1040:, "he never forgets ... there is a vast amount of darkness for man to penetrate. As a biologist, he believes that his science is on the frontier of tremendous new discoveries; and as a philosopher, he is convinced that humanists and artists have joined the scientists to achieve an understanding of man in all his physical, mental and spiritual complexity. Such interchanges might lead, he would hope, to a new and important school of thinkers he would designate as biophilosophers." Salk told his cousin, Joel Kassiday, at a meeting of the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future on Capitol Hill in 1984 that he was optimistic that ways to prevent most human and animal diseases would eventually be developed. Salk said people must be prepared to take prudent risks, since "a risk-free society would become a dead-end society" without progress.
500:(CCNY), it was "a launching pad for the talented sons of immigrant parents who lacked the moneyâand pedigreeâto attend a top private school", according to David Oshinsky, his biographer. In high school, "he was known as a perfectionist...who read everything he could lay his hands on," according to one of his fellow students. Students had to cram a four-year curriculum into just three years. As a result, most dropped out or flunked out, despite the school's motto "study, study, study." However, of the students who graduated, most had the grades to enroll in CCNY, then noted for being a highly competitive college.
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idea of medicine and go into science. At one point at the end of my first year of medical school, I received an opportunity to spend a year in research and teaching in biochemistry, which I did. And at the end of that year, I was told that I could, if I wished, switch and get a Ph.D. in biochemistry, but my preference was to stay with medicine. And, I believe that this is all linked to my original ambition, or desire, which was to be of some help to humankind, so to speak, in a larger sense than just on a one-to-one basis."
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attitudes will be expressed in terms of prolife and prohealth. The past was dominated by death control; in the future, birth control will be more important. These changes we're observing are part of a natural order and to be expected from our capacity to adapt. It's much more important to cooperate and collaborate. We are the co-authors with nature of our destiny.
741:, Pennsylvania), Salk injected 43 children with his killed-virus vaccine. A few weeks later, Salk injected children at the Polk State School for the Retarded and Feeble-minded. He vaccinated his own children in 1953. In 1954 he tested the vaccine on about one million children, known as the polio pioneers. The vaccine was announced as safe on April 12, 1955.
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Hotels routinely would upgrade him into their penthouse suites. A meal at a restaurant inevitably meant an interruption from an admirer. Scientists and journalists who regularly dealt with Salk would come to see him in more human terms, but many still initially approached him with the same drop-jawed wonder, as though some of the stardust might rub off."
1152:... in recognition of his 'historical medical' discovery ... Dr. Salk's achievement is meritorious service of the highest magnitude and dimension for the commonwealth, the country and mankind." The governor, who had three children, said that "as a parent he was 'humbly thankful to Dr. Salk,' and as Governor, 'proud to pay him tribute'.
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Author Jon Cohen noted, "Jonas Salk made scientists and journalists alike go goofy. As one of the only living scientists whose face was known the world over, Salk, in the public's eye, had a superstar aura. Airplane pilots would announce that he was on board, and passengers would burst into applause.
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Salk has said, "My intention was to go to medical school, and then become a medical scientist. I did not intend to practice medicine, although in medical school, and in my internship, I did all the things that were necessary to qualify me in that regard. I had opportunities along the way to drop the
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said, "If there were any patentable novelty to be found in this phase it would lie within an extremely narrow scope and would be of doubtful value." An immediate rush to vaccinate began in the United States and around the world. Many countries began polio immunization campaigns using Salk's vaccine,
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Because of Doctor Jonas E. Salk, our country is free from the cruel epidemics of poliomyelitis that once struck almost yearly. Because of his tireless work, untold hundreds of thousands who might have been crippled are sound in body today. These are Doctor Salk's true honors, and there is no way to
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His definition of a "biophilosopher" is "Someone who draws upon the scriptures of nature, recognizing that we are the product of the process of evolution, and understands that we have become the process itself, through the emergence and evolution of our consciousness, our awareness, our capacity to
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Salk preferred not to have his career as a scientist affected by too much personal attention, as he had always tried to remain independent and private in his research and life, but this proved to be impossible. "Young man, a great tragedy has befallen youâyou've lost your anonymity", the television
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Extensive publicity and fear of polio led to much increased funding, reaching $ 67 million by 1955. Despite the funding, research continued on live vaccines. Salk decided to use what he believed to be the safer 'killed' virus, instead of weakened forms of strains of polio viruses like the ones used
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In 1948, Harry Weaver, the director of research at the
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, contacted Salk. He asked Salk to find out if there were more types of polio than the three then known and offered additional space, equipment and researchers. For the first year, he gathered supplies
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In his last year of medical school, Salk said, "I had an opportunity to spend time in elective periods in my last year in medical school, in a laboratory that was involved in studies on influenza. The influenza virus had just been discovered about a few years before that. And, I saw the opportunity
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degree in chemistry in 1934. Oshinsky writes that "for working-class immigrant families, City
College represented the apex of public higher education. Getting in was tough, but tuition was free. Competition was intense, but the rules were fairly applied. No one got an advantage based on an accident
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said to Salk shortly after the onslaught of media attention. When Murrow asked him, "Who owns this patent?", Salk replied, "Well, the people I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?" The vaccine is calculated to be worth $ 7 billion had it been patented. However, lawyers from the
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writes that Donna's father, Elmer
Lindsay, "a wealthy Manhattan dentist, viewed Salk as a social inferior, several cuts below Donna's former suitors." Eventually, her father agreed to the marriage on two conditions: first, Salk must wait until he could be listed as an official M.D. on the wedding
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Dr. Salk, a creative man himself, hopes that the institute will do its share in probing the wisdom of nature and thus help enlarge the wisdom of man. For the ultimate purpose of science, humanism and the arts, in his judgment, is the freeing of each individual to cultivate his full creativity, in
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article noted, "at 40, the once obscure scientist ... was lifted from his laboratory almost to the level of a folk hero." He received a presidential citation, a score of awards, four honorary degrees, half a dozen foreign decorations, and letters from thousands of fellow citizens. His alma mater,
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in terms of such practical matters as drugs, but its contribution to knowledge about living systems and ourselves will in the future be equally important. ... In the past epoch, man was concerned with death, high mortality; his attitudes were antideath, antidisease", he says. "In the future, his
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During a 1980 interview, 25 years later, he said, "It's as if I've been a public property ever since, having to respond to external, as well as internal, impulses. ... It's brought me enormous gratification, opened many opportunities, but at the same time placed many burdens on me. It altered my
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At his mother's urging, he put aside aspirations of becoming a lawyer and instead concentrated on classes necessary for admission to medical school. However, according to
Oshinsky, the facilities at City College were "barely second rate." There were no research laboratories. The library was
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with
Francis, on an army-commissioned project in Michigan to develop an influenza vaccine. He and Francis eventually perfected a vaccine that was soon widely used at army bases, where Salk discovered and isolated one of the strains of influenza that was included in the final vaccine.
