4092:
3815:. He believed that the holding displayed "an unstated lack of confidence in the impartiality and capacity of the state judges who would make the critical decisions if the vote count were to proceed". He continued, "The endorsement of that position by the majority of this Court can only lend credence to the most cynical appraisal of the work of judges throughout the land. It is confidence in the men and women who administer the judicial system that is the true backbone of the rule of law. Time will one day heal the wound to that confidence that will be inflicted by today's decision. One thing, however, is certain. Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year's presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the Nation's confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law."
3181:, and that: "Just as the right to speak and the right to refrain from speaking are complementary components of a broader concept of individual freedom of mind, so also the individual's freedom to choose his own creed is the counterpart of his right to refrain from accepting the creed of the majority. At one time, it was thought that this right merely proscribed the preference of one Christian sect over another, but would not require equal respect for the conscience of the infidel, the atheist, or the adherent of a non-Christian faith such as Islam or Judaism. But when the underlying principle has been examined in the crucible of litigation, the Court has unambiguously concluded that the individual freedom of conscience protected by the First Amendment embraces the right to select any religious faith or none at all."
2471:
2955:
2577:
3665: (1984). The opinion stands for how courts review administrative agencies' interpretations of their organic statutes. If the organic statute unambiguously expresses the will of Congress, the court enforces the legislature's intent. If the statute is unclear (and is thus thought to reflect a Congressional delegation of power to the agency to interpret the statute), and the agency interpretation has the force of law, courts defer to an agency's interpretation of the statute unless that interpretation is deemed to be "arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute". This doctrine is now generally referred to as "
2627:
487:
40:
8518:
7838:
344:
4947:
Bar Rec. 310 (1956); John Paul
Stevens, Tying Arrangements, in Northwestern Antitrust Conference on the Antitrust Laws and the Attorney General's Committee Report (1955); John Paul Stevens, Defense of Meeting the Lower Price of a Competitor, in 1953 Summer Institute on Federal Antitrust Laws, University of Michigan Law School; Book Review, 28 Notre Dame L. Rev. 430 (1952); Edward R. Johnston & John Paul Stevens, Monopoly or Monopolization – A Reply to Professor Rostow, 44 Ill. L. Rev. 269 (1949).
1995:
3014: (2002). In his dissenting opinion, Stevens argued that, while "s a parent, grandparent, and great-grandparent", he endorsed the legislative goal of protecting children from pornography "without reservation", "s a judge, I must confess to a growing sense of unease when the interest in protecting children from prurient materials is invoked as a justification for using criminal regulation of speech as a substitute for, or a simple backup to, adult oversight of children's viewing."
3966:
379:
1982:
3901:. Stevens' dissent seems to rest on four main points of disagreement: that the Founders would have made the individual right aspect of the Second Amendment express if that was what was intended; that the "militia" preamble and exact phrase "to keep and bear arms" demands the conclusion that the Second Amendment touches on state militia service only; that many lower courts' later "collective-right" reading of the
7187:
2789:, a measure of the perceived liberalism/conservatism of Court members when they joined the Court, places him squarely on the conservative side of the Court. However, a 2003 statistical analysis of Supreme Court voting patterns found Stevens the most liberal member of the Court. President Ford expressed no regrets about Stevens's drift toward liberalism, writing in a 2005 letter to
2435:'s National Committee to Study Antitrust Laws. At the same time, Stevens was making a name for himself as a first-rate antitrust litigator and was involved in a number of trials. He was widely regarded by colleagues as an extraordinarily capable and impressive lawyer with a fantastic memory and analytical ability, and authored a number of influential works on antitrust law.
3206:
neutrality—Government may not exercise preference for one religious faith over another". This includes a prohibition against enacting laws or imposing requirements that aid all religions as against unbelievers, or aid religions that are based on a belief in the existence of God against those founded on different principles.
434:
2347:
Stevens married
Elizabeth Jane Shereen in June 1942. Divorcing her in 1979, he married Maryan Mulholland Simon that December; that marriage lasted until Simon's death in 2015 following complications from hip surgery. He had four children: John Joseph (who died of cancer in 1996), Kathryn (who died in
2430:
In 1952, Stevens returned to
Chicago and, together with two other young lawyers with whom he had worked at Poppenhusen, Johnston, Thompson & Raymond, formed his own law firm: Rothschild, Stevens, Barry & Myers. It soon developed into a successful practice, with Stevens continuing to focus on
4946:
John Paul
Stevens, Exemptions from Antitrust Coverage, 37 Antitrust L.J. 706 (1972); John Paul Stevens, Cost Justification, 8 Antitrust Bull. 413 (1963); John Paul Stevens, The Regulation of Railroads, 19 Antitrust L.J. 355 (1961); John Paul Stevens, The Robinson–Patman Act Prohibitions, 38 Chicago
3917:) unconstitutional. The dissent concludes, "The Court would have us believe that over 200 years ago, the Framers made a choice to limit the tools available to elected officials wishing to regulate civilian uses of weapons. ... I could not possibly conclude that the Framers made such a choice."
3428:) suggest that while Stevens " strongly in laying out resources for the sake of accuracy and opportunities to protest an unfair trial, not nearly as concerned about restraining the government at the front end of the process, when it is gathering evidence—for the costs of invaded rights then are to
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
2611:
On April 9, 2010, Stevens announced his intention to retire from the
Supreme Court; he subsequently retired on June 29 of that year. Stevens said that his decision to retire from the Court was initially triggered when he stumbled on several sentences when delivering his oral dissent in the 2010
3946:
Concern that a national standing army might pose a threat to the security of the separate states led to the adoption of that amendment, which provides that "a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be
2814:
and usually wrote the first drafts of his opinions himself; when asked to explain why, he said: "I'm the one hired to do the job." He further explained that he continued to learn about cases and legal theories as he drafted his opinions and re-evaluates his positions on cases while writing.
4070:
Stevens married
Elizabeth Sheeren in 1942. He was on the high court when the couple divorced thirty-seven years later in 1979. Later that same year, he married Maryan Simon; they remained married until her death in 2015. Stevens had four children, two of whom predeceased him. Stevens was a
3893:, and that the Court had "bestowed a dramatic upheaval in the law." Stevens also stated that the amendment was notable for the "omission of any statement of purpose related to the right to use firearms for hunting or personal self-defense" which was present in the Declarations of Rights of
7066:, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the
3205:
grounds transmitted the message: "This State endorses the divine code of the 'Judeo-Christian' God." The
Establishment Clause, he wrote, "at the very least ... has created a strong presumption against the display of religious symbols on public property", and that it "demands religious
3311:, which held that "police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant's arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest." He dissented in
2458:. The commission was widely thought to be a whitewash, but Stevens proved them wrong by vigorously prosecuting the justices, forcing them from office in the end. As a result of the prominence he gained during the Greenberg Commission, Stevens became the second vice president of the
2704:. In September 2007, he was a sitting Justice when he was asked if he still considered himself a Republican. Stevens replied, "That's the kind of issue I shouldn't comment on, either in private or in public." Stevens was generally considered to be one of the last-surviving
2992:
materials that have some arguably artistic value, it is manifest that society's interest in protecting this type of expression is of a wholly different, and lesser, magnitude than the interest in untrammeled political debate"), but later in his tenure adhered firmly to a
2278:. Stevens later recalled: "Ruth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat, so it really happened." He also had the opportunity to meet several notable people of the era, including the famed aviators
4579:
5247:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
7414:
6630:
432:
2858:" doctrine for laws involving "suspect classifications", putting forth the view that all classifications should be evaluated using the "rational basis" test as to whether they could have been enacted by an "impartial legislature". In
5457:
433:
3074:. If those ideas are worth fighting for—and our history demonstrates that they are—it cannot be true that the flag that uniquely symbolizes their power is not itself worthy of protection from unnecessary desecration."
2834:). He was considered part of the liberal bloc of the Court starting in the mid-1980s, and was dubbed the "chief justice of the liberal Supreme Court", though he publicly called himself a judicial conservative in 2007.
4569:
5239:
2351:
With the end of World War II, Stevens returned to
Illinois, intending to return to his studies in English, but was persuaded by his brother Richard, who was a lawyer, to attend law school. Stevens enrolled in the
6197:
2431:
antitrust cases. His growing expertise in antitrust law led to an invitation to teach the "Competition and
Monopoly" course at the University of Chicago Law School, and from 1953 to 1955, he was a member of the
6663:
4792:
6626:
4367:
9554:
425:
2639:
5903:
5745:
2971:
changed over the years. He was initially quite critical of constitutional protection for obscenity, rejecting a challenge to
Detroit zoning ordinances that barred adult theaters in designated areas in
2943:, arguing the majority should not make a decision so broad that it would overturn precedents set in three previous Supreme Court cases. When reviewing his career at the Supreme Court in his 2019 book,
2255:
later overturned the conviction, criticizing the prosecution. His mother, Elizabeth Street Stevens (1881–1979), was a high school English teacher. Two of his three older brothers also became lawyers.
3017:
Perhaps the most personal and unusual feature of his jurisprudence was his continual referencing of World War II in his opinions. For example, Stevens, a World War II veteran, was visibly angered by
4075:, and upon his retirement, the Supreme Court had no Protestant members for the first time in its history. He was one of only two Supreme Court justices who divorced while on the Court—the first was
3712:
has come to stand for the proposition of deference to agency interpretations, Stevens, the author of the opinion, was less willing to defer to agencies than the rest of his colleagues on the Court.
9609:
2562:(which he initially opposed), as well as on other issues. President Ford praised Stevens in 2005: "He is serving his nation well, with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns."
3157: (1985), striking down an Alabama statute mandating a minute of silence in public schools "for meditation or silent prayer", Stevens wrote the opinion for a majority that included justices
6834:
4265:
4260:
2509:
7209:
7062:, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (September 26, 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. John Paul Stevens, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of
5487:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
3601:) in the three-drug cocktail used by Kentucky to execute death row inmates is prohibited in Kentucky for euthanizing animals. He questioned whether Kentucky Derby second-place finisher
2054:. At the time of his death in 2019 at age 99, he was the longest-lived Supreme Court justice ever. His long tenure saw him write for the Court on most issues of American law, including
5447:
3581:'s assertion that "the needless extinction of life with only marginal contributions to any discernible social or public purposes ... would be patently excessive", in violation of the
2732:
Shortly before Stevens' death in 2019, he said he was "not a fan" of Donald Trump, and when asked about Trump's effect on the country, he stated "I don't think it's been favorable."
7360:
6514:
7808:
7600:
4435:
4280:
7616:
7584:
7374:
3650:
6604:
6487:. Cited by Sarah Pulliam Bailey, "The Post-Protestant Supreme Court: Christians weigh in on whether it matters that the high court will likely lack Protestant representation,"
9614:
9579:
7824:
4285:
4270:
2051:
7074:" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)
9564:
9544:
7792:
7776:
7760:
7728:
7680:
6229:
5657:
4895:
4275:
2642:
in the history of the Supreme Court with 34 years and six months of service and just three days short of tying the tenure of the second-longest serving justice in history,
7744:
7696:
7664:
7648:
7632:
4250:
6328:
4404:
9559:
7857:
7712:
7483:
6187:
3812:
2043:
54:
6394:
7568:
6653:
6298:
4782:
4255:
2551:, and presided over oral arguments on a number of occasions when the chief justice was ill or recused. Also in September 2005, Stevens was honored with a symposium by
7349:
5301:
4833:
2543:
was vacant or the chief justice was unable to perform his duties. Stevens performed the duties of chief justice in September 2005, between the death of Chief Justice
3678:
3424:
argued that Stevens's "dissents against type" (in Stevens's case, votes in dissent in favor of the government's position and against the accused, such as the one in
6693:
5771:
4377:
9619:
4514:
6877:
2235:, Chicago, Illinois, to a wealthy family. His paternal grandfather had formed an insurance company and held real estate in Chicago, and his granduncle owned the
8571:
7454:
5929:
3178:
2741:
2689:
2491:
2094:
109:
6121:
5742:
5185:
5119:
9604:
4328:
3844:
3833:
3801:
3751:
3698:
3683:
3655:
3561:
3540:
3523:
3502:
3485:
3468:
3451:
3407:
3390:
3373:
3352:
3335:
3318:
3267:
3246:
3229:
3191:
3147:
3118:
3101:
3084:
3028:
3004:
2978:
2918:
2893:
2865:
2844:
2759:
2130:
6553:
4091:
8555:
6354:
5900:
5600:
3594:
2513:
3512: (2002), Stevens held that the Constitution forbids the use of the death penalty in certain circumstances. Stevens opposed using the death penalty on
2066:
who throughout his life identified as a conservative, Stevens was considered to have been on the liberal side of the Court at the time of his retirement.
2382:
1752:
5379:
9524:
6480:
3848:
3605:
died more humanely than those on death row. He explained that his death penalty decisions were influenced, in part, by an increasing awareness through
3582:
3298:
2558:
In a 2005 speech, Stevens stressed the importance of "learning on the job"; for example, during his tenure on the Court, Stevens changed his views on
9589:
9584:
6826:
6262:
5430:
3039:
2999:
2968:
2671:
who retired at the age of 90 years and 10 months on January 12, 1932. On July 23, 2015, Stevens became the longest-lived retired justice, surpassing
6099:
2839:
2239:
department store. His father, Ernest James Stevens (1884–1972), was a lawyer who later became an hotelier, owning two hotels: the La Salle and the
2178:
1627:
3870:
unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. His dissent was joined by justices
3609:
of the fallibility of death sentences, and the fact that death-qualified juries come with a set of biases. Stevens, at the time of his opinion in
2997:
free speech approach on obscenity issues, voting to strike down a federal law regulating online obscene content considered "harmful to minors" in
2725:
should disqualify him from serving on the Supreme Court, citing the potential for political bias. Kavanaugh was nominated by Republican president
9539:
6497:
2714:, a close friend, said that as a judge, Stevens refused to discuss politics. "He was more particular about it than a lot of them," Mikva stated.
