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2457:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. McCarthy discusses his role in the development of time-sharing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also describes his work in artificial intelligence (AI) funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, including logic-based AI (Lisp) and robotics.
729:
forums. Some of his ideas can be found in his sustainability Web page, which is "aimed at showing that human material progress is desirable and sustainable". McCarthy was an avid book reader, an optimist, and a staunch supporter of free speech. His best Usenet interaction is visible in rec.arts.books
637:
The
Internet would not have happened nearly as soon as it did except for the fact that John initiated the development of time-sharing systems. We keep inventing new names for time-sharing. It came to be called servers ... Now we call it cloud computing. That is still just time-sharing. John
717:, a type of tower extending into space and kept vertical by the outward force of a stream of pellets propelled from Earth along a sort of conveyor belt which returns the pellets to Earth. Payloads would ride the conveyor belt upward.
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at
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Corbató discusses computer science research, especially time-sharing, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including John McCarthy and research on
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at
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Dennis discusses the work of John McCarthy on time-sharing, and the influence of DARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office on the development of
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1999:
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at
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including the work of John
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for years was, "He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense"; his license plate cover read, similarly, "Do the arithmetic or be doomed to talk nonsense." He advised 30 PhD graduates.
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His 2001 short story "The Robot and the Baby" farcically explored the question of whether robots should have (or simulate having) emotions, and anticipated aspects of
Internet culture and
668:). This idea of a computer or information utility was very popular during the late 1960s, but had faded by the mid-1990s. However, since 2000, the idea has resurfaced in new forms (see
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McCarthy, J. (1979) Ascribing mental qualities to machines. In: Philosophical perspectives in artificial intelligence, ed. M. Ringle. Atlantic
Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press.
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during the 1930s, and they encouraged learning and critical thinking. Before he attended high school, McCarthy became interested in science by reading a translation of
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Argument, disagreeing with McCarthy and taking the stance that machines cannot have beliefs simply because they are not conscious. Searle argues that machines lack
865:"for his co-founding of the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and timesharing systems, and for major contributions to mathematics and computer science" (1999)
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can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem-solving performance." In 1980 the philosopher
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564:. In August 1959 he proposed the use of recursion and conditional expressions, which became part of ALGOL. He then became involved with developing
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McCarthy, J. 2002. "Actions and other events in situation calculus". In Fensel, D.; Giunchiglia, F.; McGuinness, D.; and
Williams, M., eds.,
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384:(Caltech). As a result, he was able to skip the first two years of math at Caltech. He was suspended from Caltech for failure to attend
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McCarthy, J., and Buvac, S. 1997. "Formalizing context: Expanded notes". In
Aliseda, A.; van Glabbeek, R.; and Westerstahl, D., eds.,
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in the autumn of 1956. By the end of his years at MIT he was already affectionately referred to as "Uncle John" by his students.
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of r.a.b. readers, called rab-fests. He went on to defend free speech criticism involving
European ethnic jokes at Stanford.
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In 1979 McCarthy wrote an article entitled "Ascribing Mental
Qualities to Machines". In it he wrote, "Machines as simple as
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based its semantics. Lisp soon became the programming language of choice for AI applications after its publication in 1960.
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2367:, Simon and Schuster, 1982. Lengthy profiles of John McCarthy, physicist Robert R. Wilson and geneticist Mark Ptashne.
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technology might result in a future in which computing power and even specific applications could be sold through the
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immigrant mother, John Patrick and Ida (Glatt) McCarthy. The family was obliged to relocate frequently during the
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1363:"Soviet takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1968 witnessed by John McCarthy; Letter to Les Earnest dated Nov. 1, 1968"
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2000:"The Death of TRUE Tech Innovators D. Ritchie & J. McCarthy – Yet the Death of Steve Jobs Overshadows All"
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545:. That functional programming seminal paper also introduced the lambda notation borrowed from the syntax of
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1308:"History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Software history, LISP of John McCarthy"
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882:' AI's Hall of Fame (2011), for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems"
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McCarthy, John (1960). "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine".
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Working Papers of the Fourth International Symposium on Logical formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning
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Architects of the Information Society, Thirty-Five Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT
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in Summer 1956. This conference started AI as a field. (Minsky later joined McCarthy at MIT in 1959.)
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Machines Who Think: a personal inquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence
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McCarthy, J. 1963b. Situations, actions, and causal laws. Technical report, Stanford University.
380:; during his teens, he taught himself college math by studying the textbooks used at the nearby
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In 1966, McCarthy and his team at Stanford wrote a computer program used to play a series of
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John McCarthy is one of the "founding fathers" of artificial intelligence, together with
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coined the term "artificial intelligence" in a proposal that they wrote for the famous
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830:. A vast amount of literature has been written in support of one side or the other.
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2384:, New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1984. Collected interviews originally published in
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McCarthy, J. 1990. "Generality in artificial intelligence". In Lifschitz, V., ed.,
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1035:. Stanford University. Also available as Stanford Technical Note STAN-CS-TN-94-13.
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Proceedings of the Teddington Conference on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes
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McCarthy declared himself an atheist in a speech about artificial intelligence at
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2159:"Stanford's John McCarthy, seminal figure of artificial intelligence, dies at 84"
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McCarthy, J (1986). "Applications of circumscription to common sense reasoning".
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John McCarthy (1927-2011): Artificial Intelligence (complete) – Thinking Allowed
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1892:"Attempt at Censorship of Electronic Libraries at Stanford University in 1989"
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ad hoc committee on Languages that became part of the committee that designed
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Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists
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McCarthy, J. 1977. "Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence". In
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Presidents of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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McCarthy, J (1980). "Circumscription: A form of non-monotonic reasoning".
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Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence
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McCarthy, J. 1963a "A basis for a mathematical theory of computation". In
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McCarthy saw the importance of mathematics and mathematics education. His
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Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
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The lecture, entitled "Time Sharing Computer Systems," is pp. 220-248 in
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McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the very earliest
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The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science laureates
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947: (archived August 25, 2013). In Meltzer, B., and Michie, D., eds.,
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could be extended to compute with symbolic expressions, producing the
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and made friends with Russian scientists during multiple trips to the
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Celebration of John McCarthy's Accomplishments at Stanford University
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347:, a Russian popular science book for children. He was fluent in the
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858:(US) in Mathematical, Statistical, and Computational Sciences (1990)
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McCarthy completed his graduate studies at Caltech before moving to
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Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
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1946:"Tree of John McCarthy students for the Computer History Exhibits"
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In 1961, he was perhaps the first to suggest publicly the idea of
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3114:
3057:
3047:
3042:
2937:
1418:"On John McCarthy's 80th Birthday, in Honor of his Contributions"
1397:"John McCarthy dies at 84; the father of artificial intelligence"
657:
652:, in a speech given to celebrate MIT's centennial: that computer
389:
329:
2515:
1283:"Leading academic who coined the term 'artificial intelligence'"
4578:
4103:
4080:
4059:
3767:
3277:
3174:
3140:
3086:
3075:
3067:
3005:
2901:
2865:
2235:"President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details 1990"
1045:
Costello, T., and McCarthy, J. 1999. "Useful counterfactuals".
738:
726:
454:
4179:
4109:
4085:
4049:
4012:
3947:
3886:
3357:
3199:
3169:
3081:
2814:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2337:"Stanford School of Engineering names new engineering heroes"
2065:"Computer pioneer discusses atheism, artificial intelligence"
956:
684:
661:
472:
464:
at Stanford, where he remained until his retirement in 2000.