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inadequate. The faculty contained few noted scholars. "What made the place special," he writes, "was the student body that had fought so hard to get there... driven by their parents.... From these ranks, of the 1930s and 1940s, emerged a wealth of intellectual talent, including more
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wrote, "Salk is profoundly disturbed by the torrent of fame that has descended upon him. ... He talks continually about getting out of the limelight and back to his laboratory ... because of his genuine distaste for publicity, which he believes is inappropriate for a scientist."
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In an interview about his future hopes at the institute, he said, "In the end, what may have more significance is my creation of the institute and what will come out of it, because of its example as a place for excellence, a creative environment for creative minds."
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Magazine photo of Salk to O'Neill, "the most elaborate program of its kind in history, involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers," with over 1.8 million school children participating in the trial. A 1954
849:. "He talks quickly, articulately, and often in complete paragraphs." And "He has very little perceptible interest in the things that interest most peopleâsuch as making money." That belongs "in the category of mink coats and Cadillacsâunnecessary", he said.
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838:, "Salk the man is a person of great warmth and tremendous enthusiasm. People who meet him generally like him." A Washington newspaper correspondent commented, "He could sell me the Brooklyn Bridge, and I never bought anything before." Geneticist
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1052:. In an interview in 1980, he described his thoughts on the subject, including his feeling that a sharp rise and an expected leveling off in the human population would take place and eventually bring a change in human attitudes:
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At the institute, a magnificent complex of laboratories and study units set on a bluff overlooking the
Pacific, Dr. Salk holds the titles of founding director and resident fellow. His own laboratory group is concerned with the
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is discovered, that a single vaccine may be developed to protect a child against many common infectious diseases. There is speculation about the power to isolate and perhaps eliminate genetic errors that lead to birth defects.
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Salk was immediately hailed as a "miracle worker" when the vaccine's success was first made public in April 1955, and chose to not patent the vaccine or seek any profit from it in order to maximize its global distribution. The
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In the years after Salk's discovery, many supporters, in particular the
National Foundation, "helped him build his dream of a research complex for the investigation of biological phenomena 'from cell to society'." Called the
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595:, which had replaced medicine as his primary interest. He said his desire was to help humankind in general rather than single patients. "It was the laboratory work, in particular, that gave new direction to his life."
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885:. Salk believed that the institution would help new and upcoming scientists along in their careers, as he said himself, "I thought how nice it would be if a place like this existed and I was invited to work there."
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whichever direction it leads. ... As if to prepare for
Socratic encounters such as these, the institute's architect, Louis Kahn, has installed blackboards in place of concrete facings on the walls along the walks.
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Salk describes his "biophilosophy" as the application of a "biological, evolutionary point of view to philosophical, cultural, social and psychological problems." He went into more detail in two of his books,
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was created to honor the physician and medical researcher. The doodle shows happy and healthy children and adults playing and going about their lives with two children hold up a sign saying, "Thank you, Dr.
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After successful tests on laboratory animals, on July 2, 1952, assisted by the staff at the D.T. Watson Home for
Crippled Children, which is now the Education Center at the Watson Institute in
429:, California, which is today a center for medical and scientific research. He continued to conduct research and publish books in his later years, focusing in his last years on the search for a
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at that time to test the question as to whether we could destroy the virus infectivity and still immunize. And so, by carefully designed experiments, we found it was possible to do so."
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including Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, West
Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium. By 1959, the Salk vaccine had reached about 90 countries. An attenuated live
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National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis did look into the possibility of a patent, but ultimately determined that the vaccine was not a patentable invention because of
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532:, "As a child I was not interested in science. I was merely interested in things human, the human side of nature, if you like, and I continue to be interested in that."
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Society of medical educationâbut because he had decided he did not want to practice medicine." Instead, he became absorbed in research, even taking a year off to study
418:, coming into commercial use in 1961. Less than 25 years after the release of Salk's vaccine, domestic transmission of polio had been eliminated in the United States.
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Although he is distinctly future-oriented, Dr. Salk has not lost sight of the institute's immediate aim, which is the development and use of the new biology, called
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For the most part, Salk was "appalled at the demands on the public figure he has become and resentful of what he considers to be the invasion of his privacy", wrote
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in place." Yale, for example, accepted 76 applicants in 1935 out of a pool of 501. Although 200 of the applicants were Jewish, only five got in. During his years at
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throughout the rest of his life, calling the universal vaccination of children against disease a "moral commitment". Salk's personal papers are today stored in
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academy where the supposedly alienated two cultures of science and humanism will have a favorable atmosphere for cross-fertilization." Author and journalist
465:, emigrated to the United States when she was twelve. Salk's parents did not receive extensive formal education. Jonas had two younger brothers, Herman and
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The day after his graduation from medical school in 1939, Salk married Donna Lindsay, a master's candidate at the New York College of Social Work.
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908:, described as part physics, part chemistry and part biology. The broad-gauged purpose of this science is to understand man's life processes.
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During Salk's medical studies, he stood out from his peers, according to Bookchin, "not just because of his continued academic prowessâhe was
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1955, City University of New York creates the Salk Scholarship fund which it awards to multiple outstanding pre-med students each year
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1957, the Municipal Hospital building, where Salk conducted his polio research at the University of Pittsburgh, is renamed Jonas
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1996, the March of Dimes Foundation created an annual $ 250,000 cash "Prize" to outstanding biologists as a tribute to Salk.
