393:
564:
768:
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38:
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470:, adopted Catholicism, converted his native people to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło in 1386. Subsequently, his descendants held a strong claim to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lithuanian lords were at first apprehensive about forming a union with Poland. The Lithuanian nobility and minorities feared that merging the two countries would threaten their sovereignty. The Poles were also dissatisfied as the Jagiellonians possessed no blood relations with their predecessors, the
1426:
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was conveyed to the people through tax proclamations. In August 1497, tax levies equivalent to 25 per cent of ecclesiastical incomes were demanded from the clergy by
Cardinal Frederick Jagiellon to support his brother. By the summer of 1497, John assembled a strong army numbering some 80,000 men, supported by heavy
620:, known as Callimachus or Kallimach, exercised immense authority and influence over John in his early years and during his reign. He was initially appointed royal advisor and mentor at the behest of Queen Elizabeth. Buonaccorsi was described as more lenient and moderate than Longinus; he amended the syllabus with
1207:, the Moldavians routed the retreating Poles, whose heavy cavalry was unable to charge in thick woodland. The attack led to significant casualties, disorder and a loss of prestige for the Polish army. John eventually agreed to a humiliating peace treaty in 1499 and recognised Stephen as his equal and not as a
1148:
In May 1496, John raised civil taxes to finance the forthcoming campaign. The true motive behind his personal crusade was concealed, and all religious dimensions were excluded. In turn, national defence and preventing an
Ottoman incursion were chosen as the most suitable cause. This false narrative
935:
outlined that the weather conditions were not to blame, as the
January of 1493 appeared relatively warm and dry. The delay may have been attributed to the extensive distance covered (approximately 40–50 kilometres a day), as well as to the festivities and welcoming ceremonies in each town his royal
640:
the government. Buonaccorsi further argued for the strengthening of the king's authority, and asserting an absolute monarchy, at the expense of the nobility and inconspicuously advocated for the split with Rome. His appeal extended beyond politics and diplomacy; he befriended John and remained his
1198:
lasting from 24 September to 19 October curtailed John's ambitions. The Polish army had its supply lines disrupted by the
Moldavian forces and suffered from disease which forced John into bed. The siege of Suceava was lifted after Vladislaus sent a Hungarian army counting some 12,000 men to help
1074:
as bishop. Fearing an escalation, Konrad ordered his men to stand down; paving the way for the
Jagiellons to uphold their claim to Masovia. A year later, Konrad paid homage to John at Piotrków; where, on accusations of insubordination, he was deprived of most holdings and hereditary possessions.
905:. There were changes in conventional practices, for instance, Casimir IV first debated with his close council and then travelled to individual provincial sejmiks. John, on the other hand, called the sejmiks' representatives from across the country to gather and create a single unified assembly.
1491:
noted his "insistence on carnal and affectionless love". Kromer did point out his ambition, occasional wit, and intelligence. He was known to be shrewd and gifted in languages, which assisted him in diplomacy. Privately, he enjoyed banqueting, hunting, and frequent drinking, which encouraged
1194:(now in Romania). His final attempts to halt the Polish advance proved futile. The Moldavian chancellor, sent on a peacekeeping mission to the Polish camp, tried to convince the Poles to withdraw from the country; but John refused and had him confined. The unsuccessful attack on
912:, which would host successive tribunals and parliament sittings long into the 16th century. The Sejm summoned on 18 January, the precise inauguration date is difficult to determine as the king stayed in Kraków until 13 January, and subsequently left for the town of
1303:, John demanded on five occasions that the Teutonic Knights pledge reverence and submission. When Maximilian denounced the Peace of Thorn, asserting that neither the Empire nor the Holy See approved it, John mobilised a force with heavy artillery and set out to
983:, instrumental in coercing the king was a Jewish woman by the name of Rachel, who was the lady-in-waiting to Queen Mother Elizabeth. In 1495, John issued an edict whereby he expelled Jews from Kraków and forcibly relocated them in the adjacent township of
1452:, which stemmed from his education supervised by radical Callimachus. To win support for the Moldavian Campaign, John was compelled to appease the nobility. In 1496, the townspeople were forbidden to own land, and the freedom of movement for
1117:. His primary objective was to forcibly install his younger brother, Sigismund, on the Moldavian throne. Circumstances seemed, moreover, to favour the Poles. In his brother Vladislaus, he found a counterpoise to the machinations of Emperor
1287:
of 1466 and refused to render homage to the Polish Crown. In 1499, he rejected John's request to partake in a Sejm sitting at Piotrków, claiming that his absence stemmed from troubled domestic affairs. He then referred the matter to the
1226:, pillaging the city's environs. Fearing a retaliatory attack by the Moldavians or the Ottoman Empire, John ordered the construction of new defensive fortifications; including what became one of Poland's most recognisable monuments, the
712:
units in the far east was a considerable determinant. Others pointed out his failed intervention in
Hungary against his brother. Personal characteristics made the nobles agitated; although intelligent, John Albert was often described as
979:, lodged their complaints before John Albert in a private audience. John initially held the Jews in contempt and incarcerated leaders of the Jewish community; but was persuaded by Callimachus to release them shortly after. According to
1061:
hurried to secure his disputed succession by sending out troops to fortify
Masovian castles. He failed in deterring Polish ambitions; John soon assembled a small force that marched into Masovia and occupied the ecclesiastical city of
794:. In the end, it was Frederick's personal intervention that secured the crown for John, who was unanimously proclaimed king by an oral ballot amongst the shrieks of nobles on 27 August 1492. A courier carried the news to the
970:
and nearby settlements became engulfed in flames. Commoners began to speculate and blamed the Jews for the inferno. Jewish-owned enterprises and dwellings were then pillaged, soon followed by riots against the city's
680:
was obliged to nominate the King of Poland. These titles could be shared by one individual whose election was confirmed by both assemblies. On his deathbed, Casimir IV requested that John succeed him in the Crown and
496:, strengthened their efforts. Raised abroad, he was initially branded as illegitimate by the Poles and was influenced by the Lithuanian gentry, whom he supported in their calls for a separate state.
1413:
was said to be an allusion to the imperial pretensions of John and the
Jagiellonian dynasty in general. It is widely regarded as the first Renaissance composition in Poland and a breakthrough in
589:) was entrusted by Casimir with tutoring the royal children, including young John. Longinus, a deeply spiritual man, made sure that the princes were raised with great care and in accordance with
1153:. Stephen III attempted to prevent John and the Poles from crossing into Moldavia. Endorsed by Ivan III, he persuaded John's brother Alexander not to partake in the campaign. As reported by the
1296:, permitted Friedrich to aid Poland when called, but insisted that he refrains from searing oath of allegiance to the Polish king, instead maintaining "friendly" and "neighbourly" relations.
4486:, p. 63: "The Moldovan voivode secured significant military support from Hungary – the arrival of a 12,000-strong Transylvanian force convinced the Poles to raise the siege of Suceava"
6205:
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in 1444 enabled
Casimir's lineage and sons to become the potential successors to both titles. John's father was reluctant to accept the Polish crown and only did so when his opponents,
864:, superintended by their upper-class counterparts, which caused much discontent throughout the nobility. A major breakthrough came in 1454, when John's father, Casimir, approved the
782:
An army of 1,600 men was dispatched to counter Janusz and Konrad if their troops resorted to violence. Meanwhile, John preoccupied himself with negotiations and aimed to procure the
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and finally arriving in Piotrków no later than 28 January. It is, widely regarded that John's entourage and the Lesser Polish lords arrived late to the parliament. Historian
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Quarrels between highly-elevated members of state marked the tribunal; it was their course of action that determined the outcome. A considerable threat to the assembly were
5226:
1343:
The catastrophic
Moldavian Campaign was a major blunder that psychologically scarred John for life and likely affected his health. He died suddenly on 17 June 1501 in
6127:
1496:. Accounts of John strolling intoxicated in the alleyways of Kraków; and engaging in public brawls cannot be substantially justified due to the lack of evidence.
1499:
During their encounter, Miechowita described John as "tall, brown-eyed, with reddish skin on the face he was quick in movement and girded with a smallsword".
960:
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539:, which was met with hostility from a faction of Hungarian nobles advocating for John Albert. Motivated by the Hungarians, John briefly invaded Hungary to
925:
581:
Casimir IV was determined to educate all his sons equally and prepare them to assume the role of a monarch. In September 1467, chronicler and historian
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of Poland, was part of that faction but was unable to attend due to poor health. Thereby, the Queen Dowager Elizabeth nominated her acquiescent son,
1440:, John was not easily swayed and held firm views on the matters of state. 19th-century historians called him a "valiant soldier, but no commander".
