1016:...the greatest man among the members of the Junto, and in some respects, the greatest man of that age, was the Lord Keeper Somers. He was equally eminent as a jurist and as a politician, as an orator, and as a writer. His speeches have perished; but his State papers remain, and are models of terse, luminous, and dignified eloquence. He had left a great reputation in the House of Commons, where he had, for four years, been always heard with delight; and the Whig members still looked up to him as their leader, and still held their meetings under his roof. ... In truth, he united all the qualities of a great judge, an intellect comprehensive, quick and acute, diligence, integrity, patience, suavity. In council, the calm wisdom, which he possessed in a measure rarely found among men of parts so quick and of opinions so decided as his, acquired for him the authority of an oracle. ... From the beginning to the end of his public life he was a steady Whig.
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could have no design to diminish the prerogative because the King hath no such prerogative. Seditious, my Lord, the
Petition could not be, for the matter of it must be seen to be strictly true. There could be nothing of malice, for the occasion, instead of being sought, was forced upon them. A libel it could not be, for the intent of the defendants was innocent, and they kept strictly within the bounds set by the law, which gives the subject leave to apply to his Prince by petition when he is aggrieved.
892:, and at once replied with a memorandum representing the necessity in the state of feeling in England of avoiding further war. When the king, on the occasion of the Disbanding Bill, expressed his determination to leave the country, Somers boldly remonstrated, while he dearly expressed in a speech in the Lords the danger of the course that was being taken. Hitherto Somers's character had kept him free from attack at the hands of political opponents; but his connection in 1699 with the notorious Captain
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regal power. So that our government not being arbitrary, but legal, not absolute but political, our princes can never become arbitrary, absolute, or tyrants, without forfeiting at the same time their royal character, by the breach of the essential conditions of their regal power, which are to act according to the ancient customs and standing laws of the nation.
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motion being brought forward to request the king to remove Somers from his counsels and presence forever; but this again was rejected by a large majority. In consequence, however, of the incessant agitation
William now requested Somers to resign; this he refused to do, but gave up the seals to William's messenger. In 1701 he was
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spoke or printed asserted or implied that
William and Mary were monarchs only "in fact" and not "of right", and a new oath for all who held offices of profit under the Crown in which they had to swear to defend the government against the exiled King James and his adherents. However the Bill was defeated by 200 to 175.
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for giving Kidd a commission under the great seal was rejected by 199 to 131. The attack was renewed shortly on the ground of his having accepted grants of Crown property to the amount of £1600 a year, but was again defeated. On the subject of the Irish forfeitures, a third attack was made in 1700, a
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Our happiness then consists in this, that our princes are tied up to the law as well as we, and upon an especial account obliged to keep it up in full force, because if they destroyed the law, they destroyed at the same time themselves, by overthrowing the very foundation of their kingly grandeur and
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Whosoever hath learnt that the Kings of
England were ordained for the good Government of the Kingdom in the Execution of the Laws, must needs know, that the King cannot lawfully seek any other benefit in judicial proceedings, than that common Right and Justice be done to the People according to their
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and in that capacity strongly opposed the Bill for the regulation of trials in cases of high treason. In
December 1692 Somers introduced into the Commons a Bill "for the preservation of their Majesties' persons and government". The two main provisions of the Bill were severe penalties for anyone who
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That King James II, by going about to subvert the constitution, and by breaking the original contract between king and people, and by violating the fundamental laws, and withdrawing himself out of the kingdom, hath thereby renounced to be a king according to the constitution, by avowing to govern by
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and conspiring "to subject the Nation to the Pope, as much as to a foreign prince". On 6 February Somers advocated the word "abdicate" rather than "desert" (which the House of Lords favoured) to describe James' flight to France. He concluded by stating that James' actions were a prime example of the
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I have just heard of the work in which you are engaged, and congratulate you upon it. I never approved the
Triennial Bill, and always considered it, in effect, the reverse of what it was intended. You have my hearty approbation of this business, and I think it will be the greatest support possible
615:'s words: "Somers rose last. He spoke little more than five minutes: but every word was full of weighty matter; and when he sate down his reputation as an orator and a constitutional lawyer was established". In his speech Somers cited the case of Thomas v. Sorrel (1674) whereby it was ruled that no
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My Lord, as to all the matters of fact alleged in the
Petition,—that they are perfectly true we have shown by the Journals of both Houses. In every instance which the petitioners mention, this power of dispensation was considered in Parliament, and, on debate, declared to be contrary to law. They
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The proceedings of the late parliament were so fair, so prudent, so necessary, and so advantageous to the nation, to the protestant interest in general, and in particular to the church of
England, that all true Englishmen must needs acknowledge they owe to the then representatives of the nation,
778:, by which those corporations which had surrendered their charters to the Crown during the last two reigns were restored to their rights; but he refused to associate himself with the violent measures of retaliation which the Whigs on that occasion endeavoured to include in the bill.