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Just prior to his death, Salk was working on a new book along the theme of biophilosophy, privately reported to be titled
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molecule, was a leading professor at the institute until his death in 2004. The institute also served as the basis for
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and the University of Pittsburgh looked into patenting the vaccine, but since Salk's techniques were not novel, their
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They had three children: Peter, who also became a physician and a part-time professor of infectious diseases at the
525:." Salk entered CCNY at the age of 15, a "common age for a freshman who had skipped multiple grades along the way."
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I think of biological knowledge as providing useful analogies for understanding human nature. ... People think of
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1963:
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City College of New York, gave him an honorary degree as Doctor of Laws. But "despite such very nice tributes",
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As a child, Salk did not show any interest in medicine or science in general. He said in an interview with the
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631:âand he was hooked." After graduating from medical school, Salk began his residency at New York's prestigious
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627:. According to Bookchin, "the two-month stint in Francis's lab was Salk's first introduction to the world of
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On April 12, 2010, to help celebrate the 55th anniversary of the Salk vaccine, a new 66-minute documentary,
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showed that more Americans knew about the polio field trials than could give the full name of the President.
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invitations, and second, he must improve his "rather pedestrian status" by giving himself a middle name."
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Documents regarding Jonas Salk and the Salk Polio Vaccine, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
2896:"Polio vaccines brought an earlier epidemic under control. New vaccines can end this current plague"
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Rose DR (2004). "Fact SheetâPolio Vaccine Field Trial of 1954." March of Dimes Archives. 2004 02 11.
1774:"Jonas Edward Salk facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Jonas Edward Salk"
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2012, October 24, in honor of his birthday, has been named "World Polio Day", and was originated by
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There is talk here of the possibility, once the secret of how the cell is triggered to manufacture
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My father ... found himself at the forefront of research toward the development of a polio vaccine
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and produced by Laura Davis, the documentary was conceived by Hollywood screenwriter and producer
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In 1941, during his postgraduate work in virology, Salk chose a two-month elective to work in the
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3139:"March of Dimes Awards $ 250,000 Prize to Scientists Unraveling the Causes of Muscular Dystrophy"
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called him "a renaissance scientist: brilliant, sophisticated, driven ... a fantastic creature."
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3298:"Director Robert Redford gives sneak preview in La Jolla of his Salk Institute documentary film"
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On June 23, 1995, Salk died from heart failure at the age of 80 in La Jolla, and was buried at
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add to them. This Medal of Freedom can only express our gratitude, and our deepest thanks.
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for the product. The project was discontinued in 2007, twelve years after Salk's death.
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career, my relationships with colleagues; I am a public figure, no longer one of them."
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2647:"How Much Money Did Jonas Salk Potentially Forfeit By Not Patenting The Polio Vaccine?"
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1955, one month after the vaccine announcement, he was honored by the Commonwealth of
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2235:"Among The 1st To Get A Polio Vaccine, Peter Salk Says Don't Rush A COVID-19 Shot"
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1981, decorated by the Italian government on January 3 as a Grand Officer of the
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to Daniel and Dora (née Press) Salk. His parents were Jewish; Daniel was born in
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Dr. Lee Salk, Child Psychologist And Popular Author, Dies at 65 â New York Times
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He enjoys talking to people he likes, and "he likes a lot of people", wrote the
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Beginning in the mid-1980s, Salk engaged in research to develop a vaccine for
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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
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imagine and anticipate the future, and to choose from among alternatives."
960:
731:
592:
588:
569:
549:
415:
2962:
2290:"Complete Program Transcript. The Polio Crusade. WGBH American Experience"
1377:
portrays Salk in a short cameo where he is on a date with Françoise Gilot.
888:
In 1966, Salk described his "ambitious plan for the creation of a kind of
706:
In 1947, Salk became ambitious for his own lab and was granted one at the
521:
winnersâeightâand PhD recipients than any other public college except the
5400:
5390:
5251:
5057:
4940:
4908:
4834:
4696:
4587:
4579:
4468:
4422:
4344:
4323:
4200:
4172:
4102:
4088:
4014:
3986:
3958:
3944:
3814:
3676:
3670:
3627:
3041:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 263.
994:
722:
and was able to build a working virology laboratory. He later joined the
687:
635:, where he again worked in Francis's laboratory. Salk then worked at the
545:
518:
474:
430:
2574:
2546:
2399:
5526:
5191:
5141:
4489:
4408:
4207:
4116:
4109:
4007:
3856:
3494:, held in the UC San Diego Library's Special Collections & Archives
3248:
3222:
2376:
933:
912:
882:
458:
390:
363:
323:
1686:
San Diego Union Tribune, 20 March 2014: "UCSD to house Salk's papers"
797:
Salk served on the board of directors of the John D. and Catherine T.
5575:
5146:
5014:
4583:
4454:
3979:
3647:
2264:"From Polio To The COVID Vaccine, Dr. Peter Salk Sees Great Progress"
1167:
874:
791:
786:
777:
751:
Salk's inactivated polio vaccine came into use in 1955. It is on the
478:
102:
1524:"On Jonas Salk's 100th birthday, a celebration of his polio vaccine"
1139:, where he was given their "highest award for services" by Governor
936:
aspects of cancer and the mechanisms of autoimmune disease, such as
744:
The project became large, involving 100 million contributors to the
658:
39:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5375:
5131:
5067:
5062:
4130:
3905:
982:
878:
681:
628:
466:
426:
362:; October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American
1013:
857:
606:
5136:
4575:
4524:
1170:
and is home to the university's School of Pharmacy and Dentistry.
1104:
In 1968, they divorced and, in 1970, Salk married French painter
1057:
1022:
726:'s polio project established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
540:
After graduating from City College of New York, Salk enrolled in
5848:
Recipients of the LaskerâDeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
4496:
2133:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publications Company. pp.
1706:"Selected Questions from Student Interviews: Darrell Salk, M.D."