320:, until McCarthy's father found work as an organizer for the
266:
2365:
Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science
1914:"He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense"
1826:(ed Martin Greenberger), published 1962, later reprinted as
606:, and while at Stanford University, he helped establish the
288:
for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States
4196:
4043:
4029:
4023:
3952:
3493:
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
3287:
2985:
2857:
2412:
1548:"Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence"
751:
that became increasingly prominent during ensuing decades.
741:
2499:
Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science
1432:
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
1208:
284:. He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971
9255:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1488:"A. M. Turing award: John McCarthy, United States – 1971"
1461:
Arguing A.I.: The Battle for Twenty-first-Century Science
599:
450:
415:
1692:
809:
1662:
1512:
Projection operators and partial differential equations
806:. He died at his home in Stanford on October 24, 2011.
373:
two years early and was accepted into Caltech in 1944.
241:(September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American
1948:. infolab.Stanford.edu. April 21, 2012. Archived from
1628:
McCarthy, John (August 1959). "Letter to the editor".
1024:
McCarthy, J. 1993. "Notes on formalizing context". In
759:
McCarthy was married three times. His second wife was
730:
archives. He actively attended SF Bay Area dinners in
530:, which inspired later work on question-answering and
265:, significantly influenced the design of the language
713:
In 1982, he seems to have originated the idea of the
1066:
482:
253:. He co-authored the document that coined the term "
4805:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
4203:
International Federation for Information Processing
570:
International Federation for Information Processing
568:in programming and informatics, as a member of the
355:, but distanced himself after making visits to the
2023:"John McCarthy, 84, Dies; Computer Design Pioneer"
1928:"John McCarthy, 84, Dies; Computer Design Pioneer"
1458:
1048:Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence
951:4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 463–502.
911:, 756–91. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
610:, for many years a friendly rival to Project MAC.
249:. He was one of the founders of the discipline of
9280:Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
5473:
3402:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
2106:"Commentary on World, US, and scientific affairs"
725:McCarthy often commented on world affairs on the
9186:
7758:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
4866:
2482:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
2237:. National Science Foundation. February 14, 2006
1415:
1409:
1192:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
403:It was at Caltech that he attended a lecture by
2475:Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató
1087:, filed a patent for time-sharing in early 1959
1038:McCarthy, J. 1998. "Elaboration tolerance". In
438:After short-term appointments at Princeton and
4042:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
2388:magazine; contains an interview with McCarthy.
1794:Garfinkel, Simson (1999). Abelson, Hal (ed.).
1416:Hayes, Patrick J.; Morgenstern, Leora (2007).
418:in mathematics in 1951 with his dissertation "
9310:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
5443:
4852:
3871:
2653:
2639:
2531:
1174:. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021
779:, a computer scientist at Stanford and later
9240:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
9215:American artificial intelligence researchers
4212:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
2447:conducted at OOPSLA 2008; Set of interviews:
1243:
1227:"John McCarthy – A.M. Turing Award Laureate"
576:on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which
537:In the late 1950s, McCarthy discovered that
442:, McCarthy became an assistant professor at
4040:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
3499:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1370:Brags and Blunders of Lester Donald Earnest
871:in Computer and Cognitive Science from the
299:
5450:
5436:
4859:
4845:
3878:
3864:
3800:
2646:
2632:
2538:
2524:
2468:Oral history interview with Jack B. Dennis
2416:
2127:
1916:(Usenet newsgroup sci.environment search).
1541:
1539:
1529:Hackers, Heroes of the Computer Revolution
1485:
702:From 1978 to 1986, McCarthy developed the
31:
9220:California Institute of Technology alumni
2461:Oral history interview with Marvin Minsky
2451:Oral history interview with John McCarthy
2258:"John McCarthy – CHM Fellow Award Winner"
1823:Management and the Computer of the Future
1793:
1744:
1596:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1000:
9345:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
9205:Belmont High School (Los Angeles) alumni
7167:
2133:
2103:
1970:
1889:
1862:
1839:
1726:
1627:
1580:
1508:
1456:
1138:
986:
963:
486:
467:McCarthy championed mathematics such as
339:Both parents were active members of the
5737:
5459:United States National Medal of Science
2334:
2020:
1997:
1545:
1536:
1525:
931:Computer Programming and formal systems
580:, maintains, and supports ALGOL 60 and
9245:Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
9187:
2191:
1667:; Guttmann, Walter (August 17, 2016).
1383:
1244:Shasha, Dennis; Lazere, Cathy (1998).
1139:Mishlove, Jeffrey (November 3, 2011).
8287:
8286:
7756:
7166:
6680:
5736:
5472:
5431:
4840:
4275:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3885:
3859:
3487:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2627:
2519:
2156:
2108:. Stanford University. Archived from
2081:. Stanford University. Archived from
1998:Thomson, Cask J. (October 26, 2011).
1975:. formal.stanford.edu. Archived from
1867:. formal.stanford.edu. Archived from
1828:Computers and the world of the future
939:McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J. 1969.
893:
810:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
767:who died in 1978 attempting to scale
691:; McCarthy's team lost two games and
602:, he helped motivate the creation of
280:McCarthy spent most of his career at
181:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3820:
1964:
1206:
1101:List of pioneers in computer science
907: (archived October 4, 2013). In
833:
587:Around 1959, he invented so-called "
407:that inspired his future endeavors.
336:, Ireland. His mother died in 1957.
9260:National Medal of Science laureates
4186:Association for Computing Machinery
4108:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
2335:Beckett, Jamie (December 2, 2012).
1863:McCarthy, John (February 4, 1995).
1800:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 1.
1669:"Profile of IFIP Working Group 2.1"
1479:
1394:
1360:
1331:
1153:from the original on March 24, 2013
844:Association for Computing Machinery
720:
558:Association for Computing Machinery
134:IJCAI Award for Research Excellence
13:
9250:Lisp (programming language) people
3504:University of California, Berkeley
3348:Scheme Requests for Implementation
2357:
2157:Myers, Andrew (October 25, 2011).
2021:Markoff, John (October 25, 2011).
433:
382:California Institute of Technology
92:California Institute of Technology
14:
9371:
3165:Knowledge Engineering Environment
2545:
2405: (archived October 11, 2013).
2392:
1865:"Progress and its sustainability"
922: (archived October 4, 2013).
483:Contributions in computer science
9315:People from Stanford, California
9235:American people of Irish descent
4819:
4818:
4809:
4808:
3840:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3799:
2104:McCarthy, John (March 7, 2003).
1971:McCarthy, John (June 28, 2001).
1840:McCarthy, John (July 31, 1994).
1395:Woo, Elaine (October 28, 2011).
1069:
754:
392:and was readmitted, receiving a
376:He showed an early aptitude for
37:McCarthy at a conference in 2006
2328:
2278:
2255:
2249:
2227:
2185:
2176:
2150:
2097:
2071:
2057:
2035:
2014:
1991:
1938:
1920:
1906:
1890:McCarthy, John (May 12, 1997).
1883:
1856:
1833:
1814:
1787:
1761:
1720:
1686:
1656:
1621:
1574:
1519:
1502:
1457:Williams, Sam (March 5, 2002).
1450:
687:games with counterparts in the
591:" methods, a kind of automatic
556:In 1958, McCarthy served on an
388:courses. He then served in the
9270:Programming language designers
4783:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
2136:"Biographies of John McCarthy"
2043:"Biography of Carolyn Talcott"
1354:
1325:
1300:
1275:
1237:
1219:
1200:
1132:
619:Compatible Time-Sharing System
424:partial differential equations
359:, which led to him becoming a
308:, on September 4, 1927, to an
16:American scientist (1927–2011)
1:
9275:Logic programming researchers
6681:
5474:Behavioral and social science
3274:Common Lisp Interface Manager
2428:Mathematics Genealogy Project
2399:McCarthy's Stanford home page
2201:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2194:"Minds, brains, and programs"
1727:McCarthy, John (April 1960).
