1097:
1683:, fearing that the emperor's presence with overwhelming military force would constrain him to make an act of homage and formally recognise Byzantine suzerainty over his kingdom, begged the emperor to bring only a modest escort. Fulk cited the inability of his largely barren kingdom to support the passage of a substantial army. This lukewarm response resulted in John II deciding to postpone his pilgrimage. John descended rapidly on northern Syria, forcing Joscelin II of Edessa to render hostages, including his daughter, as a guarantee of his good behaviour. He then advanced on Antioch demanding that the city and its citadel be surrendered to him. Raymond of Poitiers played for time, putting the proposal to the vote of the Antiochene general assembly. With the season well advanced John decided to take his army into winter quarters in Cilicia, proposing to renew his attack on Antioch the following year.
619:, gathering the support of the citizenry on the way. The palace guard at first refused to admit John without clear proof of his father's wishes, however, the mob surrounding the new emperor simply forced an entry. In the palace John was acclaimed emperor. Irene, taken by surprise, was unable either to persuade her son to step down, or to induce Nikephoros to contend for the throne. However, this account of events, in particular the involvement of John's sister, in any palace coup attempt during the days around Alexios' death, has been disputed in a recent biography of Anna. The weight of historical opinion remains that Anna tried at least twice to usurp her brother's throne, resulting in her eventual perennial 'house arrest'. Anna later complained that John and his successor, her nephew Emperor Manuel, kept her isolated from society for 30 years.
627:. Axouch wisely declined and his influence ensured that Anna's property was eventually returned to her and that John II and his sister became reconciled, at least to a degree. Irene retired to a monastery and Anna seems to have been effectively removed from public life, taking up the less active occupation of historian. However, Nikephoros remained on good terms with his brother-in-law. One of the very few records of John's own words concerns the plot against him; he says that after ascending the throne, God "destroyed the cunning plots of my visible and invisible enemies and rescued me from every trap subjecting all my enemies under my feet". To safeguard his own succession, John
513:, "John the Good" or "John the Beautiful"; the epithet referred to his character. Both his parents were unusually pious and John surpassed them. Members of his court were expected to restrict their conversation to serious subjects only. The food served at the emperor's table was very frugal and John lectured courtiers who lived in excessive luxury. His speech was dignified, but he engaged in repartee on occasion. All accounts agree that he was a faithful husband to his wife, an unusual trait in a medieval ruler. Despite his personal austerity, John had a high conception of the imperial role and would appear in full ceremonial splendour when this was advantageous.
2377:
942:
750:
312:
1777:
1432:
1207:; many Hungarian troops were killed when a bridge they were crossing collapsed as they were fleeing from a Byzantine attack. Following this the Hungarians renewed hostilities by attacking Braničevo, which was immediately rebuilt by John. Further Byzantine military successes, Choniates mentions several engagements, resulted in a restoration of peace. The Byzantines were confirmed in their control of Braničevo, Belgrade and Zemun and they also recovered the region of
826:
800:, the Prince of Cilician Armenia. That Isaac was seeking aid from these princes in a bid to take the Byzantine throne by force is highly likely. Such a coalition did not materialise, but Isaac seems to have retained strong support in Constantinople. In 1132 John had to return from campaign in haste, when news reached him that conspirators in Constantinople had made an appeal to Isaac to become their ruler. The triumph that John celebrated following his capture of
1692:
1543:
930:
611:, herself harboured obvious aspirations to power and the throne. During Alexios' final illness both wife and daughter exploited his physical weakness to apply pressure on him in support of their agenda for the succession. Alexios endured these constant demands without formally changing his intended successor. As Alexios lay dying in the monastery of the Mangana on 15 August 1118, John, relying on trusted relatives, especially his brother
47:
1740:
578:
490:
659:), upon the accession of John II. The Grand Domestic was the commander in chief of the Byzantine armies. It has been suggested that references to Axouch's possession of the imperial seal early in the reign of John's successor Manuel I meant that he was, in addition to his military duties, the head of the civil administration of the Empire. This was an unofficial position known at the time as the
1108:, which had given the Italian republic unique and generous trading rights within the Byzantine Empire. Yet the change in policy was not motivated by financial concerns. An incident involving the abuse of a member of the imperial family by Venetians led to a dangerous conflict, especially as Byzantium had depended on Venice for its naval strength. After a Byzantine retaliatory attack on
1756:. According to this view, John's campaigns benefited the Byzantine Empire because they protected the empire's heartland, which lacked reliable borders, while gradually extending its territory in Asia Minor. The Turks were forced onto the defensive, while John kept his diplomatic situation relatively simple by allying with the Holy Roman Emperor against the Normans of Sicily.
1715:. It has been suggested that John was assassinated by a conspiracy within the units of his army of Latin origins who were unhappy at fighting their co-religionists of Antioch, and who wanted to place his pro-western son Manuel on the throne. However, there is very little overt support for this hypothesis in the primary sources. John's final action as emperor was to choose
1731:, which foretold that John's successor should be one whose name began with an "M". Fittingly, John's close friend John Axouch, although he is recorded as having tried hard to persuade the dying emperor that Isaac was the better candidate to succeed, was instrumental in ensuring that Manuel's assumption of power was free from any overt opposition.
1768:. Also, though it was relatively easy to extract submission and admissions of vassalage from the Anatolian Turks, Serbs and Crusader States of the Levant, converting these relationships into concrete gains for the security of the Empire had proven elusive. These problems were left for his gifted and mercurial son, Manuel, to attempt to solve.
2425:, written by his daughter Anna Komnene, who mentions her brother, John II, very briefly. The works of Byzantine historians John Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates both include very short chapters on the reign of John II, which act as prologues, before proceeding to much fuller accounts of later events, see Birkenmeier, pp. 2, 5–6, 15, 19.
706:, the latter two also became his sons-in-law. John's marriage policy, of bringing new families into the imperial orbit, may have been directed towards lessening the influence of certain prominent aristocratic clans, such as the Doukas, Diogenes and Melissenos families, some of which had produced emperors themselves in the past.
967:) in Constantinople. This monastery, with its three churches, has been described as one of the most important and influential architectural constructions of Middle Byzantine Constantinople. Attached to the monastery was a hospital, of 5 wards, open to people of all social classes. The hospital was staffed by trained
1645:. Latin and Muslim sources describe John's energy and personal courage in prosecuting the siege. The city was taken, but the citadel defied assault. The Emir of Shaizar offered to pay a large indemnity, become John's vassal, and pay yearly tribute. John had lost all confidence in his allies, and a Muslim army under
767:, Isaac later became estranged from his brother and became an active conspirator. With trusted advisors of his own choosing, such as John Axouch, and later the support of his son and co-emperor, Alexios, John II offered no meaningful role to Isaac in the governance of the empire. In the reign of Alexios I
1174:
in Asia Minor to serve as military colonists. This was done partly to cow the Serbs into submission (Serbia was, at least nominally, a
Byzantine protectorate), and partly to strengthen the Byzantine frontier in the east against the Turks. The Serbs were forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty once
876:
John's penchant for interfering with his wife's family, the rulers of
Hungary, was problematic. The welcome accorded to ousted claimants of the Hungarian throne in Constantinople was seen by the Byzantines as a useful insurance policy and source of political leverage. However, the Hungarians treated
900:
of the Levant it was generally admitted that the
Byzantine claims over Antioch were legally valid, though it was pragmatically viewed that only when the Byzantine emperor was in a position to enforce them militarily were they likely to be recognised in practice. The high point of John's diplomacy in
771:
had wielded considerable power and Isaac would have had an expectation of a similar level of authority being devolved on himself. This thwarted ambition is probably what disillusioned Isaac with his brother's rule. Isaac aimed at replacing his brother as emperor. In 1130 John became aware of a plot
643:
The family intrigues that challenged his succession to the throne probably contributed to John's approach to rulership, which was to appoint men from outside the imperial family to high office. This was a radical departure from the methods of his father, who had used the imperial family and its many
537:
by the
Patriarch. He was named John and his father then crowned him with a diadem". At a young age he was associated with his father as co-emperor, sometime between 1 September and early November, 1092. The first act in the name of both emperors was issued on 15 November 1092. The occasion of John's
516:
John was famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign. He is considered an exceptional example of a moral ruler, at a time when cruelty was the norm. He is reputed never to have condemned anyone to death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed lavishly. For this reason, he has been called
1166:, then invaded Byzantium's Balkan provinces in 1127, with hostilities lasting until 1129; however, an alternative chronology has been suggested with the Hungarian attack and Byzantine retaliation taking place in 1125 with a renewal of hostilities in 1126. John launched a punitive raid against the
1481:
from 1130 to 1135. Thanks to his energetic campaigning, Turkish attempts at expansion in Asia Minor were halted, and John prepared to take the fight to the enemy. In order to restore the region to
Byzantine control, he led a series of well planned and executed campaigns against the Turks, one of
1494:
were recovered and garrisoned. Yet resistance, particularly from the
Danishmends of the northeast, was strong, and the difficult nature of holding the new conquests is illustrated by the fact that Kastamonu was recaptured by the Turks even as John was in Constantinople celebrating its return to
623:
John II uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow him which implicated his mother and sister. Anna's husband
Nikephoros had little sympathy with her ambitions, and it was his lack of support which doomed the conspiracy. Anna was stripped of her property, which was offered to the emperor's friend
622:
Alexios died the night following his son's decisive move to take power. John refused to attend his father's funeral, despite the pleas of his mother, because he feared a counter-coup. However, in the space of a few days, his position seemed secure. Within a year of his accession, however,
669:
or 'prime-minister.' Such an appointment was remarkable, and a radical departure from the nepotism that had characterised the reign of
Alexios I. The imperial family harboured some degree of resentment at this decision, which was reinforced by the fact that they were required to make
561:, Macedonia. The question arises as to why the birth was not in Constantinople. It is reasonably supposed that John did not wish to leave his unsupported wife under the control of his mother, who would have had authority in Constantinople in the absence of both emperors. In 1108, the
709:
Despite his move away from close reliance on the imperial family and its connections, John's court and government had many similarities to that of his father, not least in its serious tone and piety. Indeed, an extant collection of political advice couched in poetic form, called the
1759:
Overall, it is clear that John II Komnenos left the empire a great deal better off than he had found it. By the time of his death substantial territories had been recovered, and the goals of the recovery of control over central
Anatolia and the re-establishment of a frontier on the
2443:
The primary sources, Kinnamos and
Choniates, give little detail about this campaign, no dates are specified, and what they do say differs considerably. The chronology presented here, 1127–1129, follows that of Angold and other scholars, Fine has the events taking place earlier, in
1598:, hastened northwards to pay homage to John, repeating the homage that his predecessor had given John's father in 1109. There then followed a joint campaign as John led the armies of Byzantium, Antioch, and Edessa against Muslim Syria. Aleppo proved too strong to attack during an
958:
and the church hierarchy. Only when religion impinged directly on imperial policy, as in relations with the papacy and the possible union of the Greek and Latin churches, did John take an active part. He organised a number of disputations between Greek and Latin theologians.