774:, and of the action of the Lords in sustaining this decision, Somers was again the leading manager for the Commons, and has left a clear and interesting account of the debates. He was next employed in January 1690 as chairman of the select committee of the House of Commons on the
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had an unquestionable power to limit, restrain and qualify the
Succession as they pleased, and that in all Ages they have put their power in practice; and that the Historian had reason for saying that seldom or never the third Heir in a right descent enjoyed the Crown of
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in 1681. Somers acknowledged that judges may advise but juries "are bound by their Oaths to present the Truth, the whole Truth, and nothing but the Truth, to the best of their own, not the Judges', Knowledge". The monarch must ensure that justice is carried out:
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their privileges, their liberties, their lives, their religion, their present and future security from popery, slavery, and arbitrary power, had they done nothing else but enacted the rights and liberties of the subject, and settling the succession of the crown.
995:, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to Parliament. In the eighteenth century, Somers was hailed as the chief constitutional architect of the Protestant succession. The achievements of Somers and other Whig lawyers defined
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a despotic power, unknown to the constitution, and inconsistent with it; he hath renounced to be a king according to the law, such a king as he swore to be at his coronation, such a king to whom the allegiance of an
English subject is due.
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and was a chief architect of the union between England and Scotland achieved in 1707 and the Protestant succession achieved in 1714. He was a leading Whig during the twenty-five years after 1688; with four colleagues he formed the
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If a Criminal should be acquitted wrongfully he may be reserved for future Justice from Man or God, if he doth not repent; but 'tis impossible that satisfaction or reparation should be made for innocent Bloodshed in the forms of
691:. Somers could not point to the interregnum of 1649–1660 because by law the reign of Charles II had started after the execution of Charles I. The Lords replied by pointing to a roll from the first year of the reign of
825:, with a pension of £2000 a year from the day on which he should quit his office, and at the same time was made a privy councillor. He had previously been knighted. Somers now became the most prominent member of the
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which repealed Edward IV's roll. Eventually the Lords accepted the abdication clause and that the throne was vacant at the behest of William, and passed a resolution affirming William and Mary's right to the crown.
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Challenged by the Lords to produce a precedent whereby England had been without a monarch, Somers referred to a parliamentary roll from 1399 that stated that the throne had been unoccupied between the reigns of
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had left the throne vacant by abdication and whether the acts of the Convention Parliament were legal—that parliament having been summoned without the usual writs—he displayed great learning and legal subtlety.
497:(1680). Somers showed that Parliament had for centuries regulated the succession of the English crown against the arguments of those who believed that Parliament had no right to alter the succession. Before the
833:, Somers was made one of the seven Lords Justices to whom the administration of the kingdom during his absence was entrusted; and he was instrumental in bringing about a reconciliation between William and the
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stated in 1761 that "he learnt his maxims and principles" from "the greatest lawyers, generals and patriots of King William's days: named Lord Somers". For the later eighteenth-century Whig politician,
719:. Although later generations exaggerated Somers' role as architect of the Bill of Rights, his biographer asserts that no one else can have a better claim to that title. Somers published anonymously
715:(the chairman always delivered the report to the House). However Somers did play a leading part in drawing up the Declaration, which would be passed in Parliament and become known as the
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by the Commons on account of the part he had taken in the negotiations relating to the Partition Treaty in 1698, and defended himself most ably before the House, answering the charges
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Re-elected as MP for Worcester in March 1690, he gave a speech in April which carried through the lower house, without opposition, the bill which declared all the laws passed by the
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in 1066, the Anglo-Saxon kings had been elected, and even after it Parliament had deposed kings and kings, in turn, had confirmed their title by Act of Parliament. Somers concluded:
852:, after litigation of almost unprecedented length, found for the bankers; but Somers reversed the judgement on the technical point that the claim should have been brought by way of
856:. Although his judgement was noted for erudition, it was much criticised for the result, in that the plaintiffs, after almost 25 years, were denied justice on a technicality. The
1012:. Burke wrote: "I never desire to be thought a better whig than Lord Somers". The Whig historian Thomas Macaulay, writing in the nineteenth century, held Somers in high esteem:
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could be abrogated except through Parliament. The bishops' petition had been described as a false, malicious and seditious libel. In his peroration Somers answered this charge:
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refused to participate in the trial without him, saying that Somers was "the Man who would take most Pains, and go deepest into all that depended on Precedents and Records". In
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where he was on their defence counsel. He published tracts on political topics such as the succession to the crown, where he elaborated his Whig principles in support of the
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770:'s most confidential adviser. In the controversy which arose between the Houses on the question of the legality of the decision of the Court of King's Bench regarding
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441:, the eldest son of John Somers, an attorney in a large practice in that town, who had formerly fought on the side of the Parliament, and of Catherine Ceaverne of
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Somers went on to place the abolition of the dispensing power of sovereigns first in importance, then the parliamentary control of taxation, the outlawing of
911:. The impeachment was voted and sent up to the Lords, but was there dismissed. On the death of the King, Somers retired almost entirely into private life.