1126:
627:Dartmouth Time Sharing System
595:, to solve problems in Lisp.
549:in which later dialects like
539:primitive recursive functions
332:, a small fishing village in
9305:Princeton University faculty
9210:American computer scientists
4255:Case Institute of Technology
2673:Automatic storage management
2435:at the AI Genealogy Project.
2377:, 1979, second edition 2004.
1341:National Academy of Sciences
1011:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9
980:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9
901:"Programs with Common Sense"
861:Inducted as a Fellow of the
670:application service provider
633:told the Los Angeles Times:
479:in artificial intelligence.
426:", under the supervision of
322:Amalgamated Clothing Workers
7:
9335:United States Army soldiers
9295:Princeton University alumni
4788:ALGOL 68 to other languages
2922:Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
1703:"ScopeEtc: IFIP21: Foswiki"
1532:, Gutenberg.org, p. 34
1062:
794:, he became a conservative
10:
9376:
9330:Scientists from California
8362:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2122:By the way I'm an atheist.
1558:(2): 14–23. Archived from
1033:Computing Natural Language
822:responded with his famous
460:In 1962, he became a full
449:A year later, he moved to
304:John McCarthy was born in
9300:Dartmouth College faculty
9124:
8973:
8822:
8643:
8449:
8297:
8293:
8282:
8216:
8118:
8007:
7918:
7839:
7767:
7763:
7752:
7709:
7618:
7510:
7401:
7337:William Hayward Pickering
7282:
7177:
7173:
7162:
7088:
6980:
6834:
6710:
6691:
6687:
6676:
6587:
6396:
6210:
6028:
5884:
5747:
5743:
5732:
5689:
5630:
5542:
5502:
5483:
5479:
5468:
4877:
4800:
4776:
4604:
4577:
4410:
4401:
4369:
4321:
4312:
4305:
4292:Royal Radar Establishment
4284:
4247:
4221:
4168:
4161:
4152:
4125:
3933:
3903:
3894:
3797:
3766:
3718:
3680:
3627:
3523:
3516:
3479:
3438:
3431:
3411:
3373:
3366:
3340:
3329:
3299:
3258:
3066:
3033:
3026:
3004:
2885:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2751:Common Lisp Object System
2740:
2668:
2661:
2655:Lisp programming language
2553:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2455:Charles Babbage Institute
2445:Interview with Guy Steele
2213:10.1017/s0140525x00005756
1733:Communications of the ACM
1630:Communications of the ACM
1584:Communications of the ACM
1209:"Professor John McCarthy"
924:Communications of the ACM
885:Named as one of the 2012
856:National Medal of Science
543:Lisp programming language
526:In 1958, he proposed the
290:National Medal of Science
232:
206:
194:
172:
162:
155:
144:National Medal of Science
119:
97:
83:
64:
42:
30:
23:
9320:Jewish American atheists
8786:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
8232:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
5863:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
4265:University of St Andrews
3451:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
3381:Common Lisp the Language
2294:IEEE Intelligent Systems
2163:Stanford University News
1973:"The Robot and the Baby"
1434:: 93–102. Archived from
1019:Formalizing Common Sense
880:IEEE Intelligent Systems
788:Stanford Memorial Church
369:McCarthy graduated from
300:Early life and education
8097:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
6015:George Ledyard Stebbins
5936:James Augustine Shannon
4564:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
4260:University of Edinburgh
4140:Van Wijngaarden grammar
2558:Artificial intelligence
2380:Pamela Weintraub, ed.,
2192:Searle, John R (1980).
1546:Roberts, Jacob (2016).
1509:McCarthy, John (1951).
1334:"A Biographical Memoir"
989:Artificial Intelligence
967:Artificial Intelligence
869:Benjamin Franklin Medal
863:Computer History Museum
708:non-monotonic reasoning
623:BBN Time-Sharing System
566:international standards
328:. His father came from
326:Los Angeles, California
312:immigrant father and a
255:artificial intelligence
251:artificial intelligence
149:Benjamin Franklin Medal
102:Artificial intelligence
9355:California Republicans
9285:Turing Award laureates
9265:Scientists from Boston
8554:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
8541:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
7497:Harry George Drickamer
7443:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
7117:M. Frederick Hawthorne
6991:John D. Baldeschwieler
6231:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
5913:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
4891:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
4207:IFIP Working Group 2.1
3386:How to Design Programs
3225:Portable Standard Lisp
2871:Steel Bank Common Lisp
2836:Embeddable Common Lisp
2809:Armed Bear Common Lisp
2688:Higher-order functions
1642:10.1145/368405.1773349
1056:Proceedings of KR-2002
646:
608:Stanford AI Laboratory
574:IFIP Working Group 2.1
492:
414:, where he received a
257:" (AI), developed the
129:Computer Pioneer Award
9340:Computer chess people
9230:Formal methods people
9145:Sylvester James Gates
8531:William Alfred Fowler
8513:Robert Rathbun Wilson
8326:Robert Burns Woodward
7138:Geraldine L. Richmond
6886:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
6169:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
6098:Vernon B. Mountcastle
5954:Sterling B. Hendricks
5771:Marshall W. Nirenberg
5766:Theodosius Dobzhansky
5614:William Julius Wilson
4646:Cornelis H. A. Koster
4418:Roland Carl Backhouse
4361:Joseph Henry Wegstein
4270:Manchester University
4229:Burroughs Corporation
3695:Shriram Krishnamurthi
3397:Practical Common Lisp
3353:Common Lisp HyperSpec
2877:Symbolics Common Lisp
2853:Macintosh Common Lisp
2138:. Stanford University
2079:"About John McCarthy"
2004:WordsWithMeaning blog
1894:. formal.stanford.edu
1746:10.1145/367177.367199
1607:10.1145/367177.367199
1438:on September 23, 2011
660:business model (like
635:
490:
306:Boston, Massachusetts
57:Boston, Massachusetts
9116:Warren M. Washington
9080:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
8989:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
8934:Martin Schwarzschild
8715:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
8707:J. Robert Schrieffer
8677:E. Margaret Burbidge
8521:Nicolaas Bloembergen
8498:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
8377:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8129:John Griggs Thompson
8052:Martin David Kruskal
7892:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
7365:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
7319:Ralph Brazelton Peck
7274:Jack St. Clair Kilby
7201:John Robinson Pierce
7168:Engineering sciences
7099:Jacqueline K. Barton
6954:George M. Whitesides
6873:Dudley R. Herschbach
6811:Richard B. Bernstein
6780:Walter H. Stockmayer
6328:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
6259:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
6149:Stanley Norman Cohen
6136:Rita Levi-Montalcini
5972:Keith Roberts Porter
5835:Alfred H. Sturtevant
5830:Michael Heidelberger
5802:Fritz Albert Lipmann
3599:Robert Tappan Morris
3553:Robert Bruce Findler
3321:Space-cadet keyboard
2732:Tree data structures
2709:Read–eval–print loop
2603:McCarthy 91 function
2415:Bibliography Server
2316:on December 16, 2011
2053:on December 2, 2013.