1639:
6511:
5686:
5479:
9425:
9144:
5548:
5070:
4759:
4644:
2416:
2078:
3400: (1982), which permits the police to search closed containers found in the course of searching a vehicle. He also authored the dissent in
8840:
3772:
3728:, a case where the Court upheld the right of states to require an official photo identification card to help ensure that only citizens vote.
7283:
6469:
6164:
5983:
5510:
4990:
9102:
5214:
4040:
3894:
2937:
in 2006, in which he held that certain military commissions had been improperly constituted. He also wrote a lengthy dissenting opinion in
2404:
in 1949. He determined that he would not stay long at the Poppenhusen firm after being docked his pay for the day he took off to travel to
2136:
6433:
5716:
4486:
2539:
retired in 1994, Stevens became the senior associate justice and thus assumed the administrative duties of the Court whenever the post of
9514:
6069:
4678:
3174:
4925:
4427:
4195:
4111:, from complications of a stroke. He received hospice care and was with his two surviving children, Elizabeth and Susan, when he died.
7371:
9574:
9519:
7524:
7429:
6594:
5878:
3577:. However, he opined that "state-sanctioned killing is ... becoming more and more anachronistic" and agreed with former justice
2795:, "Justice Stevens has made me, and our fellow citizens, proud of my three decade old decision to appoint him to the Supreme Court."
2401:
1674:
1611:
7082:
9068:
8548:
7420:
7254:
5320:
3863:
3724:
3260:
court changed direction by holding that Congress had exceeded its constitutional power under the Commerce Clause. He then authored
2722:
2396:
Following his clerkship, Stevens returned to Chicago and joined the law firm of Poppenhusen, Johnston, Thompson & Raymond (now
2294:
1787:
1606:
734:
466:
9238:
8987:
6220:
5655:
4887:
4864:
4052:
4044:
3219:
2860:
2749:
2059:
2026:
1709:
1633:
1621:
2415:
In 1951, he returned to Washington, DC, to serve as associate counsel to the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power of the
9080:
6804:
6325:
4537:
4400:
2420:
1961:
523:
9624:
9509:
9499:
9316:
7142:
7123:
7104:
6929:
6376:
4163:
3925:
3368:
3330:
2754:
2566:
2353:
2244:
1941:
6288:
4159:
9599:
9363:
6025:
6012:"Who Says It's a Crime?: Chevron Deference to Agency Interpretations of Regulatory Statutes That Create Criminal Liability"
5298:
4815:
3859:
2470:
382:
5926:
5567:
3571: (2008), Stevens voted with the majority in upholding Kentucky's method of lethal injection, because he felt bound by
8868:
8818:
8541:
8075:
8063:
6685:
6016:
5763:
4199:
4032:
3629:
capital punishment is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. After his retirement, Stevens stated that his vote in
3201: (2005), in which he was joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; he argued that the ten commandments displayed in the
2778:
2748:
record. Early in his tenure on the Supreme Court, Stevens had a relatively moderate voting record. He voted to reinstate
2423:. During this time, the subcommittee worked on several highly publicized investigations in many industries, most notably
5270:
4511:
4342:
2555:
for his 30 years on the Supreme Court, and President Ford wrote a letter stating his continued pride in appointing him.
343:
8622:
7547:
7534:
6921:
4028:
3993:
3042:
argument. Stevens wrote, "The ideas of liberty and equality have been an irresistible force in motivating leaders like
2903: (1980), which upheld a minority set-aside program. He shifted his position over the years and voted to uphold the
2585:
2540:
2386:
2172:
528:
8956:
7394:
6869:
2954:
9529:
9504:
8833:
7324:
7235:
7167:
7041:
7021:
7003:
6979:
6955:
6907:
5639:
4048:
2908:
2745:
1616:
5177:
9352:
8998:
8904:
8123:
6943:
5116:
2701:
2196:
2063:
1792:
1596:
221:
20:
9052:
6723:
3077:
Stevens generally supported students' right to free speech in public schools. He wrote sharply-worded dissents in
2486:
Stevens's role in the Greenberg Commission catapulted him to prominence and was largely responsible for President
6549:
3913:, which may only be overturned at great peril; and that the Court has not considered gun-control laws (e.g., the
3889:
Stevens stated that the Court's judgment was "a strained and unpersuasive reading" which overturned longstanding
3673:
3111: (2007), two decisions that restricted students' freedom of speech. However, he joined the Court's ruling on
2973:
2565:
Additionally, he participated actively in questioning during oral arguments. Stevens was elected a fellow of the
2154:
1946:
1772:
474:
6351:
5592:
7883:
5737:
4472:
3898:
3829:
2646:, who had retired on December 1, 1897. The longest-serving justice is Stevens's immediate predecessor, Justice
2570:
2432:
2202:
1737:
651:
506:
5094:
9629:
9569:
9549:
9534:
9230:
8885:
7517:
5369:
3740:, said the Stevens opinion might represent an effort to "depoliticize election law cases." Stevens's vote in
1747:
1742:
331:
9441:
7383:
6654:"John Paul Stevens will be buried among several other Supreme Court justices in Arlington National Cemetery"
6477:
3942:, stating that the demonstrators should be demanding the outright repeal of the Second Amendment. He wrote:
2608:
at Biden's request. It is customary for the vice president to be inaugurated by the person of their choice.
2520:. Again, it was Percy who suggested Stevens; the nomination was also strongly supported by Attorney General
2101:
successfully nominated Stevens to the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Justice
9258:
8826:
7058:
5575:
2988: (1976), ("ven though we recognize that the First Amendment will not tolerate the total suppression of
1880:
1704:
6252:
5420:
4717:
4122:
the following day. The service was attended by all the justices on the court, as well as retired justices
2576:
7937:
6091:
4962:
4481:
4119:
3852:
2409:
2086:
2046:
from 1975 to 2010. At the time of his retirement, he was the second-oldest justice in the history of the
2019:
1777:
1601:
501:
211:
3478: (1972) and again allowed the use of the death penalty in the United States. In later cases such as
9178:
8946:
4226:
3744:
and his agreement with the Court's conservative majority in two other cases during the 2007–2008 term (
3729:
3215:
2525:
2316:
He began work on his master's degree in English at the university in 1941 but soon decided to join the
2275:
2160:
1757:
699:
410:
6494:
2660:
years and retired on November 12, 1975. He was the last sitting Supreme Court justice to serve on the
8173:
7502:
7445:
7341:
7311:
7096:
5678:
5631:
4565:
3929:
3676:
unambiguous and thus overturn agency interpretations of those statutes. (See his majority opinion in
3241:
2774:
2668:
2252:
1591:
937:
144:
5822:
5545:
5052:
4743:
4634:
2381:
After receiving high recommendations from several Northwestern faculty members, Stevens served as a
8105:
7907:
7510:
7217:
7213:
7197:
6767:
6746:
5627:
4338:
4176:
4108:
3732:
and Justice Anthony Kennedy joined this opinion, and justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and
2309:, and graduated with highest honors in 1941. While in college, Stevens also became a member of the
1533:
626:
533:
199:
6466:
5975:
9253:
8357:
8345:
8039:
8033:
7931:
7259:
6995:
6947:
6899:
6799:
6579:
6535:
6154:
5912:
5517:
5344:
4980:
4185:
4036:
3780:
3347:
2705:
2667:
Stevens was also the second-oldest justice, at age 90 years and two months at retirement, behind
2618:. Stevens said "I took that as a warning sign that maybe I've been around longer than I should."
2459:
2325:
2208:
1952:
1847:
1664:
1375:
312:
6417:
5207:
4305:
2875: (1990), Stevens demonstrated his independence with a characteristically pithy concurrence.
9431:
9394:
9294:
9128:
8419:
8351:
8223:
7901:
7691:
5708:
4476:
3768:
3614:
3402:
3313:
3224:
3158:
3113:
2939:
2888:
2614:
2439:
2321:
2214:
2142:
2012:
1654:
1493:
1280:
1075:
992:
962:
872:
842:
837:
759:
729:
571:
6188:"'We will be the last mass shooting': Florida students want to be tipping point in gun debate"
6051:
5837:
5801:
4917:
4670:
3969:
2626:
9338:
8497:
8247:
8154:
8099:
8069:
8057:
7979:
7687:
6873:
5809:
3914:
3837:
3805:
3755:
3737:
3702:
3687:
3659:
3565:
3544:
3527:
3506:
3489:
3472:
3455:
3411:
3394:
3385:
3377:
3356:
3339:
3322:
3271:
3250:
3233:
3195:
3151:
3122:
3105:
3088:
3032:
3008:
2982:
2922:
2897:
2869:
2848:
2786:
2763:
2643:
2495:
2424:
2405:
2298:
1821:
1802:
1669:
1649:
1538:
1405:
1285:
1255:
982:
792:
704:
621:
301:
5143:
4134:
ordered flags to fly at half-staff as a mark of respect on Tuesday, July 23, until sundown.
486:
9594:
9494:
9489:
9017:
8253:
8198:
8191:
8135:
8093:
7719:
7205:
3518:
3480:
3363:
3059:
2913:
2680:
2408:
to swear his oath of admission. During his time at the firm, Stevens began his practice in
1999:
1528:
1185:
952:
724:
631:
596:
517:
39:
8848:
8517:
7837:
7295:
5870:
4355:
John Paul Stevens because the second-oldest justice ever to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court
4198:. That is, he believes the works ascribed to William Shakespeare actually were written by
8:
9422:
9263:
9141:
8969:
8533:
8449:
8399:
8285:
8273:
8211:
8205:
8185:
8027:
7703:
7465:
7415:
Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on John Paul Stevens in December 1975
4574:
4523:
4372:
4191:
3921:
3875:
3598:
3170:
2831:
2672:
2365:
2341:
2042:(April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an
1922:
1908:
1762:
1714:
1659:
1523:
1503:
1290:
997:
852:
812:
601:
591:
511:
156:
6221:"The Fearless, Outraged Young Protesters at the March for Our Lives in Washington, D.C."
5317:
9196:
8297:
8235:
8051:
7919:
7475:
7304:
7159:
7067:
7063:
7031:
6965:
6530:
6489:
6381:
6293:
6159:
6056:
5374:
5128:
5103:
5057:
5026:
5004:
4856:
4820:
4639:
4076:
3938:
3840:
3824:
3758:
3705:
3690:
3662:
3547:
3530:
3509:
3497:
3492:
3475:
3458:
3397:
3380:
3359:
3342:
3325:
3302:
3253:
3236:
3198:
3186:
3142:
3125:
3108:
3096:
3091:
3035:
3011:
2933:
2925:
2904:
2900:
2879:
2872:
2851:
2766:
2647:
2559:
2552:
2517:
2455:
2454:, named Stevens as its counsel, meaning that he essentially served as the commission's
2360:
paying most of his tuition. Stevens graduated in 1947 ranked first in his class with a
2317:
2290:
2232:
2148:
2102:
2070:
2047:
1873:
1513:
1440:
1410:
1395:
1380:
1275:
867:
847:
802:
744:
676:
359:
89:
3808:
3568:
3414:
3154:
2985:
9404:
9381:
9330:
9160:
9096:
9035:
9004:
8961:
8925:
8491:
8406:
8387:
8315:
8291:
8241:
8147:
8141:
8117:
8081:
7991:
7985:
7799:
7365:
7163:
7153:
7138:
7119:
7100:
7090:
7037:
7017:
6999:
6989:
6975:
6951:
6925:
6903:
6425:
6386:
6061:
5845:
5797:
5635:
5624:
Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
5151:
5062:
4825:
4783:"Retired Justice John Paul Stevens had many ties to Chicago — here are a few of them"
4751:
4230:
4218:
4143:
4079:, whom he coincidentally succeeded as an associate justice. Stevens was also an avid
3746:
3618:
3463:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3257:
3162:
3129:
3063:
2770:
2685:
2544:
2397:
2329:
2283:
2263:
2166:
2110:
1986:
1548:
1400:
1260:
1230:
1012:
822:
606:
581:
405:
6794:
6686:"Flags ordered to fly half-staff Tuesday for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court"
9454:
9386:
9322:
8977:
8938:
8910:
8327:
8161:
7783:
7591:
7424:
7299:
7274:
7077:
Stevens, John Paul. "Keynote Address: The Bill of Rights: A Century of Progress."