1751:
he stresses the wisdom of John's approach to warfare, which focused on sieges rather than risking pitched battles. Birkenmeier argues that John's strategy of launching annual campaigns with limited, realistic objectives was a more sensible one than that followed by his son
1662:. Joscelin and Raymond conspired to delay the promised handover of Antioch's citadel to the emperor, stirring up popular unrest in the city directed at John and the local Greek community. John had little choice but to leave Syria with his ambitions only partially realised.
442:. John's campaigns fundamentally changed the balance of power in the east, forcing the Turks onto the defensive; they also led to the recapture of many towns, fortresses and cities across the Anatolian peninsula. In the southeast, John extended Byzantine control from the
1140:. Eventually John was forced to come to terms; the war was costing him more than it was worth, and he was not prepared to transfer funds from the imperial land forces to the navy for the construction of new ships. John re-confirmed the treaty of 1082, in August 1126.
804:
in 1133 can be seen as being a public affirmation of John's legitimacy as emperor embodied in the celebration of the defeat of external foes. The brothers were briefly reconciled in 1138, and Isaac returned to Constantinople; however, a year later Isaac was exiled to
1629:. The Crusader Princes were suspicious of each other and of John, and neither wanted the other to gain from participating in the campaign. Raymond also wanted to hold on to Antioch, which he had agreed to hand over to John if the campaign was successful in capturing
1035:
Though he fought a number of notable pitched battles, the military strategy of John II relied on taking and holding fortified settlements in order to construct defensible frontiers. John personally conducted approximately twenty five sieges during his reign.
521:. By the example of his personal morality and piety he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age. Descriptions of him and his actions indicate that he had great self-control and personal courage, and was an excellent strategist and general.
892:
provided troops for John's attack on the Danishmend-held city of Kastamuni (reoccupied immediately after the Byzantine conquest of 1133), however, the alliance proved unreliable as the Seljuq troops abandoned the expedition, decamping during the night.
589:
in 1118. Despite his earlier coronation as co-emperor, the accession of John was contested. That Alexios I favoured John to succeed him is made obvious by the elevation of his son to the position of co-emperor. However, Alexios' influential wife,
1678:
died of a fever. Having secured his route, John embarked on a new expedition into Syria determined to reduce Antioch to direct imperial rule. This expedition included a planned pilgrimage to Jerusalem on which he intended to take his army. King
720:
are addressed directly to John II and exhort him, amongst other things, to maintain justice during his reign and a full treasury. Alexios' advice on rulership therefore continued to be available to his son, even after the old emperor's death.
677:
John's unwillingness to allow his family to influence his government to any great extent was to remain constant for the rest of his reign. John appointed a number of his father's former officials to senior administrative posts, men such as
953:
The reign of John II was taken up with almost constant warfare and, unlike his father who delighted in active participation in theological and doctrinal disputes, John appears to have been content to leave ecclesiastical matters to the
1088:, employing their famous axes to hack their way in. The battle put an effective end to the Pechenegs as an independent people; many of the captives taken in the conflict were settled as soldier-farmers within the Byzantine frontier.
724:
The increase in military security and economic stability within Byzantine western Anatolia created by John II's campaigns allowed him to begin the establishment of a formal provincial system in these regions. The theme (province) of
549:. She was given the Greek name Irene, meaning 'peace', in Byzantium. This marriage sealed a political alliance, which would strengthen Byzantium's position in the Balkans and Adriatic. In 1106 Alexios I was campaigning against the
651:, who had been given as a gift to John's father. Emperor Alexios had thought him a good companion for his son, and so he had been brought up alongside the prince in the imperial household. Axouch was immediately appointed
691:
690:. These were men who had been politically eclipsed during the ascendancy exercised by John's mother in the later years of the reign of Alexios I. A number of 'new men' were raised to prominence by John II, these included
472:
Under John, the empire's population recovered to about 10 million people. The quarter-century of John II's reign is less well recorded by contemporary or near-contemporary writers than the reigns of either his father,
414:, where John is described as a ruler who, "... combined clever prudence with purposeful energy ... and high principled beyond his day." In the course of the quarter-century of his reign, John made alliances with the
5632:
994:
heresies characterised the last few years of the reign of Alexios I. No records from the reign of John mention such persecution, though countermeasures against heresy by the Byzantine Church remained in force. A
1799:. She played little part in government, devoting herself to piety and their large brood of children. Irene died on 13 August, 1134, and was later venerated as Saint Irene. John II and Irene had 8 children:
1649:
was approaching to try to relieve the city, therefore the emperor reluctantly accepted the offer. The emperor was distracted by a Seljuq raid on Cilicia and developments in the west, where he was pursuing a
962:
John, alongside his wife who shared in his religious and charitable works, is known to have undertaken church building on a considerable scale, including construction of the Monastery of Christ Pantokrator
1764:
seemed achievable. However some Greeks of the interior of Anatolia were becoming increasingly accustomed to Turkish rule and often found it preferable to that of Byzantium, as seen in the Battle of
6065:
2453:
Two rather ambiguous Byzantine rhetorical allusions were the basis of this theory – all contemporary historical writing unanimously agrees on an accidental cause for the death of John II.
469:; yet despite the great vigour with which he pressed the campaign, John's hopes were disappointed by the evasiveness of his Crusader allies and their reluctance to fight alongside his forces.
861:, was also party to the alliance of Lothair and John II. However, this alliance proved unable to resist Roger, who extracted by force a recognition of his royal title from the Pope in 1139 (
569:
to " ... the great Emperor Kyr Alexios Komnenos and of your thrice-loved son, Emperor Kyr John born in the purple". This leaves no doubt as to John's status as co-emperor and heir apparent.
1080:
was hard-fought, John was wounded in the leg by an arrow, but by the end of the day the Byzantine army had won a crushing victory. The decisive moment of the battle was when John led the
1621:
Although John fought hard for the Christian cause in the campaign in Syria, his allies Prince Raymond of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa remained in their camp playing
1534:, in 1140. The Byzantines were defeated by the conditions rather than by the Turks: the weather was very bad, large numbers of the army's horses died, and provisions became scarce.
1096:
1246:
873:, Conrad's sister-in-law, was chosen and despatched to Byzantium. At much the same time Roger II applied to John II for an imperial bride for his son, but was unsuccessful.
6075:
1490:. John quickly earned a formidable reputation as a wall-breaker, taking one stronghold after another from his enemies. Regions that had been lost to the empire since the
712:
1469:
Following the end of hostilities with Hungary, John was able to concentrate on Asia Minor during most of his remaining years. He undertook annual campaigns against the
6060:
1447:
Early in John's reign the Turks were pressing forward against the Byzantine frontier in western Asia Minor. In 1119, the Seljuqs had cut the land route to the city of
1000:
683:
971:
doctors rather than monks. The central of the three churches was the Komnenian funerary chapel, dedicated to St. Michael. It had twin domes, and is described in the
877:
this interference as a fighting matter. A Hungarian alliance with the Serbs produced serious consequences for continued Byzantine dominance in the western Balkans.