1842:"Space Bridge Short"
1693:Swierstra, Doaitse;
1312:history-computer.com
1111:McCarthy 91 function
1085:Christopher Strachey
949:Machine Intelligence
773:all-women expedition
615:time-sharing systems
521:Dartmouth conference
511:. McCarthy, Minsky,
420:Projection operators
412:Princeton University
259:programming language
189:Princeton University
88:Princeton University
76:Stanford, California
9166:Shirley Ann Jackson
9085:Charles P. Slichter
8929:Marshall Rosenbluth
8921:Wallace S. Broecker
8874:Eugene M. Shoemaker
8635:Victor F. Weisskopf
8582:Herbert S. Gutowsky
8564:Edgar Bright Wilson
8405:George Kistiakowsky
8023:Stephen Cole Kleene
7534:George H. Heilmeier
7521:Mildred Dresselhaus
7412:Edward H. Heinemann
7342:Frederick E. Terman
7306:Richard T. Whitcomb
7227:Clarence L. Johnson
7188:Theodore von Kármán
7075:Stephen J. Benkovic
7054:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
7041:Marvin H. Caruthers
6996:Ralph F. Hirschmann
6936:Darleane C. Hoffman
6826:Harden M. McConnell
6767:Frank H. Westheimer
6579:Stanley B. Prusiner
6543:Robert J. Lefkowitz
6302:Howard Martin Temin
6159:Maurice R. Hilleman
6154:Joseph L. Goldstein
6093:Donald A. Henderson
6010:Earl Reece Stadtman
5995:Elizabeth C. Crosby
5959:Orville Alvin Vogel
5789:Donald D. Van Slyke
5738:Biological sciences
5319:Michael Stonebraker
5091:Fernando J. Corbató
4680:Willem van der Poel
4336:Hermann Bottenbruch
3341:Technical standards
2804:Allegro Common Lisp
2593:McCarthy evaluation
2382:The Omni Interviews
2307:10.1109/MIS.2011.64
2286:"AI's Hall of Fame"
2067:. January 23, 2023.
2047:Stanford University
1952:on December 2, 2013
1934:. October 26, 2011.
1167:with the same title
1042:, Commonsense-1998.
914:McCarthy, J. 1960.
899:McCarthy, J. 1959.
775:. He later married
769:Annapurna I Central
763:, a programmer and
598:During his time at
513:Nathaniel Rochester
440:Stanford University
371:Belmont High School
282:Stanford University
247:cognitive scientist
177:Stanford University
9038:G. Brent Dalrymple
8856:Arthur L. Schawlow
8763:James A. Van Allen
8654:Philip W. Anderson
8610:Richard P. Feynman
8536:Linus Carl Pauling
8171:Dennis P. Sullivan
7728:John B. Goodenough
7661:Edwin N. Lightfoot
7629:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
7610:Kenneth N. Stevens
7378:Raymond D. Mindlin
7301:Harold E. Edgerton
7146:A. Paul Alivisatos
7025:Stephen J. Lippard
7004:Ernest R. Davidson
6941:Harold S. Johnston
6775:William S. Johnson
6739:George C. Pimentel
6574:Susan L. Lindquist
6556:Francis S. Collins
6450:Victor A. McKusick
6425:Francisco J. Ayala
6407:Nancy C. Andreasen
6357:Robert A. Weinberg
6131:Har Gobind Khorana
6116:Michael E. DeBakey
6103:George Emil Palade
6075:Wendell L. Roelofs
6065:Howard L. Bachrach
5895:Barbara McClintock
5797:Edward F. Knipling
5275:Charles P. Thacker
5119:Richard E. Stearns
4995:Kenneth E. Iverson
4931:Edsger W. Dijkstra
4915:James H. Wilkinson
4868:A. M. Turing Award
4825:Category: ALGOL 60
4656:Charles H. Lindsey
4436:Edsger W. Dijkstra
4331:Friedrich L. Bauer
4019:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
3705:Gerald Jay Sussman
3690:Matthias Felleisen
3642:Richard P. Gabriel
3573:Richard Greenblatt
3548:Matthias Felleisen
2831:Corman Common Lisp
2608:Situation calculus
2598:McCarthy Formalism
2578:Garbage collection
2568:Dartmouth workshop
2112:on October 4, 2013
2085:on October 4, 2013
2028:The New York Times
2010:on April 26, 2012.
1979:on October 4, 2013
1932:The New York Times
1871:on October 4, 2013
1775:on October 4, 2013
1562:on August 19, 2018
1116:McCarthy formalism
894:Major publications
889:Engineering Heroes
873:Franklin Institute
802:in 1968 after the
589:garbage collection
493:
386:physical education
275:garbage collection
243:computer scientist
215:Ramanathan V. Guha
114:situation calculus
9325:American atheists
9182:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9111:Esther M. Conwell
9051:Robert N. Clayton
9043:Riccardo Giacconi
9007:Raymond Davis Jr.
8895:Albert Overhauser
8838:Edwin M. McMillan
8799:Arnold O. Beckman
8776:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
8753:Paul C. Lauterbur
8730:Robert Hofstadter
8682:Maurice Goldhaber
8669:Charles H. Townes
8620:Edward M. Purcell
8587:Frederick Rossini
8441:Wolfgang Panofsky
8372:John H. Van Vleck
8288:Physical sciences
8278:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8240:Solomon W. Golomb
8200:Andrew J. Viterbi
8195:Leonard Kleinrock
8142:Calyampudi R. Rao
8110:Ronald R. Coifman
8018:George F. Carrier
7999:Donald C. Spencer
7994:Saunders Mac Lane
7929:Marshall H. Stone
7879:Shiing-Shen Chern
7786:Solomon Lefschetz
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7685:David J. Wineland
7653:John M. Prausnitz
7594:C. Kumar N. Patel
7589:James L. Flanagan
7557:John Roy Whinnery
7544:H. Guyford Stever
7526:Nick Holonyak Jr.
7489:George W. Housner
7484:Willis M. Hawkins
7479:Daniel C. Drucker
7461:Robert Byron Bird
7453:Bernard M. Oliver
7360:Peter C. Goldmark
7347:Wernher von Braun
7293:George E. Mueller
7266:Nathan M. Newmark
7261:J. Presper Eckert
7240:Claude E. Shannon
7209:Charles S. Draper
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7125:Judith P. Klinman
7009:Gábor A. Somorjai
6920:Isabella L. Karle
6907:George S. Hammond
6868:Gertrude B. Elion
6821:Rudolph A. Marcus
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6598:Ralph L. Brinster
6517:Torsten N. Wiesel
6494:Norman E. Borlaug
6481:Solomon H. Snyder
6476:J. Michael Bishop
6435:Mario R. Capecchi
6315:Salome G. Waelsch
6246:E. Donnall Thomas
6121:Theodor O. Diener
6020:Paul Alfred Weiss
5848:Bernard B. Brodie
5784:George G. Simpson
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5673:Michael I. Posner
5574:Eleanor J. Gibson
5526:George J. Stigler
5494:Neal Elgar Miller
5425:
5424:
5283:Leslie G. Valiant
5155:Douglas Engelbart
5127:Edward Feigenbaum
4834:
4833:
4763:
4762:
4725:
4724:
4661:Barry J. Mailloux
4600:
4599:
4536:Jacob T. Schwartz
4431:Stephen R. Bourne
4397:
4396:
4351:Heinz Rutishauser
4301:
4300:
4148:
4147:
3853:
3852:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3781:Robin Popplestone
3700:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3667:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3512:
3511:
3427:
3426:
3295:
3294:
3185:Lisp Machine Lisp
3095:
3094:
3022:
3021:
2770:
2769:
2621:
2620:
2514:
2513:
2505:Succeeded by
2363:Philip J. Hilts,
2301:(4): 5–15. 2011.
1807:978-0-262-07196-3
1701:(March 2, 2011).
1699:Meertens, Lambert
1665:Meertens, Lambert
1402:Los Angeles Times
1332:Nilsson, Nils J.
1121:Watson (computer)
1021:. Ablex. 226–236.