1640:"Vaccinations have always been controversial in America: Column"
1455:"Dr. Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Turned Tide on Polio, Dies at 80"
5439:
5424:
4710:
1032:
referred to him as the "Father of Biophilosophy." According to
482:
3075:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2993:
Dr. Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Turned Tide on Polio, Dies at 80
1557:"The Real Reason Why Salk Refused to Patent the Polio Vaccine"
5434:
5319:
4920:
4854:
3422:
2437:
The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation
1663:"UC San Diego Library Receives Personal Papers of Jonas Salk"
673:
649:
462:
394:
344:
5788:
Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
5711:
3460:
2024:"Jonas Salk Interview â page 2 / 8 â Academy of Achievement"
4729:
4394:
2096:. Bear, Delaware: Mitchell Lane Publishers. pp. 30â32.
1260:
3377:
Jonas Salk (1914â1995) and the first vaccine against polio
3038:
Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787â1987
1490:"About Jonas Salk â Salk Institute for Biological Studies"
2704:
Shots in the Dark: The Wayward Search for an AIDS Vaccine
2560:
2532:
1123:
956:
2550:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1733:
1237:
2006, the United States Postal Service issued a 63-cent
881:, in a purpose-built facility designed by the architect
3449:
feature on Jonas Salk and the Polio cure 50 years later
3370:
Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio
753:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
5818:
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
1217:, with the following statement accompanying the medal:
5676:
970:
Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts
350:
341:
3372:, Berkley Books (2006), history of the polio vaccine
2824:
Latour, Bruno; Woolgar, Steve (September 21, 1986).
1824:"New York Census Data, Centuries Old, Is Now Online"
347:
1413:
Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason
1008:
812:, a few months after his vaccine announcement. The
3765:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
3530:
3484:is available for free viewing and download at the
3438:1985 Open Mind interview with Richard D. Heffner:
2126:
1316:2014, On the 100th anniversary of Salk's birth, a
852:
16:American inventor of the polio vaccine (1914â1995)
5592:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2463:"Polio vaccines: WHO position paper, March, 2016"
2060:American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945â1960
1848:City College of New York Microcosm Yearbook, 1934
1584:"Jonas Salk (1914â1995): A vaccine against polio"
5724:
3492:Register of Jonas Salk Papers, 1926â1991 â MSS 1
3365:, Oxford Univ. Press (2015), scholarly biography
2206:"The Watson Institute special education history"
1582:Tan, Siang Yong; Ponstein, Nate (January 2019).
1405:World Population and Human Values: A New Reality
829:
461:to immigrant parents, and Dora, who was born in
374:. He was born in New York City and attended the
5808:Members of the American Epidemiological Society
3461:The Salk School of Science (New York, New York)
3195:
1173:1958, awarded the James D. Bruce Memorial Award
607:Postgraduate research and early laboratory work
2707:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 88.
834:"If Salk the scientist sounds austere", wrote
637:University of Michigan School of Public Health
385:In 1947, Salk accepted a professorship at the
4552:
3746:
3692:
3516:
2823:
2622:Patenting the Sun: Polio and The Salk Vaccine
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
1517:
1515:
5853:Salk Institute for Biological Studies people
5763:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
3404:, video, 30 minutes, history of Salk vaccine
2929:"Darrell Salk relates a tale of two viruses"
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
1203:1976, named the Humanist of the Year by the
677:Salk in 1955 at the University of Pittsburgh
5813:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
3025:, May 11, 1955, accessed September 14, 2015
2937:University of Washington School of Medicine
2758:
2057:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1581:
1449:
1095:University of Washington School of Medicine
763:
758:
724:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
708:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
448:
403:National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
387:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
19:"Salk" redirects here. For other uses, see
4559:
4545:
3753:
3739:
3523:
3509:
3395:The American Experience: The Polio Crusade
3164:Salk inducted into California Hall of Fame
2796:
2794:
2792:
2332:
1937:
1935:
1727:
1512:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1354:to bring "a fresh perspective on the era."
1076:
591:. He later focused more of his studies on
370:who developed one of the first successful
38:
3274:"Film reveals Pittsburgh's polio stories"
2582:
2573:
2545:
2448:Denenberg, Dennis, and Roscoe, Lorraine.
2442:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2124:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1740:. Oxford University Press. pp. 45â.
1615:
1551:
1549:
1118:
508:Salk enrolled in CCNY, where he earned a
5843:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
3223:"IMDb bio of director Tjardus Greidanus"
2985:
2450:50 American Heroes Every Kid Should Meet
2315:"Anti-polio Vaccine Guaranteed by Salk,"
2110:"American Experience: The Polio Crusade"
2091:
1903:
1882:
1851:
1381:
1122:
1012:
955:, co-discoverer of the structure of the
856:
767:
693:
680:
672:
657:
3141:. Lifesciencesworld.com. Archived from
3034:
3002:June 25, 1995. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
2789:
2764:
2675:
2554:
2526:
2522:from the original on September 8, 2017.
2455:
2258:
2256:
2229:
2227:
1932:
1868:Bookchin, Debbie, and Schumacher, Jim.
1821:
1521:
1484:
1482:
1426:
1263:boys chapter chartered in his honor in
1099:David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
5725:
3710:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
3089:from the original on December 12, 2017
2863:Remune (HIV-1 Immunogen, Salk vaccine)
2270:from the original on December 27, 2020
2241:from the original on December 27, 2020
2212:from the original on November 11, 2021
2186:from the original on February 23, 2018
2151:
2105:
2103:
2042:
1546:
1500:from the original on November 21, 2015
1346:, had its world premiere. Directed by
1337:American Experience: The Polio Crusade
1230:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
734:, who was developing an oral vaccine.
542:New York University School of Medicine
380:New York University School of Medicine
4540:
4029:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
3734:
3504:
3428:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
3255:from the original on January 15, 2015
3229:from the original on January 18, 2015
2906:from the original on February 5, 2023
2777:from the original on October 29, 2021
2765:Johnson, George (November 25, 1990).
2700:
2694:
2618:
2568:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2540:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2508:. John Libbey Eurotext. p. 395.