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The defeat in Moldavia incited raids into Polish territory, largely conducted by Tatars and other irregulars. In July 1498, Turkish marauders of
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Histoire, mémoire et dévotion. Regards croisés sur la construction des identités dans le monde orthodoxe aux époques byzantine et post-byzantine
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1264:, even when the two were allies. Tensions escalated further when John tried to secure his brother Frederick as Watzenrode's successor in the
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5551:(2013). "Legăturile româno-turce de-a lungul veacurilor (până în 1981)". In Gemil, Tasin; Custurea, Gabriel; Cornea, Delia Roxana (eds.).
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1: Aachen, Siege of – Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081)
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with Hungary against common foes. The brothers pledged mutual assistance and vowed to quell any opposition that undermined their rule.
270:
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Maasing, Madis (2015). "Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia". In Heß, Cordelia; Adams, Jonathan (eds.).
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Cristea, Ovidiu (2016). "Guerre, Histoire et Mémoire en Moldavie au temps d'Étienne le Grand (1457–1504)". In Păun, Radu G. (ed.).
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for the journey, and on 29 June, the funeral cortège left Toruń for the royal capital of Kraków. His heart was embedded inside the
1257:
748:. Janusz's candidacy was endorsed by a strictly covert contingent of conservatives, whose intention was to restore the ancient
701:
340:. The campaign's failure greatly hindered Polish expansion into Southern Europe, preventing any significant further expansion.
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700:. The assembled nobles were to decide which candidate should ascend the throne. John's successful 1487 engagement during the
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John's unconventionally large court was the biggest of any Polish monarch: it numbered around 1,600 knights and courtiers.
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with mediating between the Poles and the Teutonic Knights. However, the negotiations stalled when John died unexpectedly.
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were instructed to regularly visit the tombs of past sovereigns in an attempt to strengthen their allegiance to Poland.
347:, his relatively short reign ended in a major military setback, and he was criticised during his lifetime for embracing
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in 1492. In spite of the conflict, the bond between the two siblings remained unhindered, and Vladislaus made John the
317:
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632:. Radical for the time, many of his ideas and theories were later endorsed by John, such as limiting the power of the
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who led a promiscuous life. Even during his lifetime, John was known to be a notorious womaniser and a dissolute.
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17:
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suggested that the relocation was in part voluntary and for the benefit of the Jews who faced persecution from
109:
1311:
to appear before John but sent representatives on his behalf to negotiate. Fearing a major regional conflict,
1042:
and a "blot" on their absolute sovereignty over East-Central Europe. John was a staunch supporter of imposing
821:
being independent of Poland at the time. In December 1492, John turned to Vladislaus and formed a much needed
7048:
7033:
2284:
972:
605:, and classical literature were part of the rigid curriculum. According to the 16th-century political writer
440:
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Before establishing a long-lasting legislative body of government, the Polish king would summon a so-called
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1137:(1494), the details of the expedition were arranged between the kings of Poland and Hungary and Elector
860:
into a single political entity were largely unsuccessful. Nobles of lower social status objected to the
6963:
2378:
2040:
852:) and prerogatives in return for favours or military support. Earlier attempts at unifying lower-class
536:
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of his ancestral holdings and curtail internal opposition to his rule. In 1497, John Albert launched a
5828:
Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland. The Career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503)
5808:
Church, state and dynasty in Renaissance Poland: the career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503)
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The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569
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nobility gathered on the 15th of the same month. He then returned to the capital before departing for
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ruled since the creation of statehood in AD 966. In the wake of Władysław II's death, his eldest son
6719:
6613:
1159:, the Lithuanian nobles condemned Poland's actions and refused to set foot on Moldavian territory.
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2160:
1479:. It is uncertain whether he fathered any illegitimate children; it is evident that the king was a
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Moștenirea culturală turcă în Dobrogea. Simpozion internațional. Constanța, 24 septembrie, 2013
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between the two nations. He was proclaimed the king by an oral ballot orchestrated by Cardinal
5753:
Fear and Loathing in the North. Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region
1300:
1038:
and were allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Jagiellonians perceived the duchy as a
975:. In the same year, the Jewish inhabitants, jointly with the city council representatives and
508:
484:
succeeded him in Poland, and his younger son Casimir in Lithuania. Władysław III' fall at the
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The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during the 15th Century
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1402:
1347:, where he agreed to negotiate with the Teutonic Knights. The most likely cause of death was
1102:
6227:
Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 22 Social and Cultural Boundaries in Pre-Modern Poland
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Młodsza Europa: Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w kręgu cywilizacji chrześcijańskiej średniowiecza
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5133:
Historia Torunia. T. 2, cz. 1, U schyłku średniowiecza i w początkach odrodzenia (1454-1548)
1464:. This greatly hindered the development of Polish towns and cities in comparison with their
1456:
was abolished. The nobles would profit from the non-migrating peasants tied to the land and
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672:(1413), Lithuania was to elect the Grand Duke by its own independent assembly of nobles in
552:
436:
428:
396:
215:
211:
163:
153:
79:
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519:. Although the mediation between the two failed, the Bohemian Diet elected Vladislaus the
8:
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6704:
6679:
6391:
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2889:
2880:
1437:
1371:
1351:, though the monarch suffered from other ailments and battle wounds. The king's body was
1155:
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were satisfied with the proposition; a cluster of Polish nobility wished to continue the
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Commemorating the Polish renaissance child: funeral monuments and their European context
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John's right to the throne came entirely by coincidence, and it was his eldest brother,
371:
the right of expression in the matters of state. Conversely, he limited the movement of
6933:
6847:
6714:
6658:
6634:
6607:
6345:
5488:
Eșanu, Valentina (2013). "Luca Arbore în misiuni diplomatice ale lui Ștefan cel Mare".
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512:
443:. It was the ambition of John's parents to install one of their sons as Emperor in the
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5591:
Grabarczyk, Tadeusz (2010). "Cosmin Forest, Battle of". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
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233:, a plan that ultimately failed. He was well-educated and tutored by scholars such as
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5853:
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5210:(in Polish). Warszawa: Arx Regia, Ośrodek Wydawniczy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie.
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5146:
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1070:. Cardinal Frederick then prevented local canons from obtaining office and installed
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444:
348:
344:
234:
230:
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1133:, John Albert was favourably situated for attacking the Turks. At the conference of
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which had no real authority over the sovereign. Its permanent members comprised the
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1027:
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902:
837:
813:
John Albert's first months as king were unsettling and marred by insecurities. The
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305:
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just less than a month later, on 23 September, by his ailing adversary Oleśnicki.
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43:
5450:(in Lithuanian). translated by Birutė Mikalonienė and Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius:
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cultivated by the magnates and paved the way for an early parliamentary system.
806:
celebration. The entourage then hurried to the capital, where he was crowned at
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Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History
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The ceding of Prussia to Poland as a royal dependency in the aftermath of the
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5938:
5900:
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5779:
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5497:
5375:
5366:
Demciuc, Vasile M. (2004). "Domnia lui Ștefan cel Mare. Repere cronologice".
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5299:
5102:
5083:
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Panowanie Kazimierza Jagiellończyka, króla polskiego i.w. księcia litewskiego
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in favour of Sigismund was met with staunch resistance from the Hungarians.
523:
following George's death in 1471. Casimir IV's second son and his namesake,
6051:
Jadwiga Zapolya. Piastówna śląska na Węgrzech w dobie panowania Jagiellonów
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1469:
1043:
996:
913:
908:
In January 1493, the first parliament composed of two chambers convened in
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416:
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with their thirteen children, 1506. John Albert is placed between brothers
356:
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6118:
5971:. Oxford: The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature.
308:, he dispatched an army to the electoral proceedings, which alienated the
2896:
1307:
in 1501 where the accords were initially signed. Friedrich dismissed the
1090:
1039:
885:
817:
still posed a considerable threat and placed his reign in jeopardy, with
574:
6331:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 458.
5228:
Proces narodowościowej transformacji Dolnoślązaków do początków XX wieku
1487:
writes that he "indulged in pleasures and desires like a warrior", and
1339:
is the first and earliest example of Renaissance architecture in Poland.
6523:
1445:
1383:
1366:
in Kraków, in one of the dedicated chapels adjacent to the cathedral's
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540:
325:
66:
5294:(in Polish). Vol. Część 1. Warszawa (Warsaw): Gebethner i Wolff.