834:Awards and honors
798:after a visit to
781:SRI International
749:social networking
650:utility computing
629:). His colleague
593:memory management
532:logic programming
517:Claude E. Shannon
428:Donald C. Spencer
314:Lithuanian Jewish
236:
235:
207:Doctoral students
201:Donald C. Spencer
185:Dartmouth College
157:Scientific career
53:September 4, 1927
9367:
8994:Gilbert F. White
8939:George Wetherill
8833:Allan M. Cormack
8791:Jack Steinberger
8771:D. Allan Bromley
8720:H. Richard Crane
8697:Frederick Reines
8687:Helmut Landsberg
8602:George Uhlenbeck
8503:Vladimir Haensel
8465:Allan R. Sandage
8436:Herbert C. Brown
8418:Herbert Friedman
8344:Leon M. Lederman
8316:Julian Schwinger
8295:
8294:
8284:
8283:
8253:Alexandre Chorin
8227:Richard A. Tapia
8208:David B. Mumford
8036:Alberto Calderón
7981:Joseph B. Keller
7968:Michael Freedman
7937:Herman Goldstine
7791:H. Marston Morse
7765:
7764:
7754:
7753:
7693:Rudolf E. Kálmán
7677:Robert S. Langer
7669:Jan D. Achenbach
7502:Herbert E. Grier
7253:Igor I. Sikorsky
7214:Othmar H. Ammann
7175:
7174:
7164:
7163:
7130:Jerrold Meinwald
6899:Norman Hackerman
6878:Glenn T. Seaborg
6793:William O. Baker
6721:F. Albert Cotton
6689:
6688:
6678:
6677:
6655:Mary-Claire King
6548:Bert W. O'Malley
6504:Thomas E. Starzl
6499:Phillip A. Sharp
6486:Charles Yanofsky
6468:Evelyn M. Witkin
6463:James E. Darnell
6289:Paul C. Zamecnik
6254:Mary Ellen Avery
6226:Herbert W. Boyer
6221:Baruj Benacerraf
6192:Joshua Lederberg
6182:Viktor Hamburger
6144:Michael S. Brown
5990:Robert H. Burris
5745:
5744:
5734:
5733:
5681:Mortimer Mishkin
5606:William K. Estes
5590:Roger N. Shepard
5582:Robert K. Merton
5566:George A. Miller
5513:Herbert A. Simon
5481:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5382:
5370:
5354:
5347:John L. Hennessy
5342:
5334:
5331:Whitfield Diffie
5322:
5314:
5306:
5299:Shafi Goldwasser
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5255:E. Allen Emerson
5251:Edmund M. Clarke
5246:
5238:
5230:
5218:
5210:
5194:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4967:Michael O. Rabin
4962:
4959:Herbert A. Simon
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4821:
4812:
4811:
4755:John C. Reynolds
4700:van Wijngaarden^
4669:Lambert Meertens
4551:Bernard Vauquois
4408:
4407:
4389:Robert M. Graham
4319:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4234:Elliott Brothers
4166:
4165:
4159:
4158:
3901:
3900:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3647:Philip Greenspun
3619:Richard Stallman
3533:Daniel G. Bobrow
3521:
3520:
3436:
3435:
3371:
3370:
3338:
3337:
3260:Operating system
3031:
3030:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2666:
2665:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2490:Preceded by
2487:
2486:
2420:
2371:Pamela McCorduck
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2309:. Archived from
2290:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:on April 3, 2015
2260:. Archived from
2253:
2247:
2246:
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2198:
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2180:
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2154:
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2119:
2117:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2049:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1852:. Google Groups.
1848:Usenet newsgroup
1837:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:Jeuring, Johan;
1660:
1654:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:Lester Earnest.
1483:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1447:
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1443:
1413:
1407:
1406:
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1270:
1268:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:amturing.acm.org
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:jmc.stanford.edu
1207:McCarthy, John.
1204:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1136:
1079:
1077:Biography portal
1074:
1073:
1072:
1014:
1004:
983:
933:. North-Holland.
721:Other activities
644:
509:Herbert A. Simon
491:McCarthy in 2008
405:John von Neumann
349:Russian language
318:Great Depression
196:Doctoral advisor
167:Computer science
71:
68:October 24, 2011
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
9375:
9374:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9170:
9158:Sean C. Solomon
9120:
9072:Daniel Kleppner
9064:Lonnie Thompson
9059:Ralph A. Alpher
9025:W. Jason Morgan
9012:Charles Keeling
9002:Marvin L. Cohen
8969:
8952:John N. Bahcall
8947:Don L. Anderson
8913:Peter Goldreich
8866:Steven Weinberg
8818:
8748:Walter Elsasser
8725:Herman Feshbach
8639:
8577:Samuel Goudsmit
8569:Chien-Shiung Wu
8508:Frederick Seitz
8475:John A. Wheeler
8460:Robert H. Dicke
8445:
8308:Luis W. Alvarez
8289:
8270:
8258:David Blackwell
8212:
8163:Carl R. de Boor
8134:Karen Uhlenbeck
8114:
8068:Louis Nirenberg
8003:
7976:Ralph E. Gomory
7914:
7910:Donald E. Knuth
7897:Hassler Whitney
7835:
7759:
7740:
7705:
7637:Andreas Acrivos
7614:
7602:Eli Ruckenstein
7581:Hermann A. Haus
7552:Calvin F. Quate
7539:Luna B. Leopold
7506:
7397:
7383:Robert N. Noyce
7373:Emmett N. Leith
7332:Manson Benedict
7314:Rudolf Kompfner
7278:
7232:Warren K. Lewis
7169:
7150:
7084:
7046:Peter B. Dervan
7017:John I. Brauman
6976:
6928:Norman Davidson
6855:John D. Roberts
6830:
6798:Konrad E. Bloch
6744:Richard N. Zare
6706:
6683:
6664:
6621:Sallie Chisholm
6603:Rudolf Jaenisch
6583:
6566:J. Craig Venter
6525:Rita R. Colwell
6392:
6378:David Baltimore
6269:Robert W. Kates
6241:David G. Nathan
6236:Edward B. Lewis
6206:
6202:Harland G. Wood
6197:Roger W. Sperry
6052:Glenn W. Burton
6024:
6000:Arthur Kornberg
5967:Roger Guillemin
5944:Hallowell Davis
5908:Daniel I. Arnon
5900:Albert B. Sabin
5880:
5853:Detlev W. Bronk
5825:Harry F. Harlow
5820:Kenneth S. Cole
5807:William C. Rose
5779:Francis P. Rous
5739:
5720:
5685:
5665:Gordon H. Bower
5626:
5622:Robert M. Solow
5538:
5534:Milton Friedman
5498:
5475:
5464:
5456:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5407:Robert Metcalfe
5405:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5363:Geoffrey Hinton
5357:
5351:David Patterson
5345:
5339:Tim Berners-Lee
5337:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5221:
5213:
5207:Leonard Adleman
5197:
5191:Kristen Nygaard
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5125:
5115:Juris Hartmanis
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5075:Ivan Sutherland
5073:
5065:
5053:
5045:
5037:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4987:Robert W. Floyd
4985:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4945:
4939:Charles Bachman
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4899:Richard Hamming
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4835:
4830:
4815:Category: ALGOL
4807:
4796:
4793:ALGOL 68 to C++
4772:
4759:
4721:
4712:Philip Woodward
4696:Michel Sintzoff
4688:Douglas T. Ross
4596:
4592:Kristen Nygaard
4573:
4517:John E. L. Peck
4446:Robert W. Floyd
4393:
4365:
4297:
4280:
4243:
4217:
4171:
4144:
4135:Jensen's device
4121:
4008:Burroughs ALGOL
3929:
3906:
3896:Implementations
3890:
3884:
3854:
3849:
3785:
3762:
3758:Cynthia Solomon
3753:Mitchel Resnick
3714:
3676:
3623:
3577:Timothy P. Hart
3538:William Clinger
3528:Edmund Berkeley
3508:
3475:
3423:
3419:ProgramByDesign
3407:
3362:
3332:
3325:
3291:
3254:
3091:
3062:
3018:
3000:
2881:
2842:GNU Common Lisp
2825:CMU Common Lisp
2795:
2776:Implementations
2766:
2736:
2657:
2652:
2622:
2617:
2563:Circumscription
2549:
2544:
2510:
2508:Richard M. Karp
2501:
2495:
2403:Wayback Machine
2395:
2360:
2358:Further reading
2355:
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2015:
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1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1888:
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1872:
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1857:
1846:sci.space.tech
1838:
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1695:Gibbons, Jeremy
1691:
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1622:
1598:10.1.1.422.5235
1579:
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1306:
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1289:
1287:The Irish Times
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1175:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
945:Wayback Machine
920:Wayback Machine
905:Wayback Machine
896:
836:
812:
804:Soviet invasion
777:Carolyn Talcott
757:
723:
704:circumscription
695:two games (see
678:cloud computing
645:
642:
547:lambda calculus
485:
473:invented logics
469:lambda calculus
436:
434:Academic career
341:Communist Party
302:
273:, and invented
225:
221:
217:
213:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
110:circumscription
84:Alma mater
79:
73:
69:
60:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9373:
9363:
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9180:
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9168:
9163:
9160:
9155:
9153:Burton Richter
9150:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9106:Yakir Aharonov
9103:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9074:
9069:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9053:
9048:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9020:Richard Garwin
9017:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8984:Willis E. Lamb
8981:
8977:
8975:
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8970:
8968:
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8962:
8957:
8954:
8949:
8944:
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8806:
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8796:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8743:Philip Abelson
8740:
8737:
8735:Chen-Ning Yang
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8709:
8704:
8702:Bruno B. Rossi
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8659:Yoichiro Nambu
8656:
8651:
8647:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
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8518:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8470:John C. Slater
