resources in your library
2387:Resources in your library
2221:New York: Guilford Press.
2111:New York University Press
1723:21.11116/0000-0001-9171-B
1320:Profile of Rosalie Rayner
1143:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
1067:21.11116/0000-0001-9182-7
201:Little Albert" experiment
166:
148:
136:
126:
119:
100:
84:
65:
39:
30:
23:
4436:Furman University alumni
4354:Jessica Henderson Daniel
2462:John Broadus Watson and
2217:Buckley, Kerry W. 1989.
1598:(revised ed.). Chicago:
1347:, and A. Commire. 1990.
1318:Smirle, Corinne. 2013. "
1038:Watson, John B. (1913).
895:
741:Little Albert experiment
737:Johns Hopkins University
580:Little Albert experiment
388:Johns Hopkins University
274:Johns Hopkins University
189:psychological discipline
4318:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
3930:Robert Richardson Sears
3775:Harry Levi Hollingworth
3662:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
3567:George Stuart Fullerton
3030:Behavioral neuroscience
2594:Behavioral neuroscience
2435:Works by John B. Watson
2105:O'Donnell, J. M. 1985.
1922:Houk, Suzanne (2002) .
1594:Watson, John B. 1958 .
1525:Encyclopædia Britannica
1480:Pioneers of Psychology.
1478:Fancher, R. E. (1990).
1325:March 29, 2020, at the
1265:Encyclopedia of Emotion
1200:Hothersall, D. (2004).
932:Martin, Michael. 2006.
709:storm and stress theory
505:views on these topics.
445:experimental psychology
183:, establishing it as a
4038:George Armitage Miller
3728:Margaret Floy Washburn
3644:Henry Rutgers Marshall
3080:Psychology of religion
3020:Behavioral engineering
2957:Human subject research
2613:Cognitive neuroscience
2579:Affective neuroscience
2203:Clark University Press
2150:Watson, John B. 1914.
2011:Santrock, J. W. 2008.
1957:Watson, John B. 1928.
1671:The Scientific Monthly
1632:Transaction Publishers
1578:Watson, John B. 1924.
1504:Brooks/Cole Publishing
1498:Bolles, R. C. (1993).
1398:Murray, D. J. (1988).
991:Cohn, Aaron S. 2014. "
967:March 3, 2015, at the
776:
584:classical conditioning
410:
335:after petitioning the
3456:Wiktionary definition
2992:Self-report inventory
2987:Quantitative research
2276:Mills, John A. 1998.
2243:American Psychologist
2166:Watson, John B., and
2088:Berk, Laura E. 2008.
1978:(2nd ed.), edited by
1934:on September 26, 2018
1904:History of Psychology
1889:American Psychologist
1824:American Psychologist
1782:American Psychologist
1739:History of Psychology
1630:. New Brunswick, NJ:
1539:University of Chicago
1202:History of Psychology
793:nature versus nurture
762:
624:behavior modification
610:History of Psychology
604:American Psychologist
405:
363:scientific discipline
333:University of Chicago
253:Marriage and children
213:from 1910 to 1915. A
114:Behavior modification
94:University of Chicago
77:Woodbury, Connecticut
4360:Rosie Phillips Davis
4091:Wilbert J. McKeachie
3871:John Edward Anderson
3811:Louis Leon Thurstone
3805:Walter Richard Miles
3799:Walter Samuel Hunter
3722:Shepherd Ivory Franz
3656:Charles Hubbard Judd
3638:James Rowland Angell
3561:James McKeen Cattell
3549:George Trumbull Ladd
2982:Qualitative research
2937:Behavior epigenetics
2364:Psychological Review
2318:The Behavior Analyst
1963:W. W. Norton Company
1928:Duquesne Mathematics
1387:The Washington Times
1349:Breaking the Silence
1100:Psychological Review
1045:Psychological Review
995:." Pp. 1429–1430 in
749:emotional detachment
345:James Rowland Angell
337:University President
304:Willowbrook Cemetery
287:Later life and death
210:Psychological Review
185:psychological school
4312:Melba J. T. Vasquez
4181:Charles Spielberger
4139:Janet Taylor Spence
3948:Orval Hobart Mowrer
3942:Laurance F. Shaffer
3823:Albert Poffenberger
3686:Robert S. Woodworth
3632:Mary Whiton Calkins
3461:Wiktionary category
3025:Behavioral genetics
2997:Statistical surveys
2854:Occupational health
2589:Behavioral genetics
1683:1921SciMo..13..493W
1460:. Marquis Who's Who
1353:G. P. Putnam's Sons
864:Little Albert study
468:Radical Behaviorism
450:With his notion of
418:Edward L. Thorndike
205:Kerplunk experiment
193:Columbia University
173:John Broadus Watson
44:John Broadus Watson
4306:Carol D. Goodheart
4074:Donald T. Campbell
3865:Calvin Perry Stone
3853:Leonard Carmichael
3752:I. Madison Bentley
3710:John Wallace Baird
3650:George M. Stratton
3620:William Lowe Bryan
3573:James Mark Baldwin
3527:Presidents of the
3433:Schools of thought
3336:Richard E. Nisbett
3216:Donald T. Campbell
2894:Sport and exercise
2330:10.1007/BF03391931
1648:Crain, W. (2010).