2501:
2381:"The Cutter incident, 50 years later"
2375:
2369:
2115:, Television Review, February 2, 2009
1715:from the original on January 30, 2010
1534:from the original on October 28, 2014
1522:Hiltzik, Michael (October 28, 2014).
1494:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
1467:from the original on October 13, 2022
871:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
623:, where he had discovered the type B
423:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
3295:
2973:from the original on August 10, 2023
2893:
2657:from the original on October 6, 2014
2253:
2224:
2076:
1990:"Jonas Salk Biography and Interview"
1956:"Jonas Salk Biography and Interview"
1479:
1368:In Chapter 10 of the 2018 season of
1325:
976:
523:University of California at Berkeley
5783:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
3340:from the original on April 28, 2022
3310:from the original on August 2, 2020
3119:from the original on April 15, 2021
2894:Salk, Peter L. (January 21, 2021).
2680:. Infobase Publishing. p. 99.
2174:"Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin"
2100:
2004:from the original on March 29, 2023
1970:from the original on March 29, 2023
1910:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1563:from the original on March 24, 2020
443:University of California, San Diego
228:United States Presidential Citation
13:
5868:Townsend Harris High School alumni
5619:Eradication of infectious diseases
5376:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3355:
2844:from the original on April 1, 2017
2767:"Once Again, A MAN WITH A MISSION"
2491:from the original on June 3, 2016.
1830:from the original on July 27, 2012
1784:from the original on July 25, 2016
1632:
574:New York University Medical School
14:
5899:
5209:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3387:
3055:from the original on May 20, 2011
3013:"Salk is Honored by Pennsylvania"
2943:from the original on July 4, 2022
2884:video interview, 1985, 28 minutes
2731:, State Univ. of NY Press, (1985)
1754:from the original on July 1, 2023
1734:Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs (2015).
643:
535:
433:. Salk campaigned vigorously for
5878:University of Pittsburgh faculty
5748:20th-century American physicians
5710:
5698:
5686:
5598:Alternative vaccination schedule
4568:Artificial induction of immunity
3212:, accessdate: September 14, 2015
2357:from the original on May 2, 2021
2094:Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine
2062:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1335:aired its new documentary film,
1017:Salk during a 1988 visit at the
337:
322:
166:
5778:City College of New York alumni
3383:. July 2020, iss. 6. pp. 31â34
3322:
3289:
3267:
3241:
3215:
3176:
3157:
3131:
3101:
3083:American Academy of Achievement
3067:
3028:
3005:
2955:
2921:
2887:
2875:
2856:
2817:
2734:
2721:
2669:
2639:
2612:
2495:
2476:(12): 145â168. March 25, 2016.
2429:
2308:
2282:
2198:
2118:
2085:
2016:
1998:American Academy of Achievement
1982:
1964:American Academy of Achievement
1948:
1842:
1815:
1796:
1766:
987:The Immune Response Corporation
944:attacks the body's own tissues.
853:Establishing the Salk Institute
188:
162:
5873:University of Michigan faculty
5430:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3906:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
2830:. Princeton University Press.
2439:Temple University Press (2001)
2163:magazine, August 1956 pp. 6â15
1822:Roberts, Sam (July 27, 2012).
1698:
1679:
1656:
1575:
1344:The Shot Felt 'Round the World
1267:, Named "Jonas Salk AZA #2357"
1239:Distinguished Americans series
1:
5858:Scientists from New York City
5833:Physicians from New York City
4961:Group B streptococcal disease
4780:Vaccines for Children Program
3772:Leaders & revolutionaries
3296:Bell, Diane (June 30, 2014).
3183:CDC announces World Polio Day
2347:"What Price Fameâto Dr. Salk"
2125:McPherson, Stephanie (2002).
1420:
1211:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1205:American Humanist Association
830:Maintaining his individuality
492:When he was 13, Salk entered
238:Presidential Medal of Freedom
5758:American medical researchers
3418:Jonas Salk Legacy Foundation
2933:University District, Seattle
2625:. New York: William Morrow.
2129:Jonas Salk: Conquering Polio
2058:O'Neill, William L. (1989).
1812:. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
1357:In 2014, actor and director
1331:In early 2009, the American
503:
7:
3381:Israel Chemist and Engineer
3361:Jacobs, Charlotte DeCroes.
3303:The San Diego Union-Tribune
3035:Alberts, Robert C. (1986).
2742:Salk 25 years after vaccine
2678:Jonas Salk, Revised Edition
2597:"Salk Studies Man's Future"
1943:Jonas Salk, Revised Edition
1904:Oshinsky, David M. (2005).
1668:September 29, 2022, at the
1645:September 29, 2022, at the
1638:Jacobs, Charlotte DeCroes.
1333:Public Broadcasting Service
1241:postage stamp in his honor.
1147:, where the governor added,
1019:Centers for Disease Control
1001:, but was unable to secure
873:, it opened in 1963 in the
714:and researchers, including
494:Townsend Harris High School
10:
5904:
5888:Jews from New York (state)
5863:Scientists from Pittsburgh
5798:Jewish American scientists
5743:20th-century American Jews
3923:Artists & entertainers
3454:September 5, 2008, at the
3402:"Legacy of Salk Institute"
2676:Sherrow, Victoria (2009).
2578:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
2266:. NPR. December 26, 2020.
1244:2007, California Governor
1127:Salk's bronze bust in the
1050:The Survival of the Wisest
647:
562:University of Pennsylvania
485:at 439 Beach 69th Street,
481:, with some time spent in
421:In 1963, Salk founded the
18:
5637:
5606:
5545:
5477:
5368:
5340:
5307:
4976:
4807:
4800:
4719:
4647:
4599:
4379:
4225:Scientists & thinkers
4224:
4073:
3922:
3771:
3720:Social history of viruses
3702:
3661:
3605:
3539:
3249:"IMDb bio of Laura Davis"
3188:January 23, 2023, at the
3169:January 10, 2008, at the
2998:October 13, 2022, at the
2802:"Father of Biophilosophy"
2562:World Health Organization
2534:World Health Organization
2179:Science History Institute
1870:The Virus and the Vaccine
1588:Singapore Medical Journal
1180:, which was dedicated in
1145:Meritorious Service Medal
321:
316:
312:
300:
274:
254:
247:
207:
199:
141:
130:
109:
94:
75:
49:
37:
30:
4956:Clostridioides difficile
3203:Jonas Salk Google doodle
2208:. The Watson Institute.
