John Vanbrugh - Knowledge

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expense, and that an edifice was required that should strike with awe and surprise even at a distance; the architect may be excused for having sacrificed, in some degree, the elegance of design to multiplicity of ornament. All the several parts are moreover exactly calculated, all the rules of art are well observed, and this immense fabric reminds us, on the first glance, of the majesty and state of those of Greece and ancient Rome. When we behold it a distance, it appears not as a single palace, but as an entire city. We arrive at it by a stately bridge of a single arch, and which is itself a masterpiece of architecture. I have contracted a very intimate friend ship with the son of Sir John Vanbrugh, who has lately obtained a company in the foot guards, and is a young gentleman of real merit. He has shown me, not only all the designs of his father, but also two houses of his building, one near Whitehall, and the other at Greenwich. They are indeed mere models of houses, but notwithstanding their confined situation, there are everywhere traces of a master to be discovered in their execution. The vulgar critic finds too many columns and ornaments; but the true connoisseur sees that all these ornaments are accompanied with utility, and that an inventive genius is visible in every part. This architect was likewise author of several comedies, which are indeed written in a style that is rather licentious, but at the same time are resplendent with wit and vivacity. So true it is, that genius is not confined to one subject, but wherever exercised, is equally manifest.

701:, son of Kit-Cat Sir Robert Walpole, claims that the respectable middle-aged Club members generally mentioned as "a set of wits" were originally "in reality the patriots that saved Britain", in other words were the active force behind the Glorious Revolution itself. Secret groups tend to be poorly documented, and this sketch of the pre-history of the Club cannot be proved. But as we have seen, young Vanbrugh was indeed in 1688 part of a secret network working for William's invasion. If the roots of the Club go back that far, it is tempting to speculate that Vanbrugh in joining the club was not merely becoming one of a convivial London "set of wits" but was also linking up with old friends and co-conspirators. A hero of the cause who had done time in French prison for it, could have been confident of a warm welcome. 750:), animal acts, travelling dance troupes, and famous visiting Italian singers. They also hoped to make a profit, and Vanbrugh optimistically bought up the actors' company, making himself sole owner. He was now bound to pay salaries to the actors and, as it turned out, to manage the theatre, a notorious tightrope act for which he had no experience. The often repeated rumour that the acoustics of the building Vanbrugh had designed were bad is exaggerated (see Milhous ), but the more practical Congreve had become anxious to extricate himself from the project, and Vanbrugh was left spreading himself extremely thin, running a theatre and simultaneously overseeing the building of Blenheim, a project which after June 1705 often took him out of town. 1741:

scale. The result was one of Vanbrugh's smaller houses. It is also his severest in style, obtaining high architectural drama by the well judged disposition of elements that are few in number, and simple in their nature. The exterior of the house would have been at the point of completion in 1717, the date on the contract for one of the parapet vases. The interior would have been virtually complete by 1719, when the design for inlay on the stair landings was drawn up. Two of the façades have since been remodelled, by Robert Mylne, who remodelled the interior in the 1760s. The stone, which was quarried on the site, was originally ochre in colour but has weathered to an orange-pink.

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from being of lower middle class origins, Vanbrugh was descended from Anglo-Flemish or Netherlandish Protestant merchants who settled in London in the 16th and 17th centuries, minor courtiers, and country gentry. The complex web of kinship Downes' research shows that Vanbrugh had ties to many of England's leading mercantile, gentry, and noble families. These ties reveal the decidedly Protestant and sometimes radical milieu out of which Vanbrugh's own political opinions came. They also gave him a very wide social network that would play a role in all sections of his career: architectural, ceremonial, dramatic, military, political, and social.

758:., though without ever collecting much of the putative price. He had put a lot of money, his own and borrowed, into the theatre company, which he was never to recover. It was noted as remarkable by contemporaries that he continued to pay the actors' salaries fully and promptly while they were working for him, just as he always paid the workmen he had hired for construction work; shirking such responsibilities was close to being standard practice in early 18th century England. Vanbrugh himself never seems to have pursued those who owed him money, and throughout his life his finances can at best be described as precarious. 1695: 2132: 1215:, particularly for their failure to impose exemplary morality by appropriate rewards and punishments in the fifth act. Vanbrugh laughed at these charges and published a joking reply, where he accused the clergyman Collier of being more sensitive to unflattering portrayals of the clergy than to real irreligion. However, rising public opinion was already on Collier's side. The intellectual and sexually explicit Restoration comedy style was becoming less and less acceptable to audiences and was soon to be replaced by a drama of sententious morality. Colley Cibber's 1835: 2174: 1533: 4246: 551: 1146:

the typically tragic/comic rollercoaster experience of Restoration plays. Vanbrugh takes advantage of this schema and these actresses to deepen audience sympathy for the unhappily married Lady Brute, even as she fires off her witty ripostes. In the intimate conversational dialogue between Lady Brute and her niece Bellinda (Bracegirdle), and especially in the star part of Sir John Brute the brutish husband (Betterton), which was hailed as one of the peaks of Thomas Betterton's remarkable career,

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any other modern architect; but unluckily for the reputation of this excellent artist, his taste kept no pace with his genius, and his works are so crowded with barbarisms and absurdities, and so born down by their own preposterous weight, that none but the discerning can separate their merits from their defects. In the hands of the ingenious artist, who knows how to polish and refine and bring them into use, we have always regarded his productions as rough jewels of inestimable value'.

1931:, which was under construction at this time, and succeeded Wren as the official architect (or Surveyor), while Hawksmoor was appointed Site Architect. Vanbrugh's small but conspicuous final changes to the nearly completed building were considered a fine interpretation of Wren's original plans and intentions. Thus what was intended as an infirmary and hostel for destitute retired sailors was transformed into a magnificent national monument. His work here is said to have impressed both 1089:. Members of that cast had to be kept from defecting to the rival actors' cooperative, had to be "seduced" (as the legal term was) back when they did defect, and had to be blandished into attending rehearsals which dragged out into ten months and brought the company to the threshold of bankruptcy. "They have no company at all", reported a contemporary letter on 19 November 1696 "and unless a new play comes out on Saturday revives their reputation, they must break". That new play, 1628: 1691:), itself a massive and dense construction of piers and columns, definitely not designed in the Palladian manner for elegant protection from the sun, a huge bust of Louis XIV is forced to look down on the splendours and rewards of his conqueror. Whether this placement and design was an ornamental feature created by Vanbrugh, or an ironic joke by Marlborough, is not known. However, as an architectural composition it is a unique example of baroque ornament. 1448: 1986:

approved them, she discounted. (In fairness to her, it must be mentioned that the Duke of Marlborough had contributed £60,000 to the initial cost, which, supplemented by Parliament, should have built a monumental house.) Following a meeting with the Duchess, Vanbrugh left the building site in a rage, insisting that the new masons, carpenters and craftsmen were inferior to those he had employed. The master craftsmen he had patronised, however, such as

917: 1775:, the centre was remodelled by Mylne with a canted bay window, at odds with the tautness of Vanbrugh's overall design of the house, in which all planes were parallel or perpendicular to the walls. On the northeast the wall was moved forward during nineteenth-century remodelling, destroying an aesthetically significant alignment between wall projections and the break in the roof arcade, which had been present in Vanbrugh's design. 819: 948: 4008: 45: 895: 1974:

frequent altercations with her one time best friend, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. After the Duchess's final argument with the Queen in 1712, all state money ceased and work came to a halt. £220,000 had already been spent and £45,000 was owing to workmen. The Marlboroughs went into exile on the continent, and did not return until after Queen Anne's death in 1714.

1055:, offered to the United Company six weeks later, questions the justice of women's position in marriage at this time. He sends new sexual temptations in the way of not only the reformed husband but also the patient wife, and allows them to react in more credible and less predictable ways than in their original context, lending the flat characters from 1663:, and storehouses. If Castle Howard was the first truly baroque building in England, then Blenheim Palace is the most definitive. While Castle Howard is a dramatic assembly of restless masses, Blenheim is altogether of a more solid construction, relying on tall slender windows and monumental statuary on the roofs to lighten the mass of yellow stone. 483:. Frances née Harrison, Countess of Berkshire. Vanbrugh's grandfather's sister, Elizabeth Carleton married John Harrison, uncle of the Countess of Berkshire and in addition the Countess's aunt, Anne Garrard, married Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester, uncle to Vanbrugh's same grandfather. Frances was (half) second cousin to Vanbrugh's mother. 710: 1963: 2170:(1728) and gave it a happy and sententious ending in which the provocative wife repents and is reconciled: a eulogy of marriage which was the opposite of Vanbrugh's declared intention to end his last and belated "Restoration comedy" with marital break-up. Cibber considered this projected outcome to be "too severe for Comedy". 779:, arranged both appointments and against whose wishes they were powerless. Vanbrugh went on to make more friends than enemies at the College, however. The pageantry of state occasions appealed to his theatrical sense, his duties were not difficult, and he appears to have performed them well. In the opinion of a modern 1296:, where Vanbrugh had to follow the instructions of his patron. Consequently these houses, which often claim Vanbrugh as their architect, do not best display his own architectural concepts and ideas. In the summer of 1699 as part of his architectural education Vanbrugh made a tour of northern England, writing to 1759:

On the southeast facade, the centre has a Doric temple front with open pediment, which surrounds the doorway. The centre has an attic as its upper storey, topped by a blocking course with scrolled supports at each end. A design with a pediment was prepared for this front, but is thought never to have