1389:. January 2, 1921.
913:Michael Wertheimer
909:Kimble, Gregory A.
812:J. Walter Thompson
809:advertising agency
799:Advertising career
552:physical restraint
438:applied psychology
424:' (a precursor to
414:conditioned reflex
69:September 25, 1958
4421:American atheists
4393:
4392:
4372:Jennifer F. Kelly
4342:Susan H. McDaniel
4324:Donald N. Bersoff
4252:Norine G. Johnson
4235:Patrick H. DeLeon
4205:Robert J. Resnick
4163:Raymond D. Fowler
4157:Bonnie Strickland
4109:Nicholas Cummings
4103:M. Brewster Smith
4002:Charles E. Osgood
3883:Edwin Ray Guthrie
3716:Walter Dill Scott
3494:
3493:
3471:Wikimedia Commons
3398:Counseling topics
3361:Ronald C. Kessler
3351:Shelley E. Taylor
3276:Lawrence Kohlberg
3251:Stanley Schachter
3050:Consumer behavior
2932:Archival research
2700:Psycholinguistics
2584:Affective science
2400:By John B. Watson
2373:Library resources
2094:Pearson Education
1345:Hartley, Mariette
1302:978-0-313-27307-0
1275:978-0-313-34576-0
1245:978-0-89862-744-2
1180:978-0-415-16775-8
1001:Sage Publications
697:child development
684:nature vs nurture
532:Study of emotions
508:Watson refers to
325:Furman University
177:scientific theory
170:
169:
121:Scientific career
89:Furman University
4468:
4378:Frank C. Worrell
4276:Ronald F. Levant
4270:Diane F. Halpern
4264:Robert Sternberg
4187:Jack Wiggins Jr.
4169:Joseph Matarazzo
4115:Florence Denmark
4097:Theodore H. Blau
4050:Kenneth B. Clark
3960:Theodore Newcomb
3936:J. McVicker Hunt
3835:Edward C. Tolman
3793:Herbert Langfeld
3680:Howard C. Warren
3674:Edward Thorndike
3579:Hugo MĂĽnsterberg
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3428:Research methods
3371:Richard Davidson
3366:Joseph E. LeDoux
3241:George A. Miller
3231:David McClelland
3226:Herbert A. Simon
3126:Edward Thorndike
2947:Content analysis
2732:
2705:Psychophysiology
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2446:
2445:
2430:Internet Archive
2351:
2341:
2301:
2266:
2206:
2195:
2189:
2186:10.1037/h0069608
2164:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1919:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1836:10.1037/a0017234
1821:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1751:10.1037/a0026720
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1714:10.1037/h0069608
1693:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1624:
1611:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1507:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1371:Sun-Sentinel.com
1362:
1356:
1342:
1336:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1229:
1208:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1058:10.1037/h0074428
1035:
1020:
989:
972:
959:
943:
930:
924:
906:
824:patent medicines
788:environmentalist
774:
755:"Twelve infants"
428:'s principle of
263:Mariette Hartley
138:Doctoral advisor
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4366:Sandra Shullman
4258:Philip Zimbardo
4240:
4223:Martin Seligman
4193:Frank H. Farley
4079:
4026:Gardner Lindzey
3978:Wolfgang Köhler
3954:E. Lowell Kelly
3918:
3859:Herbert Woodrow
3817:Joseph Peterson
3757:
3746:G. Stanley Hall
3596:
3543:G. Stanley Hall
3531:
3525:
3495:
3490:
3447:
3423:Psychotherapies
3384:
3341:Martin Seligman
3306:Daniel Kahneman
3246:Richard Lazarus
3196:Raymond Cattell
3100:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3001:
2913:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2685:Neuropsychology
2565:
2558:
2530:
2525:
2478:Wayback Machine
2443:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2214:
2212:Further reading
2209:
2196:
2192:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2080:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1920:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1868:. Chronicle.com
1862:
1858:
1850:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1778:
1774:
1735:
1731:
1694:
1690:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1638:
1625:
1614:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1517:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1429:
1423:Greenwood Press
1417:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1327:Wayback Machine
1317:
1310:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1230:
1211:
1199:
1188:
1181:
1165:
1158:
1123:
1119:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1036:
1023:
993:Watson, John B.