1907:Polio: An American Story
1695:, accessed July 3, 2015.
1192:Congressional Gold Medal
1091:University of Pittsburgh
764:Celebrity versus privacy
759:Becoming a public figure
498:City College of New York
477:to 853 Elsmere Place in
473:. The family moved from
449:Early life and education
376:City College of New York
282:University of Pittsburgh
232:Congressional Gold Medal
117:City College of New York
5823:People from East Harlem
5219:Tick-borne encephalitis
3447:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3284:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3192:, CDC, October 19, 2012
2868:March 21, 2009, at the
2807:March 11, 2014, at the
2755:, April 9, 1980, p. 31.
2747:March 14, 2023, at the
2619:Smith, Jane S. (1990).
2602:March 11, 2014, at the
2092:Bankston, John (2002).
1254:California Hall of Fame
1252:inducted Salk into the
1113:El Camino Memorial Park
1077:Personal life and death
453:Jonas Salk was born in
99:El Camino Memorial Park
5629:List of vaccine topics
4624:Mathematical modelling
3836:Martin Luther King Jr.
3408:"Polio Vaccine" intro.
3279:June 23, 2011, at the
3208:March 9, 2023, at the
2505:Vaccination: A History
2452:Millbrook Press (2006)
1600:10.11622/smedj.2019002
1397:Survival of the Wisest
1313:over a decade earlier.
1306:; are named after him.
1300:Sacramento, California
1292:Old Bridge, New Jersey
1225:
1198:Academy of Achievement
1188:Jawaharlal Nehru Award
1154:
1131:
1119:Honors and recognition
1071:Millennium of the Mind
1063:
1036:journalist and author
1025:
1009:Salk's "biophilosophy"
946:
922:
865:
861:The Salk Institute in
781:
703:
691:
678:
670:
621:Rockefeller Foundation
617:University of Michigan
530:Academy of Achievement
292:University of Michigan
225:Mellon Institute Award
5828:People from San Diego
5773:Burials in California
5624:Vaccinate Your Family
5075:Japanese encephalitis
4074:Builders & titans
3878:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3475:: Vaccine against HIV
3330:"Picasso: Chapter 10"
2729:A Conspiracy of Cells
2292:. PBS. Archived from
2237:. NPR. May 30, 2020.
1808:July 5, 2020, at the
1709:The Jonas Salk Center
1382:Selected publications
1304:Mira Mesa, California
1296:Merrillville, Indiana
1284:Bolingbrook, Illinois
1246:Arnold Schwarzenegger
1220:
1200:'s Golden Plate Award
1182:Warm Springs, Georgia
1176:1958, elected to the
1150:
1126:
1054:
1016:
929:
898:
860:
771:
730:contemporaneously by
697:
684:
676:
664:Franklin D. Roosevelt
661:
648:Further information:
548:, who helped conquer
435:mandatory vaccination
21:Salk (disambiguation)
5768:American virologists
5507:John Franklin Enders
4215:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
3715:Smallpox eradication
3653:Israel Jacob Kligler
3173:, California Museum.
3018:May 1, 2021, at the
2991:The New York Times,
2939:. February 9, 2021.
2435:Fleischer, Doris Z.
2320:May 1, 2022, at the
1778:www.encyclopedia.com
1691:May 6, 2016, at the
1311:Rotary International
863:La Jolla, California
799:MacArthur Foundation
633:Mount Sinai Hospital
615:' laboratory at the
165: 1939;
87:La Jolla, California
5793:History of medicine
4688:Virus-like particle
4612:Vaccine ingredients
4363:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4310:John Maynard Keynes
4082:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
3540:Individual diseases
3533:infectious diseases
3481:Man Evolving (1985)
3398:video, 1 hr. by PBS
3109:"Salk, Prof. Jonas"
3079:www.achievement.org
2814:, November 11, 1966
2701:Cohen, Jon (2001).
2400:10.1056/NEJMp048180
2329:, November 13, 1953
2296:on October 28, 2014
2182:. January 8, 2017.
1994:www.achievement.org
1960:www.achievement.org
1941:Sherrow, Victoria:
1872:, Macmillan (2004)
1559:. Biotech-now.org.
1288:Levittown, New York
1276:Spokane, Washington
1265:Scottsdale, Arizona
1003:liability insurance
999:immunologic therapy
510:Bachelor of Science
431:vaccine against HIV
215:Albert Lasker Award
122:New York University
105:, California, U.S )
5753:American humanists
5664:Never to phase III
5463:Hexavalent vaccine
5277:EpsteinâBarr virus
5172:OxfordâAstraZeneca
4860:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
4483:Emmeline Pankhurst
4402:Lady Diana Spencer
4380:Heroes & icons
4166:Charles E. Merrill
3885:Theodore Roosevelt
3368:Kluger, Jeffrey.
3363:Jonas Salk: A Life
3023:The New York Times
3011:Weart, William G.
2900:The Globe and Mail
2812:The New York Times
2771:The New York Times
2753:Detroit Free Press
2653:. August 8, 2012.
2607:The New York Times
2502:Bazin, H. (2011).
2470:Wkly Epidemiol Rec
2351:The New York Times
2326:The New York Times
1737:Jonas Salk: A Life
1460:The New York Times
1375:Michael McElhatton
1209:1977, awarded the
1196:1976, awarded the
1186:1975, awarded the
1178:Polio Hall of Fame
1160:1956, awarded the
1132:
1129:Polio Hall of Fame
1030:The New York Times
1026:
938:multiple sclerosis
925:The New York Times
866:
840:Walter Nelson-Rees
836:The New York Times
819:The New York Times
810:The New York Times
782:
704:
692:
679:
671:
471:child psychologist
412:oral polio vaccine
368:medical researcher
307:Thomas Francis Jr.