6150:
6047:
5278:
4635:"Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Who Led Court's Liberal Wing, Dies at 99"
4630:
4166:
appear before the Supreme Court. Stevens appeared in interviews in two episodes of
3992:, which detailed his legal career during the tenure of five of the Supreme Court's
3535:
3446:
3079:
3047:
3023:
3018:
2947:, Stevens lamented being unable to persuade his colleagues against the decision in
2499:
2479:
2443:
2337:
2184:
2113:, Stevens briefly acted in the capacity of Chief Justice before the appointment of
1866:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1220:
1175:
1150:
1095:
1060:
1017:
862:
857:
656:
586:
566:
305:
9346:
9310:
9277:
9204:
9136:
9048:
9043:
9030:
9025:
8992:
8898:
8858:
8485:
8467:
8443:
8431:
8375:
8309:
8260:
8129:
8045:
8009:
7877:
7803:
7735:
7671:
7639:
7595:
7378:
6896:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
6501:
6484:
6473:
6358:
6332:
6257:
5907:
5793:
5749:
5661:
5571:
5552:
5403:
5324:
5305:
5123:
5098:
4816:"John Paul Stevens: Canny Strategist and the 'Finest Legal Mind' Ford Could Find"
4787:
4606:
4518:
4123:
4115:
4080:
4013:
3672:
Unlike some other members of the Court, Stevens was consistently willing to find
3421:
3307:
3051:
2855:
2718:
2333:
2302:
2236:
2055:
1894:
1553:
1508:
1445:
1430:
1325:
1320:
1300:
1250:
1225:
1215:
1200:
1140:
1115:
1100:
1002:
987:
977:
907:
887:
882:
832:
749:
661:
6011:
4570:"John Paul Stevens, longtime leader of Supreme Court's liberal wing, dies at 99"
3811: (2000), Stevens wrote a scathing dissent on the Court's ruling to stay the
9412:
9399:
9302:
9009:
8982:
8915:
8876:
8854:
8850:
8455:
8425:
8393:
8363:
8339:
8321:
8229:
8179:
8167:
7967:
7961:
7949:
7889:
7751:
7655:
7623:
7611:
7579:
7388:
7354:
7316:
6967:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
6454:
6224:
5971:
5674:
5564:
4666:
4211:
4207:
4148:
4001:
3883:
3879:
3866:
and held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a
3622:
3166:
2994:
2827:
2823:
2601:
2589:
2536:
2451:
2390:
2306:
2279:
2106:
2082:
1686:
1568:
1518:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1460:
1390:
1360:
1350:
1335:
1245:
1235:
1205:
1195:
1165:
1080:
1027:
967:
807:
671:
666:
616:
576:
6575:
5338:
4699:
Terry Stephan, "A Justice For All", Northwestern Magazine, Spring 2009. p. 16.
3784:, a case that struck down preclearance requirements of the Voting Rights Act.
2678:
On June 26, 2015, Stevens attended the Court's announcement of the opinion in
9483:
9221:
9168:
9086:
9062:
9057:
8933:
8217:
8021:
8015:
8003:
7895:
7870:
7819:
7607:
7575:
7049:
6971:
6518:
6429:
6390:
6372:
6065:
5933:
5849:
5480:"Former Justice Stevens on the 3 worst Supreme Court decisions of his tenure"
5155:
5066:
4829:
4755:
4234:
4100:
4017:
3908:
3606:
3202:
3043:
2487:
2447:
2267:
2240:
2090:
1966:
1915:
1887:
1420:
1415:
1310:
1210:
1180:
1050:
947:
932:
927:
917:
902:
892:
877:
827:
787:
719:
681:
641:
636:
442:
132:
7265:
5511:"Perceived Qualifications and Ideology of Supreme Court Nominees, 1937-2012"
5392:
Justice John Paul Stevens, who retired in 2010, was on hand for the decision
4888:"Wife of retired Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens dies - CNNPolitics"
3736:
agreed with them on the outcome. Edward B. Foley, an election law expert at
3417: (2001), which held that the use of thermal imaging requires a warrant.
2752:
and opposed race-based admissions programs, such as the program at issue in
9248:
8951:
8920:
8479:
8461:
8437:
8333:
8303:
8267:
7955:
7925:
7913:
7815:
7787:
7771:
7755:
7723:
7675:
5679:"After Stevens. What will the Supreme Court be without its liberal leader?"
5425:
4744:"Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Who Led Liberal Wing, Dies at 99"
4238:
4154:
4131:
4127:
4096:
4009:
4005:
3871:
3796:
3763:
3733:
3602:
3556:
2799:
2726:
2661:
2581:
2548:
2361:
2259:
2248:
2190:
2118:
2114:
2074:
2062:, government action, and intellectual property. Despite being a registered
1828:
1558:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1305:
1155:
1145:
1125:
1110:
1090:
1085:
1055:
1022:
957:
912:
897:
817:
777:
556:
392:
316:
5952:
5448:"Kavanaugh does not belong on Supreme Court, retired Justice Stevens says"
2332:
for his service in the codebreaking team whose work led to the downing of
9449:
9373:
9091:
9074:
8473:
8369:
8111:
7997:
7973:
7943:
7767:
7739:
7659:
7643:
7627:
7494:
7278:
7269:
7071:
6790:
5938:
5588:
5365:
4985:
4981:"Man of Moderation: Last Justice of 'Greatest Generation,' Says Farewell"
4811:
4333:
3933:
3578:
3513:
3071:
3055:
2819:
2711:
2631:
2529:
2521:
2506:
2475:
2310:
2122:
2098:
1732:
1573:
1543:
1425:
1330:
1265:
1190:
1160:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1045:
972:
942:
782:
646:
611:
561:
101:
77:
6715:
4428:"Retired Justice John Paul Stevens, A Maverick On The Bench, Dies At 99"
3775:
to wonder if Stevens was "tacking back a little bit toward the center."
3038: (1989) and voted to uphold a prohibition on flag-burning against a
378:
9243:
9118:
9108:
8893:
8381:
8279:
7707:
7014:
Illinois Justice: The Scandal of 1969 and the Rise of John Paul Stevens
6504:. Also cited by "Does the U.S. Supreme Court need another Protestant?"
4959:
Illinois Justice: The Scandal of 1969 and the Rise of John Paul Stevens
4072:
3345: (1995), both involving searches in schools. He was a dissenter in
3289:
regardless of whether such use is legally permissible under state law.
2803:
2782:
1901:
1859:
1385:
1295:
1270:
1105:
1065:
1007:
922:
797:
714:
7532:
9286:
9186:
9150:
8087:
7563:
7405:
6795:"Justice Stevens Renders an Opinion on Who Wrote Shakespeare's Plays"
6658:
6599:
6506:
6192:
5318:
United States Supreme Court Journal for October 2009 – June 2010 Term
4266:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
4261:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)
4222:
4167:
3890:
3573:
3278:
2811:
2807:
2791:
2700:
When he was appointed to the Supreme Court, Stevens was a registered
2605:
2593:
2357:
2271:
1981:
1315:
1240:
1070:
754:
709:
538:
9555:
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
3383: (1985), he sided with the government, and he was the author of
2830:), nor did he pronounce himself a cautious liberal (such as Justice
2247:, and Stevens's father, grandfather, and an uncle were charged with
9113:
7559:
7329:
7289:
7249:
7216:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
5957:
5709:"EXCLUSIVE: Supreme Court Justice Stevens Remembers President Ford"
5091:
4512:"With Longevity on Court, Stevens' Center-Left Influence Has Grown"
4306:"Albright, Dylan among recipients of Presidential Medal of Freedom"
4058:
In 2019, at age 99 and shortly before his death, Stevens published
3282:
2482:
on December 19, 1975, the day he took his seat on the Supreme Court
1840:
1679:
1435:
739:
4083:
player and belonged to the Pompano Duplicate Bridge Club Florida.
4008:; and his experience while serving as an associate justice on the
3778:
Despite his vote in Crawford, Stevens expressed disagreement with
2773:
Court, Stevens joined the more liberal justices on issues such as
6122:"John Paul Stevens on the Supreme Court's Voting-Rights Decision"
5452:
5370:"Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide"
4118:
at the Supreme Court on July 22, 2019 before a planned burial at
4107:
On July 16, 2019, Stevens died at the age of 99 at a hospital in
3867:
3813:
recount of votes in Florida during the 2000 presidential election
2117:. Stevens retired in 2010 during the administration of President
2105:. He became the senior associate justice after the retirement of
1170:
9610:
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Richard Nixon
6595:"Retired Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens dead at age 99"
5901:"Eight Belle's Euthanasia: More Humane Than Capital Punishment?"
4000:, Stevens recounts his time as a law clerk during the tenure of
2854: (1985), Stevens argued against the Supreme Court's famous "
7409:
7372:
Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens to Retire, PBS NewsHour
7335:
6964:
Frank, John P. (1995), Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.),
6576:"Pompano bridge club members are older, but they're also wiser"
4709:
4229:" home run. Eighty-four years later, he attended Game 4 of the
3980:
3651:
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
3067:
2989:
6991:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
6940:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995
4271:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
4217:
Stevens was 12 years old when he was at Wrigley Field for the
3947:
infringed." Today that concern is a relic of the 18th century.
2588:
on September 29, 2005, while Roberts' wife Jane and President
6347:
Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution
4206:
by the Shakespeare Oxford Society. According to the article,
4025:
Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution
3277: (2005), which permits the federal government to arrest,
1853:
1782:
1767:
4281:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court
4251:
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service
4152:. He was portrayed by David Grant Wright in two episodes of
8988:
Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)
7484:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
6719:
6689:
6418:"Justice Stevens, the Only Protestant on the Supreme Court"
4180:, recalling his childhood in Chicago in the 1920s and 30s.
3715:
2951:, which he described as "a disaster for our election law."
2044:
associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1797:
55:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
8563:
6827:"Oxfordian of the Year award presented to Justice Stevens"
6582:
from the original on November 7, 2021 – via YouTube.
4604:
Lane, Charles (July 17, 2019). "Hyde Park to High Court".
4286:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court
4256:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
2798:
Stevens's jurisprudence has usually been characterized as
2446:'s corruption allegations leveled at former chief justice
7399:
7135:
The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years
7054:
The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years
7029:
6773:
6752:
6627:"John Paul Stevens lies in repose at Supreme Court today"
6458:
6377:"Justice John Paul Stevens Looks Back on His Long Career"
5979:
5764:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
5483:
5340:
How retired Justice Stevens would change the constitution
4891:
4431:
4276:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court
4171:
4060:
The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years
3679:
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca
3297:
Stevens had a generally libertarian voting record on the
2945:
The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years
2370:
1834:
6766:
Burns, Ken (October 4, 2011). "A Nation of Hypocrites".
5178:"Bush's words saddle Miers: 'She's not going to change'"
5117:
Justice John Paul Stevens, 30 Years on the Supreme Court
3021:'s flippant defense of flag-burning in oral argument in
2802:. Stevens, unlike most justices, reviewed petitions for
2524:, former president of the University of Chicago. He was
7052:, "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens,
6745:
Burns, Ken (October 3, 2011). "A Nation of Scofflaws".
3128: (1988) which upheld a principal's censorship of a
2675:
who died at age 95 years and 93 days on April 2, 1980.
2226:
440:
John Paul Stevens delivers the opinion of the Court in
7455:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
6253:"Teachers Are Fighting for Gun Control After Parkland"
5029:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
2742:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2492:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2320:. He enlisted on December 6, 1941, one day before the
2286:, the latter of whom gave him a caged dove as a gift.
2128:
Stevens's majority opinions in landmark cases include
2095:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
110:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
19:"Justice Stevens" redirects here. For other uses, see
9615:
United States federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford
9580:
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
7155:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
6457:, "Supreme Court May Soon Lack Protestant Justices,"
6326:
Stevens Chronicles 'Five Chiefs' Of The Supreme Court
6282:
6280:
4401:"Former Supreme Court Justice Stevens Lies In Repose"
3209:
2528:
December 19, 1975, after being confirmed 98–0 by the
2243:. The family lost ownership of the hotels during the
2131:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
16:
United States Supreme Court justice from 1975 to 2010
9565:
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
9545:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
6219:
Petrusich, Amanda; Peterson, Mark (March 24, 2018).
5299:
Justice Stevens Retirement Letter to President Obama
4031:
should be added to the U.S. Constitution to address
2514:
associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
2438:
In 1969, the Greenberg Commission, appointed by the
7036:, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books,
5838:"Justices Uphold Lethal Injection in Kentucky Case"
4538:"Justice John Paul Stevens has strong Chicago ties"
4004:; his experiences as a private attorney during the
2684:, in which the Court ruled 5–4 that recognition of
2085:, he co-founded a law firm in Chicago, focusing on
1753:
Americans United for Separation of Church and State
9560:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
6915:
6550:"Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens Retiring"
6286:
6277:
6052:"In a 6-to-3 Vote, Justices Uphold a Voter ID Law"
5976:"Justice Stevens: An Open Mind On A Changed Court"
5565:"A Pattern Analysis of the Second Rehnquist Court"
4737:
4735:
2494:in 1970. His nomination was put forth by a former
2297:where he graduated in 1937. He later attended the
9229:
8508:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
7200:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
6218:
5927:"Stevens Explains Death Penalty Stance, Bow Ties"
4629:
2490:'s decision to appoint Stevens as a judge of the
9481:
7395:Justice Stevens: An Open Mind On A Changed Court
7384:Justice Stevens a "Champion of the Constitution"
6870:"Justice Stevens takes in 3rd Cubs World Series"
6289:"John Paul Stevens: Repeal the Second Amendment"
5546:The Unidimensional Supreme Court, July 10, 2003.
5271:"In culminating moment, Biden is vice president"
4399:Naylor, Brian; Totenberg, Nina (July 22, 2019).
3928:, described by many media outlets as a possible
2755:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
2179:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
9620:University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
7030:Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990),
4732:
4398:
3533: (1989) and joined the Court's majority in
2958:Stevens's official Supreme Court portrait, 1976
2769: (1978). However, on the more conservative
2324:, and served as an intelligence officer in the
7296:"Justice Weighs Desire v. Duty (Duty Prevails)
5664:Justice Stevens Mulls Supreme Court Retirement
5144:"Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment"
5092:The Jurisprudence of Justice John Paul Stevens
5046:
5044:
5019:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4329:"John Paul Stevens Second-Oldest Justice Ever"
3882:; the majority opinion was written by Justice
3256: (2000), two prominent cases in which the
2600:On January 20, 2009, Stevens administered the
2569:in 2008. That same year he was elected to the
2266:between the Yankees and the Cubs in Chicago's
8834:
8572:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
8549:
7518:
6145:
6143:
5916:, Associated Press. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
5410:(8th ed., West: St. Paul, Minnesota) p. 1792.
4710:"PBK - Phi Beta Kappa Supreme Court Justices"
3988:In 2011, Stevens published a memoir entitled
3636:
2465:
2020:
122:November 2, 1970 – December 19, 1975
9605:United States Navy personnel of World War II
5953:Stevens declares opposition to death penalty
5364:
5336:
4974:
4972:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
3613:, was one of four justices—the others being
2182:. Stevens is also known for his dissents in
2137:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
7325:The Pessimistic Legacy of John Paul Stevens
7286:, encyclopedia article by Prof. Joseph Thai
6010:Greenberg, Sanford N. (February 26, 1996).