990:
975:
969:Wayback Machine
960:
956:
952:
947:
946:
931:
927:
907:
903:
898:
893:
836:
805:E. B. Titchener
801:
791:nurture in the
775:
769:
757:
728:
701:G. Stanley Hall
654:with help from
648:
636:
619:
572:
567:
565:Use of children
534:
491:
396:
375:
320:
289:
259:Harold L. Ickes
255:
230:
225:
157:H. H. Donaldson
112:
108:
92:
80:
74:
70:
61:
55:
54:January 9, 1878
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4348:Antonio Puente
4345:
4339:
4336:Barry S. Anton
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4294:Alan E. Kazdin
4291:
4285:
4282:Gerald Koocher
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4211:Dorothy Cantor
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:Stanley Graham
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4145:Robert Perloff
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4121:John J. Conger
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4068:Albert Bandura
4065:
4062:Leona E. Tyler
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4032:Abraham Maslow
4029:
4023:
4020:Nicholas Hobbs
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:Neal E. Miller
3987:
3984:Donald O. Hebb
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3913:J. P. Guilford
3910:
3907:Ernest Hilgard
3904:
3901:Donald Marquis
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3877:Gardner Murphy
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3847:Gordon Allport
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:Harvey A. Carr
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3692:John B. Watson
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3614:Edmund Sanford
3611:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3591:Joseph Jastrow
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:Roy Baumeister
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Michael Posner
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Elliot Aronson
3298:
3296:Walter Mischel
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Albert Bandura
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Leon Festinger
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Neal E. Miller
3203:
3201:Abraham Maslow
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Ernest Hilgard
3183:
3181:Donald O. Hebb
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:J. P. Guilford
3158:
3156:Gordon Allport
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:John B. Watson
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Animal testing
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Cross-cultural
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2483:John B. Watson
2480:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2432:
2421:
2420:External links
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:John B. Watson
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2309:
2302:
2292:(3): 399–425.
2281:
2274:
2267:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2190:
2168:Rosalie Rayner
2159:
2143:
2130:
2115:
2098:
2078:
2043:
2030:
2021:
2004:
1988:
1967:
1945:
1909:
1894:
1879:
1856:
1830:(7): 605–614.
1807:
1788:(2): 151–160.
1772:
1745:(4): 302–327.
1729:
1688:
1677:(6): 493–515.
1658:
1636:
1612:
1584:
1568:
1543:
1530:
1520:John B. Watson
1508:
1488:
1471:
1449:
1443:. California:
1427:
1408:
1402:. New Jersey:
1391:
1376:
1357:
1337:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1274:
1251:
1244:
1209:
1186:
1179:
1156:
1117:
1090:
1052:(2): 158–177.
1021:
973:
953:
951:
948:
945:
944:
925:
900:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
877:
870:
867:
860:Rosalie Rayner
856:
853:
846:
843:
840:
835:
834:Selected works
832:
800:
797:
773:(2009) , p. 82
767:
756:
753:
727:
724:
656:Rosalie Rayner
647:
641:
635:
632:
618:
617:Deconditioning
615:
576:Rosalie Rayner
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
555:
545:
533:
530:
490:
487:
395:
392:
374:
371:
319:
316:
288:
285:
270:Rosalie Rayner
254:
251:
229:
226:
224:
221:
168:
167:
164:
163:
150:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
117:
116:
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 80)
67:
63:
62:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:John B. Watson
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4473:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:Nadine Kaslow
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4300:James H. Bray
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:Richard Suinn
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:Norman Abeles
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:Ronald E. Fox
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:William Bevan
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:Anne Anastasi
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:Jerome Bruner
4012:
4009:
4008:Quinn McNemar
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3996:Paul E. Meehl
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:Henry Garrett
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:John Dashiell
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:Clark L. Hull
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:Knight Dunlap
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:Robert Yerkes
3702:
3699:
3698:Raymond Dodge
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:Carl Seashore
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:William James
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:William James
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Psychologists
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Organizations
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:John Anderson
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Ulric Neisser
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Endel Tulving
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Robert Zajonc
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Jerome Bruner
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:B. F. Skinner
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Clark L. Hull
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Sigmund Freud
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:William James
3109:
3107:
3106:Wilhelm Wundt
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:Psychologists
3094:
3086:
3085:Psychometrics
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Consciousness
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Psychophysics
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:Methodologies
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Psychotherapy
2877:
2875:
2874:Psychometrics
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Developmental
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:(3): 315–27.