3863:
1076:, tricked them into believing that he would grant them a favourable treaty, and then launched a devastating surprise attack upon their fortified camp. The ensuing
1211:(called Frangochorion in Choniates), which had been Hungarian since the 1060s. The Hungarian pretender Álmos died in 1129, removing the major source of friction.
837:). This was necessary to limit the threat posed by the Normans of southern Italy to Byzantine territory in the Balkans. This threat became especially acute after
813:
status and his relationship with his imperial father, Alexios I, but he made little or no reference to his relationship to his brother John, or to the title of
1466:
by storm in 1120, re-opening land communication with Attaleia. This route was especially important as it also led to Cilicia and the Crusader states of Syria.
913:. The Byzantine desire to be seen as holding a level of suzerainty over all of the Crusader states was taken seriously, as evidenced by the alarm shown in the
1023:). Adrian had become a monk, adopting the monastic name John, and had accompanied the emperor on his campaigns of 1138. Soon afterwards, Adrian was appointed
2434:
The coronation of Alexios as co-emperor is usually dated to 1122, but contemporary documents indicate that he was crowned between 12 July and 7 October 1119.
553:, most probably accompanied by his son John. At this time John's wife was heavily pregnant, she was with her husband on campaign, giving birth to twins,
1239:
772:
involving Isaac and other magnates as he was leaving to campaign against the Turks. When John tried to seize Isaac, the latter escaped and fled to the
687:
1719:, the younger of his surviving sons, to be his successor. John is recorded as citing two main reasons for choosing Manuel over his older brother
615:, gained entry into the monastery and obtained the imperial signet ring from his father. He then assembled his armed followers and rode to the
1162:. In giving asylum to Álmos, a blinded claimant to the Hungarian throne, John aroused the suspicion of the Hungarians. The Hungarians, led by
1498:
In the spring of 1139, the emperor campaigned with success against Turks, probably nomadic Turkomans, who were raiding the regions along the
1232:
1112:, John exiled the Venetian merchants from Constantinople. But this produced further retaliation, and a Venetian fleet of 72 ships plundered
220:
5380:
538:
elevation was celebrated by a special issue of coins with his parents depicted on the reverse and John crowned by Christ on the obverse.
388:
2466:
845:
had Byzantine backing, including a large financial subsidy, for his invasion of Norman territory in 1136, which reached as far south as
5485:
5464:
6030:
3849:
2178:
1711:. John initially ignored the wound and it became infected. He died a number of days after the accident, on 8 April 1143, probably of
1149:
1024:
5532:
3985:
5527:
5480:
5426:
4510:
1944:
1175:
again. The Serbian campaign may have taken place between two distinct phases in the war against Hungary. The Hungarians attacked
5649:
5517:
1322:
955:
761:, had been of essential support during the accession crisis. However, despite being given the highest of court titles, that of
533:
describes John's birth, "And then a son was born to the emperor, who was honoured with the holy baptism in the holy church of
6055:
5670:
5637:
5505:
5447:
5304:
5172:
3807:
3793:
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3724:
3679:
3631:
3555:
3505:
3436:
2499:
1020:
529:
John was born on 13 September 1087, the third child and first son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and his wife Irene Doukaina.
5337:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
1003:
which had been circulating in certain monasteries. These works were ordered to be burnt by the Patriarch of Constantinople,
5959:
5620:
5615:
5600:
5555:
4517:
2390:
1815:
1195:. After a challenging campaign, the details of which are obscure, the emperor managed to defeat the Hungarians and their
6070:
5853:
5643:
5140:
647:
John Axouch was John II's closest adviser and was his only intimate friend. Axouch was a Turk captured as a child at the
628:
75:
5366:
1419:
1394:
809:, where he remained for the rest of John's life. In the extensive artwork that Isaac commissioned, he made much of his
493:
John II Komnenos – a conjectural digital replacement of facial features damaged on the original mosaic in Hagia Sophia
311:
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3537:
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833:
The central tenet of the foreign policy of John II in the West was to maintain an alliance with the German emperors (
758:
612:
406:
John has been assessed as the greatest of the Komnenian emperors. This view became entrenched due to its espousal by
399:. John was a pious and dedicated monarch who was determined to undo the damage his empire had suffered following the
3235:
6050:
5605:
5344:
1670:
In early 1142 John campaigned against the Seljuqs of Iconium to secure his lines of communication through Attalia (
1404:
1384:
1327:
600:
541:
Alexios I arranged a dynastic marriage for John. In 1104 or early 1105 John was married to the Hungarian princess
6035:
5610:
5560:
5106:
5089:
4916:
4904:
2490:
1849:
in 1122, he was superseded in the succession in favour of Manuel in 1143; married twice and had several children.
1835:
1720:
1502:, striking their means of subsistence by driving off their herds. He then marched for the final time against the
842:
608:
226:
5442:
5077:
4869:
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4758:
616:
20:
5549:
5292:
5118:
4945:
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4875:
4764:
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3479:), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University Press, 1943). See the original text in the
1803:
1675:
632:
554:
214:
111:
1010:
One of the few members of the imperial family to be placed in an important position by John was his cousin,
6040:
5740:
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1369:
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John II (left) and his eldest son Alexios, crowned by Christ. Byzantine manuscript, early 12th century
163:
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4159:
1567:
980:
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Neville, L. (2016) "Anna Komnene: The Life & Work of a Medieval Historian", Oxford University Press.
1747:
Historian John Birkenmeier argued that John's reign was the most successful of the Komnenian period. In
1546:
John II directs the Siege of Shaizar while his allies sit inactive in their camp, French manuscript 1338
505:
described John as short and unusually ugly, with eyes, hair and complexion so dark he was known as 'the
454:
in the east. In an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine ideal of the emperor's role as the leader of the
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5258:
5209:
5096:
4887:
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1863:, who was killed in action, after which she entered a monastery. The couple had at least four children.
1170:, who had dangerously aligned themselves with Hungary, many of whom were rounded up and transported to
1052:. However, immediately afterwards, in 1122, John quickly transferred his troops to Europe to counter a
348:
37:
1699:
Having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John amused himself by hunting wild boar on
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5199:
5024:
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1317:
1305:
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1027:
as John IV of Ohrid. Bulgaria was an autocephalous see and required a prestigious man as archbishop.
880:
In the East John attempted, like his father, to exploit the differences between the Seljuq Sultan of
443:
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5241:
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1919:
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and most of his family were brought as captives to Constantinople. This opened the route to the
1443:, Konya. The naturalism of the sculpture looks more Greek than Syrian or Iranian in workmanship.
5942:
5912:
5829:
5683:
5572:
5359:
5319:
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3564:, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 55, pp. 1–7, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University
1829:
1792:
1599:
1342:
1270:
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John II in full imperial regalia, Byzantine low relief sculpture in marble, early 12th century.
1007:, in May 1140, on the grounds that they incorporated elements of Bogomil belief and practices.
734:
546:
1530:
brought back under direct imperial control. John then besieged but failed to take the city of
5811:
5733:
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5578:
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5135:
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1583:
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866:
858:
854:
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369:
337:
3764:, Bucossi, A. and Suarez, A. R. (eds.), pp. 135–154, Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
3674:, Bucossi, A. and Suarez, A.R. (eds.) pp. 155–182, Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
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in 1104; the marriage was intended as compensation for the loss of some territories to King
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4984:
4899:
4813:
4663:
4494:
2153:
1440:
1275:
1214:
1104:
After his accession, John II had refused to confirm his father's 1082 treaty with the
914:
888:
dynasty controlling the northeastern, inland, parts of Anatolia. In 1134 the Seljuq sultan
3788:, Bucossi, A. and Suarez, A. R. (eds.), pp. 11-21, Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
3719:, Bucossi, A. and Suarez, A.R. (eds.) pp. 53–70, Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
8:
5701:
5626:
5398:
5384:
5167:
5152:
5130:
5065:
5054:
5009:
4955:
4445:
4383:
4346:
3802:, Bucossi, A. and Suarez, A. R. (eds.), pp. 1–10, Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
1579:
1491:
1436:
1311:
1290:
941:
679:
400:
3574:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
5919:
5906:
5797:
5453:
5214:
5157:
5101:
5083:
5072:
5034:
5004:
4882:
4600:
4504:
4254:
4223:
4216:
3933:
3917:
2002:
1796:
1788:
1550:
In the Levant, the emperor sought to reinforce Byzantine claims to suzerainty over the
1519:
1463:
1460:
1362:
1337:
1295:
1280:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1105:
870:
838:
810:
542:
474:
407:
394:
380:
280:
91:
1495:
Byzantine rule. John persevered, however, and Kastamonu soon changed hands once more.