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On 29 April Edward Southwell wrote in his journal at Kings Weston, "Upwards of 60 men preparing stones and digging the foundation of the new house," and on 16 June 1712 work formally began on building the new house by John Vanbrugh. His client, Edward Southwell, did not desire a house on a monumental

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was built between 1712 and 1719 for Edward Southwell on the site of an earlier Tudor house. A significant architectural feature is the grouping of all the chimneys into a massive arcade. The Kings Weston estate possesses one of the largest collections of buildings designed by Sir John Vanbrugh in the

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Castle Howard was acclaimed a success. This fantastical building, unparalleled in England, with its facades and roofs decorated by pilasters, statuary, and flowing ornamental carving, ensured that baroque became an overnight success. While the greater part of Castle Howard was inhabited and completed

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Unsurprisingly under these circumstances, Vanbrugh's management of the Queen's Theatre in Haymarket showed "numerous signs of confusion, inefficiency, missed opportunities, and bad judgment". Having burned his fingers on theatre management, Vanbrugh too extricated himself, expensively, by selling the

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in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs and is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars (see McCormick). After being released from the Bastille, he had to spend three months in Paris, free to move around but unable to leave the country, and with every opportunity to

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foot regiment. Since commissions were in the gift of the commanding officer, Vanbrugh's entry as an officer shows that he did have the kind of family network that was then essential to a young man starting out in life. Even so in August 1686 he left this position when the regiment was ordered to help

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With the completion of Castle Howard, English baroque came into fashion overnight. It had brought together the isolated and varied instances of monumental design, by, among others, Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Vanbrugh thought of masses, volume and perspective in a way that his predecessors had

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This building (Blenheim) has been severely censured, and I agree that it is not entirely exempt from rational censure as it is too much loaded with columns and other heavy ornaments. But if we consider that Sir John Vanbrugh was to construct a building of endless duration, that no bounds were set to

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That Vanbrugh's work at Blenheim has been the subject of criticism can largely be blamed on those, including the Duchess, who failed to understand the chief reason for its construction: to celebrate a martial triumph. In the achievement of this remit, Vanbrugh was as triumphant as was Marlborough on

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At Blenheim, Vanbrugh developed baroque from the mere ornamental to a denser, more solid, form, where the massed stone became the ornament. The great arched gates and the huge solid portico were ornament in themselves, and the whole mass was considered rather than each facade. As the palace is still

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is a comedy, but Elizabeth Barry who played the abused wife was especially famous as a tragic actress, and for her power of "moving the passions", i.e., moving an audience to pity and tears. Barry and the younger Bracegirdle had often worked together as a tragic/comic heroine pair to bring audiences

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Cibber, an inconspicuous young actor still employed by the parent company, seized this moment of unique demand for new plays and launched his career on two fronts by writing a play with a big, flamboyant part for himself: the Frenchified fop Sir Novelty Fashion. Backed up by Cibber's own uninhibited

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He was adept at delivering buildings for his clients, that successfully met their requirements. His reputation has suffered because of his famed disagreements with the Duchess of Marlborough, yet, one must remember his original client was the British Nation, not the Duchess, and the nation wanted a

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was less complimentary 'Heaviness was the lightest of (Vanbrugh's) faults... The Italian style...which he contrived to caricature...is apparent in all his works; he helped himself liberally to its vices, contributed many of his own, and by an unfortunate misfortune adding impurity to that which was

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Nobody had informed me that I should at one view see a palace, a town, a fortified city, temples on high places, woods worthy of being each a metropolis of the Druids, vales connected to hills by other woods, the noblest lawn in the world fenced by half the horizon, and a mausoleum that would tempt

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was Vanbrugh's final work, this northern, seemingly rather bleak country house is considered his finest architectural masterpiece; by this stage in his architectural career Vanbrugh was a master of baroque, he had taken this form of architecture not only beyond the flamboyant continental baroque of

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In July 1700 the King granted Vanbrugh permission to build on the ruins of Whitehall at his own expense. Brick and stone from the ruins of the Palace of Whitehall were used and the house was sited on what was the Vice-Chamberlain's lodgings. The small, two storied house was unique in design, though

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has not been staged again since the early 18th century and is read only by the most dedicated scholars, who sometimes express distaste for its businesslike combination of four explicit acts of sex and rakishness with one of sententious reform (see Hume). If Cibber indeed was deliberately attempting

429:). In 1681 records name a 'John Vanbrugg' working for William Matthews, Giles Vanbrugh's cousin. It was not unusual for a merchant's son to follow in his father's trade and seek similar work in business, making use of family ties and connections. However, Robert Williams proved in an article in the 408:

Taken in this context, though he has sometimes been viewed as an odd or unqualified appointee to the College of Arms, it is not surprising, given the social expectations of his day, that by descent his credentials for his offices there were sound. His forebears, both Flemish/Dutch and English, were

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Sir John Vanbrugh's genius was of the first class; and, in point of movement, novelty and ingenuity, his works have not been exceeded by anything in modern times. We should certainly quote Blenheim and Castle Howard as great examples of these perfections in preference to any work of our own, or of

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Vanbrugh was deeply distressed by the turn of events. The rows and resulting rumours had damaged his reputation, and the palace he had nurtured like a child was forbidden to him. In 1719, while the duchess was "not at home", Vanbrugh was able to view the palace in secret; but when he and his wife,

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had initially been the architect of choice, charging more than the Lord had thought reasonable. Vanbrugh's charm, and Talman's lack thereof, may have been enough to convince the patron to change his architect. However, it remains unknown how Vanbrugh, totally untrained and inexperienced, persuaded

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To dispel the myth of Vanbrugh's humble origins, Downes took pains to explore Vanbrugh's background, closely examining the family and connexions of each of his four grandparents: Vanbrugh, Jacobs or Jacobson, Carleton, and Croft, summing up the characteristics of each line and concluding that, far

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Vanbrugh arrived in London at a time of scandal and internal drama at London's only theatre company, as a long-running conflict between pinchpenny management and disgruntled actors came to a head and the actors walked out. A new comedy staged with the makeshift remainder of the company in January

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His life is sharply bisected by this prison experience, which he entered at age 24 and emerged from at 29, after having spent, as Downes puts it, half his adult life in captivity. It seems to have left him with a lasting distaste for the French political system but also with a taste for the comic

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Vanbrugh's reputation still suffers from accusations of extravagance, impracticability and a bombastic imposition of his own will on his clients. Ironically, all of these unfounded charges derive from Blenheim – Vanbrugh's selection as architect of Blenheim was never completely popular. The

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was written and staged in the eye of a theatrical storm. London's only and mismanaged theatre company, known as the United Company, had split in two in March 1695 when the senior actors began operating their own acting cooperative, and the next season was one of cutthroat rivalry between the two

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factions, the final blow for Vanbrugh came when the Duke was incapacitated in 1717 by a severe stroke, and the thrifty (and hostile) Duchess took control. The Duchess blamed Vanbrugh entirely for the growing extravagance of the palace, and its general design: that her husband and government had

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Though Parliament had voted funds for the building of Blenheim, no exact sum had ever been fixed upon, and certainly no provision had been made for inflation. Almost from the outset, funds had been intermittent. Queen Anne paid some of them, but with growing reluctance and lapses, following her

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Although Vanbrugh continued to work for the stage in many ways, he produced no more original plays. With the change in audience taste away from Restoration comedy, he turned his creative energies from original composition to dramatic adaptation/translation, theatre management, and architecture.

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bought himself the title of "Lord Foppington" through the corrupt system of Royal title sales). Critics of Restoration comedy are unanimous in declaring Lord Foppington "the greatest of all Restoration fops" (Dobrée), by virtue of being not merely laughably affected, but also "brutal, evil, and

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Born in London and baptised on 24 January 1664, Vanbrugh was the fourth child (of 19), and eldest surviving son, of Giles Vanbrugh, a London cloth-merchant of Flemish descent (as evident in the name, contracted from "Van Brugh") and Protestant background, and his wife Elizabeth, widow of Thomas

1292:, was to be Vanbrugh's collaborator in many of his most ambitious projects, including Castle Howard and Blenheim. During his almost thirty years as a practising architect, Vanbrugh designed and worked on numerous buildings. More often than not his work was a rebuild or remodel, such as that of 2327:

repeat 18th- and 19th-century traditions which were originally offered as guesses but have since hardened into "fact". This accounts for several discrepancies between the entries in these encyclopædias and the following narrative, which is based on the findings of Downes (1987) and McCormick

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succession to the throne. Yet the Kit-Cats always presented their club as more a matter of dining and conviviality, and this reputation has been successfully relayed to posterity. Downes suggests, however, that the Club's origins go back to before the Glorious Revolution of 1689 and that its

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Seaton Delaval is one of the few houses Vanbrugh designed alone without the aid of Nicholas Hawksmoor. The sobriety of their joint work has sometimes been attributed to Hawksmoor, and yet Seaton Delaval is a very sombre house indeed. Whereas Castle Howard could successfully be set down in

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After growing up in a large household in Chester (12 children of his mother's second marriage survived infancy), the question of how Vanbrugh spent the years from age 18 to 22 (after he left school) was long unanswered, with the baseless suggestion sometimes made that he had been studying

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As was common in the 18th century, personal comfort was sacrificed to perspective. Windows were to adorn the facades, as well as light the interior. Blenheim was designed as a theatre piece both externally and also from the 67 foot (20 m) high great hall, leading to the huge

2147:. Vanbrugh had told his old friend Colley Cibber that he intended in this play to question traditional marriage roles even more radically than in the plays of his youth, and end it with a marriage falling irreconcilably apart. The unfinished manuscript, today available in Vanbrugh's 1878:

landscape. Vanbrugh, in the final stage in his career, was fully liberated from the rules of the architects of a generation earlier. The rustic stonework is used for the entire facade, including on the entrance facade, the pairs of twin columns supporting little more than a stone

1333:"We are informed that Sir John Vanbrugh, in his scheme for new paving the cities of London and Westminster, among other things, proposes a tax on all gentlemen's coaches, to stop all channels in the street, and to carry all the water off by drains and common sewers under ground." 1487:

by 1709, the finishing touches were to continue for much of Vanbrugh's lifetime. The west wing was finally completed after Vanbrugh's death, to an altered design. The acclaim of the work at Castle Howard led to Vanbrugh's most famous commission, architect for Blenheim Palace.