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John Albert remains a largely forgotten and overlooked figure in the
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by an independent Lithuanian assembly, thus temporarily breaking the
897:
personally selected by the reigning monarch. Under John Albert, the
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548:
544:
420:
284:
John ascended to the Polish throne in 1492, and his younger brother
281:, but was instead granted the Duchy of Głogów to calm his ambition.
105:
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Gorovei, Ștefan S. (2014). "Mai 1498: Ștefan cel Mare și Polonia".
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to honour his maternal grandfather and in the hope of securing his
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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245:, John sought to strengthen royal authority at the expense of the
125:
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5933:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Polska: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
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Panowanie Jana Olbrachta i Aleksandra Jagiellończyków (1492-1506)
1461:
1457:
1219:
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988:
868:; which obligated the monarch to seek advice from the gentry and
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459:
448:
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241:, whom he had subsequently befriended. Heavily influenced by the
148:
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An electoral tribunal convened on 15 August 1492 in the city of
515:
on the condition that Casimir IV negotiated a peace treaty with
6569:
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6481:
6054:(in Polish). Polska: Towarzystwo Naukowe "Societas Vistulana".
5772:
Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przez Jędrzejn Moraczewskiego
5270:
Kings as Judges. Power, Justice, and the Origins of Parliaments
1375:
1106:
991:. Chroniclers from the period make no mention of an expulsion;
952:
In June 1494, a fire broke out in Kraków during the visit of a
869:
853:
709:
633:
629:
625:
368:
258:
250:
210:
from 1491 to 1498. He was the fourth Polish sovereign from the
744:, escorted a company of 1,000 hardline soldiers sent from the
6010:
Sparks amidst the ashes: the spiritual legacy of Polish Jewry
693:
between the two countries and initially opted for Alexander.
621:
598:
535:
and died in 1484. Six years later, Vladislaus was proclaimed
1186:
then sent reinforcements of about 600 men mostly comprising
872:(regional land councils) before taking action. According to
427:. He was one of thirteen children and the third son born to
5252:(in Polish). Polska: Towarzystwo Naukowe & Napoleon V.
1367:
1233:
1023:
945:
677:
364:
6265:
Wierzbicki, Piotr; Spórna, Marcin; Wygonik, Edyta (2003).
5078:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Warsaw (Warszawa): A. Brzezina.
1260:
caused great animosity between the Teutonic State and the
1046:
into Poland's spheres of influence, including Masovia and
802:, which brought great joy to the townsfolk and prompted a
1121:, who in 1492 had concluded an alliance against him with
725:
magnates voiced their support for John's younger brother
6267:
Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego
943:
836:
and parliamentary tendencies in Poland date back to the
6264:
6172:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Kraków: "Czas" Publications.
5852:(in Polish). Warszawa: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza.
3277:
3181:
6075:(in Polish). Lwów (Lemberg): Dobrzański & Groman.
5613:
Crusading in the fifteenth century: message and impact
5332:(in Polish). Kraków: "Czas" W. Kirchmayer, F. Czerny.
4548:
1178:
The Polish army marched across the river Dniester and
503:, who was destined to inherit Poland and Lithuania by
6225:
Teller, Adam; Teter, Magda; Polonsky, Antony (2022).
5995:(in Polish). Warsaw (Warszawa): Wydawnictwo Sejmowe.
5410:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Instytut Wydaw. Pax.
5188:
Jan Długosz; jego życie i stanowisko w piśmiennictwie
1002:
624:, sports and ancient studies concerning the works of
5949:
Meandry kultury czyli Galimatias nie tylko krakowski
5926:
5658:(in Polish). Polska: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
4187:
3469:
3457:
1283:. Unlike his predecessor, Friedrich disregarded the
511:
pledged to make Vladislaus his heir in neighbouring
6224:
6030:
Słownik najsłynniejszych wodzów i dowódców polskich
5698:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Gebethner i Wolff.
4054:
229:, John Albert was groomed to become emperor in the
5162:(in Polish). Toruń: Society of Arts and Sciences.
5135:(in Polish). Toruń: Society of Arts and Sciences.
1078:
987:, which became one of Poland's primary centres of
6290:(in Polish). Polska: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
6113:. Wrocław: Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN.
5191:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawn. K. Przeździeckiego.
5157:
4770:
1249:, who refused to pay homage to John. Portrait by
1022:John desired to assert royal power over Poland's
437:Albert II, Duke of Austria and King of the Romans
7000:
5872:Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 1457–1504
5184:
3373:
3361:
3349:
940:on taxation and closed the assembly on 3 March.
6210:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Świat Książki.
1420:
876:, the statutes acted as a counterweight to the
828:
593:. During their childhood, John and his brother
5249:Siły zbrojne w wołoskiej wojnie Jana Olbrachta
5231:(in Polish). Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski.
5185:Bobrzyński, Michał; Smolka, Stanisław (1893).
936:cortège passed. On 2 March, the king issued a
729:, distinguished by his intellect and presumed
717:and intolerably arrogant. In consequence, the
447:. Thus, he received the second name Albert at
387:
355:the government. He is credited for creating a
6442:
6125:
6072:O tronie elekcyjnym domu Jagiellonów w Polsce
5711:Kubinyi, András (2002). Kristó, Gyula (ed.).
5526:
5431:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
5097:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Józef Unger.
4734:
3145:
778:, who contributed to John's election in 1492.
641:most trusted courtier until he died in 1496.
543:the title but was defeated by his brother at
466:ruler of Lithuania who, upon the marriage to
5907:
5403:
5160:Bazylika Katedralna Świętych Janów w Toruniu
4459:
3241:
3229:
1057:died heirless in February 1495, his brother
6989:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
6269:(in Polish). Polska: Wydawn. Zielona Sowa.
6132:(in Polish). Polska Akademia Umiejętności.
6108:
5930:Studia i materiały z dziejów nauki polskiej
5793:(in Polish). Poland: Ossoliński Institute.
5769:
5266:
5158:Biskup, Marian; Domasłowski, Jerzy (2003).
5116:(in Polish). Poznań: Podsiedlik-Raniowski.
5071:
4830:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3706:
3672:
3625:
3601:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
1475:John never married and remained a lifelong
1315:, and John's brother-in-law by marriage to
16:For other monarchs with similar names, see
6449:
6435:
5866:
5824:
5805:
5691:
5651:
5590:
5205:
5008:
4865:
4853:
4602:
4590:
4518:
4507:
4471:
4445:
4409:
4373:
4361:
4337:
4301:
4169:
4134:
4123:
4088:
4077:
4066:
3695:
3684:
3661:
3433:
3265:
3253:
3097:
1359:, but its exact location remains unknown.
6283:
6068:
5845:
5389:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznańskie.
5344:
5273:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5245:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4455:
4453:
3505:
3493:
3421:
3109:
3085:
1362:John was laid to rest on 28 July 1501 at
1190:who joined Stephen's forces stationed at
764:, to lead the proceedings in his stead.
6317:
5895:(in Polish). Polska: Gebethner i Wolff.
5786:
5595:. Oxford University Press. p. 434.
5527:Gassendi, Pierre; Thill, Oliver (2002).
5452:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
5113:Encyklopedia Polska 2000. Poczet władców
4193:
3193:
1424:
1330:
1237:
1234:Dispute with Teutonic Knights, 1499–1501
1161:
1089:John desired to pose as the champion of
1006:
766:
653:
562:
391:
382:
6243:
6184:
6165:
6153:(in Polish). Kraków: Kluczycki "Czas".
6146:
6007:
5750:
5710:
5630:
5609:
5569:
5445:
5424:
5365:
5306:
5224:
5056:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4936:
4925:
4842:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4495:
4433:
4421:
4397:
4349:
4313:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3649:
3637:
3613:
3589:
3577:
3517:
3397:
3385:
3301:
3217:
3121:
1097:, whilst regaining lost ports near the
300:. To secure his succession against the
202:; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was
7001:
6456:
6203:
6091:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
6026:
5966:
5908:Pilat, Liviu; Cristea, Ovidiu (2018).
5633:"Synowie Kazimierza IV Jagiellończyka"
5468:
5382:
5351:. New York: Cornell University Press.