749:
5566:
5459:
5352:
5179:
5125:
4966:
4864:
4839:
4688:
4550:
4286:
4271:
4149:
4117:
3955:
3867:
3827:
3803:
3789:
3765:
3744:
3720:
3702:
3675:
3648:
3627:
3609:
3578:
3551:
3533:
3501:
3455:
3432:
3420:
2495:
2290:
1880:
1874:
1753:
1716:
1680:
1651:
1646:
1595:
1435:
Seljuq period architectural fragment from Konya, showing Seljuq appropriation of the
1374:
1065:
918:
910:
862:
834:
703:
478:
415:
234:
209:
101:
60:
5374:
481:. In particular little is known of the history of John's domestic rule or policies.
5804:
5495:
5420:
5309:
5286:
5189:
5162:
5147:
5039:
4999:
4989:
4714:
4641:
4611:
4474:
4429:
4424:
4296:
3813:
1948:
1626:
1611:
1587:
1399:
1077:
1011:
906:
881:
806:
793:
300:
202:
131:
1765:
1204:
4950:
4940:
4849:
4636:
4544:
4532:
4526:
4378:
4199:
4169:
4112:
4092:
3817:
3774:
3696:
3603:
3572:
3468:
3426:
1414:
1409:
1332:
1200:
1081:
897:
695:
648:
562:
530:
518:
502:
466:
3517:
Cambridge University Press.Poetry and its Contexts in Eleventh-century Byzantium
869:
was approached in 1140 for a royal German bride for John's youngest son Manuel.
780:, who received him, and later sent him to the breakaway Byzantine regime of the
5987:
5936:
5676:
4844:
4808:
4753:
4646:
4569:
4467:
4461:
4393:
4373:
4127:
4087:
3692:
3644:
3510:
3493:
2395:
2232:
2062:
2037:
1708:
1691:
1551:
652:
596:
591:
498:
435:
384:
360:
328:
290:
127:
3760:
Ousterhhout, R. (2016) "Architecture and patronage in the age of John II", in
3480:
3403:, translated by Sewter, E. R. A., Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth, pp, 522-523
1883:(28 November 1118 – 21 September 1180), became emperor, and reigned 1143–1180.
1451:
on the southern coast of Anatolia. John II and Axouch the Grand Domestic
901:
the Levant was in 1137 when he extracted formal homage from the rulers of the
841:
made himself supreme in southern Italy and assumed the title of king. Emperor
6004:
5990:
who are independently notable are shown. Rulers and co-rulers are denoted in
5975:
5314:
5274:
4818:
4626:
4434:
3871:
3445:
3231:
2471:
1860:
1776:
1728:
1723:: Isaac's irascibility, and the courage that Manuel had shown on campaign at
1555:
1499:
1016:
996:
964:
934:
763:
699:
451:
186:
3798:
Stathakopoulos, D. (2016) "John II Komnenos: a historiographical essay", in
5500:
5059:
4854:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4594:
4456:
4097:
1781:
1700:
1470:
1191:
in Thrace, counterattacked, supported by a naval flotilla operating on the
1045:
987:
885:
607:. Anna, who in infancy had been betrothed to her father's first co-emperor
604:
558:
534:
52:
2585:, Vol. V, Ed. William Harrison De Puy, (The Christian Herald, 1908), 3654.
1542:
1482:
which resulted in the reconquest of the ancestral home of the Komnenoi at
1431:
4923:
4798:
4748:
4673:
4247:
4194:
4137:
3599:
1724:
1712:
1531:
1515:
1503:
1004:
946:
850:
825:
644:
connections to fill almost all senior administrative and military posts.
624:
1224:
1215:
War of attrition against the Anatolian Turks (1119–20, 1130–35, 1139–40)
730:
4979:
4894:
4859:
4824:
4736:
4651:
4411:
4404:
4351:
4331:
4276:
4241:
4234:
4179:
4144:
4007:
3800:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
3786:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
3762:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
3717:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
3672:
John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son
3548:
John II Komnenos, emperor of Byzantium: in the shadow of father and son
1563:
1137:
1061:
991:
979:; this emulates the older mausolea of Constantine and Justinian in the
773:
726:
455:
439:
423:
3993:
1084:, largely composed of Englishmen, to assault defensive Pecheneg wagon
4726:
4678:
4588:
4575:
4362:
4291:
4264:
4259:
4228:
4174:
4122:
4057:
4052:
1761:
1507:
1483:
1478:
1171:
1133:
1053:
929:
801:
777:
671:
419:
1144:
War with the Hungarians and Serbs (1127–1129 – chronology uncertain)
5376:
4994:
4776:
4668:
4621:
4581:
4563:
4483:
4418:
4398:
4368:
4341:
4336:
4321:
4311:
4281:
4189:
4184:
4132:
4107:
4102:
4067:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
3887:
1615:
1511:
1176:
1049:
270:
190:
167:
136:
1625:
and feasting instead of helping to press the siege of the city of
46:
4928:
4631:
4538:
4451:
4306:
4082:
3784:
Stankovic, V. (2016) "John II Komnenos Before the Year 1118", in
3640:
Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection
2857:
2855:
2421:
1739:
1727:. Another theory alleges that the reason for this choice was the
1704:
1671:
1655:
1634:
1527:
1523:
1474:
1448:
1352:
1188:
889:
789:
785:
661:
447:
431:
265:
157:
1590:, recognized themselves as vassals of the emperor in 1137. Even
577:
6066:
Burials at the Monastery of Christ Pantocrator (Constantinople)
4700:
4557:
4439:
4211:
4077:
3063:
1659:
1630:
1607:
1603:
1537:
1487:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1085:
1073:
1057:
781:
666:
489:
459:
391:. As he was born to a reigning emperor, he had the status of a
171:
140:
2852:
1180:
4301:
4072:
4062:
4042:
3779:
A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem,
3515:
Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081–1261.
1559:
1554:
and to assert his rights over Antioch. In 1137 he conquered
1184:
1167:
1121:
1117:
1109:
968:
921:
of his plan for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy City (1142).
857:
possessions in Italy under threat by Roger II, who supported
550:
506:
462:
427:
252:
4047:
4037:
3605:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
2477:
Mosaic of John Komnenos, Eirene and Alexios in Hagia Sophia
1832:, who died in battle in 1149. The couple had four children.
1642:
1638:
1622:
1486:(Kastra Komnenon); he then left a garrison of 2,000 men at
1069:
846:
1806:(October 1106 – summer 1142), co-emperor from 1119 to 1142
937:, Istanbul. The tomb of John II was in the central church.
740:
509:'. Yet despite his physical appearance, John was known as
3593:
History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
2419:
Alexios I was the subject of an extensive biography, the
1743:
The Byzantine empire under John II Komnenos, c. 1143
3864:
Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki
465:
at the head of the combined forces of Byzantium and the
2845:
2843:
2491:
Emperor John II Komnenos: Rebuilding New Rome 1118-1143
1859:– before May 1157), who married the military commander
1707:, where he accidentally cut himself on the hand with a
933:
Former Imperial Chapels of Christ Pantokrator, now the
3662:
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (1995).
3129:
3127:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2713:
2711:
1695:
John II hunting, French manuscript of the 14th Century
1674:). During this campaign his eldest son and co-emperor
1506:, his army proceeding along the southern coast of the
729:
was re-established, with its administrative centre at
3522:
Poetry and its Contexts in Eleventh-century Byzantium
2840:
2729:
2647:
2645:
2372:
638:
484:
434:, and personally led numerous campaigns against the
3498:
The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204, a political history
3452:
Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, by John Kinnamos
3124:
2957:
2941:
2939:
2708:
1873:– before 1150), who married the military commander
1091:
1072:. John surrounded the Pechenegs as they burst into
999:investigated the writings of a deceased monk named
392:
374:
342:
3670:Linardou, K. (2016) "Imperial Impersonations", in
2559:
2557:
1654:alliance directed against the threat posed by the
945:Gold coin of John II Komnenos, depicting the
2642:
1039:
6002:
3661:
3530:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
3473:Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum
3428:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
3069:
2936:
1877:. She had at least six children, but died early.
1749:The Development of the Komnenian Army 1081–1180,
986:Very active persecution of the followers of the
183:Monastery of Christ Pantocrator, Constantinople
6076:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Pecheneg wars
3715:Magdalino, P. (2016) "The Triumph of 1133", in
3546:Bucossi, Alessandra and Suarez, Alex R. (2016)
3016:
3014:
2554:
1780:Empress Irene, from the Komnenos mosaic in the
753:Isaac Komnenos, mosaic of from the Chora Church
1158:involved him in the dynastic struggles of the
6061:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars
5360:
3979:
1809:Maria Komnene (twin to Alexios), who married
1240:
1048:, establishing his control over southwestern
389:Komnenian restoration of the Byzantine Empire
347:; 13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143) was
3819:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
3011:
2540:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1538:Campaigning in Cilicia and Syria (1137–1138)
3666:. Vol. 1A. Cambridge University Press.