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A fire at the law offices of Charles Yorke in Lincoln's Inn Square on 27 January 1752 destroyed a large amount of Somers's surviving private papers.
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in 1691, and did so with moderation and humanity which were in marked contrast to the customs of the former reigns. He was soon after appointed
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on 28 January 1689, Somers argued that James II had forfeited his claim to the allegiance of the English by casting himself into the hands of
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threw out the bill against Lord Shaftesbury, and were vehemently attacked for so doing by government supporters. Somers published anonymously
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896:, to the cost of whose expedition Somers had given £1,000, afforded an opportunity; the vote of censure, however, proposed upon him in the
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876:, of Evesham. When the discussion arose on the question of disbanding the army, he summed up the case against disbanding, in answer to
951:—which extended the maximum life of parliaments from three years to seven—passed the Commons. A story, possibly apocryphal, goes that
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in time of peace unless Parliament decided otherwise, and the royal succession. Somers argued for the vital importance of the
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but never entered into their plans so far as to commit himself beyond recall. He was the author of a pamphlet supporting the
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Somers went on to argue that the monarch should hold the protection of the innocent above the punishment of the guilty:
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called him "the perfect courtier" whose charm and good manners were almost irresistible. He spent his later years at
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Although some historians such as Macaulay have claimed Somers was made chairman of the committee which drew up the
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537:'s famous declaration of his reasons for dissolving them. The authorship of this has been disputed. According to
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Somers never married, but left two sisters, of whom the eldest, Mary, married Charles Cocks, whose grandson,
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in 1708 upon the return of the Whigs to power, and retained the office until their downfall in 1710; while
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The Devonshire Diary. William Cavendish, Fourth Duke of Devonshire. Memoranda on State Affairs. 1759–1762
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The History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Popular Edition in Two Volumes. Volume I
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saw a copy in Somers's handwriting amongst his manuscripts before they were destroyed by fire in 1752.
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for high treason, specifically for intending to levy war against the king. However, the grand jury of
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A Brief History of the Succession, Collected out of the Records and the Most Authentick Historians
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The Security of Englishmen's Lives, or, The Trust, Power, and Duty of the Grand Juries of England
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Somers was one of the Lords Justices who William appointed to govern while he was abroad in 1695
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The History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Popular Edition in Two Volumes.
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visited Somers during his last illness, with Somers saying to Townshend on his death bed:
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it was "first penned by Sidney; but a new draught was made by Somers, and corrected by
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John Somers took a leading part in the secret councils of those who were planning the
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1458:, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 6 June 2009.
1235:, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 6 June 2009.
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statesman and peer. Somers first came to national attention in the trial of the
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in 1690. Here, Somers justified the war against France and the Bill of Rights:
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He soon became intimate with the leaders of the country party, especially with
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1443:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 384–385.
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for his health. While there he received the king's letter announcing the
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supported Somers by producing the roll of the first year of the reign of
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505:...it hath been the constant opinion of all Ages that the Parliament of
346:. He played a leading part in shaping the Revolution settlement. He was
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to be valid. As Solicitor-General he had to conduct the prosecution of
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without bail or recourse to a trial. In November he was charged at the
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had long detested the Whig Junto, she came to like and admire Somers:
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The Triumph of the Lawyers. Their Role in English Politics, 1678–1689
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The Triumph of the Lawyers: Their Role in English Politics, 1678–1689
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from 1698 to 1703. He was, however, active in 1702 in opposing the
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of 1672 whereby the Crown had simply refused to pay its debts. The
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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R. M. Adams, 'In search of Baron Somers', in Perez Zagorin (ed.),
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R. M. Adams, 'In search of Baron Somers', in Perez Zagorin (ed.),
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A Vindication of the Proceedings of the Late Parliament of England
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parliament.uk: "Architecture of the Palace – St Stephen's Hall"
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for those living in the reigns of King George I and George II.