8467:
8462:
8457:
8453:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8430:
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8410:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8357:Jacob Bjerknes
8354:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8328:
8323:
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8310:
8305:
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8155:James G. Glimm
8152:
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8147:Elias M. Stein
8144:
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8131:
8126:
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8120:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8094:
8091:
8089:Shing-Tung Yau
8086:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8070:
8065:
8062:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7957:
7955:Antoni Zygmund
7952:
7947:
7944:
7942:Isadore Singer
7939:
7934:
7931:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7905:Joseph L. Doob
7902:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7886:
7884:George Dantzig
7881:
7876:
7874:John W. Backus
7871:
7868:
7863:
7860:
7855:
7852:
7850:Richard Brauer
7847:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7831:William Feller
7828:
7825:
7820:
7817:
7812:
7809:
7804:
7801:
7796:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7780:
7778:Norbert Wiener
7775:
7771:
7769:
7761:
7760:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7736:Thomas Kailath
7733:
7730:
7725:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7695:
7690:
7687:
7682:
7679:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7650:
7647:
7642:
7639:
7634:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7604:
7599:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7583:
7578:
7575:
7570:
7567:
7562:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7473:
7468:
7466:H. Bolton Seed
7463:
7458:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7419:
7417:Donald L. Katz
7414:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7388:Earl R. Parker
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7242:
7237:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7222:Hugh L. Dryden
7219:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7106:
7104:Peter J. Stang
7101:
7096:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7080:Marye Anne Fox
7077:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7056:
7051:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7035:
7033:Tobin J. Marks
7030:
7027:
7022:
7019:
7014:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6962:Stuart A. Rice
6959:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6930:
6925:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6909:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6894:Donald J. Cram
6891:
6888:
6883:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6863:Ronald Breslow
6860:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6805:
6803:Elias J. Corey
6800:
6795:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6764:
6762:Carl S. Marvel
6759:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Roald Hoffmann
6731:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Stanley Falkow
6647:
6644:
6642:Rakesh K. Jain
6639:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6445:Gene E. Likens
6442:
6437:
6432:
6430:George F. Bass
6427:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6412:Peter H. Raven
6409:
6404:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6336:Alexander Rich
6333:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6312:
6310:Daniel Nathans
6307:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6286:
6284:Folke K. Skoog
6281:
6276:
6274:Salvador Luria
6271:
6266:
6264:Elvin A. Kabat
6261:
6256:
6251:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Katherine Esau
6174:
6171:
6166:
6164:Eric R. Kandel
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6110:
6108:Joan A. Steitz
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6080:Berta Scharrer
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Seymour Benzer
6044:
6041:
6039:Philip Handler
6036:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5926:Erwin Chargaff
5923:
5921:Britton Chance
5918:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5871:Robert Huebner
5868:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5760:
5758:C. B. van Niel
5755:
5751:
5749:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5716:Albert Bandura
5713:
5710:
5708:Robert Axelrod
5705:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5651:
5649:R. Duncan Luce
5646:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5611:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5598:Paul Samuelson
5595:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5558:Patrick Suppes
5555:
5553:Leonid Hurwicz
5550:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5391:Jeffrey Ullman
5383:
5371:
5355:
5343:
5335:
5327:Martin Hellman
5323:
5315:
5311:Leslie Lamport
5307:
5295:
5287:
5279:
5271:
5267:Barbara Liskov
5263:
5259:Joseph Sifakis
5247:
5239:
5231:
5219:
5211:
5195:
5187:Ole-Johan Dahl
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5123:
5111:
5107:Butler Lampson
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5031:Dennis Ritchie
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4768:ALGOL Bulletin
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4587:Ole-Johan Dahl
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Carroll Morgan
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4451:Jeremy Gibbons
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:Bernard Galler
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4356:Klaus Samelson
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4239:Regnecentralen
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4005:
3998:Atlas Autocode
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Seymour Papert
3745:
3740:
3738:Wally Feurzeig
3735:
3733:Denison Bollay
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3672:Daniel Weinreb
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:R. Kent Dybvig
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Apple Computer
3442:
3440:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3027:Unstandardized
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:MIT/GNU Scheme
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Dynamic typing
2680:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2613:Space fountain
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2406:
2394:
2393:External links
2391:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2327:
2277:
2248:
2226:
2207:(3): 417–457.
2184:
2175:
2149:
2134:Earnest, Les.
2126:
2096:
2070:
2056:
2034:
2013:
1990:
1963:
1937:
1919:
1905:
1882:
1855:
1832:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1760:
1739:(4): 184–195.
1719:
1685:
1655:
1620:
1591:(4): 184–195.
1573:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1478:
1472:978-0812991802
1471:
1449:
1408:
1382:
1361:Earnest, Les.
1353:
1324:
1299:
1274:
1260:
1254:. p. 23.
1236:
1218:
1199:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Kotok-McCarthy
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1002:10.1.1.29.5268
984:
974:(1–2): 23–79.
961:
952:
937:
934:
927:
912:
895:
892:
891:
890:
883:
878:Inducted into
876:
866:
859:
853:
847:
835:
832:
828:intentionality
811:
808:
800:Czechoslovakia
790:. Raised as a
771:as part of an
756:
753:
722:
719:
715:space fountain
697:Kotok-McCarthy
674:grid computing
640:
631:Lester Earnest
484:
481:
475:for achieving
453:as a research
435:
432:
301:
298:
269:, popularized
234:
233:
230:
229:
219:Barbara Liskov
208:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
153:
152:
121:
117:
116:
99:
98:Known for
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 84)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9372:
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5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:Robert Tarjan
5056:
5055:John Hopcroft
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5039:Niklaus Wirth
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5011:Edgar F. Codd
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:John McCarthy
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:Marvin Minsky
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4827:
4826:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Peter O'Hearn
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Niklaus Wirth
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Susan G. Bond
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Brian Randell
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Maurice Nivat
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:John McCarthy
4495:
4493:
4492:Conor McBride
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Andrey Ershov
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:Organizations
4160:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Elliott ALGOL
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:Edinburgh IMP
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:Julie Sussman
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:David A. Moon
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Scott Fahlman
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Steve Russell
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:John McCarthy
3592:
3590:
3589:David Luckham
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Matthew Flatt
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:Organizations
3430:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:Pocket Scheme
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:S-expressions
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:M-expressions
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Frame problem
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:John McCarthy
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2478:time-sharing.