5325:
5130:
4948:
4806:
4782:
4758:
4483:
4450:
3157:
3073:
3061:
2358:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2114:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1878:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1643:
1532:
1528:
1524:
312:. He later invaded Masovia to deprive
253:. In 1487, he led a force against the
6430:
6247:Europe in Renaissance and Reformation
6129:Europa między Italią a Polską i Litwą
6087:
6047:
6012:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5945:
5888:
5731:
5547:
5504:
5487:
5287:
5109:
5090:
5044:
5032:
5020:
4996:
4818:
4746:
4722:
4542:
4530:
4385:
4325:
4289:
4205:
4181:
4157:
4145:
4111:
4099:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3481:
3445:
3409:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3289:
3278:Wierzbicki, Spórna & Wygonik 2003
3205:
3182:Wierzbicki, Spórna & Wygonik 2003
3169:
3133:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2976:
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2972:
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2769:
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2765:
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2723:
2721:
2716:
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2518:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2434:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2346:
2340:
2330:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2256:
2246:
2242:
2216:
2206:
2190:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2070:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2028:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1970:
1960:
1948:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1909:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1742:
1732:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1374:red-marble headstone with the king's
1166:John ordered the construction of the
848:, granting the nobility concessions (
613:which was encouraged by his father.
531:in Poland, however, he fell ill with
458:Paternally, John was the grandson of
435:. His mother was the second child of
415:John was born on 27 December 1459 at
6069:Stadnicki, Hrabia Kazimierz (1880).
5985:
5969:Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe
5717:(in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó.
5672:
4794:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
1429:An 18th-century portrait of John by
1199:Stephen. A truce was signed. At the
568:Night adventures of John Albert and
494:Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
6033:(in Polish). Polska: Zielona Sowa.
5831:. Routledge: Taylor & Francis.
5774:(in Polish). Poznań: N. Kamieński.
5695:Wizerunki książąt i królów polskich
5616:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
5428:Jagiellnowie. Leksykon biograficzny
5311:. La Pomme d'or. pp. 305–344.
5208:Herkules i Dawid z rodu Jagiellonów
1326:
1141:. However, John's plan to dethrone
901:slowly transformed itself into the
644:
336:in favour of John Albert's brother
13:
7059:Pretenders to the Hungarian throne
6126:Święch-Płonka, Małgorzata (2004).
6094:. University of Washington Press.
5713:Magyarország vegyes házi királyai
5530:The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543)
1468:counterparts, and resulted in low
1444:emphasized the king's interest in
1003:Intervention in Masovia, 1495–1496
649:
616:The Italian humanist and diplomat
555:for life to satisfy his ambition.
14:
7075:
6244:Thomson, Samuel Harrison (1963).
5692:Kraszewski, Józef Ignacy (1888).
4055:Teller, Teter & Polonsky 2022
6305:
5755:. De Gruyter. pp. 347–388.
5677:. London: Barrie & Jenkins.
5348:Poland. The First Thousand Years
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
1294:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
1275:, the Teutonic Order proclaimed
36:
6250:. Harcourt, Brace & World.
6229:. Liverpool: University Press.
6191:. Kraków: "Czas" Publications.
5736:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
5064:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4128:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4082:
4071:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3689:
3678:
3666:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
1460:-based manorial estates called
1258:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
1174:-instigated retaliatory attack.
1079:Invasion of Moldavia, 1497–1499
1034:rulers held closer ties to the
685:in the Grand Duchy. Lithuanian
277:Hungary from his elder brother
18:John of Poland (disambiguation)
7064:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
6150:Historya polska. Z mapą Polski
6111:Poland, the Land of Copernicus
5345:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014).
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
2491:
2259:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1664:Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
1492:chroniclers to brand him as a
1409:. The tomb's resemblance to a
1085:Moldavian Campaign (1497–1499)
893:— trusted courtiers and loyal
702:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
423:, which served as the seat of
265:during the early phase of the
1:
5927:Polska Akademia Nauk (1954).
5770:Moraczewski, Jędrzej (1862).
5267:Boucoyannis, Deborah (2021).
4771:Biskup & Domasłowski 2003
3044:
3034:History of Poland (1385–1569)
2285:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
441:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
61:27 August 1492 – 17 June 1501
42:John Albert's tomb effigy at
7024:16th-century Polish monarchs
7019:15th-century Polish monarchs
6974:Stanisław August Poniatowski
6188:Dzieje Polski: Jagiellonowie
6109:Suchodolski, Bogdan (1973).
5825:Nowakowska, Natalia (2017).
5806:Nowakowska, Natalia (2007).
5787:Nadolski, Bronisław (1961).
5639:(in Polish). Wielka Historia
5555:. Top Form. pp. 33–80.
5446:Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012).
5425:Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996).
3374:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
3362:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
3350:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
3049:
1421:Personal life and assessment
829:Creation of parliament, 1493
558:
517:Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
367:, which granted lower-class
7:
6949:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
6690:Władysław III Spindleshanks
6284:Wyczański, Andrzej (1987).
6008:Sherwin, Byron Lee (1997).
5512:. Oxford University Press.
5326:Czerny, Franciszek (1871).
3027:
2740:Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg
2015:Albert III, Duke of Austria
1505:
1378:and ledger was sculpted by
1222:and reached as far west as
1201:Battle of the Cosmin Forest
1018:and John Albert's adversary
439:, and the granddaughter of
388:Birth and family background
206:from 1492 to his death and
10:
7080:
7054:Burials at Wawel Cathedral
5952:(in Polish). Kraków: WAM.
5846:Olkiewicz, Joanna (1981).
5675:The Architecture of Poland
5652:Kłoczowski, Jerzy (1998).
5404:Dobraczyński, Jan (1970).
5246:Borzemski, Antoni (1928).
2379:Hermann II, Count of Celje
2352:
2236:
2228:
2108:
2041:Albert IV, Duke of Austria
1992:
1988:
1872:
1762:
1754:
1637:
1530:
1526:
1514:Ancestors of John I Albert
1472:rates across the country.
1139:John Cicero of Brandenburg
1082:
601:and German, law, history,
310:higher nobles and magnates
269:. In the aftermath of the
15:
6982:
6909:
6861:
6838:
6814:
6793:
6780:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
6659:Senior or Supreme Princes
6648:
6583:
6555:
6464:
6415:
6406:
6398:
6388:
6379:
6371:
6366:
6339:
6088:Stone, Daniel Z. (2014).
6048:Sroka, Stanisław (2005).
5874:. Editura Enciclopedică.
5469:Eagles, Jonathan (2014).
5225:Bokajło, Wiesław (1993).
5206:Boczkowska, Anna (1993).
5072:Albertrandy, Jan (1827).
4735:Gassendi & Thill 2002
3470:Polska Akademia Nauk 1954
3458:Polska Akademia Nauk 1954
2952:
2950:
2918:
2916:
2893:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2543:
2509:
2422:
2414:
2386:
2364:
2360:
2324:
2302:
2294:
2266:
2244:
2240:
2200:
2178:
2170:
2142:
2135:Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
2120:
2116:
2080:
2058:
2050:
2022:
2000:
1996:
1954:
1936:
1928:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1844:
1825:
1817:
1792:
1770:
1766:
1726:
1707:
1699:
1671:
1649:
1645:
1608:
1586:
1578:
1550:
1534:
1319:, entrusted the Catholic
1251:Lucas Cranach the Younger
846:1374 Privilege of Koszyce
351:as well as attempting to
328:, establish control over
179:
169:
159:
147:
132:
115:
99:
95:
85:
75:
65:
57:
50:
35:
30:
6775:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
6204:Szwarc, Andrzej (2007).
6169:Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego
5889:Papée, Fryderyk (1936).
5610:Housley, Norman (2004).
5533:. Fairfax: Xulon Press.
5386:Słownik władców polskich
4460:Pilat & Cristea 2018
2865:Vladislaus II of Hungary
2729:Ladislaus the Posthumous
2161:Joanna Sophia of Bavaria
1838:21. Agrypina of Smolensk
658:John on an excerpt from
609:, John was subjected to
455:to the Imperial throne.
6755:Dukes of Greater Poland
6328:Encyclopædia Britannica
6185:Szujski, Józef (n.d.).
6166:Szujski, Józef (1894).
6147:Szujski, Józef (1889).
6027:Spórna, Marcin (2006).
5790:Wybór mów staropolskich
5732:Labno, Jeannie (2011).
5631:Janicki, Kamil (2021).
5131:Biskup, Marian (1992).
4328:, pp. 137–138, 140
4292:, pp. 137–138, 140
2692:Władysław III of Poland
2547:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
2343:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
1720:19. Anastasia of Halych
1442:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
1403:Basilica of Santa Croce
959:. Panic arose when the
792:Prince-Bishop of Warmia
668:In accordance with the
290:Grand Duke of Lithuania
7039:Polish Roman Catholics
6959:Augustus II the Strong
6876:Władysław III of Varna
6760:Dukes of Little Poland
6665:Władysław II the Exile
6620:Casimir I the Restorer
6614:Bolesław the Forgotten
5967:Rundle, David (2012).