3577:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3527:
2532:
975:of the monastery as being in the form of a
5937:Theodora Megale Komnene ("Despina Khatun")
5367:
5353:
3986:
3972:
3698:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
3203:
3050:
1247:
1233:
1154:John's marriage to the Hungarian princess
737:, was created to the south of Thrakesion.
572:
387:and the second emperor to rule during the
45:
19:For other people named John Komnenos, see
3812:
3701:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3691:
3431:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
3424:
2583:The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer
1665:
1254:
1064:. These invaders had been auxiliaries of
829:A letter from John II to Pope Innocent II
3595:, Volume 2, William Blackwood & Sons
2472:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
1775:
1738:
1734:
1690:
1541:
1430:
1095:
940:
928:
824:
748:
576:
565:recorded the submission of the defeated
488:
5907:Maria Megale Komnene, Byzantine Empress
3862:(in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki:
3741:Byzantium; Vol. 3: The Decline and Fall
3454:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3145:
3111:
1828:– after 1149), who married the admiral
1787:John II Komnenos married Princess
1686:
585:John II succeeded his father as ruling
6003:
3847:
3598:
3477:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
3448:, critical edition and translation by
3423:, critical edition and translation by
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
2248:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2018:
1910:
1906:
956:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
674:to John Axouch whenever they met him.
5866:Eudokia Megale Komnene, Lady of Sinop
5854:Anna Megale Komnene, Queen of Georgia
5671:Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
5496:Adrianos/John IV, Archbishop of Ohrid
5348:
3967:
3636:
3449:
2971:
2735:
2467:John II Comnenus' Hungarian campaigns
2320:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2152:
2142:
2138:
2115:
2105:
2092:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1228:
635:as co-emperor around September 1119.
418:in the west, decisively defeated the
5960:Eudokia Komnene, Lady of Montpellier
5616:Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
5601:Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria
3567:
2391:Byzantium under the Komnenos dynasty
1791:(renamed Irene), a daughter of King
1518:. The breakaway Byzantine regime of
1030:
924:
379:), he was the eldest son of Emperor
716:, are attributed to Alexios I. The
16:Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143
13:
3520:Bernard, F. and Demoen, K. (2013)
2482:
1014:Komnenos (son of John's uncle the
603:, the husband of her eldest child
351:from 1118 to 1143. Also known as "
38:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
6087:
5666:Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
3842:Byzantium and the Danube Frontier
3686:Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages
3425:Magoulias, Harry J., ed. (1984).
3058:Byzantium and the Danube Frontier
2460:
2093:A daughter of Adrianos Dalassenos
1439:often associated with Byzantium.
1150:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–29)
997:permanent synod in Constantinople
788:. Isaac then became the guest of
757:The younger brother of John II,
639:Military and civil administration
485:Physical appearance and character
6031:Byzantine people of the Crusades
2375:
1568:Principality of Armenian Cilicia
1203:or Chramon, which is the modern
1092:Conflict with Venice (1124–1126)
310:
5611:Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary
3450:Brand, Charles M., ed. (1976).
3393:
3384:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3225:
3216:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3153:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
3136:
3119:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
3102:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2979:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
2948:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2720:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2447:
2437:
2428:
1602:, but the fortresses of Balat,
1044:In 1119–1121 John defeated the
817:that he had received from him.
3755:History of the Byzantine State
3732:Necipoğlu, Nevra (ed.) (2001)
3664:The Cambridge History of Islam
3070:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1995
2861:Runciman, pp. 212–213, 222–224
2588:
2575:
2566:
2545:
2523:
2514:
2488:Lau, Maximilian C. G. (2023).
2413:
1040:The Pechenegs destroyed (1122)
412:History of the Byzantine State
70:15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143
51:Mosaic of John II at the
21:John Komnenos (disambiguation)
1:
5791:Andronikos III Megas Komnenos
3936:(father) as senior co-emperor
3856:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi
3848:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).
3688:Vol. 10, Springer, The Hague.
3528:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
2508:
1896:Ancestors of John II Komnenos
1867:
1853:
1839:
1822:
1526:was ended, and the region of
1353:Campaigns of John II Komnenos
655:(in Greek: μέγας δομέστικος,
524:
6056:Family of Alexios I Komnenos
5727:Andronikos II Megas Komnenos
2801:Linardou (2016), pp. 155-182
820:
7:
3781:Cambridge University Press.
2792:Magdalino (2016), pp. 63-64
2494:. Oxford University Press.
2368:
1887:
1793:Ladislaus I of Hungary
981:Church of the Holy Apostles
446:in the west all the way to
393:
375:
343:
10:
6092:
6071:Sons of Byzantine emperors
5837:Alexios III Megas Komnenos
5259:Constantine XI Palaiologos
5210:Andronikos III Palaiologos
5097:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
3946:(son) as junior co-emperor
3637:Hendy, Michael F. (1999).
3624:Byzantium and the Crusades
3409:
3312:Angold (1984), pp. 158–159
3276:Angold (1984), pp. 157–158
3211:Byzantium and The Crusades
2924:Angold (1995), pp. 173–174
2837:Angold (1984), pp. 153–154
2669:Angold (1984), pp. 152–153
2401:List of Byzantine emperors
2242:
2132:
2012:
1908:
1218:
1199:allies at the fortress of
1147:
403:, half a century earlier.
253:
18:
5984:
5968:
5952:
5929:
5892:
5883:Alexios IV Megas Komnenos
5874:
5860:Manuel III Megas Komnenos
5846:
5821:
5782:
5766:Alexios II Megas Komnenos
5757:
5718:
5693:
5658:
5588:
5541:
5473:
5435:
5412:
5391:
5335:
5267:
5232:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
5200:Andronikos II Palaiologos
5025:Constantine IX Monomachos
4713:
4610:
4493:
4320:
4158:
4006:
3952:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3881:
3851:Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών
3844:, Twayne Publishers, 1968
3824:Stanford University Press
3622:Harris, Jonathan (2014),
3390:Magdalino, pp. xxiii-xxvi
3321:Bucossi and Suarez, p xix
2990:Angold (1984), p. 154–155
2774:Bernard and Demoen, p. 21
2603:Bucossi and Suarez, p. 16
2308:
2300:
2273:
2254:
2250:
2215:
2196:
2188:
2161:
2140:
2136:
2099:
2080:
2072:
2045:
2024:
2020:
1985:
1967:
1959:
1927:
1912:
1845:– after 1154), raised to
1771:
1582:, Prince of Antioch, and
1266:
949:and John holding a cross.
458:world, John marched into
410:in his influential book,
364:
332:
306:
296:
286:
276:
264:
249:
244:
240:
208:
198:
178:
147:
121:
117:
107:
97:
87:
74:
66:
59:
44:
35:
30:
5943:Alexios V Megas Komnenos
5913:Alexander Megas Komnenos
5830:Manuel II Megas Komnenos
5684:Alexios I Megas Komnenos
5404:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
5195:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3822:. Stanford, California:
3734:Byzantine Constantinople
2406:
2321:Kontostephane Aballanta?
1920:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
1477:(Melitene) on the upper
1001:Constantine Chrysomallos
684:Michaelitzes Styppeiotes
6051:Hunting accident deaths
5812:John III Megas Komnenos
5734:Theodora Megale Komnene
5709:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
5050:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4684:Tiberius II Constantine
3757:, tr. J. Hussey, Oxford
3753:Ostrogorsky, G. (1980)
3591:Finlay, George (1854),
3399:Comnena, Anna (1969) ,
2897:Ousterhout, pp. 142-145
2383:Byzantine Empire portal
1618:were taken by assault.
1576:Principality of Antioch
1572:Levon I of Armenia
903:Principality of Antioch
865:). Lothair's successor
573:Accession to the throne
381:Alexios I Komnenos
281:Alexios I Komnenos
92:Alexios I Komnenos
6036:Deaths by arrow wounds
5901:John IV Megas Komnenos
5773:Michael Megas Komnenos
5748:John II Megas Komnenos
5573:John Tzelepes Komnenos
5205:Michael IX Palaiologos
3626:, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed.
3294:Birkenmeier, pp. 98–99
2933:Birkenmeier, pp. 86–87
2765:Magdalino, pp. 207–208
2696:Magdalino, pp. 192–193
2678:Neville (2016), pp. 22
1881:Manuel I Komnenos
1830:Stephen Kontostephanos
1784:
1744:
1696:
1666:Final campaigns (1142)
1547:
1444:
1405:Antioch on the Meander
1385:Hyelion and Leimocheir
1101:
1025:Archbishop of Bulgaria
950:
938:
830:
796:, and subsequently of
754:
735:Mylasa and Melanoudion
665:, and equivalent to a
582:
547:Ladislaus I of Hungary
494:
235:Manuel I Komnenos
102:Manuel I Komnenos
5988:male-line descendants
5920:David Megas Komnenos
5741:George Megas Komnenos
5579:Andronikos I Komnenos
5299:Thessalonian emperors
5293:Trapezuntine emperors
5254:John VIII Palaiologos
5249:Manuel II Palaiologos
5220:John VI Kantakouzenos
5136:Andronikos I Komnenos
4973:Constantine Lekapenos
4001:and empresses regnant
3608:. London: UCL Press.