2476:
2473:
2471:time-sharing.
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:John McCarthy
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:John McCarthy
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2409:John McCarthy
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2342:
2341:Stanford News
2338:
2331:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2241:September 27,
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:Distillations
1549:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:Steven Levy,
1522:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1263:
1261:9780387982694
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:cite AV media
1173:
1172:Ghost Archive
1169:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Frame problem
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
995:(1): 89–116.
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:
962:
959:
958:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
926:3(4):184-195.
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:Personal life
752:
750:
745:
743:
740:
735:
733:
728:
718:
716:
711:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Marvin Minsky
498:
489:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:John McCarthy
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Ruzena Bajcsy
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
77:
67:
63:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:John McCarthy
22:
19:
9140:Sandra Faber
9135:Sidney Drell
8965:Leo Kadanoff
8960:James Cronin
8908:Hans Dehmelt
8843:Robert Pound
8809:Robert Sharp
8625:John Sinfelt
8592:Verner Suomi
8559:Lewis Sarett
8423:Lars Onsager
8367:Henry Eyring
8334:John Bardeen
8076:Richard Karp
8044:Allen Newell
8027:
7823:Jerzy Neyman
7448:Tung-Yen Lin
7425:Bill Hewlett
7355:Morris Cohen
6949:John W. Cahn
6850:Karl Folkers
6611:Lucy Shapiro
6561:Elaine Fuchs
6440:Ann Graybiel
6370:Janet Rowley
6352:James Watson
6344:Ruth Patrick
6187:Philip Leder
6057:Mildred Cohn
6005:Severo Ochoa
5982:E. O. Wilson
5379:Pat Hanrahan
5099:Robin Milner
5047:Richard Karp
5027:Ken Thompson
5019:Stephen Cook
4955:Allen Newell
4947:Donald Knuth
4922:
4823:
4813:
4804:
4745:Ron Morrison
4740:Tony Brooker
4717:Nobuo Yoneda
4651:Peter Landin
4633:Gerhard Goos
4625:Robert Dewar
4569:Mike Woodger
4546:David Turner
4541:Micha Sharir
4529:Rutishauser^
4496:
4482:Peter Landin
4455:Julien Green
4426:Richard Bird
4341:Charles Katz
4172:associations
4170:Professional
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3776:Rod Burstall
3743:Brian Harvey
3593:
3309:Lisp machine
3266:
3127:
2894:
2785:Standardized
2724:Self-hosting
2705:(deprecated)
2693:Linked lists
2678:Conditionals
2546:
2498:
2493:Lucy Suchman
2385:
2381:
2374:
2364:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2320:September 4,
2318:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2298:
2292:
2280:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2229:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:
2142:February 14,
2140:. Retrieved
2129:
2121:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2073:
2059:
2051:the original
2037:
2026:
2016:
2008:the original
2003:
1993:
1983:November 24,
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1966:
1956:November 24,
1954:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1940:
1931:
1922:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:November 24,
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1858:
1845:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1779:November 24,
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1763:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1555:
1551:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1504:
1494:September 5,
1492:. Retrieved
1481:
1465:. AtRandom.
1460:
1452:
1442:November 24,
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1427:
1421:
1411:
1400:
1375:February 20,
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1356:
1346:February 20,
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1277:
1267:February 27,
1265:. Retrieved
1246:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1202:
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1146:
1141:
1134:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
992:
988:
971:
965:
960:, 1038–1044.
955:
948:
930:
923:
908:
840:Turing Award
824:Chinese Room
813:
785:
758:
746:
736:
724:
712:
701:
689:Soviet Union
682:
654:time-sharing
647:
636:
612:
597:
586:
555:
536:
528:advice taker
525:
505:Allen Newell
494:
477:common sense
466:
459:
448:
437:
409:
402:
375:
368:
361:conservative
353:Soviet Union
345:100,000 Whys
344:
338:
334:County Kerry
303:
286:Turing Award
279:
271:time-sharing
238:
237:
223:Hans Moravec
173:Institutions
156:
124:Turing Award
70:(2011-10-24)
18:
9200:2011 deaths
9195:1927 births
9093:Berni Alder
8900:Frank Press
8781:Walter Kohn
8758:George Pake
8692:Walter Munk
8615:Herman Mark
8597:Henry Taube
8385:Jesse Beams
8339:Peter Debye
8321:Harold Urey
8245:Barry Mazur
7807:John Milnor
7701:Amnon Yariv
7645:Leo Beranek
7471:Ernst Weber
7324:Abel Wolman
6915:Thomas Cech
6845:Elkan Blout
6785:Max Tishler
6702:Roger Adams
6660:Simon Levin
6126:Harry Eagle
5949:Paul Gyorgy
5641:Gary Becker
5291:Judea Pearl
5171:Fred Brooks
5147:Amir Pnueli
5139:Manuel Blum
4979:John Backus
4883:Alan Perlis
4735:John Barnes
4730:Hal Abelson
4638:Michael Guy
4487:Tom Maibaum
4474:Jørn Jensen
4464:Eric Hehner
4459:David Gries
4379:Bruce Arden
4346:Alan Perlis
4326:John Backus
3889:programming
3728:Hal Abelson
3662:Kent Pitman
3629:Common Lisp
3581:Louis Hodes
3568:Paul Graham
3563:Phyllis Fox
3333:of practice
3314:TI Explorer
2907:Chez Scheme
2757:CommonLoops
2346:December 2,
2168:October 26,
2116:February 1,
2089:February 1,
1898:December 5,
1423:AI Magazine
1317:January 28,
1292:January 28,
1091:Cornucopian
850:Kyoto Prize
820:John Searle
816:thermostats
765:mountaineer
761:Vera Watson
666:electricity
638:started it.
604:Project MAC
497:Alan Turing
398:mathematics
378:mathematics
357:Soviet Bloc
294:Kyoto Prize
139:Kyoto Prize
9189:Categories
8887:Vera Rubin
8526:Paul Flory
8187:Hyman Bass
8060:John Cocke
7963:Raoul Bott
7866:Kurt Gödel
7858:John Tukey
7815:Paul Cohen
7430:George Low
7393:Simon Ramo
6616:Leroy Hood
6417:Carl Woese
6365:Bruce Ames
5876:Ernst Mayr
5387:Alfred Aho
5375:Ed Catmull
5367:Yann LeCun
5235:Peter Naur
5203:Adi Shamir
5199:Ron Rivest
5179:Andrew Yao
5067:John Cocke
5003:Tony Hoare
4971:Dana Scott
4777:Comparison
4556:Eiiti Wada
4507:Peter Naur
4469:Tony Hoare
4285:Government
4127:Formalisms
3968:ALGOL 68RS
3963:ALGOL 68-R
3609:David Park
3604:Joel Moses
3585:Mike Levin
3461:Lucid Inc.
3412:Curriculum
3245:Spice Lisp
3146:Franz Lisp
3136:Emacs Lisp
2996:TinyScheme
2820:Clozure CL
1712:October 4,
1678:October 4,
1636:(8): 2–3.
1127:References
1058:, 615–628.
1051:3(A):51-76
1028:, 555–562.