641: – and particularly popular for "his colossal geniality, his great good humour, his easy-going temperament". The Club is best known today as an early 18th-century social gathering point for culturally and politically prominent Whigs, including many artists and writers ( 1981:. The 64-year-old Duke now decided to complete the project at his own expense; in 1716 work restarted and Vanbrugh was left to rely entirely upon the means of the Duke of Marlborough himself. Already discouraged and upset by the reception the palace was receiving from the 611:

see an architecture "unparalleled in England for scale, ostentation, richness, taste and sophistication". He was allowed to return to England in April 1693; once he returned to England he joined the Navy and took part in an unsuccessful naval attack against the French at

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on a charge of espionage (which Downes concludes was trumped-up) in September 1688, two months before William invaded England. Vanbrugh remained in prison in France for four and a half years, albeit in reasonable comfort. In 1691 he requested to be moved from Calais to

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in 1704. Marlborough's reward, from a grateful nation, was to be a splendid country seat, and the Duke himself chose fellow Kit-Cat John Vanbrugh to be the architect. Work began on the palace in 1705, though as Vanbrugh wasn't a trained architect he worked alongside

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to give the great opportunity to him instead. Seizing it, Vanbrugh instigated European baroque's metamorphosis into a subtle, almost understated version that became known as English baroque. Four of Vanbrugh's designs act as milestones for evaluating this process:

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of the great hall, adding to the drama of the building's silhouette, but unlike Vanbrugh's other great houses, no statuary decorates the roof-scape here. The decoration is provided solely by a simple balustrade hiding the roof line, and chimneys disguised as

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in March 1704. In 1725 he sold this office to Knox Ward, and he told a friend he had "got leave to dispose in earnest, of a place I got in jest". His colleagues' opposition to an ill-gotten appointment ought to have been directed to Lord Carlisle, who as

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Vanbrugh's London career was diverse and varied, comprising playwriting, architectural design, and attempts to combine these two overarching interests. His overlapping achievements and business ventures were sometimes confusing even to Vanbrugh himself.

439:, Gujarat where his uncle, Edward Pearce, had been Governor. However, Vanbrugh never mentioned this experience in writing. Scholars debate whether evidence of his exposure to Indian architecture can be detected in any of his architectural designs. 1495:

Earl Carlisle to grant the responsibility of architect to him. The design process began in the summer of 1699, before the end of the year the model for Castle Howard was under construction, stone was being quarried and foundations discussed.

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three years before Castle Howard. In the contest for the commission of Castle Howard, the untrained and untried Vanbrugh astonishingly managed to out-charm and out-clubman the professional but less socially adept Talman and to persuade the

2047:, who visited Blenheim Palace in the autumn of 1727, described it as 'a great mass of stone with neither charm nor taste' and thought that if the apartments 'were but as spacious as the walls thick, the house would be commodious enough'. 1906:

Among architects, only Vanbrugh could have taken for his inspiration one of Palladio's masterpieces, and while retaining the humanist values of the building, alter and adapt it, into a unique form of baroque unseen elsewhere in Europe.

1300:, (he was still an Earl at the time) on Christmas Day of that year: 'I have seen most of the great houses in the North, as Ld Nottings (sic): Duke of Leeds Chattesworth (sic) &C.' This itinerary likely included many of the great 2236:) and schools named in his honour. His architectural works have been described as "the architectural equivalent of the heroic play, theatrical, grandiose, a dramatic grouping of restless masses with little reference to function." 2228:

rose to become one of Ireland's greatest architects. His influence in Yorkshire can also be seen in the work of the amateur architect William Wakefield, who designed several buildings in the county that show Vanbrugh's influence.

1850:. However, Seaton Delaval was to be on a much smaller scale. Work began in 1718 and continued for ten years. The building is an advancement on the style of Blenheim, rather than the earlier Castle Howard. The principal block, or 1756:, and each side consists of two bays in which the windows have wide flat surrounds. There are four parapet vases. The steps originally had low flank walls perpendicular to the facade, which were removed in the later remodelling. 697:

political importance was much greater before it went public in 1700, in calmer and more Whiggish times. Downes proposes a role for an early Kit-Cat grouping in the armed invasion by William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution.

1883:. The twin columns are severe and utilitarian, and yet ornament, as they provide no structural use. This is part of the furtive quality of the baroque of Seaton Delaval: the ornamental appears as a display of strength and mass. 1268:'s grand classical work (1656–61) in the château well. On his release from prison (he was at the Bastille by then) on 22 November 1692 he spent a short time in Paris, there he would have seen much recent architecture including 2109:

described Blenheim as 'uniting in one building the beauty and magnificence of Grecian architecture, the picturesqueness of the Gothic, and the massive grandeur of a castle.' In his fifth Royal Academy lecture of 1810, Sir

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UK. Whilst the house and the majority of the estate buildings are still standing others have been demolished or been heavily altered. Bristol is the only UK city outside London to possess buildings designed by Vanbrugh.

1085:, however, came very close to not being performed at all. The United Company had lost all its senior performers, and had great difficulty in finding and keeping actors of sufficient skills for the large cast required by 1751:

The entrance front, on the southwest, has a centre containing six Corinthian pilasters, with those at each side paired to produce three bays, each of which contains a round arched window. The pediment has a central

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Vanbrugh is remembered today for his vast contribution to British culture, theatre, and architecture. An immediate dramatic legacy was found among his papers after his sudden death, the three-act comedy fragment

462:), but always had to rely on loans and backers. The fact that Giles Vanbrugh had twelve children to support and set up in life may go some way towards explaining the debts that were to plague John all his life. 1467:

Greenwich Palace, Wren's unexecuted design for Greenwich, which like Castle Howard was dominated by a domed centre block, and of course Talman's Chatsworth. A possible inspiration for Castle Howard was also

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at the outset of Vanbrugh's dramatic career, Colley Cibber again became involved, and this time he had last word. Cibber, now a successful actor-manager, completed Vanbrugh's manuscript under the title of

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with the Earl of Carlisle, visited the completed Blenheim as members of the viewing public in 1725, they were refused admission to even enter the park. The palace had been completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor.

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The northeast and northwest facades of Vanbrugh's original design were entirely undecorated, and a consequent lack of popular appeal may be the reason why they were largely destroyed in later remodelling.

1602:. As it was designed as a national monument first and a comfortable family home second, Vanbrugh had many arguments with the Duchess who wanted the Palace to be a comfortable country house for her family, 3917: 3202:

Sherwood and Pevsner describe it as set there by Marlborough "like a head on a stake": their quotation marks, and suggesting, although not directly stating, that the description was Marlborough's own.

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Walpole was not as complimentary of Blenheim, describing it as 'execrable within, without & almost all round' and went on 'a quarry of stone that looked at a distance like a great house'. In 1773

1687:, all designed on an axis with the 134 foot (41 m) high column of victory in the grounds, with the trees planted in the battle positions of Marlborough's soldiers. Over the south portico ( 2224:

Nicholas Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh's friend and collaborator on so many projects continued to design many London churches for ten years after Vanbrugh's death. Vanbrugh's pupil and cousin the architect

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Quarterly, (1 & 4) gules, on a fess or 3 barrulets vert, in chief a demi-lion argent issuing from the fess (Vanbrugh); (2 & 3) argent, on a bend sable 3 voided lozenges argent (Carleton).

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wrote in his 13th Discourse '...in the buildings of Vanbrugh, who was a poet as well as an architect, there is a greater display of imagination, than we shall find perhaps in any other.' In 1796

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subplot, Vanbrugh provides the more traditional Restoration attraction of an overly well-dressed and exquisite fop, Lord Foppington, a brilliant re-creation of Cibber's Sir Novelty Fashion in

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had been robustly phrased to be suitable for amateurs and minor acting talents, he could count on versatile professionals like Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and the rising young star

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Vanbrugh's prompt success as an architect can be attributed to his friendships with the influential of the day. No less than five of his architectural patrons were fellow members of the

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between two flanking wings. At Seaton Delaval the wings have a centre projection of three bays, crowned by pediment, either side of which are 7 bays of sash windows above a ground floor

1620:

of the service block, it has been described as resembling an impregnable entrance to a walled city. The gate, its tapering walls creating an illusion of greater height, also serves as

4883: 1211: 272: 2123:

had this to say about Castle Howard: "great play & charm in Hall. I could not leave it. Vast effect, movement in staircases &c. good effect of long passages on entering."

1748:

of Blenheim Palace and producing a 'castle air'. It is square in shape and open on the northeast. The current structure is the result of a rebuilding in 1968, using Bath Stone.