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:(4): 303–16.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1980:B. Strickland
1977:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:Prentice Hall
1651:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:Prentice Hall
1401:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:(2): 139–52.
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1106:(2): 195–99.
1105:
1101:
1094:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:9781452286143
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
970:
966:
963:
958:
954:
941:
938:. Cambridge:
937:
936:
929:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:
831:
827:
825:
821:
820:Maxwell House
817:
813:
810:
806:
796:
794:
789:
785:
781:
772:
766:
761:
752:
750:
745:
742:
738:
732:
723:
721:
716:
714:
711:, normalized
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
689:
688:child-rearing
685:
681:
676:
674:
673:homosexuality
670:
666:
665:thumb sucking
661:
657:
653:
645:
640:
631:
629:
625:
614:
612:
611:
606:
605:
599:
598:
593:
592:hydrocephalus
588:
585:
581:
577:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
538:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
479:
475:
473:
472:Wilhelm Wundt
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
443:
442:structuralist
439:
435:
431:
430:reinforcement
427:
426:B. F. Skinner
423:
422:law of effect
419:
415:
409:
404:
402:
391:
389:
385:
380:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
326:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
292:
284:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
250:
248:
243:
241:
236:
220:
218:
217:
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4384:Thema Bryant
4288:Sharon Brehm
4245:2001–present
4151:Logan Wright
4044:George Albee
3972:Harry Harlow
3966:Lee Cronbach
3787:Karl Lashley
3781:Edwin Boring
3740:Lewis Terman
3691:
3608:Josiah Royce
3331:Larry Squire
3326:Bruce McEwen
3321:Amos Tversky
3291:Jerome Kagan
3281:Noam Chomsky
3221:Hans Eysenck
3191:Harry Harlow
3171:Erik Erikson
3135:
3070:Intelligence
2967:Neuroimaging
2710:Quantitative
2675:Mathematical
2670:Intelligence
2660:Experimental
2655:Evolutionary
2645:Differential
2554:Psychologist
2487:Find a Grave
2463:
2399:
2377:
2362:
2355:
2324:(1): 71–88.
2321:
2317:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2193:
2175:
2162:
2151:
2146:
2141:103:197–255.
2138:
2133:
2128:8(33):1–100.
2124:
2118:
2106:
2101:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2015:. New York:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1975:
1970:
1961:. New York:
1958:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1859:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1674:
1670:
1649:
1627:
1595:
1579:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1533:
1523:
1502:California:
1499:
1479:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1452:
1440:
1419:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1370:
1360:
1351:. New York:
1348:
1340:
1330:
1291:
1284:
1268:. ABC-CLIO.
1264:
1234:
1201:
1169:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1049:
1043:
996:
957:
934:
928:
923:." (p. 175).
904:
880:
873:
849:
828:
816:coffee break
802:
779:
778:In Watson's
777:
770:
763:
758:
746:
733:
729:
719:
717:
708:
704:
695:emphasis on
693:
679:
677:
669:masturbation
660:behaviorists
651:
649:
643:
637:
620:
608:
602:
595:
589:
573:
557:
547:
541:
535:
526:
522:
509:
507:
498:
494:
492:
480:
476:
451:
449:
411:
406:
400:
397:
376:
352:
349:Jacques Loeb
330:
321:
301:
293:
290:
278:
267:
256:
244:
231:
214:
208:
196:
172:
171:
161:Jacques Loeb
143:J. R. Angell
120:
71:(1958-09-25)
18:
4411:1958 deaths
4406:1878 births
3895:Carl Rogers
3403:Disciplines
3376:Susan Fiske
3266:Roger Brown
3166:Carl Rogers
3151:Jean Piaget
3116:Ivan Pavlov
2972:Observation
2952:Experiments
2899:Suicidology
2794:Educational
2749:Anomalistic
2720:Theoretical
2695:Personality
2625:Comparative
2608:Cognitivism
2599:Behaviorism
2180:3(1):1–14.