5674:
5673:
5586:Vaccines and SIDS
5473:
5472:
5247:Hepatitis A and B
5223:Varicella zoster
4680:Subunit/component
4534:
4533:
4462:Charles Lindbergh
4395:The American G.I.
4289:Robert H. Goddard
4275:Alexander Fleming
3899:Margaret Thatcher
3871:Eleanor Roosevelt
3829:Ruhollah Khomeini
3822:Pope John Paul II
3801:Mikhail Gorbachev
3787:Winston Churchill
3728:
3727:
3689:COVID-19 pandemic
3683:HIV/AIDS pandemic
3613:Alexander Fleming
3414:, video, 1 minute
3145:on March 11, 2014
2931:(Press release).
2800:Taubman, Howard.
2394:(14): 1411â1412.
2353:. July 17, 1955.
2113:Los Angeles Times
1917:978-0-19-515294-4
1747:978-0-19-933443-8
1528:Los Angeles Times
1463:. June 24, 1995.
1348:Tjardus Greidanus
1326:Documentary films
977:AIDS vaccine work
581:Alpha Omega Alpha
414:was developed by
333:Jonas Edward Salk
330:
329:
249:Scientific career
221:Robert Koch Medal
5895:
5803:Jewish humanists
5715:
5714:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5565:MMR autism fraud
5512:Maurice Hilleman
5497:Hilary Koprowski
4805:
4804:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4347:
4340:
4338:William Shockley
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4261:Philo Farnsworth
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4050:Steven Spielberg
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3780:David Ben-Gurion
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3694:
3643:Ignaz Semmelweis
3618:Maurice Hilleman
3525:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3486:Internet Archive
3474:
3473:
3469:
3423:Jonas Salk Trust
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3293:
3287:
3286:, April 14, 2010
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3032:
3026:
3009:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2821:
2815:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2762:
2756:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2417:on July 26, 2008
2416:
2410:. Archived from
2385:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2330:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2030:on July 22, 2015
2026:. Archived from
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1901:
1880:
1866:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1683:
1677:
1676:, March 20, 2014
1660:
1654:
1653:, August 4, 2015
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1451:
1141:George M. Leader
906:cellular biology
877:neighborhood of
774:David Ben-Gurion
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
326:
302:Doctoral advisor
261:Medical research
192:
190:
170:
168:
164:
82:
64:October 28, 1914
63:
61:
42:
28:
27:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5654:Clinical trials
5633:
5602:
5541:
5517:Stanley Plotkin
5479:
5469:
5381:Cancer vaccines
5364:
5358:Schistosomiasis
5336:
5330:Trypanosomiasis
5303:
5267:Cytomegalovirus
5177:PfizerâBioNTech
4972:
4796:
4745:Vaccine wastage
4715:
4643:
4595:
4565:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4511:Andrei Sakharov
4509:
4504:Jackie Robinson
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4375:
4370:Wright brothers
4368:
4361:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4254:Albert Einstein
4252:
4245:
4240:Tim Berners-Lee
4238:
4231:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4124:Amadeo Giannini
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4069:
4062:
4057:Igor Stravinsky
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3994:Aretha Franklin
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3966:Charlie Chaplin
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3931:Louis Armstrong
3929:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3892:Margaret Sanger
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3767:
3759:
3729:
3724:
3698:
3663:Major epidemics
3657:
3601:
3535:
3529:
3498:
3478:The short film
3471:
3465:
3456:Wayback Machine
3440:Man Evolving...
3390:
3375:Weintraub, B. "
3358:
3356:Further reading
3353:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3294:
3290:
3281:Wayback Machine
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3210:Wayback Machine
3200:
3196:
3190:Wayback Machine
3181:
3177:
3171:Wayback Machine
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3020:Wayback Machine
3010:
3006:
3000:Wayback Machine
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2870:Wayback Machine
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2827:Laboratory Life
2822:
2818:
2809:Wayback Machine
2799:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2749:Wayback Machine
2739:
2735:
2727:Gold, Michael.
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2609:, April 8, 1980
2604:Wayback Machine
2595:Glueck, Grace.
2594:
2583:
2559:
2555:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2388:N. Engl. J. Med
2383:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2322:Wayback Machine
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1902:
1883:
1867:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1810:Wayback Machine
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1693:Wayback Machine
1684:
1680:
1670:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1647:Wayback Machine
1637:
1633:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1427:
1423:
1384:
1328:
1280:Tulsa, Oklahoma
1248:and First Lady
1213:from President
1121:
1106:Françoise Gilot
1079:
1011:
991:Kevin Kimberlin
985:. He cofounded
979:
940:, in which the
855:
832:
766:
761:
716:Julius Youngner
702:poster, c. 1957
656:
646:
625:influenza virus
609:
538:
506:
451:
407:patent attorney
340:
336:
296:
243:
195:
194:
191: 1970)
186:
182:
180:Françoise Gilot
172:
169: 1968)
160:
156:
153:
126:
110:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
56:
55:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5883:Vaccinologists
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5720:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5532:Katalin KarikĂł
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Herpes simplex
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5187:Sinopharm BIBP
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:Bharat Biotech
5134:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:Vaccine injury
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4720:Administration
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4694:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4476:Marilyn Monroe
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4448:Kennedy family
4444:
4437:
4434:Tenzing Norgay
4430:Edmund Hillary
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4180:Walter Reuther
4176:
4169:
4162:
4159:Louis B. Mayer
4155:
4148:
4145:William Levitt
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4096:Willis Carrier
4092:
4085:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3850:Nelson Mandela
3846:
3843:Vladimir Lenin
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3794:Mahatma Gandhi
3790:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3685:(1981âpresent)
3680:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3458:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3389:
3388:External links
3386:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3321:
3288:
3266:
3240:
3214:
3201:The Guardian:
3194:
3175:
3156:
3130:
3115:(in Italian).