5268:
5041:
5007:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center
4799:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
3906:
3305:. Stevens authored the majority opinion in
3070:, and the soldiers who scaled the bluff at
9053:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)
8841:
8827:
8625:(December 19, 1975 – June 29, 2010);
8556:
8542:
7525:
7511:
7417:United States Government Publishing Office
6785:
6783:
6149:
6140:
6046:
5998:Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy
5996:Breyer, Stewart, Sunstein & Vermeule,
5835:
5792:
5442:
5440:
5141:
4997:
4741:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4477:"The Dissenter, Justice John Paul Stevens"
4327:Weiss, Debra Cassens (November 19, 2007).
4190:Stevens "rendered an opinion on who wrote
3847:which addressed the interpretation of the
2878:Stevens was once an impassioned critic of
2806:within his chambers instead of having his
2376:
2109:in 1994. After the death of Chief Justice
2027:
2013:
67:December 19, 1975 – June 29, 2010
38:
9585:People associated with Jenner & Block
9525:21st-century American non-fiction writers
7236:Learn how and when to remove this message
6916:Barnhart, Bill; Schlickman, Gene (2010),
6155:"Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights"
6009:
5970:
5502:
5213:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
5053:"John Paul Stevens Was Justice Incarnate"
4969:
4450:
4425:
3648:Stevens authored the majority opinion in
2638:Stevens retired on June 29, 2010, as the
2328:from 1942 to 1945. Stevens was awarded a
2262:fan, Stevens was 12 when he attended the
9590:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
7361:John Paul Stevens's Legacy in Five Cases
7255:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
7016:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
7011:
6448:
5421:"John Paul Stevens announces retirement"
4956:
4599:
4597:
4543:
4090:
3936:legislation, Stevens wrote an essay for
3864:Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975
3725:Crawford v. Marion County Election Board
3717:Crawford v. Marion County Election Board
2953:
2695:
2625:
2575:
2547:and the swearing-in of his replacement,
2469:
2295:University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
1788:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
7151:
7132:
7113:
7088:
6937:
6893:
6780:
6371:
5621:
5437:
5208:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"
4979:Ward, Stephanie Francis (May 1, 2019).
4867:from the original on September 24, 2020
4614:
3771:law professor and former Stevens clerk
3135:
2967:Stevens's views on obscenity under the
2861:Burnham v. Superior Court of California
2750:capital punishment in the United States
2231:Stevens was born on April 20, 1920, in
2069:Born in Chicago, Stevens served in the
1710:Center for Budget and Policy Priorities
278: 1979; died 2015)
9540:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
9482:
8957:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)
8564:Judicial opinions of John Paul Stevens
7856:
7033:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
6918:John Paul Stevens: An Independent Life
6867:
6789:
6651:
6436:from the original on November 10, 2017
6415:
6250:
6185:
5673:
5490:from the original on December 28, 2020
5188:from the original on November 18, 2010
5050:
4810:
4780:
4762:from the original on December 11, 2020
4665:
4647:from the original on December 11, 2020
4582:from the original on December 11, 2020
4506:
4504:
4489:from the original on November 24, 2020
4407:from the original on November 25, 2020
4183:According to an April 2009 article in
3695:Young v. Community Nutrition Institute
3669:deference" among legal practitioners.
3218:, Stevens consistently sided with the
2931:Stevens wrote the majority opinion in
2882:; in addition to the 1978 decision in
2735:
2688:is protected under the Constitution's
1962:Modern liberalism in the United States
8822:
8537:
7855:
7545:
7506:
7290:John Paul Stevens, Human Rights Judge
6963:
6765:
6744:
6726:from the original on January 26, 2014
6287:Stevens, John Paul (March 27, 2018).
5347:from the original on November 7, 2021
5175:
4898:from the original on November 7, 2017
4885:
4720:from the original on October 21, 2020
4594:
4471:
4368:"From Justice Stevens, No Exit Signs"
4320:
4303:
4137:
3926:Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
3585:(quoting from White's concurrence in
3369:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
3331:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2567:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2354:Northwestern University School of Law
2079:Northwestern University School of Law
7180:
6987:
6807:from the original on August 23, 2017
6592:
6556:from the original on August 22, 2018
6524:
5836:Greenhouse, Linda (April 17, 2008).
5587:
5460:from the original on October 4, 2018
5220:from the original on October 5, 2018
5200:
5142:Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008).
4978:
4854:
4603:
4564:
3362: (1984), a case relating to the
2962:
2826:) nor a pragmatist (such as Justice
2227:Early life and education (1920–1947)
8869:State funerals in the United States
7421:Works by or about John Paul Stevens
6880:from the original on July 18, 2019.
6868:Footer, Alyson (October 29, 2016).
6362:, N.Y. Rev. of Books, June 5, 2014.
6321:Five Chiefs: A Supreme Court Memoir
6301:from the original on March 30, 2018
6265:from the original on March 28, 2018
6251:Reilly, Katie (February 21, 2018).
6232:from the original on March 26, 2018
6200:from the original on March 26, 2018
6186:Miller, Sarah (February 17, 2018).
6017:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
5986:from the original on July 21, 2011.
5925:Weiss, Debra Cassens (May 7, 2010).
5689:from the original on March 16, 2010
5433:from the original on July 18, 2019.
4993:from the original on July 24, 2019.
4928:from the original on April 25, 2009
4795:from the original on July 24, 2019.
4742:Greenhouse, Linda (July 16, 2019).
4501:
4438:from the original on April 25, 2023
4376:. November 18, 2008. Archived from
4200:Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
4142:Stevens was portrayed by the actor
3990:Five Chiefs: A Supreme Court Memoir
3818:
3292:
2717:In October 2018, Stevens said that
13:
9515:21st-century American male writers
8623:Supreme Court of the United States
8516:
7836:
7546:
7535:Supreme Court of the United States
6922:Northern Illinois University Press
6887:
6837:from the original on July 18, 2011
6696:from the original on July 23, 2019
6666:from the original on July 17, 2019
6633:from the original on July 22, 2019
6607:from the original on July 17, 2019
6397:from the original on July 16, 2019
6167:from the original on June 14, 2018
6102:from the original on July 17, 2019
6098:. Associated Press. May 10, 2008.
6072:from the original on July 18, 2019
5951:Associated Press (April 6, 2008),
5881:from the original on June 29, 2018
5719:from the original on April 6, 2019
5603:from the original on March 3, 2016
5073:from the original on July 17, 2019
4836:from the original on July 18, 2019
4681:from the original on June 17, 2021
4530:
3924:demonstrations in the wake of the
3920:On March 27, 2018, days after the
3722:Stevens wrote the lead opinion in
3597:conference that one of the drugs (
3210:Commerce clause and states' rights
2840:Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center
2541:Chief Justice of the United States
2221:
2173:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
14:
9641:
7176:
6652:Gresko, Jessica (July 17, 2019).
6092:"Justice Stevens hard to predict"
6028:from the original on June 5, 2011
5796:(2009). "Dissents against type".
5774:from the original on May 15, 2011
5508:
5382:from the original on May 16, 2019
4924:. Cornell University Law School.
4426:Totenberg, Nina (July 16, 2019).
3177:is binding on the States via the
2909:University of Michigan Law School
2621:
9575:Military personnel from Illinois
9520:21st-century American memoirists
7185:
7079:University of Chicago Law Review
6944:Supreme Court Historical Society
5269:Feller, Ben (January 20, 2009).
5250:from the original on May 3, 2021
4886:Scott, Eugene (August 7, 2015).
4855:Hill, Kashmir (March 15, 2010).
4781:Greene, Morgan (July 16, 2019).
4202:. As a result, he was appointed
4065:
3964:
3693: (1987), and his dissent in
3633:was the only vote he regretted.
3439:
2505:On November 28, 1975, President
1993:
1980:
1793:Southern Center for Human Rights
485:
430:
377:
342:
252:
21:Justice Stevens (disambiguation)
9472:: Presidents and chief justices
6861:
6848:
6819:
6759:
6738:
6708:
6678:
6645:
6619:
6593:Wolf, Richard (July 16, 2019).
6586:
6568:
6542:
6416:Liptak, Adam (April 10, 2010).
6409:
6365:
6339:
6313:
6244:
6212:
6179:
6114:
6084:
6040:
6003:
5990:
5964:
5945:
5919:
5893:
5863:
5829:
5786:
5756:
5731:
5701:
5667:
5648:
5615:
5581:
5557:
5535:
5472:
5413:
5397:
5358:
5337:PBS NewsHour (April 21, 2014),
5330:
5311:
5292:
5262:
5232:
5176:Mauro, Tony (October 9, 2005).
5169:
5135:
5110:
5085:
5051:Greene, Jamal (July 17, 2019).
4950:
4940:
4910:
4879:
4848:
4774:
4702:
4693:
4659:
4194:plays," proclaiming himself an
3787:
3444:Stevens joined the majority in
2974:Young v. American Mini Theatres
2450:and then-current chief justice
2155:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
1773:National Organization for Women
275:
248:
6578:. WPLG Local 10. May 1, 2018.
6521:. All accessed April 10, 2010.
4419:
4392:
4360:
4297:
4237:, wearing a red bowtie with a
3830:District of Columbia v. Heller
2886:, he dissented in the case of
2571:American Philosophical Society
2203:District of Columbia v. Heller
2097:. Five years later, President
1738:American Civil Liberties Union
652:Separation of church and state
1:
7350:John Paul Stevens in pictures
7137:. Little, Brown and Company.
7118:. Little, Brown and Company.
7012:Manaster, Kenneth A. (2001),
6988:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992),
5753:, The Atlantic, July 17, 2019
4957:Manaster, Kenneth A. (2001).
4291:
4027:, where he proposed that six
3973:interview with Stevens about
3625:—who had concluded that post-
3461: (1976), which overruled
2640:third-longest-serving justice
2348:2018), Elizabeth, and Susan.
2081:. After clerking for Justice
1748:American Humanist Association
1743:American Constitution Society
332:Presidential Medal of Freedom
9625:University of Chicago alumni
9510:21st-century American judges
9500:20th-century American judges
7292:, by Prof. Diane Marie Amann
7070:to most meaningful forms of
7059:The New York Review of Books
5899:Slater, Dan (May 12, 2008),
5593:"Letter from Gerald R. Ford"
5576:National Academy of Sciences
2498:classmate, Illinois Senator
2369:, having earned the highest
1881:The Problem with Jon Stewart
1705:Center for American Progress
7:
9600:United States Navy officers
7430:Arlington National Cemetery
7152:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994),
7133:Stevens, John Paul (2019).
7114:Stevens, John Paul (2014).
7089:Stevens, John Paul (2011).
7056:, Little, Brown, 549 pp.),
6493:, April 10, 2010, found at
5875:Legal Information Institute
4963:University of Chicago Press
4482:The New York Times Magazine
4326:
4304:Cohen, Tom (May 29, 2012).
4244:
4120:Arlington National Cemetery
4023:In 2014, Stevens published
3853:right to keep and bear arms
3516:offenders; he dissented in
3184:Stevens wrote a dissent in
2810:participate as part of the
2744:, Stevens had a moderately
2630:Stevens with his successor
2293:, and Stevens attended the
1778:People for the American Way
1687:Rhode Island Suffrage Party
1602:Democratic-Republican Party
212:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
9646:
9239:Chestnut and Gibson (1998)
9179:Herbert C. Hoover Building
7275:Issue positions and quotes
6898:(3rd ed.), New York:
6894:Abraham, Henry J. (1992),
6858:, November 7, 2016, p. 36.
6854:Tom Verducci, "Timeless,"
6831:Shakespeare Oxford Society
6510:, April 9, 2010, found at
6495:Christianity Today website
6465:, April 7, 2010, found at
6357:November 10, 2017, at the
6349:(2014); Cass R. Sunstein,
5323:February 15, 2017, at the
5304:November 12, 2013, at the
5122:December 11, 2011, at the
5097:November 12, 2013, at the
5027:"Justices 1789 to Present"
3823:Stevens wrote the primary
3730:Chief Justice John Roberts
3641:
3637:Other significant opinions
3589:). Soon after his vote in
3216:Interstate Commerce Clause
2580:Stevens (right) swears in
2466:Judicial career, 1970–2010
2161:Kelo v. City of New London
1758:Brennan Center For Justice
700:American Revolutionary War
447:Recorded February 22, 1977
411:World War II Victory Medal
18:
9467:
9440:
9362:
9285:
9276:
9220:
9195:
9177:
9159:
9127:
8884:
8875:
8866:
8633:
8620:
8582:
8569:
8514:
7864:
7851:
7834:
7554:
7541:
7491:
7480:
7472:
7462:
7450:
7446:Elmer Jacob Schnackenberg
7442:
7437:
7377:January 21, 2014, at the
7097:Little, Brown and Company
6472:October 24, 2017, at the
6331:January 23, 2018, at the
5906:November 8, 2019, at the
5632:Stanford University Press
5622:Peppers, Todd C. (2006).
5551:January 13, 2012, at the
4517:October 30, 2020, at the
4214:shared Stevens's belief.
3963:
3958:
3550: (2005), overturning
3242:United States v. Morrison
2723:his confirmation hearings
2669:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
2592:look on. Ceremony in the
2393:during the 1947–48 term.
2373:in the school's history.