5946:Rożek, Michał (2008).
5849:Kallimach doświadczony
5810:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
5383:Dobosz, Józef (1999).
5110:Biber, Tomasz (2000).
5091:Benni, Herman (1876).
2317:Elizabeth of Pomerania
1433:
1397:and archway, based on
1340:
1313:George, Duke of Saxony
1253:
1175:
1019:
948:from Kraków, 1494–1495
779:
752:on the Polish throne.
665:
578:
527:, then became the new
412:
271:Bohemian–Hungarian War
199:
6901:Sigismund II Augustus
6871:Władysław II Jagiełło
6848:Louis I the Hungarian
6830:Casimir III the Great
6725:Bolesław V the Chaste
6700:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
6670:Bolesław IV the Curly
6640:Bolesław III Wrymouth
6547:Piast the Wheelwright
3009:Sigismund II Augustus
2505:Władysław II Jagiełło
2073:Beatrice of Nuremberg
1920:11. Aleksandra Drucka
1627:Władysław II Jagiełło
1428:
1386:. From 1502 to 1505,
1334:
1285:Second Peace of Thorn
1245:, Grandmaster of the
1241:
1165:
1010:
770:
657:
607:Stanisław Orzechowski
566:
547:in 1491 and again at
490:Bolesław IV of Warsaw
395:
383:Early life, 1459–1492
375:by confining them to
7049:Jagiellonian dynasty
7044:Nobility from Kraków
6944:John II Casimir Vasa
6863:Jagiellonian dynasty
6825:Władysław I Łokietek
6625:Bolesław II the Bold
6598:Bolesław I the Brave
5673:Knox, Brian (1971).
5288:Breza, Adam (1891).
2718:Elizabeth of Austria
2540:Albert II of Germany
2219:Elizabeth of Austria
2099:Albert II of Germany
1809:10. Andrew Olshansky
1745:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1431:Marcello Bacciarelli
1388:Francesco Fiorentino
1182:in August 1497. The
1109:) and strengthening
961:Church of Saint Mark
874:Aleksander Gieysztor
866:Statutes of Nieszawa
786:vote by recognising
507:. This changed when
429:Casimir IV Jagiellon
357:bicameral parliament
273:, John attempted to
220:Elizabeth of Austria
212:Jagiellonian dynasty
174:Elizabeth of Austria
164:Casimir IV of Poland
6896:Sigismund I the Old
6840:Capet-Anjou dynasty
6730:Leszek II the Black
6720:Bolesław the Horned
6680:Casimir II the Just
6675:Mieszko III the Old
6207:Kto rządził Polską?
4316:, pp. 315, 319
4160:, pp. 280, 281
2978:Louis II of Hungary
1897:22. Dmitry of Druck
1415:Polish architecture
1301:Jędrzej Moraczewski
1277:Frederick of Saxony
1271:After the death of
1243:Frederick of Saxony
1216:Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey
1156:Bychowiec Chronicle
1026:, most notably the
862:judiciary practices
776:Frederick Jagiellon
762:Frederick Jagiellon
683:Alexander Jagiellon
618:Filippo Buonaccorsi
611:corporal punishment
509:George of Poděbrady
332:ports and dethrone
298:Frederick Jagiellon
243:Italian Renaissance
128:, Kingdom of Poland
6934:Sigismund III Vasa
6785:Dukes of Pomerania
6715:Henry II the Pious
6630:Władysław I Herman
6608:Mieszko II Lambert
6458:Monarchs of Poland
6346:House of Jagiellon
5868:Papacostea, Șerban
4868:, pp. 226–228
4641:, pp. 207–208
4629:, pp. 207–208
4617:, pp. 206–207
3745:, pp. 153–154
3721:, pp. 153–154
3436:, pp. 217–218
3376:, pp. 124–125
3364:, pp. 124–125
3146:Święch-Płonka 2004
3100:, pp. 259–264
2513:Sophia of Halshany
2437:Anna of Schaunberg
1863:Sophia of Halshany
1434:
1341:
1254:
1176:
1123:Ivan III of Russia
1020:
780:
754:Zbigniew Oleśnicki
738:Janusz II of Płock
666:
661:Chronica Polonorum
579:
433:Elizabeth Habsburg
413:
401:Elizabeth Habsburg
267:Polish–Ottoman War
6996:
6995:
6954:John III Sobieski
6939:Władysław IV Vasa
6911:Elective monarchy
6795:Přemyslid dynasty
6710:Henry the Bearded
6425:
6424:
6416:Succeeded by
6389:Succeeded by
5919:978-90-04-27885-1
5762:978-3-11-034647-3
5637:wielkahistoria.pl
5602:978-0-19-533403-6
5562:978-606-8550-08-4
5480:978-1-78076-353-8
5368:Codrul Cosminului
5318:978-2-9557042-0-2
5291:Literatura polska
3242:Dobraczyński 1970
3230:Dobraczyński 1970
3039:Piotrków Statutes
3024:
3023:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2193:Margaret of Brieg
1485:Maciej Miechowita
1392:Early Renaissance
1321:Bishop of Meissen
1317:Barbara Jagiellon
1273:Johann von Tiefen
1068:primary bishopric
926:Antoni Walawender
834:Constitutionalism
823:military alliance
678:Polish Crown Diet
583:Johannes Longinus
468:Jadwiga of Poland
445:Holy Roman Empire
359:, comprising the
345:history of Poland
324:to uphold Polish
304:princes from the
257:and defeated the
235:Johannes Longinus
231:Holy Roman Empire
227:House of Habsburg
189:
188:
110:Kingdom of Poland
71:23 September 1492
7071:
6770:Dukes of Kuyavia
6765:Dukes of Masovia
6750:Dukes of Silesia
6735:Henryk IV Probus
6695:Władysław Odonic
6685:Leszek the White
6451:
6444:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6399:Preceded by
6372:Preceded by
6362:
6355:
6354:27 December 1459
6337:
6336:
6332:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6280:
6261:
6240:
6221:
6200:
6181:
6162:
6143:
6122:
6105:
6084:
6065:
6044:
6023:
6004:
5994:
5989:Przegląd Sejmowy
5982:
5963:
5942:
5923:
5904:
5885:
5863:
5842:
5821:
5802:
5783:
5766:
5747:
5728:
5707:
5688:
5669:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5627:
5606:
5587:
5566:
5544:
5523:
5501:
5484:
5465:
5442:
5421:
5407:Rozdarty kościół
5400:
5379:
5362:
5341:
5322:
5303:
5284:
5263:
5242:
5221:
5202:
5181:
5154:
5127:
5106:
5087:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4831:Suchodolski 1973
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4749:, pp. 32–33
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4725:, pp. 32–33
4720:
4714:
4711:Moraczewski 1862
4708:
4702:
4699:Moraczewski 1862
4696:
4690:
4687:Moraczewski 1862
4684:
4678:
4675:Moraczewski 1862
4672:
4666:
4663:Moraczewski 1862
4660:
4654:
4651:Moraczewski 1862
4648:
4642:
4639:Moraczewski 1862
4636:
4630:
4627:Moraczewski 1862
4624:
4618:
4615:Moraczewski 1862
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:, pp. 65–66
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4033:, pp. 61–62
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:, pp. 84–85
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3877:, pp. 83–84
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3803:Boucoyannis 2021
3800:
3794:
3791:Boucoyannis 2021
3788:
3782:
3779:Boucoyannis 2021
3776:
3770:
3767:Boucoyannis 2021
3764:
3758:
3755:Boucoyannis 2021
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3707:Albertrandy 1827
3704:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3673:Albertrandy 1827
3670:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3626:Albertrandy 1827
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3602:Albertrandy 1827
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3566:Albertrandy 1827
3563:
3557:
3554:Albertrandy 1827
3551:
3545:
3542:Albertrandy 1827
3539:
3533:
3530:Albertrandy 1827
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:, pp. 37–40
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3448:, pp. 69–70
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3292:, pp. 34–35
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:, pp. 23–24
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3136:, pp. 23–24
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
2497:
2496:
2405:Barbara of Cilli
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1466:Western European
1380:Stanisław Stwosz
1327:Death and burial
1180:invaded Moldavia
1048:Monastic Prussia
1028:Duchy of Masovia
973:Jewish community
969:
934:
903:Senate of Poland
838:Late Middle Ages
788:Lucas Watzenrode
746:Duchy of Masovia
740:and his brother
670:Union of Horodło
645:Reign, 1492–1501
318:personal crusade
306:Duchy of Masovia
122:
103:27 December 1459
40:
28:
27:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7034:Dukes of Głogów
7029:Kings of Poland
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6978:
6929:Stephen Báthory
6919:Henry of Valois
6905:
6857:
6834:
6810:
6789:
6651:
6644:
6579:
6551:
6460:
6455:
6421:
6412:
6404:
6394:
6385:
6377:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6321:, ed. (1911). "
6306:
6304:
6298:
6277:
6258:
6237:
6218:
6140:
6102:
6062:
6041:
6020:
5992:
5979:
5960:
5920:
5882:
5860:
5839:
5818:
5763:
5744:
5725:
5685:
5666:
5642:
5640:
5624:
5603:
5563:
5541:
5520:
5481:
5473:. I.B. Tauris.