3303:Angold (1984), p. 158
3191:Angold (1984), p. 156
3182:Runciman, pp. 215–217
3133:Angold (1984), p. 157
3090:Angold (1984), p. 155
3038:Angold (1984), p. 154
2999:Angold (1984), p. 154
2968:Angold (1984), p. 153
2888:Angold (1995), p. 310
2819:Angold (1984), p. 159
2717:Angold (1984), p. 152
1811:John Roger Dalassenos
1779:
1742:
1735:The legacy of John II
1694:
1570:, and in 1138 Prince
1545:
1434:
1258:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
1221:Byzantine-Seljuq Wars
1187:; John, who was near
1099:
944:
932:
859:Antipope Anacletus II
828:
752:
733:. A new theme, named
580:
567:Bohemond I of Antioch
492:
321:John II Komnenos
5953:Uncertain generation
5798:Basil Megas Komnenos
5596:John Doukas Komnenos
5491:Constantine Komnenos
5237:John VII Palaiologos
5185:Theodore II Laskaris
5045:Constantine X Doukas
4985:Nikephoros II Phokas
3840:Urbansky, Andrew B.
3647:. pp. 244–274.
3569:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
3560:Dennis, G.T. (2001)
3524:, Ashgate Publishing
3267:Choniates, pp. 24–26
3108:Choniates, pp. 20–21
3047:Choniates, pp. 11–12
2870:Angold (1995), p. 75
2849:Choniates, pp. 12–13
2726:Stathakopoulos, p. 6
2687:Stathakopoulos, p. 1
2612:Stankovic, pp. 16-17
1687:Death and succession
1056:invasion across the
915:Kingdom of Jerusalem
741:Conspiracies of the
601:Nikephoros Bryennios
164:Mediterranean Region
6041:Deaths by poisoning
5627:Alexios II Komnenos
5556:Andronikos Komnenos
5518:Andronikos Komnenos
5465:Nikephoros Komnenos
5399:Nikephoros Komnenos
5385:Empire of Trebizond
5168:Theodore I Laskaris
5153:Alexios III Angelos
5131:Alexios II Komnenos
5055:Romanos IV Diogenes
5010:Romanos III Argyros
4956:Romanos I Lekapenos
3684:Loos, Milan (1974)
3381:, pp. 422–477.
3369:, pp. 412–421.
3357:, pp. 399–411.
3345:, pp. 391–398.
3333:, pp. 380–390.
3249:Kinnamos, pp. 28-31
3142:Kinnamos, pp. 21–22
3081:Kinnamos, pp. 20–21
2828:Kinnamos, pp. 75–76
2810:Kinnamos, pp. 74–75
2529:Ostrogorsky, p. 377
1816:Andronikos Komnenos
1580:Raymond of Poitiers
1492:Battle of Manzikert
1437:double-headed eagle
917:when John informed
680:Eustathios Kamytzes
545:, daughter of King
401:Battle of Manzikert
344:Iōannēs ho Komnēnos
221:Andronikos Komnenos
215:Alexios the Younger
112:Alexios the Younger
6046:Deaths from sepsis
5454:Alexios I Komnenos
5287:Britannic emperors
5281:Palmyrene emperors
5215:John V Palaiologos
5158:Alexios IV Angelos
5107:Constantine Doukas
5102:Alexios I Komnenos
5090:Constantine Doukas
5073:Michael VII Doukas
5035:Michael VI Bringas
4601:Romulus Augustulus
4224:Trebonianus Gallus
4217:Herennius Etruscus
3999:Byzantine emperors
3562:Death in Byzantium
2705:Choniates, pp. 8–9
2520:Birkenmeier, p. 85
2267:Troian of Bulgaria
2003:Alexios I Komnenos
1852:Theodora Komnene (
1797:Coloman of Hungary
1789:Piroska of Hungary
1785:
1745:
1697:
1548:
1520:Constantine Gabras
1445:
1441:Ince Minare Museum
1160:Kingdom of Hungary
1106:Republic of Venice
1102:
951:
939:
871:Bertha of Sulzbach
839:Roger II of Sicily
831:
755:
694:who was appointed
609:Constantine Doukas
583:
495:
408:George Ostrogorsky
353:John the Beautiful
333:Ἱωάννης ὁ Κομνηνός
160:, Byzantine Empire
5998:
5997:
5567:Manuel I Komnenos
5460:Adrianos Komnenos
5342:
5341:
5180:John III Vatatzes
5126:Manuel I Komnenos
4865:Michael I Rangabe
4709:
4708:
4551:Petronius Maximus
4150:Severus Alexander
4118:Septimius Severus
3962:
3961:
3953:Succeeded by
3925:Byzantine emperor
3897:13 September 1087
3883:John II Komnenos
3814:Treadgold, Warren
3808:978-1-4724-6024-0
3794:978-1-4724-6024-0
3770:978-1-4724-6024-0
3739:Norwich, John J.
3725:978-1-4724-6024-0
3680:978-1-4724-6024-0
3632:978-1-78093-767-0
3556:978-1-47-246024-0
3506:978-0-58-249060-4
3438:978-0-8143-1764-8
3421:Niketas Choniates
3285:Magdalino, p. 195
3008:Fine, pp. 235–236
2879:Necipoğlu, p. 133
2747:Magdalino, p. 254
2651:Magdalino, p. 207
2501:978-0-19-888867-3
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2291:Maria of Bulgaria
2209:Irene Pegonitissa
2179:Andronikos Doukas
1875:Theodore Vatatzes
1866:Eudokia Komnene (
1681:Fulk of Jerusalem
1428:
1427:
1066:Vladimir Monomakh
1031:Military exploits
925:Religious matters
911:County of Tripoli
863:Treaty of Mignano
835:Holy Roman Empire
704:Theodore Vatatzes
692:Gregory Taronites
416:Holy Roman Empire
373:
349:Byzantine emperor
341:
318:
317:
260:
259:
125:13 September 1087
61:Byzantine emperor
6083:
6026:Komnenos dynasty
6011:John II Komnenos
5969:Related subjects
5805:Anna Anachoutlou
5650:Alexios Komnenos
5633:Alexios Komnenos
5606:Alexios Komnenos
5550:Alexios Komnenos
5533:Theodora Komnene
5512:John II Komnenos
5486:Alexios Komnenos
5421:Isaac I Komnenos
5381:Byzantine Empire
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5190:John IV Laskaris
5163:Alexios V Doukas
5148:Isaac II Angelos
5114:John II Komnenos
5040:Isaac I Komnenos
5000:Constantine VIII
4990:John I Tzimiskes
4717:Byzantine Empire
4491:
4490:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3915:Preceded by
3905:
3898:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3861:
3837:
3775:Runciman, Steven
3743:. Viking, 1995
3712:
3667:
3658:
3619:
3588:
3543:
3465:
3442:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3258:Magdalino, p. 41
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3222:Choniates, p. 23
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3173:Runciman, p. 215
3171:
3165:
3164:Runciman, p. 309
3162:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3099:Choniates, p. 19
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:Choniates, p. 11
2943:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2850:
2847:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2639:Stankovic, p. 19
2637:
2631:
2630:Stankovic, p. 18
2628:
2622:
2621:Stankovic, p. 17
2619:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2594:Stankovic, p. 14
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2563:Choniates, p. 27
2561:
2552:
2551:Runciman, p. 209
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2117:John II Komnenos
1949:Isaac I Komnenos
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1827:
1824:
1804:Alexios Komnenos
1596:Count of Tripoli
1504:Danishmend Turks
1261:
1259:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1078:Battle of Beroia
1068:, the Prince of
907:County of Edessa
807:Heraclea Pontica
657:megas domestikos
594:, favoured the
398:
395:porphyrogennetos
378:
368:
366:
346:
336:
334:
314:
301:Eastern Orthodox
256:
255:
254:Ιωάννης Κομνηνός
242:
241:
230:Theodora Komnene
203:Irene of Hungary
154:
132:Byzantine Empire
49:
31:John II Komnenos
28:
27:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5980:
5964:
5948:
5930:16th generation
5925:
5893:15th generation
5888:
5875:14th generation
5870:
5847:13th generation
5842:
5822:12th generation
5817:
5783:11th generation
5778:
5758:10th generation
5753:
5714:
5702:John I Axouchos
5689:
5654:
5638:Manuel Komnenos
5584:
5537:
5528:Eudokia Komnene
5469:
5443:Manuel Komnenos
5431:
5408:
5387:
5373:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5275:Gallic emperors
5263:
4951:Constantine VII
4732:Constantine III
4719:
4716:
4705:
4614:
4606:
4545:Valentinian III
4533:Constantius III
4527:Priscus Attalus
4511:Constantine III
4497:
4489:
4379:Valerius Valens
4324:
4316:
4162:
4154:
4113:Didius Julianus
4093:Marcus Aurelius
4010:
4002:
3992:
3958:
3941:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3859:
3834:
3709:
3693:Magdalino, Paul
3655:
3643:. Vol. 4.