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The precise reasons and motivations behind Vanbrugh's change in career remain unclear, but the decision was sudden enough even to be remarked upon by commentators of his time:

397:

40,000 a year in trade from Barbados, throws a new light on Vanbrugh's social background, one rather different from the picture of a backstreet Chester sweetshop as painted by

3902: 2958: 2201:

versions, but as such, they remained popular. Throughout Colley Cibber's long and successful acting career, audiences continued to demand to see him as Lord Foppington in

1502:, and in 1700 he was formally introduced by Vanbrugh into the project as draughtsman and clerk of works. Designs varied and evolved until 1702, the pair working together. 1323:

Though Vanbrugh is best known in connection with stately houses, the parlous state of London's 18th-century streets did not escape his attention. It was reported in the

1154:. The premise of the plot, that a wife trapped in an abusive marriage might consider either leaving it or taking a lover, outraged some sections of Restoration society. 599:

in February 1692. This raised the profile of his case once more, finally prompting his release in November of the same year, in an exchange of political prisoners.

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husband, and the perfect wife is celebrated and rewarded in a climactic finale where the cheating husband kneels to her and expresses the depth of his repentance.

770:

remain controversial. On 21 June 1703 the obsolete office of Carlisle Herald was revived for Vanbrugh. This appointment was followed by a promotion to the post of

3280:"Warrant Books: April 1713, 1-15 Pages 169-184 Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 27, 1713. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1955" 1698:

The pediment over the south portico is a complete break from the convention. The flat top is decorated by a trophy bearing the marble bust of Louis XIV looted by

810:, later to become King George II. Vaughan Hart has shown how Vanbrugh's interest in arms and heraldry found expression in, and gave meaning to, his architecture. 1463:, is very much in the school of classic European baroque. It combined aspects of design that had only appeared occasionally, if at all, in English architecture: 338: 998:, had a final scene that to Vanbrugh's critical mind demanded a sequel, and even though it was his first play he threw himself into the fray by providing it. 3922: 1955:, the parliamentary treasurer, appointed Vanbrugh, and outlined his remit. Sadly, nowhere did this warrant mention Queen, or Crown. This error provided the 1890:-roofed portico. Here the slight fluting of the stone columns seems almost excessive ornament. As at Blenheim, the central block is dominated by the raised 738:

below) and hoped to improve the chances of legitimate theatre in London. Theatre was under threat from more colourful types of entertainment such as opera,

435:("Vanbrugh's Lost Years", 3 September 1999) that Vanbrugh was in India for part of this period, working for the East India Company at their trading post in 287:. His architectural work was as bold and daring as his early political activism and marriage-themed plays, and jarred conservative opinions on the subject. 3680: 1676:, the great palace of Marlborough's foe, and it was certainly not deemed a consideration in the palace built to house the conqueror of Versailles' master. 442:

The picture of a well-connected youth is reinforced by the fact that Vanbrugh in January 1686 took up an officer's commission in his distant relative the

1608:

You have your end Madam, for I will never trouble you more Unless the Duke of Marlborough recovers so far, to shelter me from such intolerable Treatment.

1249:, in this quote, suggests that Vanbrugh had no previous training in, nor studied architecture, but applied himself to the discipline whole-heartedly. 1127:, the greatest London box-office success for years. The actors' cooperative boasted the established star performers of the age, and Vanbrugh tailored 1994:, completed the work in perfect imitation of the greater masters, so perhaps there was fault and intransigence on both sides in this famed argument. 413:, and their coats of arms can be traced in three out of four cases, revealing that Vanbrugh was of gentle descent (Jacobson, of Antwerp and London ; 389:. Sugar refining would normally have been combined with sugar trading, which was a lucrative business. Downes' example of one sugar baker's house in 4995: 358: 2430: 1990:, refused to work for the lower rates paid by the Marlboroughs. The craftsmen brought in by the Duchess, under the guidance of furniture designer 841:, York, aged 26 to his 55. In spite of the age difference, this was by all accounts a happy marriage, which produced two sons. Unlike that of the 1672:

were designed to be overpowering and magnificent displays, rather than warm, or comfortable. Cosy, middle class comfort was not the intention at

1854:, containing, as at Blenheim and Castle Howard, the principal state and living room, forms the centre of a three-sided court. Towers crowned by 2991: 1444:, often described as England's first truly baroque building. The baroque style at Castle Howard is the most European that Vanbrugh ever used. 539: 4120: 3313: 1801:

of the building was of equal, if not greater, importance than the interior layout. In every aspect of the house, subtlety was the keyword.

1586:, but a national monument. Consequently, the light baroque style used at Castle Howard would have been unsuitable for what is in effect a 1483:

abound, and galleries linked by soaring arches give the impression of an opera stage-set – doubtless the intention of the architect.

2114:

said that 'By studying his works the artist will acquire a bold flight of irregular fancy', calling him 'the Shakespeare of architects'.

1744:

The arcade formed by linking the chimneys, which rises above the roof, is a notable external feature of the building, reminiscent of the

512: 443: 3871: 5010: 2155:

and temptations, while a London wife drives her patient husband to despair with her gambling and her consorting with the demi-monde of

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and historian, although the appointment was "incongruous", he was "possibly the most distinguished man who has ever worn a herald's

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Barker (by whom Vanbrugh's mother had the first of her twenty children, Vanbrugh's elder half-sister, Elizabeth), and daughter of

4965: 4230: 1952: 1940: 1760:

been built. Though the only decoration is the rustication on the Doric temple's pilasters, a remarkably rich effect is achieved.

1699: 1559: 1297: 658: 3940:

Cordner, Michael. "Playwright versus priest: profanity and the wit of Restoration comedy". In Deborah Payne Fisk (ed.) (2000),

329: 4930: 3805: 3654: 3635: 3616: 3600: 3152: 3025: 2941: 2925: 2589: 2450: 2233: 1647:

Blenheim, the largest non-royal domestic building in England, consists of three blocks, the centre containing the living and

666: 662: 4057: 2834: 3062: 1433: 1359: 1320:, whose use of towers, complex skylines, bow widows and other features would be reinterpreted in Vanbrugh's own buildings. 486: 480: 351: 1903:

of the flanking wings, the heavy stonework and intricate recesses all create light and shade which is ornament in itself.

4925: 4780: 1706:

in 1709, weighing 30 tons. The positioning of the bust was an innovative new design in the decoration of a pediment.

678: 1624:

for the palace, thus confounding those of Vanbrugh's critics, such as the Duchess, who accused him of impracticability.

1408:

Work on each of these projects overlapped with that on the next, providing a natural progression of thoughts and style.

1117:, followed soon after, performed by the rebel actors' company. This play is different in tone from the largely farcical 615:. At some point in the mid-1690s, it is not known exactly when, he exchanged army life for London and the London stage. 5005: 4980: 4785: 3497:

p753, The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations, Justin Wintle & Richard Kenin (eds), 1978, Routledge & K. Paul

1977:

The day after the Queen's death the Marlboroughs returned, and were reinstated in favour at the court of the new King

4955: 4935: 4080: 3823: 3773: 3511: 3464: 3362: 2740: 2699: 2683: 2646: 2487: 2417: 1920: 1491: 474: 377:

background, and writes that a 19th-century suggestion that Giles Vanbrugh was a sugar-baker has been misunderstood. "

262:

and 18th century society, not only by the sexual explicitness of his plays, but also by their messages in defence of

57: 1797:

was almost disguised: a recess or a pillar was not placed for support, but to create a play of light or shadow. The

1459:

leading from the main entrance block to the flanking wings, its centre crowned by a great domed tower complete with

324:

in Chester, though no records of his being a scholar there survive. Another candidate would have been the school at

4945: 4113: 3907: 2323: 1991: 1170: 721: 689: 1097:)", writes Cibber in his autobiography forty years later, "from its new and easy Turn of Wit, had great Success". 4960: 4205: 1808:, it replaced the existing house on the site. It is possible that the design of Seaton Delaval was influenced by 344: 1969:

The great court, and state entrance to the palace. The Duchess of Marlborough felt the building was extravagant.

2292: 1277: 654: 531: 493:. Carlisle's grandmother, Lady Anne Howard, Countess of Carlisle, was first cousin to the 3rd Earl of Berkshire 2865: 2694:

page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh The Playwright as Architect, Frank McCormick, 1991, Pennsylvania State University,

1040:

to appeal simultaneously to rakish and respectable Londoners, it worked: the play was a great box-office hit.

1252:

As an architect (or surveyor, as the term then was) Vanbrugh is thought to have had no formal training (see "

834: 642: 321: 2890: 2050:

In a letter dated 10 March 1740, the German Jacob Friedrich, Baron Bielfeld had this to say about Vanbrugh:

1771:

on each floor filled the central space between two shallow projections. Perhaps to improve the view down to

1273: 4950: 4940: 4272: 4264: 1932: 1617: 795: 4344: 1260:

during years of imprisonment in France affected him is hard to gauge, in April 1691 he was transferred to

1219:, with its reformed rake and sentimental reconciliation scene, can be seen as a forerunner of this drama. 4106: 1928: 1257: 4584: 4195: 4185: 4073: 3485: 3468: 3279: 1817: 1643:. Vanbrugh cunningly slightly tapered the sides to create an illusion of even greater height and drama. 1354: 807: 297: 235:(1697), which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy. He was 3889: 2317: 1475:

The interiors are extremely dramatic, the Great Hall rising 80 feet (24 m) into the cupola.

5000: 4849: 4826: 4090: 2311:

Vanbrugh's family background and youth have been relayed down the centuries as hearsay and anecdote.