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Stuart Handley, 'Somers, John, Baron Somers (1651–1716)',
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Parliament, policy and politics in the reign of William III
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Reflections on the Revolution in France. A Critical Edition
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Parliament, policy and politics in the reign of William III
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Reflections on the Revolution in France. A Critical Edition
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Account of the Life and Writings of Lord-Chancellor Somers
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having meanwhile been in commission, Somers was appointed
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which showed that the roll of 1399 had been annulled. Sir
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Culture and Politics from Puritanism to the Enlightenment
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Culture and Politics from Puritanism to the Enlightenment
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in 1784, the title subsequently descending in this line.
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In 1696 he delivered perhaps his best-known judgement in
711:, the committee's report was delivered to the Commons by
1409:(University of California Press, 1980), pp. 165–93.
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Revolution Principles. The Politics of Party, 1689–1720
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Just and Modest Vindication of the Two Last Parliaments
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In the secret councils of those who were planning the
334:(4 March 1651 – 26 April 1716) was an English jurist,
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533:, which was published in April 1681 as the answer to
1206:(University of Alabama Press, 1970), p. 238 + n. 50.
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Essay on the Life and Character of John Lord Somers
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3069:Members of the Parliament of England for Worcester
1392:. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 334.
1102:(Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 168 + n. 83.
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19:"John Somers" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1389:The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly
1342:(London: Butler & Tanner Ltd, 1982), p. 111.
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3074:Whig members of the pre-1707 English Parliament
1377:(University of California Press, 1980), p. 166.
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465:, who became solicitor-general, and joined the
2999:People educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School
16:English jurist, statesman and peer (1651–1716)
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1338:Peter D. Brown and Karl W. Schweizer (eds.),
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947:in Hertfordshire. Somers died on the day the
927:, and in 1706 was one of the managers of the
860:in turn reversed Somers's judgement in 1700.
86:25 November 1708 – 21 September 1710
1260:(Manchester University Press, 1977), p. 108.
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2994:People educated at King's School, Worcester
1309:(Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 183.
1089:(Manchester University Press, 1975), p. 15.
401:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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984:A posthumous engraving of John Somers by
872:, and was created a peer by the title of
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421:Learn how and when to remove this message
1518:Memoirs of the Life of John, Lord Somers
1229:Somers, John, Baron Somers (1651–1716)
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591:In 1683 he was counsel for the sheriffs
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197:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England
3039:Members of the Privy Council of England
3019:Peers of England created by William III
3009:Attorneys general for England and Wales
1738:Professional and academic associations
1557:Solicitor General for England and Wales
1456:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1233:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1041:List of presidents of the Royal Society
764:Solicitor General for England and Wales
648:Somers took a leading part, and in the
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1584:Attorney General for England and Wales
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795:Attorney General for England and Wales
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1472:(University of Alabama Press, 1970).
1465:(Manchester University Press, 1977).
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447:Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall
399:adding citations to reliable sources
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1649:The Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery
1486:(Manchester University Press, 1975)
529:He was reputed to have written the
461:, and afterwards studied law under
97:The Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery
13:
2354:Italics indicate service when the
1688:Custos Rotulorum of Worcestershire
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1451:(Stanford University Press, 2001).
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3004:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
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1484:Lord Somers. A Political Portrait
1157:(London: Longmans, 1889), p. 515.
1087:Lord Somers. A Political Portrait
3014:Barons in the Peerage of England
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1027:was incorporated in 1734 by the
880:in a remarkable pamphlet called
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3044:Presidents of the Royal Society
1528:The Declaration of Rights, 1689
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960:to the liberty of the country.