2017:McGraw-Hill
2013:Adolescence
1982:. Detroit:
1872:October 21,
1628:Behaviorism
1596:Behaviorism
1580:Behaviorism
1206:McGraw Hill
921:Greensville
874:Behaviorism
780:Behaviorism
771:Behaviorism
713:adolescents
705:Adolescence
503:behaviorist
495:Behaviorism
456:determinism
452:behaviorism
401:behaviorism
394:Behaviorism
384:kinesthetic
379:myelination
367:Ivan Pavlov
359:methodology
354:behaviorism
312:Connecticut
181:behaviorism
106:behaviorism
4400:Categories
4133:Max Siegel
3585:John Dewey
3466:Wikisource
3311:Paul Ekman
3146:Kurt Lewin
3040:Competence
2962:Interviews
2942:Case study
2819:Humanistic
2799:Ergonomics
2784:Counseling
2759:Assessment
2741:psychology
2690:Perception
2650:Ecological
2566:psychology
2544:Philosophy
2528:Psychology
2367:20:448–58.
2237:11:237–39.
2155:Henry Holt
2109:New York:
1561:August 14,
1482:New York:
1204:. Boston:
891:References
460:empiricism
341:John Dewey
281:New Jersey
228:Early life
153:John Dewey
131:Psychology
50:1878-01-09
4084:1976–2000
3923:1951–1975
3762:1926–1950
3601:1901–1925
3536:1892–1900
3486:Wikibooks
3476:Wikiquote
3346:Ed Diener
3131:Carl Jung
3035:Cognition
2864:Political
2774:Community
2604:Cognitive
2170:. 1920. "
2041:35:61–69.
1464:August 7,
1151:145668721
1077:145372026
950:Citations
726:Criticism
518:imitative
485:in 1915.
318:Education
223:Biography
195:, titled
104:Founding
85:Education
3481:Wikinews
3438:Timeline
3060:Feelings
3055:Emotions
3015:Behavior
3006:Concepts
2884:Religion
2869:Positive
2859:Pastoral
2844:Military
2809:Forensic
2804:Feminist
2789:Critical
2779:Consumer
2769:Coaching
2764:Clinical
2739:Applied
2635:Cultural
2574:Abnormal
2474:Archived
2439:LibriVox
2348:22478649
2073:11609658
1848:Archived
1844:19824748
1802:53390421
1767:23547614
1759:23397921
1708:: 1–14.
1323:Archived
965:Archived
862:. — the
784:eugenics
768:—
731:family.
510:language
499:thinking
308:Westport
203:and the
3413:Outline
2909:Traffic
2904:Systems
2839:Medical
2665:Gestalt
2539:History
2428:at the
2339:2741879
2263:2178508
1986:. 2001.
1938:May 16,
1679:Bibcode
1608:3124756
1083:May 16,
240:atheist
4386:(2023)
4380:(2022)
4374:(2021)
4368:(2020)
4362:(2019)
4356:(2018)
4350:(2017)
4344:(2016)
4338:(2015)
4332:(2014)
4326:(2013)
4320:(2012)
4314:(2011)
4308:(2010)
4302:(2009)
4296:(2008)
4290:(2007)
4284:(2006)
4278:(2005)
4272:(2004)
4266:(2003)
4260:(2002)
4254:(2001)
4237:(2000)
4231:(1999)
4225:(1998)
4219:(1997)
4213:(1996)
4207:(1995)
4201:(1994)
4195:(1993)
4189:(1992)
4183:(1991)
4177:(1990)
4171:(1989)
4165:(1988)
4159:(1987)
4153:(1986)
4147:(1985)
4141:(1984)
4135:(1983)
4129:(1982)
4123:(1981)
4117:(1980)
4111:(1979)
4105:(1978)
4099:(1977)
4093:(1976)
4076:(1975)
4070:(1974)
4064:(1973)
4058:(1972)
4052:(1971)
4046:(1970)
4040:(1969)
4034:(1968)
4028:(1967)
4022:(1966)
4016:(1965)
4010:(1964)
4004:(1963)
3998:(1962)
3992:(1961)