2093:appointed Stevens to the
1947:Liberal bias in the media
1612:National Democratic Party
456:
426:John Paul Stevens's voice
419:
398:
388:
373:
365:
355:
350:
338:
327:
294:
286:
227:
217:
207:
188:
171:
166:
162:
150:
145:Elmer Jacob Schnackenberg
138:
126:
115:
107:
95:
83:
71:
60:
53:
49:
37:
30:
9530:21st-century Protestants
9505:20th-century Protestants
6533:, "The Minority Court",
6483:January 3, 2018, at the
6476:and transcript found at
6463:Heard on Morning Edition
6336:, NPR, October 4, 2011.
6323:(2011); Nina Totenberg,
5628:Redwood City, California
4922:Supreme Court Collection
4339:American Bar Association
4109:Fort Lauderdale, Florida
4086:
4033:political gerrymandering
3951:
2421:House of Representatives
2000:United States portal
1942:Liberal bias in academia
1607:Liberal Republican Party
465:This article is part of
200:Fort Lauderdale, Florida
7260:Federal Judicial Center
7258:, a publication of the
6996:Oxford University Press
6948:Congressional Quarterly
6938:Cushman, Clare (2001),
6900:Oxford University Press
6800:The Wall Street Journal
6536:The Wall Street Journal
6500:March 22, 2016, at the
5913:The Wall Street Journal
5748:August 3, 2020, at the
5660:March 22, 2010, at the
5327:, June 28, 2010, entry.
4540:, WGN, (April 9, 2010).
4186:The Wall Street Journal
4174:documentary miniseries
4041:campaign finance reform
3781:Shelby County v. Holder
3708: (1986).) Although
3348:Oliver v. United States
3173:. He affirmed that the
2706:Rockefeller Republicans
2516:, to a seat vacated by
2474:Stevens with President
2460:Chicago Bar Association
2377:Legal career, 1947–1970
2209:Printz v. United States
2052:longest-serving justice
1953:The Liberal Imagination
1665:Rockefeller Republicans
313:Northwestern University
265:Maryan Mulholland Simon
184:Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
9129:National Statuary Hall
8521:
7841:
5817:Cite journal requires
5591:(September 21, 2005).
5570:June 24, 2006, at the
5408:Black's Law Dictionary
4475:(September 23, 2007).
4104:
3949:
3907:
3769:University of Oklahoma
3403:Kyllo v. United States
3314:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
3225:United States v. Lopez
3214:When interpreting the
3114:Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
3054:, schoolteachers like
2959:
2940:Citizens United v. FEC
2889:Fullilove v. Klutznick
2721:'s performance during
2635:
2615:Citizens United v. FEC
2597:
2483:
2440:Illinois Supreme Court
2322:attack on Pearl Harbor
2301:, where he majored in
2253:Illinois Supreme Court
2215:Citizens United v. FEC
2143:Apprendi v. New Jersey
1644:historically, factions
760:Young America movement
730:Jeffersonian democracy
572:Economic progressivism
8520:
7840:
7688:Edward Douglass White
7344:Northwestern Magazine
7342:"A Justice for All",
7338:, named after Stevens
6874:Major League Baseball
6833:, November 24, 2009,
6539:(April 17, 2010), W3.
6517:February 5, 2013, at
6352:The Refounding Father
5932:January 16, 2013, at
5743:The Impartial Justice
5574:, Proceedings of the
5132:, September 21, 2005.
4857:"The Supreme Spouses"
4345:on September 18, 2013
4204:Oxfordian of the Year
4103:at Stevens's funeral.
4094:
3944:
3915:National Firearms Act
3905:decision constitutes
3738:Ohio State University
3386:United States v. Ross
2957:
2696:Political affiliation
2644:Stephen Johnson Field
2629:
2579:
2496:University of Chicago
2473:
2425:Major League Baseball
2299:University of Chicago
2121:and was succeeded by
2089:. In 1970, President
1987:Liberalism portal
1822:The American Prospect
1803:National Urban League
1670:Roosevelt Republicans
1592:Anti-Federalist Party
705:Civil rights movement
366:Years of service
302:University of Chicago
9630:Writers from Chicago
9570:Lawyers from Chicago
9550:Illinois Republicans
9535:American Protestants
8861:in the United States
7720:Charles Evans Hughes
7206:improve this article
6716:"Prohibition (2011)"
5715:. January 15, 2007.
5578:100 (June 24, 2003).
5523:on February 15, 2017
5244:search.amphilsoc.org
5240:"APS Member History"
5005:"Stevens, John Paul"
4527:, February 21, 2006.
4380:on November 12, 2013
4002:Chief Justice Vinson
3519:Stanford v. Kentucky
3481:Thompson v. Oklahoma
3364:open-fields doctrine
3179:Fourteenth Amendment
3175:Establishment Clause
3136:Establishment Clause
3060:Booker T. Washington
2914:Grutter v. Bollinger
2690:Fourteenth Amendment
2681:Obergefell v. Hodges
2305:, was inducted into
2289:The family lived in
1675:Moderate Republicans
1411:Roosevelt (Theodore)
1406:Roosevelt (Franklin)
725:Jacksonian democracy
632:Legal egalitarianism
597:Freedom of the press
478:in the United States
383:Lieutenant commander
251: 1942;
9031:J. E. Hoover (1972)
7704:William Howard Taft
7466:Harlington Wood Jr.
7336:Stevens High School
7328:, Jeff Greenfield,
7218:footnote references
6722:. October 2, 2011.
6345:John Paul Stevens,
6319:John Paul Stevens,
5974:(October 4, 2010).
5654:Lawrence D. Jones,
5563:Lawrence Sirovich,
5275:The Washington Post
4918:"John Paul Stevens"
4575:The Washington Post
4524:The Washington Post
4373:The Washington Post
3922:March for Our Lives
3876:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3599:pancuronium bromide
3301:, which deals with
2832:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2736:Judicial philosophy
2673:Stanley Forman Reed
2417:Judiciary Committee
2402:admitted to the bar
2342:Operation Vengeance
2077:and graduated from
1923:The Washington Post
1909:Talking Points Memo
1763:Equal Justice Works
1727:Other organizations
1715:Roosevelt Institute
1660:Radical Republicans
1401:Roosevelt (Eleanor)
735:Liberal Republicans
602:Freedom of religion
592:Fiscal conservatism
157:Harlington Wood Jr.
9231:US Capitol rotunda
9197:Old Senate Chamber
8886:US Capitol rotunda
8522:
7858:Associate justices
7842:
7476:William O. Douglas
7397:– audio report by
7386:– video report by
7314:, Jeffrey Toobin,
7305:The New York Times
7160:Garland Publishing
7068:U.S. Supreme Court
7064:sovereign immunity
6856:Sports Illustrated
6793:(April 18, 2009).
6531:Richard W. Garnett
6490:Christianity Today
6422:The New York Times
6382:The New York Times
6294:The New York Times
6160:The New York Times
6057:The New York Times
6050:(April 29, 2008).
5842:The New York Times
5677:(March 22, 2010).
5509:Segal, Jeffrey A.
5375:The New York Times
5148:The New York Times
5129:Fordham Law School
5126:, President Ford,
5104:Fordham Law School
5058:The New York Times
4821:The New York Times
4748:The New York Times
4669:(March 22, 2010).
4640:The New York Times
4138:In popular culture
4105:
4077:William O. Douglas
4053:sovereign immunity
4045:capital punishment
4037:anti-commandeering
3939:The New York Times
3862:provisions of the
3825:dissenting opinion
3498:Atkins v. Virginia
3303:search and seizure
3222:. He dissented in
3220:federal government
3187:Van Orden v. Perry
3143:Wallace v. Jaffree
3097:Morse v. Frederick
2960:
2934:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
2905:affirmative action
2880:affirmative action
2648:William O. Douglas
2636:
2604:to Vice President
2598:
2596:of the White House
2560:affirmative action
2553:Fordham Law School
2518:William O. Douglas
2484:
2478:and Chief Justice
2456:special prosecutor
2398:Jenner & Block
2356:in 1945, with the
2340:'s plane in 1943 (
2318:United States Navy
2149:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
2103:William O. Douglas
2071:United States Navy
2048:U.S. Supreme Court
1874:The New York Times
745:New Deal coalition
677:Unalienable rights
360:United States Navy
90:William O. Douglas
9477:
9476:
9463:
9462:
9455:Lautenberg (2013)
9364:Great Hall of the
9272:
9271:
9216:
9215:
8983:R. A. Taft (1953)
8816:
8815:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8526:
7847:
7846:
7800:William Rehnquist
7501:
7500:
7492:Succeeded by
7463:Succeeded by
7366:Newsweek magazine
7308:, August 25, 2005
7284:John Paul Stevens
7266:John Paul Stevens
7250:John Paul Stevens
7246:
7245:
7238:
7144:978-0-316-48964-5
7125:978-0-316-37372-2
7106:978-0-316-19980-3
6931:978-0-87580-419-4
6692:. July 22, 2019.
6629:. July 22, 2019.
6512:USA Today website
6153:(June 27, 2008).
6151:Greenhouse, Linda
6048:Greenhouse, Linda
5429:. April 9, 2010.
5368:(June 25, 2015).
4814:(July 16, 2019).
4633:(July 16, 2019).
4631:Greenhouse, Linda
4568:(July 16, 2019).
4231:2016 World Series
4219:1932 World Series
4146:in the 2008 film
4144:William Schallert
3986:
3985:
3977:, October 9, 2011
3747:Medellin v. Texas
3593:, Stevens told a
3464:Furman v. Georgia
3420:In a 2009 paper,
3287:medical marijuana
3285:patients who use
3263:Gonzales v. Raich
3163:Thurgood Marshall
3130:student newspaper
3064:Philippine Scouts
2963:Freedom of speech
2787:Segal–Cover score
2686:same-sex marriage
2545:William Rehnquist
2532:two days before.
2526:sworn into office
2284:Charles Lindbergh
2264:1932 World Series
2167:Gonzales v. Raich
2111:William Rehnquist
2040:John Paul Stevens
2037:
2036:
1634:Progressive Party
1628:Progressive Party
1622:Progressive Party
1116:Clinton (Hillary)
607:Freedom of speech
582:Equal opportunity
460:
459:
435:
238:Elizabeth Sheeren
32:John Paul Stevens
9637:
9366:US Supreme Court
9283:
9282:
9227:
9226:
9005:MacArthur (1964)
8882:
8881:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8820:
8819:
8576:by calendar year
8558:
8551:
8544:
8535:
8534:
8510:
8410:
8264:
8202:
8158:
7874:
7853:
7852:
7784:Warren E. Burger
7592:Oliver Ellsworth
7543:
7542:
7533:Justices of the
7527:
7520:
7513:
7504:
7503:
7486:
7473:Preceded by
7457:
7443:Preceded by
7435:
7434:
7425:Internet Archive
7320:, March 22, 2010
7300:Linda Greenhouse
7241:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7221:
7189:
7188:
7181:
7172:
7148:
7129:
7110:
7046:
7026:
7008:
6984:
6960:
6942:(2nd ed.),
6934:
6912:
6882:
6881:
6865:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6787:
6778:
6777:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6546:
6540:
6528:
6522:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6375:(May 14, 2019).
6369:
6363:
6343:
6337:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6147:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6007:
6001:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5968:
5962:
5949:
5943:
5923:
5917:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5805:
5794:Farnsworth, Ward
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5760:
5754:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5671:
5665:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5585:
5579:
5561:
5555:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5516:. Archived from
5515:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5486:. May 15, 2019.
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5417:
5411:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5334:
5328:
5315:
5309:
5308:, April 9, 2010.
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5279:Associated Press
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5139:
5133:
5114:
5108:
5107:, April 9, 2010.
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4808:
4797:
4796:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4627:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4562:
4541:
4536:William Mullen,
4534:
4528:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4469:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4341:. Archived from
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4301:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3912:
3849:Second Amendment
3819:Second Amendment
3761: (2008) and
3674:organic statutes
3583:Eighth Amendment
3536:Roper v. Simmons
3495: (1988) and
3447:Gregg v. Georgia
3328: (1985) and
3299:Fourth Amendment
3293:Fourth Amendment
3239: (1995) and
3094: (1986) and
3080:Bethel v. Fraser
3048:Susan B. Anthony
3024:Texas v. Johnson
3019:William Kunstler
3000:ACLU v. Ashcroft
2659:
2658:
2654:
2500:Charles H. Percy
2480:Warren E. Burger
2444:Sherman Skolnick
2433:Attorney General
2338:Isoroku Yamamoto
2245:Great Depression
2197:Bethel v. Fraser
2185:Texas v. Johnson
2029:
2022:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1958:
1867:The New Republic
1640:Republican Party
1597:Democratic Party
1261:Kennedy (Robert)
1256:Kennedy (Joseph)
1206:Jackson (Andrew)
657:Social democracy
627:Internationalism
587:Environmentalism
567:Economic freedom
489:
479:
462:
461:
437:
436:
381:
351:Military service
346:
320:
279:
277:
256:
254:
250:
203:
195:
181:
179:
167:Personal details
153:
141:
129:
120:
98:
86:
74:
65:
42:
28:
27:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9459:
9436:
9432:O'Connor (2023)
9423:Ginsburg (2020,
9400:Blackmun (1999)
9382:Marshall (1993)
9365:
9358:
9268:
9264:Williams (2022)
9254:Sicknick (2021)
9212:
9191:
9173:
9155:
9142:Ginsburg (2020,
9137:Cummings (2019)
9123:
9044:Humphrey (1978)
8978:Pershing (1948)
8947:L'Enfant (1909)
8871:
8862:
8847:
8817:
8812:
8629:
8616:
8578:
8565:
8562:
8532:
8523:
8512:
8511:
8505:
8503:
8405:
8346:J. M. Harlan II
8259:
8197:
8153:
7869:
7860:
7843:
7832:
7831:
7736:Harlan F. Stone
7672:Melville Fuller
7640:Salmon P. Chase
7550:
7537:
7531:
7497:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7459:
7452:
7448:
7379:Wayback Machine
7352:– slideshow by
7332:, July 17, 2019
7242:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7203:
7194:This article's
7190:
7186:
7179:
7170:
7145:
7126:
7107:
7081:59 (1992): 13+
7044:
7024:
7006:
6982:
6958:
6932:
6910:
6890:
6888:Further reading
6885:
6866:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6840:
6838:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6788:
6781:
6764:
6760:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6591:
6587:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6529:
6525:
6502:Wayback Machine
6485:Wayback Machine
6474:Wayback Machine
6453:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6370:
6366:
6359:Wayback Machine
6344:
6340:
6333:Wayback Machine
6318:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6285:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6184:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6148:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6128:. July 20, 2013
6120:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6096:The Denver Post
6090:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6008:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5972:Totenberg, Nina
5969:
5965:
5950:
5946:
5924:
5920:
5908:Wayback Machine
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5834:
5830:
5818:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5750:Wayback Machine
5736:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5675:Toobin, Jeffrey
5672:
5668:
5662:Wayback Machine
5653:
5649:
5642:
5634:. p. 195.