921:President of the Royal Society
868:In April 1697 Somers was made
155:President of the Royal Society
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1656:Lord President of the Council
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1362:History of England. Volume II
933:Lord President of the Council
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522:A painting of John Somers by
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319:John Somers, 1st Baron Somers
74:Lord President of the Council
3059:Members of the Middle Temple
3049:Fellows of the Royal Society
783:Convention Parliament (1689)
762:In May 1689 Somers was made
451:The King's School, Worcester
229:Himself (as Lord Chancellor)
21:John Somers (disambiguation)
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3079:Impeached British officials
3024:Lord chancellors of England
1475:Thomas Babington Macaulay,
1153:Thomas Babington Macaulay,
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846:Great Stop of the Exchequer
445:. After being at school at
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1431:Somers, John Somers, Baron
991:Somers is immortalised in
986:Charles Grignion the Elder
925:Occasional Conformity Bill
884:In August 1698 he went to
850:Court of Exchequer Chamber
805:John Somers was appointed
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1605:
1600:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1479:(London: Longmans, 1889).
975:
652:was elected a member for
312:
304:
292:
282:
265:
242:
237:
233:
223:
213:
202:
195:
183:
171:
160:
152:
142:
132:
121:
114:
102:
90:
79:
72:
68:
53:
30:
2841:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
1046:
138:Himself (as Lord Keeper)
2662:Benjamin Collins Brodie
2638:Marquess of Northampton
2145:1st Earl of Shaftesbury
1850:1st Earl of Marlborough
1440:Encyclopædia Britannica
1111:Clark, p. 168 + n. 83.
819:Great Seal of the Realm
811:Great Seal of the Realm
459:Trinity College, Oxford
299:Trinity College, Oxford
260:Commonwealth of England
2606:William Hyde Wollaston
2358:was held in Commission
2151:1st Earl of Nottingham
2111:2nd Earl of Manchester
1855:1st Earl of Manchester
1752:11th President of the
1031:and named for Somers.
1018:
1001:William Pitt the Elder
988:
962:
890:first Partition Treaty
817:On 23 March 1693, the
814:
759:
747:
730:
680:
641:
626:
589:
580:
526:
516:
473:Early political career
463:Sir Francis Winnington
3064:English MPs 1690–1695
3054:English MPs 1689–1690
2710:George Gabriel Stokes
2343:1st Viscount Harcourt
2139:Sir Orlando Bridgeman
2133:1st Earl of Clarendon
1833:1st Viscount Brackley
1666:The Earl of Rochester
1014:
983:
957:
882:The Balancing Letter.
804:
757:
742:
725:
675:
650:Convention Parliament
636:
621:
601:Court of King's Bench
584:
575:
521:
503:
109:The Earl of Rochester
2694:William Spottiswoode
2686:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2539:Earl of Macclesfield
2059:Bulstrode Whitelocke
1978:Bulstrode Whitelocke
1962:Bulstrode Whitelocke
1931:Bulstrode Whitelocke
1865:21st Earl of Arundel
1681:The Earl of Plymouth
709:Declaration of Right
453:he was entered as a
395:improve this section
33:The Right Honourable
2809:William Henry Bragg
2702:Thomas Henry Huxley
2678:George Biddell Airy
2062:(January–June 1659)
1904:1st Baron Lyttelton
1482:William L. Sachse,
1281:, pp. 384–385.
1085:William L. Sachse,
1025:Somers, Connecticut
717:Bill of Rights 1689
673:act of abdicating:
670:Louis XIV of France
646:Glorious Revolution
639:Glorious Revolution
629:Glorious Revolution
3029:Lord High Stewards
2948:Venki Ramakrishnan
2897:Sir Michael Atiyah
2865:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
2817:Henry Hallett Dale
2416:Viscount Brouncker
2178:1st Baron Jeffreys
2157:1st Baron Guilford
2093:Thomas Widdrington
1988:Thomas Widdrington
1892:1st Baron Coventry
1860:2nd Duke of Lennox
1711:Peerage of England
1699:Title next held by
1601:Political offices
1166:Sachse, pp. 22–23.
989:
968:became the second
815:
760:
750:Ministerial career
642:
527:
455:gentleman commoner
308:Lawyer, politician
2966:
2965:
2793:Ernest Rutherford
2424:Joseph Williamson
2363:
2362:
2230:William Rawlinson
2216:William Rawlinson
2047:Nathaniel Fiennes
2020:Nathaniel Fiennes
1994:Nathaniel Fiennes
1770:
1769:
1761:Succeeded by
1663:Succeeded by
1624:Sir Nathan Wright
1621:Succeeded by
1591:Succeeded by
1567:Sir Thomas Trevor
1564:Succeeded by
1496:Richard Cooksey,
1227:Stuart Handley, '
1010:French Revolution
993:St Stephen's Hall
929:Act of Union 1707
854:petition of right
617:Act of Parliament
593:Thomas Pilkington
578:Laws and Customs.