3986:(1960)
3980:(1959)
3974:(1958)
3968:(1957)
3962:(1956)
3956:(1955)
3950:(1954)
3944:(1953)
3938:(1952)
3932:(1951)
3915:(1950)
3909:(1949)
3903:(1948)
3897:(1947)
3891:(1946)
3885:(1945)
3879:(1944)
3873:(1943)
3867:(1942)
3861:(1941)
3855:(1940)
3849:(1939)
3843:(1938)
3837:(1937)
3831:(1936)
3825:(1935)
3819:(1934)
3813:(1933)
3807:(1932)
3801:(1931)
3795:(1930)
3789:(1929)
3783:(1928)
3777:(1927)
3771:(1926)
3754:(1925)
3748:(1924)
3742:(1923)
3736:(1922)
3730:(1921)
3724:(1920)
3718:(1919)
3712:(1918)
3706:(1917)
3700:(1916)
3694:(1915)
3688:(1914)
3682:(1913)
3676:(1912)
3670:(1911)
3664:(1910)
3658:(1909)
3652:(1908)
3646:(1907)
3640:(1906)
3634:(1905)
3628:(1904)
3622:(1903)
3616:(1902)
3610:(1901)
3593:(1900)
3587:(1899)
3581:(1898)
3575:(1897)
3569:(1896)
3563:(1895)
3557:(1894)
3551:(1893)
3545:(1892)
3443:Topics
2889:School
2814:Health
2715:Social
2618:Social
2564:Basic
2549:Portal
2375:about
2346:
2336:
2261:
2092:. IL:
2071:
1842:
1800:
1765:
1757:
1606:
1299:
1272:
1242:
1177:
1149:
1074:
1015:
879:1928.
872:1924.
848:1914.
646:(1928)
514:larynx
127:Fields
3390:Lists
2849:Music
2834:Media
2829:Legal
2680:Moral
1851:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1798:S2CID
1763:S2CID
1147:S2CID
1072:S2CID
896:Notes
96:(PhD)
91:(MA)
3075:Mind
2344:PMID
2259:PMID
2069:PMID
1984:Gale
1940:2020
1874:2012
1840:PMID
1755:PMID
1604:OCLC
1563:2015
1466:2012
1297:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1085:2020
1013:ISBN
607:and
558:Love
548:Rage
542:Fear
420:'s '
79:, US
66:Died
60:, US
40:Born
2485:at
2437:at
2334:PMC
2326:doi
2294:doi
2251:doi
2182:doi
2174:."
2061:doi
1832:doi
1790:doi
1747:doi
1718:hdl
1710:doi
1522:."
1329:."
1139:doi
1108:doi
1104:101
1062:hdl
1054:doi
1005:doi
235:née
179:of
4402::
2342:.
2332:.
2320:.
2316:.
2290:17
2288:.
2257:.
2247:45
2245:.
2081:^
2067:.
2055:.
1991:^
1948:^
1926:.
1912:^
1846:.
1838:.
1828:64
1826:.
1822:.
1796:.
1786:34
1784:.
1761:.
1753:.
1743:15
1741:.
1716:.
1704:.
1700:.
1675:13
1673:.
1661:^
1639:^
1615:^
1602:.
1587:^
1571:^
1554:.
1511:^
1491:^
1430:^
1411:^
1379:^
1369:.
1311:^
1254:^
1212:^
1189:^
1159:^
1145:.
1133:.
1129:.
1102:.
1070:.
1060:.
1050:20
1048:.
1042:.
1024:^
1011:.
976:^
911:,
671:,
667:,
630:.
520:.
447:.
314:.
310:,
306:,
242:.
159:,
155:,
3520:e
3513:t
3506:v
2606:/
2520:e
2513:t
2506:v
2350:.
2328::
2322:9
2300:.
2296::
2265:.
2253::
2205:.
2188:.
2184::
2157:.
2113:.
2096:.
2075:.
2063::
2057:6
2019:.
1965:.
1942:.
1907:.
1892:.
1876:.
1834::
1804:.
1792::
1769:.
1749::
1726:.
1720::
1712::
1706:3
1685:.
1681::
1656:.
1634:.
1610:.
1565:.
1541:.
1518:"
1506:.
1486:.
1468:.
1447:.
1425:.
1406:.
1373:.
1355:.
1305:.
1278:.
1248:.
1183:.
1153:.
1141::
1135:6
1114:.
1110::
1087:.
1064::
1056::
1019:.
1007::
883:.
876:.
866:.
852:.
554:.
233:(
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