3616:
3585:
3540:
3511:Angold, Michael
3494:Angold, Michael
3469:William of Tyre
3462:
3439:
3412:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3204:
3200:Choniates p. 22
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:Kinnamos, p. 18
3028:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2958:
2954:Kinnamos, p. 16
2953:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:Loos, pp. 98–99
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:Choniates, p. 7
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:Choniates, p. 6
2659:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2485:
2483:Further reading
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2366:
1890:
1870:
1856:
1842:
1825:
1774:
1737:
1689:
1668:
1612:Maarat al-Numan
1600:attempted siege
1588:Count of Edessa
1552:Crusader States
1540:
1500:Sangarios River
1455:and recaptured
1429:
1424:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1223:
1217:
1152:
1146:
1094:
1082:Varangian Guard
1042:
1033:
927:
898:Crusader states
823:
769:sebastokratores
747:
696:protovestiarios
649:Siege of Nicaea
641:
575:
563:Treaty of Devol
531:Joannes Zonaras
527:
519:Marcus Aurelius
503:William of Tyre
487:
467:Crusader states
251:
233:
232:Eudokia Komnene
231:
229:
225:
223:
219:
217:
194:
184:
161:
156:
152:
134:
126:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5720:
5719:9th generation
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5695:
5694:8th generation
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5677:David Komnenos
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5659:7th generation
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5589:6th generation
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5561:Isaac Komnenos
5558:
5553:
5545:
5543:
5542:5th generation
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5523:Isaac Komnenos
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5474:4th generation
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5448:Isaac Komnenos
5445:
5439:
5437:
5436:3rd generation
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5416:
5414:
5413:2nd generation
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5392:1st generation
5389:
5388:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5234:
5229:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5094:
5070:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Theodora (III)
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4926:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4892:
4880:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Constantine VI
4842:
4837:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Theodosius III
4806:
4801:
4796:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4754:Constantine IV
4751:
4746:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4612:Eastern Empire
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:Western Empire
4488:
4487:
4480:
4468:Magnus Maximus
4464:
4462:Valentinian II
4459:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4394:Constantius II
4391:
4389:Constantine II
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4239:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Antoninus Pius
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4011:27 BC – AD 235
4004:
4003:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3910:Regnal titles
3907:
3906:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3810:
3796:
3782:
3772:
3758:
3751:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3689:
3682:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3645:Dumbarton Oaks
3634:
3620:
3614:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3565:
3558:
3544:
3538:
3525:
3518:
3508:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3466:
3460:
3443:
3437:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3224:
3215:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3144:
3135:
3123:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3072:, p. 240.
3062:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2970:
2956:
2947:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2738:, p. 244.
2728:
2719:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2574:
2565:
2553:
2544:
2538:W. Treadgold,
2531:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2461:External links
2459:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:Komnenian army
2393:
2387:
2386:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
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2346:
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2329:
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2265:
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2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:Irene Doukaina
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
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2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
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2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:Anna Dalassene
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:Alexios Charon
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1864:
1850:
1836:Isaac Komnenos
1833:
1826: 1110/11
1821:Anna Komnene (
1819:
1813:
1807:
1773:
1770:
1766:Lake Pousgouse
1736:
1733:
1709:poisoned arrow
1688:
1685:
1667:
1664:
1539:
1536:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1093:
1090:
1060:frontier into
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
926:
923:
822:
819:
811:porphyrogenete
746:
739:
688:George Dekanos
653:Grand Domestic
640:
637:
631:his young son
613:Isaac Komnenos
574:
571:
557:and Maria, in
526:
523:
517:the Byzantine
486:
483:
477:, or his son,
385:Irene Doukaina
316:
315:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
293:
291:Irene Doukaina
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
258:
257:
247:
246:
238:
237:
227:Isaac Komnenos
212:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
182:
180:
176:
175:
155:(aged 55)
149:
145:
144:
128:Constantinople
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6088:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5976:AIMA prophecy
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:John Komnenos
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5621:Maria Komnene
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:Maria Komnene
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:John Komnenos
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5427:John Komnenos
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5334:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4912:Theodora (II)
4910:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:Constantine V
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Anastasius II
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Theodosius II
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Valentinian I
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:Constantine I
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Constantius I
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3833:0-8047-2630-2
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:0-670-82377-5
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3708:0-521-52653-1
3704:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3654:9780884022336
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3615:1-85728-495-X
3611:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3584:0-472-08149-7
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:, Routledge.
3549:
3545:
3541:
3539:90-04-11710-5
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3481:Latin library
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3461:0-231-04080-6
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:John Kinnamos
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:John Kinnamos
3228:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3056:A. Urbansky,
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2906:Finlay, p. 81
2903:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2783:Haldon, p. 97
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2440:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2373:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:John Komnenos
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1865:
1862:
1861:Manuel Anemas
1851:
1848:
1847:sebastokrator
1837:
1834:
1831:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1754:Manuel I
1750:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1729:AIMA prophecy
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1420:2nd Trebizond
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:1st Trebizond
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Myriokephalon
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:2nd Manzikert
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:1st Manzikert
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Philippopolis
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:and captured
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:sebastokrator
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:Zeyrek Mosque
960:
957:
948:
943:
936:
935:Zeyrek Mosque
931:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
827:
818:
816:
815:sebastokrator
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:Sultan of Rum
792:, the Seljuk
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
765:
764:sebastokrator
760:
751:
744:
743:sebastokrator
738:
736:
732:
728:
722:
719:
715:
714:
707:
705:
701:
700:Manuel Anemas
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
668:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
645:
636:
634:
630:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
579:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
482:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
397:
396:
390:
386:
382:
377:
371:
362:
358:
357:John the Good
354:
350:
345:
339:
330:
326:
322:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
250:John Komnenos
248:
243:
239:
236:
228:
222:
218:Maria Komnene
216:
213:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
192:
188:
187:Zeyrek Mosque
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
159:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:as co-emperor
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5991:
5941:
5918:
5911:
5899:
5881:
5858:
5835:
5828:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5771:
5764:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5707:
5700:
5682:
5675:
5642:
5625:
5577:
5565:
5548:
5511:
5510:
5501:Anna Komnene
5452:
5419:
5242:Andronikos V
5240:
5223:
5171:
5139:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5064:
5058:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4932:
4915:
4903:
4886:
4874:
4868:
4855:Nikephoros I
4830:
4829:
4823:
4790:
4787:Justinian II
4782:Tiberius III
4772:Justinian II
4763:
4757:
4740:
4692:
4664:Anastasius I
4655:
4599:
4595:Julius Nepos
4587:
4580:
4568:
4556:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4457:Theodosius I
4444:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4374:Maximinus II
4361:
4263:
4246:
4233:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4136:
4098:Lucius Verus
3948:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3904:8 April 1143
3901:
3894:
3886:
3855:
3850:
3841:
3818:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3761:
3754:
3740:
3733:
3716:
3697:
3685:
3671:
3663:
3639:
3623:
3604:
3600:Haldon, John
3592:
3573:
3561:
3547:
3529:
3521:
3514:
3497:
3476:
3472:
3451:
3427:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3152:
3151:J. Norwich,
3147:
3138:
3118:
3117:J. Norwich,
3113:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3020:Fine, p. 235
3004:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2977:J. Norwich,
2973:
2950:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2731:
2722:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2572:Dennis, p. 7
2568:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2489:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2116:
1947:(brother of
1846:
1786:
1782:Hagia Sophia
1758:
1748:
1746:
1701:Mount Taurus
1698:
1669:
1620:
1549:
1497:
1471:Danishmendid
1468:
1459:in 1119 and
1446:
1390:Claudiopolis
1318:2nd Caesarea
1310:
1296:1st Caesarea
1205:Nova Palanka
1153:
1103:
1046:Seljuq Turks
1043:
1034:
1015:
1009:
985:
976:
972:
961:
952:
895:
886:Danishmendid
879:
875:
832:
814:
768:
762:
756:
742:
731:Philadelphia
723:
717:
711:
708:
676:
660:
656:
646:
642:
621:
617:Great Palace
605:Anna Komnene
595:
586:
584:
540:
535:Hagia Sophia
528:
515:
510:
496:
471:
411:
405:
356:
352:
324:
320:
319:
224:Anna Komnene
153:(1143-04-08)
151:8 April 1143
81:
53:Hagia Sophia
36:
25:
6021:1143 deaths
6016:1087 births
5301:(1224–1242)
5295:(1204–1461)
5084:Konstantios
4961:Christopher
4934:Constantine
4924:Michael III
4905:Constantine
4888:Constantine
4870:Theophylact
4799:Philippicus
4749:Constans II
4674:Justinian I
4570:Severus III
4518:Constans II
4272:Claudius II
4248:Silbannacus
4195:Gordian III
4170:Maximinus I
4138:Diadumenian
3500:, Longman.