431:
430:
423:
316:
315:
3086:
2979:Lord chancellors
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2857:Patrick Blackett
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2761:Archibald Geikie
2756:
2748:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2480:Robert Southwell
2475:
2472:Earl of Pembroke
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2432:Christopher Wren
2427:
2419:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2324:1st Baron Trevor
2264:1st Baron Somers
2243:1st Baron Somers
2087:William Lenthall
2082:(June 1659–1660)
2036:Council of State
2010:Richard Cromwell
1921:Council of State
1806:Lord Chancellors
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1743:Preceded by
1678:Preceded by
1673:Honorary titles
1646:Preceded by
1606:Preceded by
1577:Sir George Treby
1574:Preceded by
1550:Sir George Treby
1547:Preceded by
1539:
1538:
1468:Michael Landon,
1447:J. C. D. Clark,
1444:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:Horwitz, p. 109.
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1202:Michael Landon,
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1098:J. C. D. Clark,
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1071:
898:House of Commons
842:the Bankers case
813:on 23 March 1693
776:Corporation Bill
766:. He now became
556:was sent to the
554:Lord Shaftesbury
426:
419:
415:
412:
406:
375:
367:
352:King William III
333:
328:
272:
252:
250:
238:Personal details
226:
216:
207:
186:
174:
165:
145:
135:
126:
105:
93:
84:
58:
48:
28:
27:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2825:Robert Robinson
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2769:William Crookes
2767:
2759:
2751:
2745:William Huggins
2743:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2654:Lord Wrottesley
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2502:
2494:
2488:Charles Montagu
2486:
2478:
2470:
2464:Earl of Carbery
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2403:
2394:
2364:
2359:
2348:
2317:1st Earl Cowper
2303:
2295:
2256:
2248:
2236:George Hutchins
2195:
2183:
2170:
2162:
2125:
2117:
2038:
2030:
2012:
2004:
1954:
1952:Oliver Cromwell
1946:
1923:
1915:
1898:1st Baron Finch
1884:
1876:
1825:
1817:
1810:House of Stuart
1800:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1746:Charles Montagu
1727:
1703:The Lord Parker
1700:
1691:
1683:
1668:
1659:
1651:
1640:
1637:Lord Chancellor
1630:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1596:
1594:Sir Edward Ward
1587:
1579:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1537:
1524:L. G. Schwoerer
1493:
1491:Further reading
1461:Henry Horwitz,
1414:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1256:Henry Horwitz,
1255:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1053:
1049:
1037:
978:
949:Septennial Bill
917:
886:Tunbridge Wells
870:Lord Chancellor
866:
752:
734:standing armies
631:
609:Henry Pollexfen
558:Tower of London
487:Algernon Sidney
483:William Russell
475:
433:He was born at
427:
416:
410:
407:
392:
376:
365:
326:
322:
283:Political party
274:
270:
254:
248:
246:
224:
214:
208:
203:
184:
178:Charles Montagu
172:
166:
161:
143:
133:
127:
122:
116:Lord Chancellor
103:
91:
85:
80:
64:
62:Godfrey Kneller
49:
40:
38:
37:The Lord Somers
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2940:Sir Paul Nurse
2936:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:Sir Aaron Klug
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2630:Duke of Sussex
2626:
2622:Davies Gilbert
2618:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2547:Earl of Morton
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2220:
2199:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2105:John Fountaine
2099:Thomas Tyrrell
2083:
2079:John Fountaine
2073:Thomas Tyrrell
2063:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:Legal offices
1536:
1535:External links
1533:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1435:Chisholm, Hugh
1410:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1351:Clark, p. 168.
1344:
1331:
1322:
1311:
1305:J. P. Kenyon,
1298:
1296:, p. 385.
1283:
1271:
1262:
1249:
1247:Sachse, p. 37.
1237:
1220:
1218:Sachse, p. 36.
1208:
1195:
1193:Sachse, p. 35.
1186:
1184:Sachse, p. 34.
1177:
1175:Sachse, p. 29.
1168:
1159:
1146:
1144:Sachse, p. 21.
1137:
1135:Sachse, p. 18.
1125:
1123:Sachse, p. 16.
1113:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1076:, p. 384.