5462:
5439:
5418:
5397:
5359:
5319:
5281:
5260:
5239:
5218:
5199:
5170:
5143:
5124:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5009:Kraszewski 1888
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4866:Kraszewski 1888
4864:
4860:
4854:Kraszewski 1888
4852:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4603:Nowakowska 2007
4601:
4597:
4591:Nowakowska 2007
4589:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4519:Nowakowska 2017
4517:
4513:
4508:Grabarczyk 2010
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4472:Nowakowska 2007
4470:
4466:
4458:
4451:
4446:Grabarczyk 2010
4444:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4410:Nowakowska 2017
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4374:Nowakowska 2017
4372:
4368:
4362:Nowakowska 2017
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4338:Papacostea 1996
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4302:Papacostea 1996
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4170:Papacostea 1996
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4135:Nowakowska 2017
4133:
4129:
4124:Nowakowska 2017
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:Nowakowska 2017
4087:
4083:
4078:Nowakowska 2017
4076:
4072:
4067:Nowakowska 2017
4065:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3696:Nowakowska 2017
3694:
3690:
3685:Nowakowska 2017
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:Nowakowska 2017
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3434:Kraszewski 1888
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3266:Kłoczowski 1998
3264:
3260:
3254:Kłoczowski 1998
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3098:Boczkowska 1993
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3030:
3025:
2494:
2489:
1508:
1423:
1401:'s tomb at the
1364:Wawel Cathedral
1357:Toruń Cathedral
1337:Wawel Cathedral
1335:John's tomb at
1329:
1236:
1228:Kraków Barbican
1168:Kraków Barbican
1087:
1081:
1066:, the region's
1016:Duke of Masovia
1012:Konrad III Rudy
1005:
963:
950:
928:
831:
808:Wawel Cathedral
706:Crimean Khanate
676:. In turn, the
652:
650:Accession, 1492
647:
561:
537:King of Hungary
521:King of Bohemia
486:Battle of Varna
425:Polish monarchs
390:
385:
377:nobles' estates
263:Crimean Khanate
247:Catholic Church
225:Related to the
214:and the son of
143:
140:Wawel Cathedral
137:
124:
120:
104:
46:
44:Wawel Cathedral
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7077:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6924:Anna Jagiellon
6921:
6915:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:Wenceslaus III
6804:
6799:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6557:Proto-historic
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6414:
6409:Duke of Głogów
6405:
6402:János Corvinus
6400:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6387:
6382:King of Poland
6378:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6367:Regnal titles
6364:
6363:
6343:
6341:John I Albert
6340:
6334:
6333:
6319:Chisholm, Hugh
6302:
6296:
6287:Dogonić Europę
6281:
6275:
6262:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6222:
6216:
6201:
6182:
6163:
6144:
6138:
6123:
6106:
6100:
6085:
6066:
6060:
6045:
6039:
6024:
6018:
6005:
5983:
5977:
5964:
5958:
5943:
5924:
5918:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5864:
5858:
5843:
5837:
5822:
5816:
5803:
5784:
5767:
5761:
5748:
5742:
5729:
5723:
5708:
5689:
5683:
5670:
5664:
5649:
5628:
5622:
5607:
5601:
5588:
5578:(2): 401–414.
5572:Analele Putnei
5567:
5561:
5545:
5539:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5492:(4): 136–141.
5485:
5479:
5466:
5460:
5443:
5437:
5422:
5416:
5401:
5395:
5380:
5363:
5357:
5342:
5323:
5317:
5304:
5285:
5279:
5264:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5203:
5197:
5182:
5168:
5155:
5141:
5128:
5122:
5107:
5088:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5049:
5037:
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4918:
4914:Dabrowski 2014
4906:
4902:Dabrowski 2014
4894:
4890:Dabrowski 2014
4882:
4878:Dabrowski 2014
4870:
4858:
4846:
4835:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4449:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4127:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4081:
4070:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3688:
3677:
3665:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3506:Stadnicki 1880
3498:
3494:Stadnicki 1880
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3422:Borzemski 1928
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3352:, pp. 122
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3110:Olkiewicz 1981
3102:
3090:
3086:Wyczański 1987
3078:
3066:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:Ivan Olshansky
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:Uliana of Tver
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1422:
1419:
1411:triumphal arch
1399:Leonardo Bruni
1328:
1325:
1247:Teutonic Order
1235:
1232:
1184:Ottoman Sultan
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1004:
1001:
949:
942:
856:with the high
850:tax reductions
830:
827:
815:Masovian Dukes
750:House of Piast
691:personal union
651:
648:
646:
643:
573:, painting by
560:
557:
553:Duke of Głogów
389:
386:
384:
381:
294:personal union
255:Ottoman Empire
208:Duke of Głogów
204:King of Poland
200:Jan I Olbracht
187:
186:
184:Roman Catholic
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
138:
134:
130:
129:
123:(aged 41)
117:
113:
112:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
52:King of Poland
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
25:King of Poland
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7076:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:John I Albert
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6817:Piast dynasty
6813:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6802:Wenceslaus II
6800:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6650:Fragmentation
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6585:Piast dynasty
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6440:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6314:public domain
6303:
6299:
6297:9788303018243
6293:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6278:
6276:9788372205605
6272:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6257:9780155766013
6253:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6236:9781802079456
6232:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6217:9788373118676
6213:
6209:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6139:9788388857737
6135:
6131:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6101:9780295803623
6097:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6061:9788388385544
6057:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6040:9788374350945
6036:
6032:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6019:9780195106855
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5986:Sejm (1993).
5984:
5980:
5978:9780907570400
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5959:9788375052497
5955:
5951:
5950:
5944:
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5936:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5881:973-45-0138-0
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5859:9788320532920
5855:
5851:
5850:
5844:
5840:
5838:9781351951555
5834:
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5819:
5817:9780754656449
5813:
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5743:9780754668251
5739:
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5726:
5724:963-9441-58-9
5720:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5684:9780214652110
5680:
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5671:
5667:
5665:9788306026894
5661:
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5656:
5650:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5623:9781403902832
5619:
5615:
5614:
5608:
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5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5540:9781591601937
5536:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5519:9780198208693
5515:
5511:
5507:
5506:Frost, Robert
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5461:9785420017036
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5438:9788308025772
5434:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5396:9788371771200
5392:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5358:9781501757402
5354:
5350:
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5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5280:9781107162792
5276:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5259:9788381780834
5255:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5238:9788322909751
5234:
5230:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5198:9788376762029
5194:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5169:9788387639594
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5142:9788385196181
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5123:9788372123077
5119:
5115:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5023:, p. 299
5022:
5017:
5011:, p. 226
5010:
5005:
4999:, p. 299
4998:
4993:
4987:, p. 130
4986:
4981:
4975:, p. 253
4974:
4969:
4963:, p. 253
4962:
4957:
4951:, p. 289
4950:
4945:
4939:, p. 253
4938:
4933:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4856:, p. 226
4855:
4850:
4844:
4839:
4833:, p. 150
4832:
4827:
4821:, p. 131
4820:
4815:
4809:, p. 143
4808:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4785:, p. 170
4784:
4779:
4773:, p. 166
4772:
4767:
4761:, p. 170
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4713:, p. 208
4712:
4707:
4701:, p. 208
4700:
4695:
4689:, p. 208
4688:
4683:
4677:, p. 208
4676:
4671:
4665:, p. 208
4664:
4659:
4653:, p. 207
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4581:, p. 135
4580:
4575:
4569:, p. 135
4568:
4563:
4557:, p. 11.