3401:The Alexiad
3379:Varzos 1984
3367:Varzos 1984
3355:Varzos 1984
3343:Varzos 1984
3331:Varzos 1984
3209:J. Harris,
2581:"John II",
2154:John Doukas
1871: 1116
1857: 1115
1843: 1113
1818:(died 1142)
1725:Neocaesarea
1713:septicaemia
1584:Joscelin II
1532:Neocaesarea
1516:Paphlagonia
1473:emirate in
1370:2nd Iconium
1348:Philomelion
1301:1st Iconium
1005:Leo Styppes
947:Virgin Mary
853:, with the
851:Innocent II
843:Lothair III
625:John Axouch
511:Kaloïōannēs
376:Kaloïōannēs
365:Καλοϊωάννης
88:Predecessor
6005:Categories
5078:Andronikos
5066:Nikephoros
5015:Michael IV
4980:Romanos II
4900:Theophilos
4895:Michael II
4876:Staurakios
4860:Staurakios
4832:Nikephoros
4825:Artabasdos
4737:Heraclonas
4694:Theodosius
4652:Basiliscus
4412:Nepotianus
4405:Magnentius
4399:Constans I
4352:Severus II
4332:Diocletian
4277:Quintillus
4242:Aemilianus
4235:Volusianus
4180:Gordian II
4145:Elagabalus
4008:Principate
2736:Hendy 1999
2509:References
2444:1125–1126.
1592:Raymond II
1564:Mopsuestia
1343:2nd Nicaea
1333:1st Nicaea
1276:Vaspurakan
1164:Stephen II
1138:Ionian Sea
1062:Paristrion
867:Conrad III
774:Danishmend
727:Thrakesion
525:Early life
501:historian
440:Asia Minor
424:Hungarians
108:Co-emperor
76:Coronation
5320:Classical
5305:Empresses
5289:(286–296)
5283:(267–273)
5277:(260–274)
5020:Michael V
4946:Alexander
4759:Heraclius
4727:Heraclius
4679:Justin II
4589:Glycerius
4576:Anthemius
4446:Procopius
4384:Martinian
4363:Maxentius
4292:Florianus
4265:Saloninus
4260:Gallienus
4229:Hostilian
4205:Philip II
4175:Gordian I
4123:Caracalla
4058:Vespasian
4053:Vitellius
3949:(1119–42)
3939:(1092–18)
3934:Alexios I
3929:1118–1143
3918:Alexios I
3888:Komnenian
3872:834784634
3571:(1991) .
3532:. Brill.
3513:, (1995)
3496:, (1984)
3488:Secondary
1762:Euphrates
1566:from the
1524:Trebizond
1508:Black Sea
1484:Kastamonu
1479:Euphrates
1464:Sozopolis
1375:Turbessel
1363:Sozopolis
1323:Oinousses
1172:Nicomedia
1134:Kefalonia
988:Paulician
919:King Fulk
821:Diplomacy
802:Kastamuni
786:Trebizond
672:obeisance
559:Balabista
475:Alexios I
456:Christian
420:Pechenegs
370:romanized
338:romanized
307:Signature
271:Komnenian
98:Successor
5383:and the
5377:Komnenoi
5315:Usurpers
5310:Augustae
5268:See also
5173:Nicholas
4995:Basil II
4792:Tiberius
4777:Leontius
4765:Tiberius
4742:Tiberius
4720:610–1453
4715:Eastern/
4669:Justin I
4622:Arcadius
4582:Olybrius
4564:Majorian
4505:Honorius
4484:Eugenius
4419:Vetranio
4369:Licinius
4342:Galerius
4337:Maximian
4322:Dominate
4312:Numerian
4282:Aurelian
4255:Valerian
4200:Philip I
4190:Balbinus
4185:Pupienus
4133:Macrinus
4108:Pertinax
4103:Commodus
4068:Domitian
4033:Claudius
4028:Caligula
4023:Tiberius
4018:Augustus
3956:Manuel I
3816:(1997).
3736:, Brill.
3695:(1993).
3602:(1999).
2542:, p. 700
2369:See also
1888:Ancestry
1616:Kafartab
1578:, where
1512:Bithynia
1510:through
1457:Laodicea
1453:besieged
1449:Attaleia
1358:Laodicea
1338:Mersivan
1306:Sebastia
1281:Kapetron
1177:Belgrade
1054:Pecheneg
1050:Anatolia
909:and the
884:and the
855:Church's
782:Gabrades
587:basileus
479:Manuel I
444:Maeander
325:Comnenus
297:Religion
191:Istanbul
168:Anatolia
137:Istanbul
5379:of the
5325:Eastern
5225:Matthew
5119:Alexios
4967:Stephen
4929:Basil I
4814:Leo III
4689:Maurice
4632:Marcian
4615:395–610
4539:Joannes
4498:395–480
4452:Gratian
4325:284–610
4307:Carinus
4287:Tacitus
4163:235–285
4083:Hadrian
3944:Alexios
3890:dynasty
3777:(1952)
3415:Primary
3410:Sources
3237:History
3213:, p. 86
2422:Alexiad
1705:Cilicia
1676:Alexios
1672:Antalya
1656:Normans
1635:Shaizar
1627:Shaizar
1608:Athareb
1528:Chaldia
1475:Malatya
1400:Antalya
1328:Antioch
1209:Sirmium
1197:Serbian
1156:Piroska
1136:in the
1110:Kerkyra
992:Bogomil
973:typikon
896:In the
882:Iconium
849:. Pope
662:mesazon
633:Alexios
629:crowned
555:Alexios
543:Piroska
448:Cilicia
432:Balkans
430:in the
372::
340::
266:Dynasty
158:Cilicia
5087:&
5063:&
4970:&
4941:Leo VI
4917:Thekla
4873:&
4840:Leo IV
4762:&
4701:Phocas
4657:Marcus
4642:Leo II
4558:Avitus
4475:Victor
4440:Valens
4430:Jovian
4425:Julian
4297:Probus
4232:&
4212:Decius
4160:Crisis
4078:Trajan
3900:
3870:
3858:]
3830:
3806:
3792:
3768:
3747:
3723:
3705:
3678:
3651:
3630:
3612:
3581:
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3504:
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1772:Family
1717:Manuel
1660:Sicily
1652:German
1641:, and
1631:Aleppo
1614:, and
1604:Biza'a
1594:, the
1562:, and
1556:Tarsus
1488:Gangra
1410:Sinope
1193:Danube
1130:Andros
1126:Lesbos
1114:Rhodes
1086:laager
1074:Thrace
1058:Danube
1012:Adrian
977:heroon
969:layman
890:Masoud
790:Masoud
718:Mousai
713:Mousai
667:vizier
597:Caesar
460:Muslim
452:Tarsus
355:" or "
287:Mother
277:Father
199:Spouse
179:Burial
172:Turkey
141:Turkey
5986:Only
4883:Leo V
4850:Irene
4637:Leo I
4302:Carus
4073:Nerva
4063:Titus
4043:Galba
3995:Roman
3932:with
3902:Died:
3895:Born:
3860:(PDF)
3854:[
3239:I.10.
2407:Notes
1721:Isaac
1647:Zengi
1560:Adana
1415:Sudak
1271:Ganja
1201:Haram
1185:Sofia
1168:Serbs
1122:Samos
1118:Chios
1021:Isaac
778:Ghazi
776:emir
759:Isaac
745:Isaac
592:Irene
551:Serbs
499:Latin
463:Syria
436:Turks
428:Serbs
361:Greek
329:Greek
245:Names
210:Issue
185:(now
162:(now
135:(now
80:1092
67:Reign
5992:bold
5375:The
5239:(w.
5222:(w.
5170:(w.
5141:John
5138:(w.
5116:(w.
5104:(w.
5075:(w.
5057:(w.
4958:(w.
4931:(w.
4914:(w.
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4885:(w.
4867:(w.
4828:(w.
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4647:Zeno
4514:(w.
4471:(w.
4262:(w.
4226:(w.
4214:(w.
4202:(w.
4135:(w.
4128:Geta
4048:Otho
4038:Nero
3997:and
3868:OCLC
3828:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3721:ISBN
3703:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3534:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3155:, 76
3121:, 82
3060:, 46
2981:, 70
2496:ISBN
1643:Hama
1639:Homs
1623:dice
1514:and
1461:took
1183:and
1181:Nish
1070:Kiev
990:and
847:Bari
702:and
686:and
507:Moor
497:The
450:and
426:and
383:and
148:Died
122:Born
5060:Leo
5005:Zoe
4251:(?)
1703:in
1658:of
1522:in
1291:Ani
798:Leo
784:in
698:,
438:in
359:" (
323:or
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3234:,
3126:^
3013:^
2959:^
2938:^
2854:^
2842:^
2710:^
2644:^
2556:^
1868:c.
1854:c.
1840:c.
1823:c.
1637:,
1633:,
1610:,
1606:,
1586:,
1558:,
1179:,
1128:,
1124:,
1120:,
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331::
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170:,
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1951:)
1838:(
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23:.
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