2115: 1978: 1205:

In 1698, Vanbrugh's argumentative and sexually frank plays were singled out for special attention by

880:

720:

In 1703, Vanbrugh started buying land and signing backers for the construction of a new theatre, the

431: 20: 3524: 4190: 2999: 2120: 1301: 578:, with which he was to remain affiliated all his life. Returning from bringing William messages at 562:

From 1686, Vanbrugh was working undercover, playing a role in bringing about the armed invasion by

332:. It was also not uncommon for boys to be sent to study at school away from home, or with a tutor. 3861: 1886:

The likewise severe, but perfectly proportioned, garden facade has at its centre a four-columned,

1842:

The design concept Vanbrugh drew up was similar to that employed at Castle Howard and Blenheim: a

1606:

As a result of these arguments Vanbrugh resigned before the palace was completed in November 1716.

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as 'Ugly and clumsy enough to have been the work of Vanbrugh if it had been in England.' In 1772

1794: 1521: 771: 575: 3795: 3564: 2442: 1604:

I made Mr. Vanbrugh my enemy by the constant disputes I had with him to prevent his extravagance

1261: 4910: 4877: 4801: 4734: 4696: 4512: 4424: 4296: 4028: 4019: 2085: 1880: 1186: 732:

and his associate William Congreve. It was intended for the use of an actors' cooperative (see

714: 682: 563: 398: 313: 251: 3419: 3037: 2076:

one to be buried alive; in short I have seen gigantic places before, but never a sublime one.'

61: 4872: 4821: 4750: 4600: 4592: 4576: 4520: 4408: 4320: 2131: 1919:. In 1702, through the influence of Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle, Vanbrugh was appointed 1847: 1745: 1545: 1464: 1341:, which had been spreading across Europe during the 17th century, promoted by, among others, 983:, often played the comic half of a contrasted tragic/comic heroine pair with Elizabeth Barry. 3382:

Walpole's Letter to George Selwyn; The Letters ed. Mrs Paget Toynbee, VIII, 1904 p. 193

3020:

page 48, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale university Press,

4920: 4915: 4688: 4664: 4624: 4328: 4304: 4245: 3250: 3224: 2936:

page 7, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press,

2920:

page 6, Sir John Vanbrugh Storyteller in Stone, Vaughan Hart, 2008, Yale University Press,

2225: 2166: 1924: 1673: 1342: 1338: 1281: 1011: 747: 670: 317: 207:; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and 4806: 3628:

Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (Yale Editions of the Private Papers of James Boswell)

2232:

Vanbrugh is commemorated throughout Britain, by inns, street names, a university college (

242:

Vanbrugh was in many senses a radical throughout his life. As a young man and a committed

8: 4775: 4656: 4536: 4448: 4288: 4280: 3718:

Hart, Vaughan (2003). '"A Pretty Impudent Countenance": John Vanbrugh's Seaton Delaval',

2033: 1789: 1784: 1712: 1694: 1563: 1517:

its size and proportions led to it being called, unflatteringly, a 'goose-pie' by Swift.

1397: 856:" on 26 March 1726, in the modest town house designed by him in 1703 out of the ruins of 803: 791: 571: 567: 524: 506: 259: 247: 148: 4013: 3838: 591:, at his own expense, where his treatment deteriorated enough to suffice his writing to 4312: 4129: 2473: 1982: 1729: 1724: 1576: 1567: 1499: 1387: 1285: 725: 255: 243: 220: 160: 152: 2641:

pages 63–64, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,

301: 4811: 4672: 4648: 4544: 4456: 4440: 4235: 4170: 4150: 3993: 3819: 3801: 3769: 3747: 3650: 3631: 3612: 3596: 3507: 3460: 3358: 3021: 2937: 2921: 2736: 2695: 2679: 2642: 2585: 2483: 2446: 2413: 1108: 979: 960: 925: 869: 574:

of 1688. He thus demonstrates an intense early identification with the Whig cause of

459: 325: 231: 4052: 4841: 4716: 4608: 4568: 4552: 4496: 4352: 4215: 4160: 3685: 3506:

page 59, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell, David Watkin, 1974, A. Zewemmer Ltd,

3160: 2866:"Vanbrugh Castle - Greenwich - Greater London - England - British Listed Buildings" 2438: 2173: 2156: 1987: 1944: 1820:

facades and similar demilune windows over a non-porticoed entrance. Even the large

1480: 1350: 1293: 1289: 1264:

in the months he spent as a prisoner there he would have got to know the architect

1136: 1030: 974: 920: 872:(then not considered part of London at all) in the house on Maze Hill now known as 857: 842: 729: 530:

Vanbrugh's own first and second cousins included Sir Humphrey Ferrers (1652–1678),

178: 53: 3697: 2678:

page 76, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,

2412:

page 16, Sir John Vanbrugh A Biography, Kerry Downes, 1987, Sidgwick and Jackson,

477:(1639–1686). His wife (from 1673) was Vanbrugh's first-cousin, Dorothy née Ferrers 458:, Vanbrugh never seemed to possess any capital for business ventures (such as the 4765: 4680: 4640: 4472: 4384: 4368: 4210: 4180: 4175: 3972:, vols 1–5 (ed. Bonamy Dobrée and Geoffrey Webb). Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press. 3898: 3856: 3156: 2995: 2842: 2511: 2477: 2102: 1966: 1768: 1632: 1553: 1537: 1511: 1469: 1377: 1371: 1317: 1178: 951: 873: 865: 838: 822: 767: 709: 650: 550: 520: 284: 266:

in marriage. He was attacked on both counts, and was one of the prime targets of

236: 212: 140: 49: 3989: 2221:

monument and celebration of victory, and that is what Vanbrugh gave the nation.

1834: 1532: 1498:

It appears that the early drawings of the design for Castle Howard were made by

385:

but to the owner of a sugar house, a factory for the refining of raw sugar from

4755: 4560: 4416: 4400: 4255: 4220: 3880: 3689: 2808: 2744: 2068: 2037: 1962: 1956: 1875: 1851: 1843: 1805: 1490:

Regarding the commission, William Talman, an already established architect and

1401: 1325: 1305: 1246: 1206: 938: 934: 861: 698: 674: 646: 394: 267: 3070: 4904: 4816: 4760: 4616: 4155: 3875:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–881. 3866: 3471:

Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folios 50–51

2962: 2626: 2509: 2210: 2182: 2106: 1948: 1813: 1612:

The qualities of the building are best illustrated by the massive East Gate (

1583: 1427: 1417: 1367: 1313: 1309: 1269: 1123: 991: 899: 612: 490: 382: 305: 216: 144: 2251: 1935:

and her government, and is directly responsible for his subsequent success.

4831: 4464: 4432: 4200: 2312: 2043:

Throughout the Georgian period reaction to Vanbrugh's architecture varied.

1916: 1793:

Castle Howard, but also past the more severe but still decorated Blenheim.

1767:

Vanbrugh's northwest facade consisted of a single flat surface, in which a

1668: 1627: 1587: 1437: 1422: 1346: 1265: 1151: 930: 788: 776: 638: 418: 374: 370: 280: 3373:

4th Earl of Chesterfield to his son: Letters ed. B. Dobree, VI 1932, p2786

4857: 4632: 4480: 4392: 4336: 4165: 4137: 3860: 3488:

Architectural Library, Soane Case 153, Lecture, V, January 1810, folio 52

2198: 2135: 2081: 1621: 1381: 1046: 1025:

performance, Sir Novelty delighted the audiences. In the serious part of

877: 455: 378: 225: 156: 105: 2151:, depicts a country family travelling to London and falling prey to its 1871: 4729: 4145: 3927: 2315:

has shown in his well-researched modern biography (1987) that even the

2111: 2006: 1891: 1828: 1798: 1684: 1648: 1447: 1060: 755: 693: 535: 312:, where his family had been driven by either the major outbreak of the 4770: 4528: 4098: 4047: 3788:

Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695—1708

3219: 1900: 1899:

to the balustrading of the low towers. The massing of the stone, the

1772: 1652: 1476: 1456: 1067: 826: 743: 592: 588: 579: 390: 3998: 3457:

Sir John Soane: Enlightenment Thought and the Royal Academy Lectures

2040:, but his grave is unmarked and the above epitaph is as yet unused. 505:(1634–1714). His Countess was the Earl of Arran's sister. His uncle 4836: 4002: 3783:

University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

2044: 1859: 1855: 1816:(sometimes known as "La Malcontenta"), built circa 1555. Both have 1809: 970: 916: 739: 596: 555: 448: 410: 386: 263: 2064: 947: 818: 470:

Some of Vanbrugh's kinsmen – as he addressed them in his letters:

4884:

Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage

4867: 4042: 4037: 3797:

The King's Theatre, 1704–1867: London's First Italian Opera House

3741:

The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar.

2152: 1959:

for the state when the costs and political infighting escalated.

1887: 1874:, the austerity and solidity of Seaton Delaval firmly belongs in 1867: 1862:

give the house something of what Vanbrugh called his castle air.

1753: 1733: 1703: 1660: 1651:, and two flanking rectangular wings both built around a central 1636: 1595: 1441: 1391: 1212:

Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage

955: 799: 309: 273:

Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage

109: 87: 3734:

The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century

2747:(who, as he points out, "was never inclined to generosity") and 2209:

became, after being an iconic role for Thomas Betterton, one of

894: 606:

The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy

44: 3229: 2604:

The English Factories in India, 1655–1660, William Foster, 1921

2380: 2378: 1896: 1681: 1656: 1640: 1599: 1591: 1571: 1460: 1280:. His inexperience was compensated for by his unerring eye for 1059:

a dimension that at least some critics are willing to consider

853: 784: 780: 688:

Politically, the Club promoted the Whig objectives of a strong

583: 208: 83: 2119:

already greatly impure, left it disgusting and often odious'.