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1033:
977:
974:
953:Lord Townshend
945:Brookmans Park
941:Jonathan Swift
916:
913:
878:John Trenchard
865:
862:
858:House of Lords
751:
748:
630:
627:
547:Lord Hardwicke
491:Exclusion Bill
474:
471:
429:
428:
379:
377:
370:
364:
361:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
273:(aged 65)
267:
263:
262:
244:
240:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
158:
157:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
119:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
77:
76:
70:
69:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
39:
36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:George Porter
2886:
2882:
2881:Andrew Huxley
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:Howard Florey
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:J. J. Thomson
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:Lord Rayleigh
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2726:Joseph Lister
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:Edward Sabine
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:Earl of Rosse
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Martin Folkes
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Royal Society
2398:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:Nathan Wright
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2290:Nathan Wright
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:John Bradshaw
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:Richard Keble
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1941:Richard Keble
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1871:John Williams
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Julius Caesar
1843:
1840:
1839:Francis Bacon
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1754:Royal Society
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1628:(Lord Keeper)
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1608:In Commission
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1422:public domain
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1329:Clark, p. 40.
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891:
887:
883:
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843:
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835:Princess Anne
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
808:
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796:
792:
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779:
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773:
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666:maiden speech
662:
659:
655:
651:
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640:
635:
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620:
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614:
610:
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605:Seven Bishops
602:
598:
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588:
583:
579:
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571:
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563:
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539:Bishop Burnet
536:
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524:Simon Du Bois
520:
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467:Middle Temple
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389:
385:
380:This section
378:
374:
369:
368:
360:
358:
353:
349:
345:
344:Exclusionists
341:
340:Seven Bishops
337:
332:
325:
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307:
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297:
295:
291:
288:
285:
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269:26 April 1716
268:
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222:
219:In Commission
218:
212:
206:
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176:
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148:In Commission
147:
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52:
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43:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2956:Adrian Smith
2916:21st century
2737:20th century
2614:Humphry Davy
2598:19th century
2587:Joseph Banks
2579:John Pringle
2571:James Burrow
2555:James Burrow
2515:Isaac Newton
2507:18th century
2495:
2456:Samuel Pepys
2440:John Hoskyns
2408:17th century
2334:
2330:Robert Tracy
2328:
2322:
2281:
2277:George Treby
2275:
2269:
2263:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:Anthony Keck
2208:
2204:John Maynard
2202:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2045:
1910:Richard Lane
1764:Isaac Newton
1751:
1731:
1724:Baron Somers
1722:
1718:New creation
1717:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1654:
1635:
1627:
1612:
1582:
1555:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1427:Airy, Osmund