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5586:
5582:
5572:Wayback Machine
5562:
5558:
5553:Wayback Machine
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5404:Bryan A. Garner
5402:
5398:
5385:
5383:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5348:
5335:
5331:
5325:Wayback Machine
5316:
5312:
5306:Wayback Machine
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5140:
5136:
5124:Wayback Machine
5115:
5111:
5099:Wayback Machine
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5049:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4977:
4970:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4929:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4809:
4800:
4788:Chicago Tribune
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4740:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4671:"After Stevens"
4667:Toobin, Jeffrey
4664:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4628:
4615:
4607:Chicago Tribune
4602:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4563:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4519:Wayback Machine
4509:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4470:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4348:
4346:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4247:
4140:
4124:Anthony Kennedy
4099:and First Lady
4089:
4068:
3965:
3959:External videos
3954:
3843: (2008), a
3821:
3792:
3720:
3646:
3639:
3442:
3432:rather than to
3422:Ward Farnsworth
3308:Arizona v. Gant
3295:
3212:
3159:William Brennan
3138:
3052:Abraham Lincoln
3040:First Amendment
2969:First Amendment
2965:
2949:Citizens United
2907:program at the
2856:strict scrutiny
2775:abortion rights
2738:
2719:Brett Kavanaugh
2698:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:, who served 36
2624:
2468:
2442:to investigate
2400:). Stevens was
2379:
2366:magna cum laude
2326:Pacific Theater
2276:called his shot
2237:Chas A. Stevens
2229:
2224:
2222:Life and career
2056:civil liberties
2033:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1211:Jackson (Jesse)
1041:
1033:
1032:
773:
765:
764:
750:Progressive Era
695:
687:
686:
662:Social equality
552:
544:
543:
497:
477:
475:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
446:
438:
431:
428:
415:
399:Military awards
328:Civilian awards
323:
311:
282:
281:
273:
269:
266:
258:
255: 1979)
246:
242:
239:
218:Political party
198:
197:
193:
183:
177:
175:
151:
139:
127:
121:
116:
96:
84:
72:
66:
61:
45:
44:Stevens in 2006
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9643:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9475:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9442:Senate Chamber
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9420:
9418:Stevens (2019)
9415:
9410:
9402:
9397:
9395:Brennan (1997)
9392:
9384:
9379:
9370:
9368:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9344:
9336:
9328:
9320:
9308:
9300:
9291:
9289:
9280:
9278:Lain in repose
9274:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9201:
9199:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9183:
9181:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9165:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9139:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9072:
9060:
9055:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9028:
9026:Dirksen (1969)
9023:
9015:
9007:
9002:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8967:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8936:
8931:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8911:Stevens (1868)
8908:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8846:
8845:
8838:
8831:
8823:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8538:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8515:
8513:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8500:(2022–present)
8495:
8494:(2020–present)
8489:
8488:(2018–present)
8483:
8482:(2017–present)
8477:
8476:(2010–present)
8471:
8470:(2009–present)
8465:
8464:(2006–present)
8459:
8453:
8447:
8446:(1991–present)
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7813:
7797:
7781:
7765:
7752:Fred M. Vinson
7749:
7733:
7717:
7701:
7685:
7669:
7656:Morrison Waite
7653:
7637:
7624:Roger B. Taney
7621:
7605:
7589:
7573:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7548:Chief justices
7539:
7538:
7530:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7479:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7438:Legal offices
7433:
7432:
7427:
7418:
7412:
7403:
7392:
7389:Democracy Now!
7381:
7369:
7358:
7355:Salon magazine
7347:
7339:
7333:
7321:
7317:The New Yorker
7309:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7272:
7263:
7244:
7243:
7226:September 2020
7198:external links
7193:
7191:
7184:
7178:
7177:External links
7175:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7130:
7124:
7116:Six Amendments
7111:
7105:
7086:
7075:
7050:Rakoff, Jed S.
7047:
7042:
7027:
7022:
7009:
7004:
6985:
6980:
6961:
6956:
6935:
6930:
6913:
6908:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6860:
6847:
6818:
6779:
6758:
6737:
6707:
6677:
6644:
6618:
6585:
6567:
6541:
6523:
6455:Nina Totenberg
6447:
6408:
6373:Bazelon, Emily
6364:
6338:
6312:
6276:
6243:
6225:The New Yorker
6211:
6178:
6139:
6113:
6083:
6039:
6002:
5989:
5963:
5944:
5918:
5892:
5871:"BAZE v. REES"
5862:
5828:
5819:|journal=
5785:
5755:
5738:Rosen, Jeffrey
5730:
5700:
5683:The New Yorker
5666:
5647:
5640:
5614:
5580:
5556:
5534:
5501:
5471:
5436:
5412:
5396:
5357:
5329:
5310:
5291:
5261:
5231:
5199:
5168:
5134:
5109:
5084:
5040:
5018:
4996:
4968:
4949:
4939:
4909:
4878:
4847:
4798:
4773:
4731:
4701:
4692:
4677:. p. 41.
4675:The New Yorker
4658:
4613:
4593:
4542:
4529:
4510:Charles Lane,
4500:
4485:. p. 50.
4473:Rosen, Jeffrey
4449:
4418:
4391:
4359:
4319:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4243:
4221:game at which
4212:Harry Blackmun
4208:Antonin Scalia
4139:
4136:
4088:
4085:
4067:
4064:
3994:chief justices
3984:
3983:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3884:Antonin Scalia
3880:Stephen Breyer
3820:
3817:
3791:
3786:
3719:
3714:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3441:
3438:
3366:. However, in
3294:
3291:
3211:
3208:
3167:Harry Blackmun
3137:
3134:
3066:who fought at
2964:
2961:
2911:challenged in
2828:Stephen Breyer
2824:Antonin Scalia
2818:He was not an
2737:
2734:
2697:
2694:
2623:
2622:Tenure and age
2620:
2612:landmark case
2602:oath of office
2590:George W. Bush
2537:Harry Blackmun
2512:Stevens as an
2467:
2464:
2452:Roy Solfisburg
2391:Wiley Rutledge
2378:
2375:
2307:Phi Beta Kappa
2280:Amelia Earhart
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2107:Harry Blackmun
2083:Wiley Rutledge
2050:and the third-
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Black-and-tans
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1617:People's Party
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:King (Coretta)
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:Kennedy (John)
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Cuomo (Andrew)
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:Clinton (Bill)
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:King (Coretta)
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
672:Social welfare
669:
667:Social justice
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
617:Harm Principle
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
577:Egalitarianism
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
514:
509:
504:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
482:
481:
471:
470:
458:
457:
454:
453:
439:
429:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
357:
356:Branch/service
353:
352:
348:
347:
340:
336:
335:
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
309:
298:
296:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
196:(aged 99)
190:
186:
185:
182:April 20, 1920
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
113:
112:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
58:
57:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9642:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9471:
9466:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9433:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9413:Scalia (2016)
9411:
9409:
9407:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9361:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:Graham (2018)
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9222:Lain in honor
9219:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9176:
9170:
9169:Hooper (1875)
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9161:House Chamber
9158:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9095:
9093:
9092:McCain (2018)
9090:
9088:
9087:Inouye (2012)
9085:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9059:
9058:Pepper (1989)
9056:
9054:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8922:
8921:Wilson (1875)
8919:
8917:
8916:Sumner (1874)
8914:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8877:Lain in state
8874:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8851:lain in state
8844:
8839:
8837:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8824:
8821:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:(1970–1975);
8573:
8568:
8559:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8545:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8519:
8509:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:* (1972–1986)
8408:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:* (1925–1941)
8262:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8207:
8204:
8201:* (1910–1916)
8200:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8157:* (1894–1910)
8156:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7873:* (1790–1791)
7872:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7839:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7609:
7608:John Marshall
7606:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7576:John Rutledge
7574:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7528:
7523:
7521:
7516:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7496:
7487:
7485:
7477:
7471:
7467:
7458:
7456:
7453:Judge of the
7447:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7312:After Stevens
7310:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7240:
7237:
7229:
7219:
7215:
7214:inappropriate
7211:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7171:
7169:0-8153-1176-1
7165:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7043:0-87187-554-3
7039:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7025:
7023:0-226-50243-0
7019:
7015:
7010:
7007:
7005:0-19-505835-6
7001:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:0-7910-1377-4
6977:
6973:
6972:Chelsea House
6969:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6957:1-56802-126-7
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6909:0-19-506557-3
6905:
6901:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6851:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6762:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6648:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6519:archive.today
6516:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6451:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6283:
6281:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6247:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5934:archive.today
5931:
5928:
5922:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5641:9780804753814
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5028:
5022:
5006:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4943:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4866:
4862:
4861:Above the Law
4858:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4736:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4566:Lane, Charles
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4384:September 18,
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:Wrigley Field
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:Shakespeare's
4189:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:lay in repose
4112:
4110:
4102:
4101:Melania Trump
4098:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4066:Personal life
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3930:tipping point
3927:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:stare decisis
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:landmark case
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:Sixth Circuit
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:stare decisis
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:Death penalty
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3203:Texas Capitol
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Patrick Henry
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928: (2003).
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:idiosyncratic
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Chief Justice
2583:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:Richard Nixon
2481:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:Ray Klingbiel
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:antitrust law
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:Supreme Court
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:Wrigley Field
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:Stevens Hotel
2238:
2234:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Richard Nixon
2088:
2087:antitrust law
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:death penalty
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:American Left
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:ThinkProgress
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:Rolling Stone
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:K. B. Jackson
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Kennedy (Ted)
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Cuomo (Mario)
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:Intellectuals
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Great Society
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
691:
690:
683:
682:Welfare state
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:Republicanism
640:
638:
637:Mixed economy
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Individualism
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
548:
547:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
519:
518:Laissez-faire
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
493:
492:
488:
484:
483:
480:
473:
472:
468:
464:
463:
455:
445:
444:
443:Whalen v. Roe
427:
418:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
260:
259:
233:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
208:Resting place
206:
201:
192:July 16, 2019
191:
187:
174:
170:
165:
161:
158:
155:
149:
146:
143:
137:
134:
133:Richard Nixon
131:
125:
119:
114:
111:
108:Judge of the
106:
103:
100:
94:
91:
88:
82:
79:
76:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
9469:
9417:
9405:
9387:
9374:
9347:
9339:
9331:
9323:
9311:
9303:
9295:
9259:Evans (2021)
9244:Parks (2005)
9205:
9187:Brown (1996)
9151:Young (2022)
9109:Lewis (2020)
9097:
9075:
9063:
9036:
9018:
9010:
8993:
8970:
8962:
8952:Dewey (1917)
8939:
8934:Logan (1886)
8926:
8899:
8849:Individuals
8626:
8575:
8507:
8413:
8206:Van Devanter
8094:J. M. Harlan
7823:
7820:2005–present
7816:John Roberts
7807:
7791:
7775:
7759:
7743:
7727:
7711:
7695:
7679:
7663:
7647:
7631:
7615:
7599:
7583:
7567:
7481:
7451:
7398:
7387:
7364:
7353:
7343:
7323:
7315:
7303:
7253:
7232:
7223:
7208:by removing
7195:
7158:, New York:
7154:
7134:
7115:
7091:
7078:
7057:
7053:
7032:
7013:
6994:, New York:
6990:
6974:Publishers,
6966:
6939:
6917:
6895:
6863:
6855:
6850:
6841:December 23,
6839:, retrieved
6830:
6821:
6809:. Retrieved
6798:
6791:Bravin, Jess
6768:
6761:
6747:
6740:
6728:. Retrieved
6710:
6698:. Retrieved
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6657:
6647:
6635:. Retrieved
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6598:
6588:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6544:
6534:
6526:
6505:
6488:
6462:
6450:
6440:November 10,
6438:. Retrieved
6421:
6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6380:
6367:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6303:. Retrieved
6292:
6267:. Retrieved
6256:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6223:
6214:
6202:. Retrieved
6191:
6181:
6169:. Retrieved
6158:
6130:. Retrieved
6126:The Atlantic
6125:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6095:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6055:
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6021:
6015:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5966:
5956:
5947:
5937:
5921:
5911:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5874:
5865:
5853:. Retrieved
5841:
5831:
5810:cite journal
5788:
5778:November 13,
5776:. Retrieved
5767:
5758:
5741:
5733:
5721:. Retrieved
5712:
5703:
5691:. Retrieved
5682:
5669:
5650:
5623:
5617:
5607:February 19,
5605:. Retrieved
5596:
5589:Ford, Gerald
5583:
5559:
5541:
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5518:the original
5504:
5494:November 29,
5492:. Retrieved
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5451:
5424:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5384:. Retrieved
5373:
5366:Liptak, Adam
5360:
5349:, retrieved
5339:
5332:
5313:
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5274:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5243:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5202:
5190:. Retrieved
5181:
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5147:
5137:
5127:
5112:
5102:
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5056:
5033:February 14,
5031:. Retrieved
5021:
5011:February 14,
5009:. Retrieved
4999:
4984:
4958:
4952:
4942:
4930:. Retrieved
4921:
4912:
4900:. Retrieved
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4860:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4819:
4812:Liptak, Adam
4786:
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4747:
4722:. Retrieved
4713:
4704:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4661:
4649:. Retrieved
4638:
4610:. p. 1.