4556:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4521:, p. 133
4520:
4515:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4462:, p. 249
4461:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4412:, p. 132
4411:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4376:, p. 132
4375:
4370:
4364:, p. 132
4363:
4358:
4352:, p. 319
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4280:, p. 132
4279:
4274:
4268:, p. 132
4267:
4262:
4256:, p. 132
4255:
4250:
4244:, p. 132
4243:
4238:
4232:, p. 132
4231:
4226:
4220:, p. 132
4219:
4214:
4208:, p. 281
4207:
4202:
4195:
4194:Chisholm 1911
4190:
4184:, p. 281
4183:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4148:, p. 376
4147:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4120:
4114:, p. 376
4113:
4108:
4102:, p. 376
4101:
4096:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4063:
4057:, p. 175
4056:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3949:, pp. 87
3948:
3943:
3937:, pp. 85
3936:
3931:
3925:, pp. 85
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3901:, pp. 84
3900:
3895:
3889:, pp. 84
3888:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3805:, p. 223
3804:
3799:
3793:, p. 223
3792:
3787:
3781:, p. 222
3780:
3775:
3769:, p. 222
3768:
3763:
3757:, p. 222
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3733:, p. 153
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3709:, p. 212
3708:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3675:, p. 212
3674:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3652:, p. 152
3651:
3646:
3640:, p. 152
3639:
3634:
3628:, p. 211
3627:
3622:
3616:, p. 152
3615:
3610:
3604:, p. 211
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 152
3591:
3586:
3580:, p. 152
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 210
3567:
3562:
3556:, p. 210
3555:
3550:
3544:, p. 210
3543:
3538:
3532:, p. 210
3531:
3526:
3520:, p. 153
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3472:, p. 112
3471:
3466:
3460:, p. 133
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3400:, p. 303
3399:
3394:
3388:, p. 302
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3340:, p. 280
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3304:, p. 150
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3280:, p. 195
3279:
3274:
3268:, p. 120
3267:
3262:
3256:, p. 119
3255:
3250:
3244:, p. 290
3243:
3238:
3232:, p. 290
3231:
3226:
3220:, p. 174
3219:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3194:Nadolski 1961
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3160:, p. 158
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3124:, p. 191
3123:
3118:
3112:, p. 120
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3076:, p. 160
3075:
3070:
3064:, p. 160
3063:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3010:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2872:John I Albert
2866:
2858:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2803:
2793:
2791:
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2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
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2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2232:
2231:
2226:
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2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
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2146:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:John I Albert
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
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1801:
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1757:
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1713:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1697:
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1668:
1665:
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1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
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1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:Marcin Kromer
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:, the son of
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:According to
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:Imperial Diet
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:crossed into
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1170:, fearing an
1169:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Ottoman Turks
1092:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1072:Jan Lubrański
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
993:Marcin Kromer
990:
986:
982:
981:Byron Sherwin
978:
974:
967:
962:
958:
955:
947:
941:
939:
938:universal act
932:
927:
923:
919:
918:Lesser Polish
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
663:
662:
656:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
571:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:heir apparent
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:primogeniture
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Władysław III
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:John I Albert
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
141:
135:
131:
127:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:John I Albert
29:
23:
19:
6986:
6969:Augustus III
6885:
6746:
6657:
6612:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6407:
6380:
6361:17 June 1501
6358:
6351:
6344:
6326:
6286:
6266:
6246:
6226:
6206:
6187:
6168:
6149:
6128:
6110:
6090:
6071:
6050:
6029:
6009:
5988:
5968:
5948:
5929:
5909:
5892:Jan Olbracht
5891:
5871:
5848:
5827:
5807:
5789:
5771:
5752:
5733:
5715:
5712:
5694:
5674:
5654:
5641:. Retrieved
5636:
5612:
5592:
5575:
5571:
5552:
5549:Gemil, Tasin
5529:
5509:
5489:
5470:
5448:Jogailaičiai
5447:
5427:
5406:
5385:
5370:(10): 3–12.
5367:
5347:
5328:
5308:
5290:
5269:
5248:
5227:
5207:
5187:
5159:
5132:
5112:
5093:
5074:
5065:Bibliography
5057:Duczmal 1996
5052:
5047:, p. 79
5040:
5035:, p. 79
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4985:Housley 2004
4980:
4973:Bokajło 1993
4968:
4961:Bokajło 1993
4956:
4944:
4937:Bokajło 1993
4932:
4926:Janicki 2021
4921:
4916:, p. 80
4909:
4904:, p. 80
4897:
4892:, p. 80
4885:
4880:, p. 80
4873:
4861:
4849:
4843:Janicki 2021
4838:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4797:, p. 14
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4737:, p. 44
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4605:, p. 50
4598:
4593:, p. 50
4586:
4579:Housley 2004
4574:
4567:Housley 2004
4562:
4555:Demciuc 2004
4550:
4545:, p. 33
4538:
4533:, p. 33
4526:
4514:
4503:
4498:, p. 11
4496:Demciuc 2004
4491:
4479:
4474:, p. 48
4467:
4441:
4436:, p. 11
4434:Demciuc 2004
4429:
4424:, p. 11
4422:Demciuc 2004
4417:
4405:
4400:, p. 11
4398:Demciuc 2004
4393:
4388:, p. 40
4381:
4369:
4357:
4350:Cristea 2016
4345:
4340:, p. 66
4333:
4321:
4314:Cristea 2016
4309:
4297:
4285:
4278:Housley 2004
4273:
4266:Housley 2004
4261:
4254:Housley 2004
4249:
4242:Housley 2004
4237:
4230:Housley 2004
4225:
4218:Housley 2004
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4172:, p. 64
4165:
4153:
4141:
4130:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4084:
4073:
4062:
4050:
4045:, p. 61
4043:Sherwin 1997
4038:
4031:Sherwin 1997
4026:
4021:, p. 61
4019:Sherwin 1997
4014:
4009:, p. 61
4007:Sherwin 1997
4002:
3997:, p. 61
3995:Sherwin 1997
3990:
3985:, p. 61
3983:Sherwin 1997
3978:
3973:, p. 61
3971:Sherwin 1997
3966:
3961:, p. 61
3959:Sherwin 1997
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3865:, p. 19
3858:
3853:, p. 19
3846:
3841:, p. 10
3834:
3822:
3817:, p. 11
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3743:Szujski n.d.
3738:
3731:Szujski n.d.
3726:
3719:Szujski n.d.
3714:
3702:
3691:
3680:
3668:
3657:
3650:Szujski n.d.
3645:
3638:Szujski n.d.
3633:
3621:
3614:Szujski n.d.
3609:
3597:
3590:Szujski n.d.
3585:
3578:Szujski n.d.
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3518:Szujski 1889
3513:
3501:
3496:, p. 37
3489:
3484:, p. 71
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3412:, p. 69
3405:
3398:Duczmal 2012
3393:
3386:Duczmal 2012
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3328:, p. 22
3321:
3316:, p. 22
3309:
3302:Szujski 1894
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3218:Kubinyi 2002
3213:
3208:, p. 23
3201:
3196:, p. 29
3189:
3184:, p. 88
3177:
3165:
3153:
3148:, p. 11
3141:
3129:
3122:Thomson 1963
3117:
3105:
3093:
3088:, p. 64
3081:
3069:
3057:
2871:
1972:
1501:
1498:
1474:
1470:urbanisation
1435:
1361:
1342:
1298:
1281:Grand Master
1270:
1262:Polish Crown
1255:
1213:
1177:
1154:
1147:
1119:Maximilian I
1103:Cetatea Albă
1093:against the
1088:
1052:
1044:Polonisation
1021:
951:
914:Nowy Korczyn
907:
898:
890:
884:
882:
832:
812:
781:
774:of Cardinal
735:
715:supercilious
704:against the
695:
667:
659:
638:centralising
615:
586:
580:
567:
533:tuberculosis
498:
475:
457:
417:Wawel Castle
414:
342:
288:was elected
283:
224:
191:
190:
121:(1501-06-17)
119:17 June 1501
22:
7014:1501 deaths
7009:1459 births
6964:Stanisław I
6740:Przemysł II
6323:John Albert
5643:22 November
4949:Szwarc 2007
4807:Rundle 2012
4783:Biskup 1992
4759:Biskup 1992
4484:Eagles 2014
3829:, p. 9
3424:, p. 2
3158:Dobosz 1999
3074:Spórna 2006
3062:Spórna 2006
2897:Bona Sforza
2890:Sigismund I
2881:Alexander I
2492:Family tree
1390:created an
1372:Late Gothic
1279:as the new
1211:dependent.