1927:, which he let out. In 1703, he was appointed commissioner of 1838:

Seaton Delaval Hall – central block viewed from the north

1711:

treated as an important part of English heritage, it became a

837:(since rebuilt), Vanbrugh married Henrietta Maria Yarburgh of 692:, a limited monarchy, resistance to France, and primarily the 336: 258:. In his career as a playwright, he offended many sections of 4016:. Use with caution, this is an abridged and bowdlerised text. 2953: 2951: 2949: 1824: 1821: 436: 2516:. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 124 2375: 849:

of his plays, Vanbrugh's personal life was without scandal.

787:." In May 1706 Lord Halifax and Vanbrugh – representing the 3790:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. 3766:

Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968

884:

Boys' School, it is today divided into private apartments.

515:(1650–1701). Vanbrugh's mother was his (half) third cousin. 199: 3042:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. 1850. p. 142. 2946: 2269:

From a bridge of 3 arches reversed or, a demi-lion argent.

454:

In spite of the distant noble relatives and the lucrative

4889: 4724: 2986: 2984: 2584:(4th ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2582:

A biographical dictionary of British architects 1600–1840

881: 846: 728:, designed by himself and managed by Vanbrugh along with 187: 32: 3977:

Sir John Vanbrugh, Architect & Dramatist, 1664–1726.

2959:"The Castle Howard Story: The Building of Castle Howard" 3525:"Reviews – A Journey to London (Orange Tree, Richmond)" 1455:

Castle Howard, with its immense corridors in segmental

1349:. The first baroque country house built in England was 681:

who gave Vanbrugh several architectural commissions at

499:(1640–1707). His Duchess was the Earl of Arran's sister 3942:

The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre

2981: 2510:

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1923).

2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 545: 509:

married Lettice Ferrers, aunt of the Countess of Arran

373:

is sceptical of earlier historians' claims of a lower

3923:

A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature

1582:

Blenheim Palace was conceived to be not only a grand

1520:

The house was demolished in 1898 to make way for the

958:

who brought depth to Lady Brute in Vanbrugh's comedy

929:. Betterton's acting ability was lavishly praised by 190: 3630:(2nd Revised ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 3251:"National Trust for Scotland: Demolish and preserve" 2799:, ed. G. Webb, Volume 4: The letters (1928), p. 170. 254:

on the throne. He was imprisoned by the French as a

196: 193: 184: 3593:

Sir John Vanbrugh and the End of Restoration Comedy

2387: 1284:and detail and his close working relationship with 181: 3745: 3565:"Clarenceux King of Arms | British History Online" 2743:), p.39; Saumarez Smith quotes strong praise from 868:". His married life, however, was mostly spent at 3814:Sherwood, Jennifer and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974) 3752:. London: Charles Whittingham and Co. p. 338 3678:Downes, Kerry. "Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664–1726)". 3391:Walpole's letter to George Montagu, 20 May 1736; 3147: 3145: 1139:to do justice to characters of depth and nuance. 4902: 1256:" above). To what extent Vanbrugh's exposure to 1029:, wifely patience is tried by an out-of-control 4976:17th-century English dramatists and playwrights 3781:Sir John Vanbrugh: The Playwright as Architect. 3135: 3133: 766:Vanbrugh's introduction and advancement in the 637:A committed Whig, Vanbrugh was a member of the 554:Sketch of the infamous French state prison the 19:"Vanbrugh" redirects here. For other uses, see 3729:, London and New Haven: Yale University Press. 3459:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; 3314:"Great British Architects: Nicholas Hawksmoor" 3142: 1440:, commissioned Vanbrugh in 1699 to design his 1253: 425:architecture in France (stated as fact in the 401:in 1840 and reflected in many later accounts. 381:" implies wealth, as the term refers not to a 4114: 3746:Lowe, Robert William; Cibber, Colley (1889). 3180: 3178: 2472: 352: 3749:An apology for the life of Mr. Colley Cibber 3684:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3130: 2197:were only considered possible to perform in 519:Vanbrugh's younger brothers, Charles MP and 290: 283:career, he created what came to be known as 3644: 2718: 2716: 2656: 2654: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 1910: 603:dramatists and the architecture of France. 219:. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken 4121: 4107: 3175: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2250: 1200: 595:, leading to his eventual transfer to the 359: 345: 43: 3768:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3667:, vol. 1. Bloomsbury: The Nonesuch Press. 3214: 3212: 2632:Harrison of Hurst, Harrison of Beech Hill 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2443:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T087787 1544:) shows the unique severe towering stone 1236:Van's genius, without thought or lecture, 1150:is something as unusual as a Restoration 558:in Paris, where Vanbrugh was incarcerated 320:of 1666. It is possible that he attended 246:, he was part of the scheme to overthrow 3944:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3897: 3855: 3836: 3800:. London: Society for Theatre research. 3647:At Home: A Short History of Private Life 3417: 2713: 2651: 2528: 2482:. Oxford University Press. p. 797. 2400: 2172: 2130: 1961: 1833: 1804:Built between 1718 and 1728 for Admiral 1693: 1626: 1531: 1446: 1421: 969: 946: 915: 893: 817: 708: 704: 549: 211:, perhaps best known as the designer of 4996:English male dramatists and playwrights 3793: 3727:Sir John Vanbrugh: Storyteller in Stone 3681:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3665:The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh 3663:Dobrée, Bonamy (1927). Introduction to 3625: 3522: 3395:ed. Peter Cunningham, I, 1906 p. 6 2797:The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh 2341: 1666:The suite of state rooms placed on the 1298:Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester 4903: 4128: 3843:. Oxford University Press. p. 430 3357:, Kerry Downes, 1977, A. Zwemmer Ltd, 3209: 3109:Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 459–60. 2863: 2579: 2546: 2428: 2372:Berkowitz, "Preface"; McCormick, p. 4. 2189:On the 18th-century stage, Vanbrugh's 2018:Dead Sir John Vanbrugh's house of clay 1778: 1018:Love's Last Shift, Or, Virtue Rewarded 1016:Colley Cibber's notorious tear-jerker 761: 733: 330:Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon 4102: 3879: 3606: 3421:The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds 2479:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture 2138:for Vanbrugh at his home in Greenwich 2032:Vanbrugh was buried in the church of 1718: 904:Love's Last Shift, or Virtue Rewarded 813: 481:The 3rd Earl of Berkshire (1619–1706) 2063:described the Roman amphitheatre at 1434:Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle 1100: 540:Sir Orlando Bridgeman Bt (1650–1701) 3193:Sherwood and Pevsner, pp. 466. 2835:"Greenwich Guide - Vanbrugh Castle" 2630:The Visitation of Berkshire 1665–66 1631:Vanbrugh's monumental East Gate at 1505: 1288:. Hawksmoor, a former clerk of Sir 1113:Vanbrugh's second original comedy, 679:Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham 632: 546:Political activism and the Bastille 13: 4786:John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 3934: 3764:Mallgrave, Harry Francis. (2005). 3677: 3595:, Editions Rodopi (January 1981), 3424:. James Carpenter. pp. 237–38 3100:Sherwood and Pevsner, p. 460. 2891:"Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London" 1923:. This entitled him to a house at 1527: 14: 5022: 5011:English people of Flemish descent 3983: 3626:Boswell, James (11 August 2004). 3344:(The Folio Society, 1950), p.160. 2615:Architecture in Britain 1530–1830 1241:Is hugely turn'd to architecture. 1053:The Relapse, Or, Virtue in Danger 908:The Relapse, or, Virtue in Danger 58:National Portrait Gallery, London 4244: 4006: 3908:Dictionary of National Biography 3722:, vol.7 no.3/4, pp. 311–23. 3720:Architectural Research Quarterly 2735:(London: Faber and Faber, 1990; 2324:Dictionary of National Biography 2014:Under this stone, reader, survey 1411: 1337:Vanbrugh's chosen style was the 1258:contemporary French architecture 532:Sir Herbert Croft Bt (1652–1720) 427:Dictionary of National Biography 177: 4991:English people of Dutch descent 4986:17th-century English architects 4081:Comptroller of the King's Works 3674:. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. 3557: 3548: 3539: 3516: 3500: 3491: 3474: 3449: 3436: 3411: 3398: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3347: 3334: 3306: 3297: 3272: 3243: 3196: 3187: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3055: 3046: 3030: 3014: 2930: 2914: 2905: 2883: 2857: 2827: 2818: 2802: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2725: 2704: 2688: 2672: 2663: 2635: 2620: 2607: 2598: 2573: 2564: 2305: 2159:and half-pay officers. As with 2023:Lie heavy on him, Earth! For he 2009:suggested this as his epitaph: 1921:Comptroller of the King's Works 1492:Comptroller of the King's Works 16:English architect and dramatist 4966:Burials at St Stephen Walbrook 3893:. Vol. 24 (9th ed.). 2503: 2466: 2422: 2406: 2366: 2357: 2293:List of works by John Vanbrugh 2245:Coat of arms of John Vanbrugh 2177:The role of Sir John Brute in 2071:described Castle Howard thus: 2027:Laid many heavy loads on thee! 1827:at Villa Foscari hints at the 1659:, and the other the kitchens, 1278:east wing of the Louvre Palace 1157: 1001: 618: 465: 1: 3947:Cropplestone, Trewin (1963). 3672:Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography 3585: 2733:The Building of Castle Howard 2384:Robert Chambers, Book of Days 1131:to their specialities. While 887: 536:Sir Roger Cave Bt (1655–1703) 4931:English landscape architects 4273:The Adventures of Five Hours 4265:The Cutter of Coleman Street 3833:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3715:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3698:UK public library membership 2870:britishlistedbuildings.co.uk 2335: 1226: 503:The 2nd Earl of Chesterfield 7: 4085:1702 – 1726 4014:Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife 4005:(public domain audiobooks) 3975:Whistler, Laurence (1938). 3954:Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966). 3840:The Poems of Jonathan Swift 3713:Cultural History of England 3545:Mallgrave 2005, p. 47. 3527:. The British Theatre Guide 2286: 1590:. It is in truth more of a 1426:Vanbrugh's south facade of 1074:(Sir Novelty has simply in 906:inspired Vanbrugh to write 582:, Vanbrugh was arrested at 538:and Cave's sister, wife of 10: 5027: 4926:English Baroque architects 4585:The Marriage-Hater Matched 3862:"Vanbrugh, Sir John" 3739:Hunt, Leigh (ed.) (1840). 3736:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2205:, while Sir John Brute in 1943:, particularly wanted Sir 1782: 1722: 1635:is more the entrance to a 1551: 1509: 1415: 1274:Collège des Quatre-Nations 1106: 835:St Lawrence's Church, York 513:The 7th Earl of Huntingdon 80:24 January 1664 (baptised) 18: 5006:Prisoners of the Bastille 4981:17th-century male writers 4873:Restoration of Charles II 4794: 4743: 4715: 4253: 4242: 4136: 4087: 4078: 4070: 4065: 3958:. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri. 3837:Williams, Harold (1958). 3779:McCormick, Frank (1991). 3609:The work of John Vanbrugh 3569:www.british-history.ac.uk 3444:Essays on the Picturesque 3418:Reynolds, Joshua (1842). 3153:"A History of the Palace" 2126: 1614:illustration, below, left 1436:, a fellow member of the 623: 527:, were naval commanders. 432:Times Literary Supplement 291:Early life and background 166: 136: 132: 124: 116: 94: 69: 42: 30: 21:Vanbrugh (disambiguation) 4956:Architects from Cheshire 4936:English officers of arms 3794:Nalbach, Daniel (1972). 3786:Milhous, Judith (1979). 3732:Hume, Robert D. (1976). 3711:Halliday, E. E. (1967). 3607:Beard, Geoffery (1986). 3467:), p. 338, quoting 2893:. London Theatre Tickets 2731:Charles Saumarez Smith, 2476:; Wilson, Susan (2015). 2298: 2121:Charles Robert Cockerell 2088:in the preface to their 1947:. However, eventually a 1939:Duchess, the formidable 1911:Architectural reputation 1831:of Seaton's great hall. 1548:ornamenting the skyline. 1451:Temple of the Four Winds 1051:Vanbrugh's witty sequel 713:The Queen's Theatre, by 487:The 3rd Earl of Carlisle 393:, estimated to bring in 369:Architectural historian 308:, Surrey. He grew up in 4946:People from Westminster 4489:A Commonwealth of Women 3968:Vanbrugh, John (1927). 3961:Harlin, Robert (1969). 3890:Encyclopædia Britannica 3872:Encyclopædia Britannica 3486:Sir John Soane's Museum 3469:Sir John Soane's Museum 3268:(subscription required) 2580:Colvin, Howard (2007). 2318:Encyclopædia Britannica 2239: 2005:After Vanbrugh's death 1542:"Vanbrugh's castle air" 1522:Old War Office Building 1384:, commissioned in 1704; 1374:, commissioned in 1699; 1201:Changing audience taste 876:, a miniature Scottish 772:Clarenceux King of Arms 576:parliamentary democracy 415:Carleton of Imber Court 4961:Architects from London 4878:Second Anglo-Dutch War 4697:The Recruiting Officer 4297:She Would If She Could 3999:Works by John Vanbrugh 3990:Works by John Vanbrugh 3829:Watkin, David (1979). 3725:Hart, Vaughan (2008). 3708:. Oxford: Alden Press. 3690:10.1093/ref:odnb/28058 3670:Downes, Kerry (1987). 3591:Berkowitz, Gerald M., 3554:Halliday, p. 187. 3523:Thaxter, John (2005). 3446:(1798) II, p. 252 3353:Appendix M, page 275, 3284:British History Online 2839:greenwich-guide.org.uk 2429:Downes, Kerry (2003). 2213:'s most famous roles. 2186: 2139: 2099: 2078: 2057: 2030: 1970: 1839: 1707: 1644: 1549: 1452: 1430: 1335: 984: 965: 942: 911: 830: 798:– led a delegation to 717: 559: 497:The Duke of Devonshire 4601:The Canterbury Guests 4521:The Squire of Alsatia 4409:Friendship in Fashion 3965:. London: Condé Nast. 3704:Green, David (1982). 3484:p. 337, quoting 3408:p 1 footnote 1 (1773) 3406:Works in Architecture 2437:. Oxford Art Online. 2185:'s most famous roles. 2176: 2134: 2094: 2090:Works in Architecture 2073: 2052: 2011: 2002:the field of battle. 1965: 1837: 1697: 1630: 1562:forces defeated King 1560:Duke of Marlborough's 1535: 1450: 1425: 1331: 1329:of 16 March 1722–23: 973: 950: 919: 897: 852:Vanbrugh died "of an 821: 712: 705:The Haymarket theatre 553: 419:Croft of Croft Castle 4863:Lincoln's Inn Fields 4705:The Beaux' Stratagem 4689:The Careless Husband 4665:The Way of the World 3831:English Architecture 3645:Bill Bryson (2010). 3340:Desmond Flower(ed), 3225:World Heritage Sites 3052:Downes, pp. 193–204. 2778:Milhous, p. 194 2431:"Vanbrugh, Sir John" 2226:Edward Lovett Pearce 2167:The Provoked Husband 1925:Hampton Court Palace 1262:Château de Vincennes 923:, Sir John Brute in 754:business in 1708 to 671:Thomas Pelham-Holles 566:, the deposition of 444:Earl of Huntingdon's 221:Restoration comedies 4951:Artists from London 4941:People from Chester 4657:The Constant Couple 4537:The Fortune Hunters 4513:A Fool's Preferment 4449:The London Cuckolds 4289:The Mulberry-Garden 4281:The Comical Revenge 4053:Seaton Delaval Hall 3926:, 1910 – via 3322:. 13 September 2009 3063:"Journal to Stella" 2845:on 29 November 2009 2617:(Yale 1993) p. 252. 