796:Republican
706:method of
643:Elaine Woo
364:Republican
292:, and the
49:1927-09-04
8882:Val Fitch
7950:Peter Lax
7720:Shu Chien
6967:John Ross
6682:Chemistry
6070:Paul Berg
5462:laureates
5223:Vint Cerf
5131:Raj Reddy
4871:laureates
4692:Samelson^
4665:McCarthy^
4629:Dijkstra^
4560:Wegstein^
4532:Samelson^
4248:Education
4192:BSI Group
4154:Community
4065:Kidsgrove
3978:ALGOL 68S
3958:ALGOL 68C
3943:ABC ALGOL
3907:standards
3905:Technical
3651:10th rule
3480:Education
3466:Symbolics
3456:Harlequin
3367:Education
3331:Community
3160:Interlisp
2976:Scheme 48
2953:MultiLisp
2928:GNU Guile
2848:LispWorks
2714:Recursion
2464:McCarthy.
2268:March 30,
1593:CiteSeerX
1566:March 20,
1178:August 8,
1157:August 8,
1149:(video).
997:CiteSeerX
842:from the
792:Communist
732:Palo Alto
578:specified
462:professor
446:in 1955.
444:Dartmouth
400:in 1948.
227:Raj Reddy
8861:Ed Stone
5858:Jay Lush
5227:Bob Kahn
5215:Alan Kay
5163:Jim Gray
4708:Woodger^
4684:Randell^
4606:ALGOL 68
4403:ALGOL 60
4314:ALGOL 58
4222:Business
4099:Napier88
4095:PS-algol
3935:Dialects
3925:ALGOL 68
3920:ALGOL 60
3915:ALGOL 58
3846:Category
3836:Category
3439:Business
3301:Hardware
3250:Zetalisp
3235:S-1 Lisp
3220:Picolisp
3110:BBN LISP
3105:AutoLISP
3053:StarLogo
3014:OpenLisp
2970:features
2727:compiler
2662:Features
2588:ALGOL 60
2221:55303721
1252:Springer
1151:Archived
1063:See also
887:Stanford
641:—
582:ALGOL 68
562:ALGOL 60
5393:(2020)
4621:Bourne^
4521:Perlis^
4414:Backus^
4205:(IFIP)
4091:S-algol
3993:ALGOL X
3988:ALGOL W
3983:ALGOL N
3826:Commons
3495:(CSAIL)
3471:Xanalys
3392:On Lisp
3215:PC-LISP
3205:newLISP
3190:Maclisp
3150:PC-LISP
3129:history
3115:Clojure
3078:(POP-1)
3058:UCBLogo
3048:NetLogo
3043:MSWLogo
2938:JScheme
2912:Chicken
2896:History
2827:(CMUCL)
2762:Flavors
2744:systems
2426:at the
2401:at the
1830:(1965).
1755:1489409
1707:Foswiki
1673:Foswiki
1650:7196706
1615:1489409
1147:YouTube
943:at the
918:at the
903:at the
658:utility
572:(IFIP)
390:US Army
330:Cromane
261:family
5417:(2023)
5409:(2022)
5401:(2021)
5381:(2019)
5369:(2018)
5353:(2017)
5341:(2016)
5333:(2015)
5321:(2014)
5313:(2013)
5305:(2012)
5293:(2011)
5285:(2010)
5277:(2009)
5269:(2008)
5261:(2007)
5245:(2006)
5237:(2005)
5229:(2004)
5217:(2003)
5209:(2002)
5193:(2001)
5181:(2000)
5173:(1999)
5165:(1998)
5157:(1997)
5149:(1996)
5141:(1995)
5133:(1994)
5121:(1993)
5109:(1992)
5101:(1991)
5093:(1990)
5085:(1989)
5077:(1988)
5069:(1987)
5061:(1986)
5049:(1985)
5041:(1984)
5033:(1983)
5021:(1982)
5013:(1981)
5005:(1980)
4997:(1979)
4989:(1978)
4981:(1977)
4973:(1976)
4961:(1975)
4949:(1974)
4941:(1973)
4933:(1972)
4925:(1971)
4917:(1970)
4909:(1969)
4901:(1968)
4893:(1967)
4885:(1966)
4642:Hoare^
4613:Bauer^
4579:Simula
4422:Bauer^
4306:People
4214:(GAMM)
4199:(EASC)
4104:Simula
4081:NELIAC
4060:JOVIAL
3682:Scheme
3517:People
3404:(SICP)
3388:(HTDP)
3283:Genera
3278:McCLIM
3175:LeLisp
3141:EuLisp
3087:POP-11
3076:COWSEL
3006:ISLISP
2966:Racket
2933:Ikarus
2924:(GOAL)
2917:Gambit
2902:Bigloo
2887:Scheme
2873:(SBCL)
2866:Poplog
2862:Movitz
2811:(ABCL)
2794:Common
2753:(CLOS)
2742:Object
2698:Macros
2219:
1804:
1753:
1648:
1613:
1595:
1469:
1258:
1163:Also,
999:
875:(2003)
852:(1988)
846:(1971)
739:Usenet
727:Usenet
676:, and
625:, and
551:Scheme
507:, and
455:fellow
163:Fields
151:(2003)
146:(1990)
141:(1988)
136:(1985)
131:(1985)
126:(1971)
120:Awards
78:, U.S.
59:, U.S.
9125:2010s
8974:2000s
8823:1990s
8644:1980s
8450:1970s
8298:1960s
8217:2010s
8119:2000s
8008:1990s
7919:1980s
7840:1970s
7768:1960s
7710:2010s
7619:2000s
7511:1990s
7402:1980s
7283:1970s
7178:1960s
7089:2010s
6981:2000s
6835:1990s
6711:1980s
6692:1960s
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6211:1990s
6029:1980s
5885:1970s
5748:1960s
5690:2010s
5631:2000s
5543:1990s
5503:1980s
5484:1960s
4676:Peck^
4673:Naur^
4478:Katz^
4294:(RRE)
4277:(MIT)
4188:(ACM)
4182:Group
4180:ALCOR
4118:ALGOL
4110:SMALL
4086:RTL/2
4067:Algol
4050:FLACC
4026:ALGOL
4013:CORAL
3948:ALCOR
3887:ALGOL
3816:Books
3489:(MIT)
3374:Books
3358:X3J13
3240:SKILL
3200:MLisp
3170:*Lisp
3124:Apple
3120:Dylan
3082:POP-2
2844:(GCL)
2838:(ECL)
2815:CLISP
2502:2003
2314:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2256:CHM.
2217:S2CID
2197:(PDF)
1850:posts
1751:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1611:S2CID
1490:. ACM
1430:(4).
1366:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1026:IJCAI
957:IJCAI
685:chess
662:water
310:Irish
267:ALGOL
9162:2014
9149:2012
9131:2011
9102:2009
9089:2008
9076:2007
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7811:1967
7803:1966
7795:1965
7782:1964
7774:1963
7732:2012
7724:2011
7716:2010
7697:2009
7689:2008
7681:2007
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7142:2014
7134:2013
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6807:1989
6789:1988
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6730:1983
6717:1982
6698:1964
6646:2014
6638:2013
6625:2012
6607:2011
6594:2010
6570:2009
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6539:2007
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6490:2004
6472:2003
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6421:2001
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4116:SMIL
4076:Mary
4044:NEWP
4030:DG/L
4024:DASK
3972:ELLA
3953:ALGO
3806:List
3720:Logo
3288:Scsh
3268:List
3035:Logo
2986:SIOD
2958:Pico
2943:Kawa
2858:Mocl
2796:Lisp
2583:Lisp
2413:DBLP
2386:Omni
2348:2012
2322:2015
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2170:2011
2144:2016
2118:2013
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1900:2023
1877:2013
1802:ISBN
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1256:ISBN
1194:link
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