4605:
4584:. Retrieved
4573:
4532:
4522:
4491:. Retrieved
4480:
4440:. Retrieved
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4371:
4362:
4354:
4347:. Retrieved
4343:the original
4332:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4299:
4239:Chicago Cubs
4216:
4203:
4184:
4182:
4175:
4155:Boston Legal
4153:
4147:
4141:
4132:Donald Trump
4130:. President
4128:David Souter
4113:
4106:
4097:Donald Trump
4069:
4059:
4057:
4049:gun violence
4024:
4022:
3997:
3989:
3987:
3974:
3970:
3945:
3937:
3919:
3902:
3895:Pennsylvania
3888:
3872:David Souter
3856:
3828:
3822:
3797:Bush v. Gore
3795:
3793:
3789:Bush v. Gore
3788:
3779:
3777:
3764:Baze v. Rees
3762:
3745:
3741:
3734:Samuel Alito
3723:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3694:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3630:
3626:
3610:
3603:Eight Belles
3590:
3586:
3572:
3557:Baze v. Rees
3555:
3551:
3534:
3517:
3496:
3479:
3462:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3401:
3384:
3367:
3346:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3296:
3261:
3240:
3223:
3213:
3185:
3183:
3171:Lewis Powell
3141:
3139:
3112:
3095:
3078:
3076:
3022:
3016:
2998:
2972:
2966:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2912:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2859:
2838:
2836:
2817:
2797:
2790:
2753:
2746:conservative
2739:
2731:
2727:Donald Trump
2716:
2710:
2699:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2662:Burger Court
2637:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2582:John Roberts
2564:
2557:
2549:John Roberts
2534:
2504:
2485:
2437:
2429:
2419:of the U.S.
2414:
2395:
2380:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2315:
2313:fraternity.
2288:
2260:Chicago Cubs
2257:
2249:embezzlement
2230:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2191:Bush v. Gore
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2119:Barack Obama
2115:John Roberts
2075:World War II
2068:
2039:
2038:
1951:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1848:Mother Jones
1846:
1839:
1829:The Atlantic
1827:
1820:
1643:
1563:
557:Civil rights
516:
507:Conservative
441:
393:World War II
389:Battles/wars
194:(2019-07-16)
152:Succeeded by
128:Nominated by
117:
97:Succeeded by
73:Nominated by
62:
25:
9595:Psi Upsilon
9495:2019 deaths
9490:1920 births
9450:Byrd (2010)
9119:Reid (2022)
9114:Dole (2021)
8894:Clay (1852)
8458:(1994–2022)
8452:(1993–2020)
8440:(1990–2009)
8434:(1988–2018)
8428:(1986–2016)
8422:(1981–2006)
8416:(1975–2010)
8402:(1972–1987)
8396:(1970–1994)
8390:(1967–1991)
8388:T. Marshall
8384:(1965–1969)
8378:(1962–1965)
8372:(1962–1993)
8366:(1958–1981)
8360:(1957–1962)
8354:(1956–1990)
8348:(1955–1971)
8342:(1949–1956)
8336:(1949–1967)
8330:(1945–1958)
8324:(1943–1949)
8322:W. Rutledge
8318:(1941–1954)
8312:(1941–1942)
8306:(1940–1949)
8300:(1939–1975)
8294:(1939–1962)
8292:Frankfurter
8288:(1938–1957)
8282:(1937–1971)
8276:(1932–1938)
8270:(1930–1945)
8256:(1923–1930)
8250:(1923–1939)
8244:(1922–1938)
8238:(1916–1922)
8232:(1916–1939)
8226:(1914–1941)
8220:(1912–1922)
8214:(1911–1916)
8208:(1911–1937)
8194:(1910–1914)
8188:(1906–1910)
8182:(1903–1922)
8176:(1902–1932)
8170:(1898–1925)
8164:(1896–1909)
8150:(1893–1895)
8144:(1892–1903)
8138:(1891–1906)
8132:(1890–1910)
8126:(1888–1893)
8120:(1882–1893)
8114:(1882–1902)
8108:(1881–1889)
8102:(1881–1887)
8096:(1877–1911)
8090:(1873–1882)
8084:(1870–1892)
8078:(1870–1880)
8072:(1863–1897)
8066:(1862–1877)
8060:(1862–1890)
8054:(1862–1881)
8048:(1858–1881)
8042:(1853–1861)
8036:(1851–1857)
8030:(1846–1870)
8024:(1845–1851)
8018:(1845–1872)
8012:(1842–1860)
8006:(1838–1852)
8000:(1837–1865)
7994:(1836–1841)
7988:(1835–1867)
7982:(1830–1844)
7976:(1829–1861)
7970:(1826–1828)
7964:(1823–1843)
7958:(1812–1845)
7952:(1811–1835)
7946:(1807–1826)
7940:(1807–1823)
7934:(1804–1834)
7928:(1800–1804)
7922:(1798–1829)
7916:(1796–1811)
7910:(1793–1806)
7904:(1792–1793)
7898:(1790–1799)
7892:(1790–1795)
7886:(1789–1798)
7880:(1790–1810)
7871:J. Rutledge
7768:Earl Warren
7495:Elena Kagan
7406:Appearances
7279:OnTheIssues
7270:Ballotpedia
7092:Five Chiefs
7072:gun control
6769:Prohibition
6748:Prohibition
6478:NPR website
6467:NPR website
5939:ABA Journal
5284:January 30,
4986:ABA Journal
4961:. Chicago:
4902:November 4,
4334:ABA Journal
4227:called shot
4177:Prohibition
4164:Denny Crane
3998:Five Chiefs
3975:Five Chiefs
3934:gun control
3860:struck down
3773:Joseph Thai
3607:DNA testing
3579:Byron White
3072:Omaha Beach
3056:Nathan Hale
2995:libertarian
2820:originalist
2712:Abner Mikva
2632:Elena Kagan
2530:U.S. Senate
2522:Edward Levi
2507:Gerald Ford
2476:Gerald Ford
2406:Springfield
2330:Bronze Star
2311:Psi Upsilon
2270:, in which
2258:A lifelong
2123:Elena Kagan
2099:Gerald Ford
1699:Think tanks
1655:Half-Breeds
1396:Rockefeller
1286:La Follette
1040:Politicians
938:Schlesinger
647:Rule of law
612:Free market
562:Due process
529:Progressive
406:Bronze Star
140:Preceded by
102:Elena Kagan
85:Preceded by
78:Gerald Ford
9484:Categories
9019:Eisenhower
8971:W. H. Taft
8498:K. Jackson
8316:R. Jackson
8268:O. Roberts
8242:Sutherland
8224:McReynolds
8148:H. Jackson
8118:Blatchford
7938:Livingston
7932:W. Johnson
7920:Washington
7902:T. Johnson
7489:1975–2010
7460:1970–1975
6920:, DeKalb:
6560:August 21,
5464:October 5,
4292:References
4233:, also at
4160:Alan Shore
4095:President
4073:Protestant
4029:amendments
4006:Warren era
2808:law clerks
2804:certiorari
2783:federalism
2779:gay rights
2702:Republican
2274:allegedly
2064:Republican
1902:Sojourners
1860:The Nation
1466:Yarborough
1291:La Guardia
848:Hofstadter
715:Gilded Age
551:Principles
476:Liberalism
222:Republican
178:1920-04-20
9406:Rehnquist
9340:Roosevelt
9287:East Room
9078:(2006–07,
9011:H. Hoover
8859:in repose
8486:Kavanaugh
8468:Sotomayor
8407:Rehnquist
8358:Whittaker
7804:1986–2005
7788:1969–1986
7772:1953–1969
7756:1946–1953
7740:1941–1946
7724:1930–1941
7708:1921–1930
7692:1910–1921
7676:1888–1910
7660:1874–1888
7644:1864–1873
7628:1836–1864
7612:1801–1835
7596:1796–1800
7564:1789–1795
7210:excessive
6811:August 8,
6730:March 22,
6659:USA Today
6600:USA Today
6507:USA Today
6430:0362-4331
6391:0362-4331
6305:March 27,
6269:March 26,
6236:March 26,
6204:March 26,
6193:USA Today
6171:March 27,
6066:0362-4331
6032:April 10,
6000:, p. 247.
5850:0362-4331
5693:March 31,
5597:USA Today
5426:Maclean's
5182:USA Today
5156:0362-4331
5067:0362-4331
4830:0362-4331
4756:0362-4331
4685:March 28,
4493:April 11,
4442:April 25,
4225:hit his "
4223:Babe Ruth
4196:Oxfordian
4168:Ken Burns
4158:in which
4014:Rehnquist
3891:precedent
3279:prosecute
3258:Rehnquist
2822:(such as
2812:cert pool
2792:USA Today
2771:Rehnquist
2606:Joe Biden
2594:East Room
2510:nominated
2462:in 1970.
2383:law clerk
2358:G.I. Bill
2291:Hyde Park
2272:Babe Ruth
2233:Hyde Park
1554:Sotomayor
1461:Wellstone
1441:Stevenson
1221:Jefferson
1151:Feinstein
1081:Buttigieg
1028:Wellstone
863:Jefferson
853:Ingersoll
838:Galbraith
755:Third Way
710:Fair Deal
539:Third Way
502:Classical
369:1942–1945
339:Signature
295:Education
118:In office
63:In office
9324:McKinley
9296:Harrison
8940:McKinley
8927:Garfield
8855:in honor
8450:Ginsburg
8420:O'Connor
8394:Blackmun
8376:Goldberg
8370:B. White
8230:Brandeis
8212:J. Lamar
8155:E. White
8124:L. Lamar
8106:Matthews
8046:Clifford
8040:Campbell
8022:Woodbury
8004:McKinley
7962:Thompson
7914:S. Chase
7908:Paterson
7560:John Jay
7375:Archived
7330:Politico
6878:Archived
6835:archived
6805:Archived
6724:Archived
6700:July 23,
6694:Archived
6670:July 19,
6664:Archived
6637:July 22,
6631:Archived
6611:July 16,
6605:Archived
6580:Archived
6554:Archived
6515:Archived
6498:Archived
6481:Archived
6470:Archived
6434:Archived
6401:July 16,
6395:Archived
6355:Archived
6329:Archived
6299:Archived
6263:Archived
6230:Archived
6198:Archived
6165:Archived
6132:June 19,
6106:July 17,
6100:Archived
6076:July 24,
6070:Archived
6026:Archived
5984:Archived
5958:NBC News
5930:Archived
5904:Archived
5885:June 27,
5879:Archived
5855:July 23,
5772:Archived
5746:Archived
5723:June 28,
5717:Archived
5713:ABC News
5687:Archived
5658:Archived
5601:Archived
5568:Archived
5549:Archived
5527:April 4,
5488:Archived
5458:Archived
5431:Archived
5386:June 27,
5380:Archived
5351:April 3,
5345:archived
5321:Archived
5302:Archived
5248:Archived
5224:April 6,
5215:Archived
5186:Archived
5161:July 23,
5120:Archived
5095:Archived
5077:July 18,
5071:Archived
4991:Archived
4926:Archived
4896:Archived
4871:July 19,
4865:Archived
4840:July 18,
4834:Archived
4793:Archived
4766:July 19,
4760:Archived
4724:July 17,
4718:Archived
4679:Archived
4651:July 16,
4645:Archived
4586:July 18,
4580:Archived
4515:Archived
4487:Archived
4436:Archived
4411:July 22,
4405:Archived
4349:March 3,
4312:July 17,
4245:See also
4241:jacket.
4170:'s 2011
4020:Courts.
3851:and the
3742:Crawford
3623:Blackmun
3619:Marshall
3552:Stanford
3514:juvenile
3434:accuracy
3283:imprison
2389:justice
2336:Admiral
2334:Japanese
1936:See also
1841:HuffPost
1680:Mugwumps
1549:Marshall
1524:Ginsburg
1489:Brandeis
1484:Blackmun
1426:Sharpton
1381:Randolph
1326:McGovern
1321:McCarthy
1281:King Jr.
1246:Kefauver
1226:Jeffries
1201:Humphrey
1096:Chisholm
988:Trilling
978:Sullivan
943:Sharpton
908:Nussbaum
888:McGovern
883:McCarthy
873:King Jr.
843:Garrison
833:Friedman
823:Franklin
803:Douglass
793:Commager
740:New Deal
512:Economic
467:a series
287:Children
9426:funeral
9353:funeral
9348:Kennedy
9332:Harding
9317:funeral
9312:Lincoln
9145:funeral
9103:funeral
9081:funeral
9069:funeral
9049:Blassie
9037:Johnson
8999:funeral
8994:Kennedy
8963:Harding
8905:funeral
8900:Lincoln
8627:by term
8492:Barrett
8480:Gorsuch
8432:Kennedy
8414:Stevens
8364:Stewart
8352:Brennan
8298:Douglas
8274:Cardozo
8254:Sanford
8168:McKenna
8162:Peckham
8082:Bradley
7992:Barbour
7980:Baldwin
7968:Trimble
7896:Iredell
7878:Cushing
7423:at the
7252:at the
7204:Please
7196:use of
6950:Books,
5802:1282072
5768:Findlaw
5453:Reuters
5406:(ed.),
4714:pbk.org
4403:. NPR.