1188:Janissaries
1143:Stephen III
1091:Christendom
1040:quasi-state
964: [
929: [
899:curia regis
895:dignitaries
891:consiliarii
886:curia regis
844:issued the
790:as the new
723:Leszczyński
687:dignitaries
591:Church laws
587:Jan Długosz
575:Jan Matejko
570:Callimachus
449:christening
334:Stephen III
239:Callimachus
90:Alexander I
76:Predecessor
7003:Categories
6881:Casimir IV
6524:Leszko III
6413:1491–1498
6386:1492–1501
6375:Casimir IV
6001:1201482208
5417:8321112706
5217:8370220274
5045:Biber 2000
5033:Biber 2000
5021:Rożek 2008
4997:Rożek 2008
4819:Labno 2011
4747:Stone 2014
4723:Stone 2014
4543:Stone 2014
4531:Stone 2014
4386:Gemil 2013
4326:Eșanu 2013
4290:Eșanu 2013
4206:Frost 2015
4182:Frost 2015
4158:Frost 2015
4146:Frost 2015
4112:Frost 2015
4100:Frost 2015
3839:Benni 1876
3827:Benni 1876
3815:Benni 1876
3482:Breza 1891
3446:Breza 1891
3410:Breza 1891
3338:Frost 2015
3326:Papée 1936
3314:Papée 1936
3290:Sroka 2005
3206:Stone 2014
3170:Stone 2014
3134:Stone 2014
3045:References
2699:Casimir IV
1450:absolutism
1446:militarism
1384:Veit Stoss
1111:suzerainty
1053:When Duke
1036:Gediminids
997:Christians
944:Expelling
916:where the
501:Vladislaus
409:Vladislaus
397:Casimir IV
379:for life.
353:centralise
349:absolutism
326:suzerainty
314:Konrad III
279:Vladislaus
216:Casimir IV
80:Casimir IV
67:Coronation
6891:Alexander
6815:Restored
6747:See also:
6593:Mieszko I
6575:Siemomysł
6542:Chościsko
6537:Popiel II
6517:Leszko II
6489:Krakus II
6466:Legendary
6419:Sigismund
6392:Alexander
6197:254227833
6178:941034899
6081:253194759
5939:231045979
5912:. Brill.
5901:560200350
5799:246031956
5780:726792119
5584:1841-625X
5498:1857-0461
5376:1224-032X
5338:699877821
5300:557726238
5103:839145359
5084:785885479
4795:Knox 1971
3947:Sejm 1993
3935:Sejm 1993
3923:Sejm 1993
3911:Sejm 1993
3899:Sejm 1993
3887:Sejm 1993
3875:Sejm 1993
3863:Sejm 1993
3851:Sejm 1993
3050:Citations
2507:(Jogaila)
1629:(Jogaila)
1543:Gediminas
1481:libertine
1438:Alexander
1309:ultimatum
1151:artillery
1099:Black Sea
1055:Janusz II
985:Kazimierz
878:oligarchy
727:Sigismund
719:Tęczyński
595:Alexander
585:(Polish:
559:Education
453:candidacy
405:Alexander
338:Sigismund
330:Black Sea
286:Alexander
154:Jagiellon
136:July 1501
86:Successor
6705:Konrad I
6635:Zbigniew
6565:Siemowit
6531:Popiel I
6510:Leszko I
6482:Krakus I
6159:18043371
5870:(1996).
5704:24638238
5508:(2015).
5490:Akademos
5178:69581696
5151:69518168
3028:See also
1569:Algirdas
1506:Ancestry
1494:drunkard
1477:bachelor
1462:folwarks
1454:peasants
1407:Florence
1353:embalmed
1349:syphilis
1266:Holy See
1205:Bukovina
1131:Moldavia
1127:suzerain
1115:Moldavia
1030:, whose
1024:fiefdoms
977:burghers
910:Piotrków
858:magnates
796:burghers
784:Prussian
731:chastity
708:and its
698:Piotrków
603:rhetoric
477:de facto
373:peasants
363:and the
322:Moldavia
249:and the
180:Religion
142:, Kraków
6987:Italics
6853:Jadwiga
6603:Bezprym
6496:Lech II
6316::
5094:Ateneum
1458:serfdom
1436:Unlike
1220:Podolia
1196:Suceava
1172:Ottoman
989:Judaism
954:Turkish
922:Miechów
870:sejmiks
842:Louis I
840:, when
819:Masovia
804:bonfire
772:Epitaph
758:Primate
674:Vilnius
525:Casimir
513:Bohemia
460:Jogaila
261:of the
149:Dynasty
6652:period
6570:Lestek
6475:Lech I
6357:
6310:
6294:
6273:
6254:
6233:
6214:
6195:
6176:
6157:
6136:
6119:714705
6117:
6098:
6079:
6058:
6037:
6016:
5999:
5975:
5956:
5937:
5916:
5899:
5878:
5856:
5835:
5814:
5797:
5778:
5759:
5740:
5721:
5702:
5681:
5662:
5620:
5599:
5582:
5559:
5537:
5516:
5496:
5477:
5458:
5435:
5414:
5393:
5374:
5355:
5336:
5315:
5298:
5277:
5256:
5235:
5214:
5195:
5176:
5166:
5149:
5139:
5120:
5101:
5082:
1376:effigy
1370:. The
1209:feudal
1107:Chilia
1059:Konrad
854:gentry
800:Kraków
742:Konrad
664:, 1519
634:clergy
630:Virgil
626:Cicero
577:, 1881
549:Prešov
545:Košice
474:, who
472:Piasts
462:, the
421:Kraków
369:gentry
361:Senate
259:Tatars
251:clergy
196:Polish
170:Mother
160:Father
133:Burial
106:Kraków
6503:Wanda
6359:Died:
6352:Born:
5993:(PDF)
1601:Jaunė
1395:niche
1345:Toruń
1305:Toruń
1192:Roman
1135:Lőcse
1125:. As
1113:over
1064:Płock
1032:Piast
968:]
957:envoy
933:]
710:Tatar
622:chess
599:Latin
541:usurp
464:pagan
320:into
302:Piast
275:usurp
126:Toruń
58:Reign
6292:ISBN
6271:ISBN
6252:ISBN
6231:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6193:OCLC
6174:OCLC
6155:OCLC
6134:ISBN
6115:OCLC
6096:ISBN
6077:OCLC
6056:ISBN
6035:ISBN
6014:ISBN
5997:OCLC
5973:ISBN
5954:ISBN
5935:OCLC
5914:ISBN
5897:OCLC
5876:ISBN
5854:ISBN
5833:ISBN
5812:ISBN
5795:OCLC
5776:OCLC
5757:ISBN
5738:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5700:OCLC
5679:ISBN
5660:ISBN
5645:2021
5618:ISBN
5597:ISBN
5580:ISSN
5557:ISBN
5535:ISBN
5514:ISBN
5494:ISSN
5475:ISBN
5456:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5412:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5372:ISSN
5353:ISBN
5334:OCLC
5313:ISBN
5296:OCLC
5275:ISBN
5254:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5212:ISBN
5193:ISBN
5174:OCLC
5164:ISBN
5147:OCLC
5137:ISBN
5118:ISBN
5099:OCLC
5080:OCLC
2435:31.
2403:15.
2377:30.
2315:29.
2283:14.
2257:28.
2191:27.
2159:13.
2133:26.
2071:25.
2039:12.
2013:24.
1783:20.
1662:18.
1599:17.
1541:16.
1448:and
1368:nave
1224:Lwów
1105:and
946:Jews
721:and
636:and
628:and
492:and
431:and
407:and
399:and
365:Sejm
237:and
218:and
116:Died
100:Born
6325:".
2341:7.
2217:3.
2097:6.
1971:1.
1861:5.
1743:2.
1688:9.
1625:4.
1567:8.
1405:in
1268:.
1203:in
1129:of
1050:.
798:of
733:.
419:in
7005::
5635:.
5574:.
5454:.
5172:.
5145:.
4452:^
1417:.
1292:.
1230:.
1014:,
999:.
966:pl
931:pl
756:,
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6450:e
6443:t
6436:v
6300:.
6279:.
6260:.
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6220:.
6199:.
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6083:.
6064:.
6043:.
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5981:.
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5903:.
5884:.
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5302:.
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5220:.
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5105:.
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