3100:
3066:
3047:
3027:
3004:
2984:
2954:
2920:
2886:
2882:"Man Evolving"
2874:
2855:
2836:
2816:
2788:
2757:
2733:
2720:
2713:
2693:
2686:
2668:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2581:
2553:
2525:
2514:
2494:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2368:
2331:
2307:
2281:
2252:
2223:
2197:
2165:
2150:
2143:
2117:
2099:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2041:
2015:
1981:
1947:
1931:
1916:
1881:
1850:
1841:
1814:
1795:
1765:
1746:
1726:
1697:
1678:
1655:
1631:
1574:
1545:
1511:
1478:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1363:Salk Institute
1359:Robert Redford
1355:
1352:Carl Kurlander
1340:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1268:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1120:
1117:
1115:in San Diego.
1083:David Oshinsky
1078:
1075:
1038:Howard Taubman
1010:
1007:
978:
975:
894:Howard Taubman
854:
851:
831:
828:
765:
762:
760:
757:
746:March of Dimes
700:March of Dimes
668:Basil O'Connor
645:
644:Polio research
642:
613:Thomas Francis
608:
605:
585:Phi Beta Kappa
537:
536:Medical school
534:
505:
502:
450:
447:
439:Geisel Library
372:polio vaccines
328:
327:
319:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
287:Salk Institute
284:
278:
276:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
263:
256:
252:
251:
245:
244:
242:
241:
235:
229:
226:
223:
218:
211:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
184:
178:
177:
176:
175:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
139:
138:
132:
131:Known for
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 80)
77:
73:
72:
66:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5900:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5537:Drew Weissman
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:H. Fred Clark
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Louis Pasteur
5490:
5488:
5487:Edward Jenner
5485:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:DTwP-HepB-Hib
5456:
5454:
5453:DTaP-IPV-HepB
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:combination:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5342:Helminthiasis
5339:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:combination:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
4939:
4938:
4937:combination:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:Meningococcus
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Leptospirosis
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Vaccine court
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:GAVI Alliance
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:Mother Teresa
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:Francis Crick
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:Leakey family
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:Sigmund Freud
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:Rachel Carson
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:Leo Baekeland
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:David Sarnoff
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:Lucky Luciano
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4064:Oprah Winfrey
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:Frank Sinatra
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:Pablo Picasso
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:Martha Graham
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:Marlon Brando
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:Ronald Reagan
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3691:(2019âpresent
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Louis Pasteur
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Edward Jenner
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Typhoid fever
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3048:0-8229-1150-7
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2967:A New Reality
2964:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2837:9780691028323
2833:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2714:0-393-05027-0
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2687:9781438104119
2683:
2679:
2672:
2661:September 30,
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2632:0-688-09494-5
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2515:9782742007752
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2144:9780822549642
2140:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2069:0-02-923679-7
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1945:(2009), p. 12
1944:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1878:0-312-34272-1
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:Man Unfolding
1386:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:Google Doodle
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Mesa, Arizona
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:Maria Shriver
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:Man Unfolding
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:and patented
992:
988:
984:
974:
972:
971:
967:'s 1979 book
966:
965:Steve Woolgar
962:
958:
954:
953:Francis Crick
950:
945:
943:
942:immune system
939:
935:
928:
926:
921:
917:
914:
909:
907:
903:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
864:
859:
850:
848:
843:
841:
837:
827:
823:
820:
815:
811:
806:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
779:
775:
770:
756:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
727:
725:
721:
720:Mellon family
717:
711:
709:
701:
696:
689:
683:
675:
669:
666:meeting with
665:
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5239:Yellow fever
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4877:Pneumococcal
4845:Lyme disease
4673:Heterologous
4572:Immunization
4441:Helen Keller
4416:Billy Graham
4388:Muhammad Ali
4356:James Watson
4330:
4303:Edwin Hubble
4268:Enrico Fermi
4187:Pete Rozelle
4138:Estée Lauder
4036:Bart Simpson
3973:Le Corbusier
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3808:Adolf Hitler
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331:
275:Institutions
268:epidemiology
248:
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5733:1914 births
5650:from market
5546:Controversy
5480:researchers
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5227:Chicken pox
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5048:Hepatitis B
5043:Hepatitis A
4989:Chikungunya
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4660:Inactivated
4600:Development
4588:Inoculation
4580:Vaccination
4469:Harvey Milk
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4345:Alan Turing
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4201:Juan Trippe
4173:Akio Morita
4103:Walt Disney
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3987:T. S. Eliot
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3945:The Beatles
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3815:Ho Chi Minh
3679:(1918â1920)
3677:Spanish flu
3673:(1346â1353)
3671:Black Death
3628:Robert Koch
3531:History of
3259:October 28,
3233:October 28,
3059:December 7,
2910:February 5,
2781:October 13,
2377:Offit, Paul
1594:(1): 9â10.
1538:October 28,
1471:October 23,
1270:Schools in
989:(IRC) with
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896:explained:
688:Gallup poll
568:âhad rigid
546:Walter Reed
519:Nobel Prize
513:of birth."
475:East Harlem
5727:Categories
5581:Thiomersal
5527:Paul Offit
5502:Jonas Salk
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5349:research:
5326:research:
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5192:Skycovione
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5127:SARS-CoV-2
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4952:research:
4830:Diphtheria
4668:Attenuated
4490:Rosa Parks
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4331:Jonas Salk
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4208:Sam Walton
4117:Bill Gates
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4008:Jim Henson
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3412:Britannica
3344:January 5,
2977:August 10,
2947:August 17,
2034:August 14,
1926:1031748949
1421:References
913:antibodies
883:Louis Kahn
772:Salk with
662:President
459:New Jersey
391:poliovirus
364:virologist
360:Jonas Salk
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5693:Biography
5660:Phase III
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5576:Pox party
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4808:Bacterial
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4584:Infection
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3980:Bob Dylan
3648:John Snow
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2421:April 16,
1834:March 26,
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1719:April 15,
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902:molecular
875:San Diego
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778:Jerusalem
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4634:Timeline
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3227:Archived
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3206:Archived
3186:Archived
3167:Archived
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3053:Archived
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2996:Archived
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2002:Archived
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4740:SAGE
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1922:OCLC
1912:ISBN
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