1406:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1364:, pp. 458–9.
1361:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1334:
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1306:
1301:
1274:
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1257:
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1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
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1149:
1140:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1023:The Town of
1022:
1019:
1015:
1006:Edmund Burke
990:
970:Baron Somers
963:
958:
918:
906:
894:William Kidd
881:
874:Baron Somers
873:
867:
841:
839:
816:
787:Lord Preston
780:
761:
743:
731:
726:
720:
706:
697:George Treby
681:
676:
663:
643:
622:
597:Samuel Shute
590:
585:
581:
576:
569:
551:
530:
528:
511:
506:
504:
494:
476:
432:
417:
408:
393:Please help
381:
318:
317:
271:(1716-04-26)
253:4 March 1651
225:Succeeded by
204:
190:Isaac Newton
185:Succeeded by
162:
144:Succeeded by
123:
104:Succeeded by
81:
60:Portrait by
25:
2989:1716 deaths
2984:1651 births
2833:Lord Adrian
2718:Lord Kelvin
2523:Hans Sloane
2496:Lord Somers
2448:Cyril Wyche
2345:(1710–1714)
2336:John Scrope
2319:(1705–1710)
2313:(1702–1705)
2304:(1702–1714)
2292:(1700–1702)
2283:Edward Ward
2266:(1693–1700)
2257:(1694–1702)
2254:William III
2245:(1693–1694)
2239:(1690–1693)
2224:John Trevor
2219:(1689–1690)
2196:(1689–1694)
2180:(1685–1688)
2171:(1685–1688)
2159:(1682–1685)
2153:(1673–1682)
2147:(1672–1673)
2141:(1667–1672)
2135:(1660–1667)
2126:(1660–1685)
2039:(1659–1660)
2027:(1658–1659)
2013:(1658–1659)
2001:(1656–1658)
1990:(1654–1656)
1974:(1653–1654)
1955:(1653–1658)
1943:(1649–1653)
1924:(1649–1653)
1912:(1645–1649)
1906:(1641–1645)
1900:(1640–1641)
1894:(1625–1640)
1885:(1625–1649)
1873:(1621–1625)
1841:(1617–1621)
1835:(1603–1617)
1826:(1603–1625)
1816:(1603–1714)
1814:Interregnum
1614:Lord Keeper
831:Netherlands
823:Lord Keeper
807:Lord Keeper
791:John Ashton
772:Titus Oates
768:William III
738:rule of law
599:before the
276:North Mymms
215:Preceded by
173:Preceded by
134:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
2973:Categories
2563:James West
2397:Presidents
2356:Greal Seal
2123:Charles II
2053:John Lisle
2025:John Lisle
1999:John Lisle
1983:John Lisle
1967:John Lisle
1936:John Lisle
1808:under the
1758:1698–1703
1728:1697–1716
1692:1715–1716
1660:1708–1710
1641:1697–1700
1618:1693–1697
1588:1692–1693
1561:1689–1692
1400:References
1360:Macaulay,
937:Queen Anne
915:Later life
827:Whig Junto
685:Richard II
562:Old Bailey
535:Charles II
479:Lord Essex
443:Shropshire
411:March 2022
363:Early life
357:Whig Junto
305:Occupation
294:Alma mater
249:1651-03-04
2932:Lord Rees
2873:Lord Todd
2271:John Holt
1882:Charles I
1429:(1911). "
1294:Airy 1911
1279:Airy 1911
1074:Airy 1911
903:impeached
701:Henry VII
693:Edward IV
654:Worcester
566:Middlesex
439:Worcester
382:does not
278:, England
209:1693–1697
205:In office
167:1698–1703
163:In office
153:11th
128:1697–1700
124:In office
82:In office
2924:Lord May
2168:James II
1812:and the
1732:Extinct
1035:See also
997:Whiggism
908:seriatim
689:Henry IV
658:James II
613:Macaulay
587:Justice.
552:In 1681
2399:of the
2189:William
1823:James I
1803:English
1530:(1981).
1520:(1716).
1510:(1812).
1500:(1791).
1437:(ed.).
1424::
966:Charles
919:He was
809:of the
664:In his
512:England
507:England
437:, near
435:Claines
403:removed
388:sources
256:Claines
2958:(2020)
2950:(2015)
2942:(2010)
2934:(2005)
2926:(2000)
2907:(1995)
2899:(1990)
2891:(1985)
2883:(1980)
2875:(1975)
2867:(1970)
2859:(1965)
2851:(1960)
2843:(1955)
2835:(1950)
2827:(1945)
2819:(1940)
2811:(1935)
2803:(1930)
2795:(1925)
2787:(1920)
2779:(1915)
2771:(1913)
2763:(1908)
2755:(1905)
2747:(1900)
2728:(1895)
2720:(1890)
2712:(1885)
2704:(1883)
2696:(1878)
2688:(1873)
2680:(1871)
2672:(1861)
2664:(1858)
2656:(1854)
2648:(1848)
2640:(1838)
2632:(1830)
2624:(1827)
2616:(1820)
2608:(1820)
2589:(1778)
2581:(1772)
2573:(1772)
2565:(1768)
2557:(1768)
2549:(1764)
2541:(1752)
2533:(1741)
2525:(1727)
2517:(1703)
2498:(1698)
2490:(1695)
2482:(1690)
2474:(1689)
2466:(1686)
2458:(1684)
2450:(1683)
2442:(1682)
2434:(1680)
2426:(1677)
2418:(1662)
2339:(1710)
2286:(1700)
2191:&
2114:(1660)
1867:(1621)
1696:Vacant
1433:". In
1418:
976:Legacy
485:, and
449:, and
350:under
1047:Notes
713:Treby
543:Jones
329:
327:,
44:
2301:Anne
2193:Mary
789:and
687:and
595:and
386:any
384:cite
336:Whig
287:Whig
266:Died
243:Born
1231:',
545:".
457:at
397:by
331:FRS
46:FRS
2975::
1526:,
1516:,
1506:,
1286:^
1240:^
1211:^
1128:^
1116:^
1054:^
837:.
740::
493:,
481:,
469:.
359:.
324:PC
321:,
258:,
42:PC
2389:e
2382:t
2375:v
2333:/
2327:/
2280:/
2274:/
2233:/
2227:/
2213:/
2207:/
2108:/
2102:/
2096:/
2090:/
2076:/
2070:/
2056:/
2050:/
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
514:.
424:)
418:(
413:)
409:(
405:.
391:.
251:)
247:(
23:.
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