4149:Recount
4018:Roberts
3971:Q&A
3899:Vermont
3868:firearm
3710:Chevron
3667:Chevron
3643:Chevron
3615:Brennan
3430:liberty
2740:On the
2655:⁄
2634:in 2010
2303:English
2073:during
1733:AFL–CIO
1586:Parties
1564:Stevens
1534:Houston
1519:Dworkin
1514:Douglas
1504:Cardozo
1494:Brennan
1478:Jurists
1451:Wallace
1431:Shriver
1421:Schumer
1391:Reuther
1361:O'Neill
1336:Mondale
1311:Madison
1306:Lindsay
1301:Lincoln
1231:Johnson
1166:Gompers
1161:Glasser
1141:Dukakis
1121:Clyburn
1061:Anthony
1056:Aguilar
998:Thoreau
993:Trotter
973:Stewart
968:Steinem
963:Stanton
948:Skinner
858:Ireland
828:Friedan
813:Emerson
808:Dworkin
694:History
496:Schools
280:
272:
268:
257:
245:
241:
228:Spouses
9408:(2005)
9390:(1995)
9388:Burger
9377:(1974)
9375:Warren
9350:(1963,
9342:(1945)
9334:(1923)
9326:(1901)
9314:(1865,
9306:(1850)
9304:Taylor
9298:(1841)
9208:(1873)
9100:(2018,
9066:(2004,
9064:Reagan
9039:(1973)
9021:(1969)
9013:(1964)
8996:(1963,
8973:(1930)
8965:(1923)
8942:(1901)
8929:(1881)
8902:(1865,
8456:Breyer
8444:Thomas
8438:Souter
8426:Scalia
8400:Powell
8382:Fortas
8340:Minton
8328:Burton
8310:Byrnes
8304:Murphy
8248:Butler
8236:Clarke
8218:Pitney
8199:Hughes
8192:Lurton
8174:Holmes
8142:Shiras
8130:Brewer
8076:Strong
8058:Miller
8052:Swayne
8034:Curtis
8016:Nelson
8010:Daniel
7998:Catron
7974:McLean
7950:Duvall
7884:Wilson
7410:C-SPAN
7298:", by
7166:
7141:
7122:
7103:
7083:online
7040:
7020:
7002:
6978:
6954:
6928:
6906:
6428:
6389:
6064:
5848:
5800:
5638:
5254:May 3,
5192:May 7,
5154:
5065:
4932:May 1,
4828:
4754:
4081:bridge
4051:, and
4016:, and
4010:Burger
3981:C-SPAN
3903:Miller
3878:, and
3857:Heller
3767:) led
3621:, and
3587:Furman
3281:, and
3169:, and
3068:Bataan
3062:, the
3050:, and
2990:erotic
2785:. His
2251:; the
2212:, and
2176:, and
2058:, the
1957:(1950)
1636:(1948)
1630:(1924)
1624:(1912)
1574:Warren
1559:Souter
1529:Harlan
1509:Darrow
1499:Breyer
1456:Warren
1446:Truman
1376:Powell
1371:Pelosi
1356:Newsom
1351:Nelson
1346:Murray
1341:Murphy
1316:Markey
1236:Jordan
1216:Javits
1196:Huerta
1181:Harris
1146:Farmer
1091:Chavez
1086:Carter
1051:Abrams
1018:Warren
983:Sumner
958:Sontag
918:Pinker
903:Nozick
898:Murray
878:Maddow
788:Carson
783:Addams
778:Abbott
534:Social
524:Modern
334:(2012)
202:, U.S.
9206:Chase
8474:Kagan
8462:Alito
8334:Clark
8280:Black
8261:Stone
8186:Moody
8136:Brown
8100:Woods
8070:Field
8064:Davis
8028:Grier
7986:Wayne
7956:Story
7926:Moore
7890:Blair
7825:cases
7809:cases
7793:cases
7777:cases
7761:cases
7745:cases
7729:cases
7713:cases
7697:cases
7681:cases
7665:cases
7649:cases
7633:cases
7617:cases
7601:cases
7585:cases
7569:cases
5521:(PDF)
5514:(PDF)
5218:(PDF)
5211:(PDF)
4308:. CNN
4087:Death
3996:. In
3952:Books
3836:
3804:
3754:
3701:
3686:
3658:
3631:Gregg
3627:Gregg
3564:
3554:. In
3543:
3526:
3505:
3488:
3471:
3454:
3426:Kyllo
3410:
3393:
3376:
3355:
3338:
3321:
3270:
3249:
3232:
3194:
3150:
3121:
3104:
3087:
3031:
3007:
2981:
2921:
2896:
2884:Bakke
2868:
2847:
2762:
2535:When
1895:Salon
1854:MSNBC
1815:Media
1783:NARAL
1768:NAACP
1569:Tribe
1544:Kagan
1436:Smith
1366:Obama
1296:Lewis
1271:Kerry
1241:Kaine
1191:Hoyer
1176:Hamer
1156:Frank
1101:Clark
1076:Bryan
1071:Biden
1066:Baker
1046:Abzug
1023:Wells
1008:Vidal
1003:Truth
953:Smith
928:Rorty
923:Rawls
913:Paine
818:Frank
798:Dewey
274:(
270:
247:(
243:
9470:Bold
9098:Bush
9076:Ford
8857:and
8808:2009
8803:2008
8798:2007
8793:2006
8788:2005
8783:2004
8778:2003
8773:2002
8768:2001
8763:2000
8758:1999
8753:1998
8748:1997
8743:1996
8738:1995
8733:1994
8728:1993
8723:1992
8718:1991
8713:1990
8708:1989
8703:1988
8698:1987
8693:1986
8688:1985
8683:1984
8678:1983
8673:1982
8668:1981
8663:1980
8658:1979
8653:1978
8648:1977
8643:1976
8638:1975
8612:1975
8607:1974
8602:1973
8597:1972
8592:1971
8587:1970
8286:Reed
8112:Gray
8088:Hunt
7944:Todd
7580:1795
7164:ISBN
7139:ISBN
7120:ISBN
7101:ISBN
7038:ISBN
7018:ISBN
7000:ISBN
6976:ISBN
6952:ISBN
6926:ISBN
6904:ISBN
6843:2009
6813:2017
6732:2014
6720:IMDb
6702:2019
6690:WMTV
6672:2019
6639:2019
6613:2019
6562:2018
6442:2017
6426:ISSN
6403:2019
6387:ISSN
6307:2018
6271:2018
6258:Time
6238:2018
6206:2018
6173:2018
6134:2023
6108:2019
6078:2019
6062:ISSN
6034:2010
5887:2017
5857:2023
5846:ISSN
5823:help
5798:SSRN
5780:2005
5725:2020
5695:2010
5636:ISBN
5609:2016
5529:2012
5496:2020
5466:2018
5388:2015
5353:2017
5286:2009
5256:2021
5226:2011
5194:2010
5163:2023
5152:ISSN
5079:2019
5063:ISSN
5035:2022
5013:2022
4934:2009
4904:2017
4873:2019
4842:2019
4826:ISSN
4768:2019
4752:ISSN
4726:2019
4687:2018
4653:2019
4588:2019
4495:2010
4444:2023
4413:2019
4386:2013
4351:2023
4314:2022
4210:and
4162:and
4126:and
3932:for
3897:and
3838:U.S.
3806:U.S.
3756:U.S.
3703:U.S.
3688:U.S.
3660:U.S.
3611:Baze
3591:Baze
3566:U.S.
3545:U.S.
3528:U.S.
3507:U.S.
3490:U.S.
3473:U.S.
3456:U.S.
3412:U.S.
3395:U.S.
3378:U.S.
3357:U.S.
3340:U.S.
3323:U.S.
3272:U.S.
3251:U.S.
3234:U.S.
3196:U.S.
3152:U.S.
3123:U.S.
3106:U.S.
3089:U.S.
3058:and
3033:U.S.
3009:U.S.
2983:U.S.
2923:U.S.
2898:U.S.
2870:U.S.
2849:U.S.
2781:and
2764:U.S.
2362:J.D.
2282:and
1798:SNCC
1416:Rush
1386:Reid
1331:Milk
1186:Hays
1171:Gore
1136:Dean
1106:Clay
1013:Ward
933:Rush
893:Mott
374:Rank
253:div.
189:Died
172:Born
8180:Day
7408:on
7400:NPR
7363:by
7277:at
7268:at
7212:or
6774:PBS
6753:PBS
6459:NPR
5980:NPR
5542:See
5484:PBS
4892:CNN
4432:NPR
4172:PBS
4114:He
3841:570
3834:554
3827:in
3802:531
3794:In
3759:491
3752:552
3706:974
3699:476
3691:421
3684:480
3663:837
3656:467
3562:553
3548:551
3541:543
3531:361
3524:492
3510:304
3503:536
3493:815
3486:487
3476:238
3469:408
3459:153
3452:428
3436:".
3408:533
3398:798
3391:456
3381:531
3374:473
3360:170
3353:466
3343:646
3336:515
3326:325
3319:469
3268:545
3254:598
3247:529
3237:549
3230:514
3199:677
3192:545
3148:472
3140:In
3126:260
3119:484
3109:393
3102:551
3092:675
3085:478
3036:397
3029:491
3012:564
3005:535
2979:427
2926:306
2919:539
2901:448
2894:448
2873:604
2866:495
2852:432
2845:473
2837:In
2767:265
2760:438
2584:as
2385:to
2371:GPA
2344:).
1835:CNN
9486::
9051:/
8853:,
7822:,
7806:,
7790:,
7774:,
7758:,
7742:,
7726:,
7710:,
7694:,
7678:,
7662:,
7646:,
7630:,
7614:,
7598:,
7582:,
7566:,
7302:,
7162:,
7099:.
7095:.
6998:,
6970:,
6946:,
6924:,
6902:,
6876:.
6872:.
6829:,
6803:.
6797:.
6782:^
6772:.
6751:.
6718:.
6688:.
6662:.
6656:.
6603:.
6597:.
6552:.
6461:,
6432:.
6424:.
6420:.
6393:.
6385:.
6379:.
6297:.
6291:.
6279:^
6261:.
6255:.
6228:.
6196:.
6190:.
6163:.
6157:.
6142:^
6124:.
6094:.
6068:.
6060:.
6054:.
6024:.
6022:58
6020:.
6014:.
5982:.
5978:.
5955:.
5936:.
5910:,
5877:.
5873:.
5844:.
5840:.
5814::
5812:}}
5808:{{
5770:.
5766:.
5740:,
5711:.
5685:.
5681:.
5630::
5626:.
5599:.
5595:.
5544:,
5482:.
5456:.
5450:.
5439:^
5423:.
5390:.
5378:.
5372:.
5343:,
5277:.
5273:.
5246:.
5242:.
5184:.
5180:.
5150:.
5146:.
5101:,
5069:.
5061:.
5055:.
5043:^
4989:.
4983:.
4971:^
4920:.
4894:.
4890:.
4863:.
4859:.
4832:.
4824:.
4818:.
4801:^
4791:.
4785:.
4758:.
4750:.
4746:.
4734:^
4716:.
4712:.
4673:.
4643:.
4637:.
4616:^
4596:^
4578:.
4572:.
4545:^
4521:,
4503:^
4479:.
4452:^
4434:.
4430:.
4370:.
4353:.
4337:.
4331:.
4062:.
4055:.
4047:,
4043:,
4039:,
4035:,
4012:,
3979:,
3886:.
3874:,
3855:.
3809:98
3800:,
3750:,
3697:,
3682:,
3654:,
3617:,
3569:35
3560:,
3539:,
3522:,
3501:,
3484:,
3467:,
3450:,
3415:27
3406:,
3389:,
3372:,
3351:,
3334:,
3317:,
3266:,
3245:,
3228:,
3190:,
3165:,
3161:,
3155:38
3146:,
3132:.
3117:,
3100:,
3083:,
3046:,
3027:,
3003:,
2986:50
2977:,
2917:,
2892:,
2864:,
2843:,
2777:,
2758:,
2729:.
2708:.
2692:.
2664:.
2573:.
2502:.
2427:.
2412:.
2218:.
2206:,
2200:,
2194:,
2188:,
2170:,
2164:,
2158:,
2152:,
2146:,
2140:,
2134:,
2125:.
1646:)
469:on
317:JD
306:AB
276:m.
249:m.
9428:)
9355:)
9319:)
9147:)
9105:)
9083:)
9071:)
9001:)
8907:)
8842:e
8835:t
8828:v
8557:e
8550:t
8543:v
8506:*
7828:)
7818:(
7812:)
7802:(
7796:)
7786:(
7780:)
7770:(
7764:)
7754:(
7748:)
7738:(
7732:)
7722:(
7716:)
7706:(
7700:)
7690:(
7684:)
7674:(
7668:)
7658:(
7652:)
7642:(
7636:)
7626:(
7620:)
7610:(
7604:)
7594:(
7588:)
7578:(
7572:)
7562:(
7526:e
7519:t
7512:v
7262:.
7239:)
7233:(
7228:)
7224:(
7220:.
7202:.
7147:.
7128:.
7109:.
7085:.
6815:.
6776:.
6755:.
6734:.
6704:.
6674:.
6641:.
6615:.
6564:.
6444:.
6405:.
6309:.
6273:.
6240:.
6208:.
6175:.
6136:.
6110:.
6080:.
6036:.
5961:.
5942:.
5889:.
5859:.
5825:)
5821:(
5804:.
5782:.
5727:.
5697:.
5644:.
5611:.
5531:.
5498:.
5468:.
5288:.
5258:.
5228:.
5196:.
5165:.
5081:.
5037:.
5015:.
4965:.
4936:.
4906:.
4875:.
4844:.
4770:.
4728:.
4689:.
4655:.
4590:.
4497:.
4446:.
4415:.
4388:.
4316:.
4188:,
3275:1
2657:2
2653:1
2028:e
2021:t
2014:v
1642:(
319:)
315:(
308:)
304:(
290:4
180:)
176:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