2246: 2145:A Journey to London 2034:St Stephen Walbrook 1790:Seaton Delaval Hall 1785:Seaton Delaval Hall 1779:Seaton Delaval Hall 1713:World Heritage Site 1655:: one contains the 1570:, a village on the 1536:The West facade of 1398:Seaton Delaval Hall 1304:houses, including: 804:Order of the Garter 796:Sir Henry St George 792:Garter King of Arms 777:Deputy Earl Marshal 762:The College of Arms 659:Duke of Marlborough 572:Glorious Revolution 525:Newfoundland Colony 507:Ferdinando Stanhope 298:Sir Dudley Carleton 149:Seaton Delaval Hall 4345:Marriage à la mode 4313:Sir Solomon Single 4130:Restoration comedy 4048:Kings Weston House 3970:The Complete Works 3949:World Architecture 3918:Vanbrugh, Sir John 3885:Vanbrugh, Sir John 3818:(London: Penguin; 3342:Voltaire's England 2813:Heralds of England 2570:Downes, pp. 32–33. 2244: 2187: 2140: 1971: 1929:Greenwich Hospital 1840: 1730:Kings Weston House 1725:Kings Weston House 1719:Kings Weston House 1708: 1645: 1577:Nicholas Hawksmoor 1550: 1500:Nicholas Hawksmoor 1481:Corinthian columns 1453: 1431: 1388:Kings Weston House 1286:Nicholas Hawksmoor 985: 966: 943: 941:and Colley Cibber. 912: 831: 814:Marriage and death 718: 675:Sir Robert Walpole 667:Earl of Burlington 560: 256:political prisoner 161:Kings Weston House 153:Grimsthorpe Castle 4898: 4897: 4812:Comedy of manners 4673:Sir Harry Wildair 4649:Love and a Bottle 4625:Love's Last Shift 4545:The English Friar 4457:Sir Barnaby Whigg 4441:The Woman Captain 4305:An Evening's Love 4236:William Wycherley 4151:Susanna Centlivre 4097: 4096: 4088:Succeeded by 3994:Project Gutenberg 3807:978-0-85-430003-7 3696:(Subscription or 3656:978-0-385-61917-2 3637:978-0-7486-2146-0 3618:978-0-7134-4678-4 3601:978-90-6203-503-8 3220:"Blenheim Palace" 3073:on 13 August 2014 3039:Notes and Queries 3026:978-0-300-11929-9 2942:978-0-300-11929-9 2926:978-0-300-11929-9 2749:Lord Chesterfield 2591:978-0-300-12508-5 2452:978-1-884446-05-4 2435:Oxford Art Online 2284: 2283: 2207:The Provoked Wife 2179:The Provoked Wife 2116:Sir Robert Smirke 1953:Earl of Godolphin 1689:illustrated right 1217:Love's Last Shift 1148:The Provoked Wife 1143:The Provoked Wife 1129:The Provoked Wife 1115:The Provoked Wife 1109:The Provoked Wife 1102:The Provoked Wife 1072:Love's Last Shift 1057:Love's Last Shift 1037:Love's Last Shift 1027:Love's Last Shift 1012:Love's Last Shift 996:Love's Last Shift 980:The Provoked Wife 961:The Provoked Wife 954:was a celebrated 926:The Provoked Wife 860:and satirised by 735:The Provoked Wife 608:The Provoked Wife 564:William of Orange 475:The Earl of Arran 460:Haymarket Theatre 326:Ashby-de-la-Zouch 322:The King's School 232:The Provoked Wife 173:Sir John Vanbrugh 170: 169: 5018: 5001:Knights Bachelor 4807:Chocolate houses 4795:Related articles 4776:James II and VII 4609:The Married Beau 4569:The Wives Excuse 4553:Sir Anthony Love 4497:Sir Courtly Nice 4377:The Plain-Dealer 4361:Love in the Dark 4353:The Country Wife 4248: 4216:Thomas Southerne 4161:William Congreve 4123: 4116: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4071:Preceded by 4063: 4062: 4010: 4009: 3930: 3912: 3899:Seccombe, Thomas 3894: 3876: 3864: 3857:Seccombe, Thomas 3852: 3850: 3848: 3811: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3701: 3693: 3660: 3641: 3622: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3257:. 12 August 2010 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3216: 3207: 3206:pp. 459–60. 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3163:on 27 April 2010 3159:. 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1912: 1909: 1876:Northumberland 1852:corps de logis 1844:corps de logis 1806:George Delaval 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1616:), set in the 1552:Main article: 1529: 1526: 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402:Northumberland 1395: 1385: 1375: 1355:William Talman 1353:, designed by 1326:London Journal 1306:Burghley House 1247:Jonathan Swift 1244: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1207:Jeremy Collier 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1167: 1159: 1156: 1107:Main article: 1104: 1099: 1005: 1000: 977:, Bellinda in 968: 945: 939:Richard Steele 935:Alexander Pope 914: 892: 891: 889: 886: 829:, south London 815: 812: 802:to confer the 763: 760: 706: 703: 699:Horace Walpole 647:Joseph Addison 634: 631: 625: 622: 620: 617: 547: 544: 523:, Governor of 517: 516: 510: 500: 494: 484: 478: 467: 464: 364: 363: 356: 349: 341: 340: 335: 334: 292: 289: 268:Jeremy Collier 264:women's rights 168: 167: 164: 163: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 104: 102:(aged 62) 96: 92: 91: 82: 71: 67: 66: 56:, held in the 48: 40: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5023: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:John Vanbrugh 4909: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4851:The Libertine 4848: 4846: 4844: 4843:The Libertine 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822:Dorset Garden 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761:Thomas Hobbes 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 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4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226:John Vanbrugh 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Robert Howard 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4186:Edward Howard 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Colley Cibber 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4092: 4091:Thomas Ripley 4083: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038:Castle Howard 4036: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956:Ville Antiche 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3824:0-14-071045-0 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3774:0-521-79306-8 3771: 3767: 3763: 3751: 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Doubleday. 3648: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512:0-302-02571-5 3509: 3503: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3465:0-521-44091-2 3462: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3363:0-302-02769-6 3360: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3303:Beard, p. 50. 3300: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3256: 3255:The Economist 3252: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3179: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3139:Colvin, p850. 3136: 3134: 3127:Bryson p. 156 3124: 3118:Beard, p. 39. 3115: 3106: 3097: 3091:Bryson p. 155 3088: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2968: 2964: 2963:Castle Howard 2960: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2892: 2886: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2760:Bryson p. 153 2757: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:0-571-14238-9 2738: 2734: 2728: 2722:Beard, p. 15. 2719: 2717: 2707: 2701: 2700:0-271-00723-0 2697: 2691: 2685: 2684:0-283-99497-5 2681: 2675: 2669:Bryson p. 152 2666: 2660:Beard, p. 13. 2657: 2655: 2648: 2647:0-283-99497-5 2644: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2627:Elias Ashmole 2623: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2543:Beard, p. 12. 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2491: 2489:9780199674985 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2418:0-283-99497-5 2415: 2409: 2402: 2401:Seccombe 1911 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2363:Beard, p. 73. 2360: 2354:Beard, p. 70. 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2262:24 April 1714 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2211:David Garrick 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Provoked Wife 2192: 2184: 2183:David Garrick 2180: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2107:Uvedale Price 2104: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Lord Stanhope 2056: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Villa Foscari 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:country house 1580: 1578: 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1041: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 992:Colley Cibber 982: 981: 976: 972: 963: 962: 957: 953: 949: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927: 922: 918: 909: 905: 901: 900:Colley Cibber 896: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 828: 824: 820: 811: 809: 808:Prince George 805: 801: 797: 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 769: 759: 757: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736: 731: 727: 723: 716: 715:William Capon 711: 702: 700: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 630: 616: 614: 609: 604: 600: 598: 594: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 552: 543: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 514: 511: 508: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 491:Castle Howard 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472: 471: 463: 461: 457: 452: 450: 445: 440: 438: 434: 433: 428: 422: 420: 416: 412: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 342: 333: 331: 328:, founded by 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:Thames Ditton 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Retrieved 3839: 3830: 3815: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3748: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3646: 3627: 3611:. Batsford. 3608: 3592: 3572:. Retrieved 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3529:. Retrieved 3518: 3502: 3493: 3481: 3476: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3426:. Retrieved 3420: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3319:Country Life 3317: 3308: 3299: 3287:. Retrieved 3283: 3274: 3259:. Retrieved 3254: 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3223: 3204:Oxfordshire, 3203: 3198: 3189: 3165:. Retrieved 3161:the original 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3075:. Retrieved 3071:the original 3066: 3057: 3048: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3004:. Retrieved 3000:the original 2992:"The Palace" 2971:. Retrieved 2967:the original 2932: 2916: 2907: 2895:. Retrieved 2885: 2873:. Retrieved 2869: 2864:Good Stuff. 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2843:the original 2838: 2829: 2820: 2812: 2809:A. R. 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Retrieved 2434: 2424: 2408: 2368: 2359: 2322: 2316: 2313:Kerry Downes 2307: 2276: 2268: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2165: 2160: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2101:In 1786 Sir 2100: 2095: 2092:wrote that: 2089: 2079: 2074: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1976: 1972: 1937: 1917:Kit-Cat Club 1914: 1905: 1885: 1864: 1841: 1803: 1788: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1728: 1709: 1688: 1678: 1669:piano nobile 1667: 1665: 1646: 1618:curtain wall 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1588:war memorial 1581: 1557: 1541: 1519: 1515: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1474: 1454: 1438:Kit-Cat Club 1432: 1407: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1266:Louis Le Vau 1251: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1193: 1185: 1177: 1169: 1163: 1152:problem play 1147: 1142: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1002: 995: 988: 978: 959: 931:Samuel Pepys 924: 907: 903: 851: 833:In 1719, at 832: 789:octogenarian 765: 752: 734: 719: 687: 639:Kit-Cat Club 636: 627: 607: 605: 601: 561: 529: 518: 469: 453: 441: 430: 426: 423: 407: 403: 375:middle-class 371:Kerry Downes 368: 294: 278: 271: 241: 230: 224: 172: 171: 100:(1726-03-26) 25: 4921:1726 deaths 4916:1664 births 4858:Libertinism 4781:Georg Monck 4633:The Relapse 4481:Dame Dobson 4393:Tom Essence 4337:Epsom Wells 4166:John Dryden 4138:Playwrights 3816:Oxfordshire 3574:21 November 3393:The Letters 3184:Green, p10. 2911:Lowe, p.216 2769:Beard p. 18 2513:Proceedings 2203:The Relapse 2199:bowdlerised 2161:The Relapse 2136:Blue plaque 2082:Robert Adam 1992:James Moore 1856:balustrades 1700:Marlborough 1649:state rooms 1622:water tower 1564:Louis XIV's 1472:in France. 1465:John Webb's 1382:Oxfordshire 1302:Elizabethan 1282:perspective 1194:The Mistake 1158:Other works 1133:The Relapse 1119:The Relapse 1091:The Relapse 1087:The Relapse 1083:The Relapse 1076:The Relapse 1047:The Relapse 1021:companies. 1003:The Relapse 956:tragedienne 878:tower house 845:heroes and 655:politicians 619:Public life 466:Connections 456:sugar trade 379:Sugar-baker 302:Imber Court 260:Restoration 252:William III 229:(1696) and 226:The Relapse 157:Stowe House 117:Nationality 106:Westminster 4905:Categories 4827:Drury Lane 4751:Charles II 4717:Characters 4146:Aphra Behn 3928:Wikisource 3700:required.) 3586:References 3077:27 January 2520:8 November 2495:8 November 2458:8 November 2273:Escutcheon 2112:John Soane 2086:James Adam 2007:Abel Evans 1933:Queen Anne 1901:colonnades 1892:clerestory 1829:clerestory 1818:rusticated 1799:silhouette 1746:belvederes 1674:Versailles 1639:than to a 1546:belvederes 1457:colonnades 1254:Early life 902:'s comedy 888:Playwright 756:Owen Swiny 694:Protestant 690:Parliament 570:, and the 411:armigerous 399:Leigh Hunt 318:Great Fire 125:Occupation 76:1664-01-24 4529:Bury Fair 4505:Bellamira 3951:. Hamlyn. 3901:(1899). " 3883:(1888). 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