740:
1627:
1795:, authorities do not allow many Palestinian herding and agricultural communities access to the water or electricity grids, and tear down olive groves, donated solar panels, access roads to fields and waterlines which lack an Israeli warrant. Often the reason given concerns the 'protection of antiquities'. According to agricultural consultant Samir Muaddi, the Civil Administration helps Palestinian farmers and the Palestinian agriculture ministry market their produce in Israel and ensure its quality. Seminars are held on modern agriculture, exposing the farmers to Israeli and international innovations.
1434:
1236:
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little resistance by the
Israelis. These retreating units, as well as two brigades that were held in reserve in the Jordan Valley, formed defensive positions on the Jordanian side of the Jordan valley and deeper in Jordanian territory. The Jordanian valley features, namely the river and the high and steep escarpments contributed to the strength of this position. Coupled with Israeli reluctance to cross the 1948 British Mandate border in this sector, American diplomatic pressure, and needs on additional fronts the war ended with the sides opposing one another across the Jordan Valley.
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1042:
1142:
351:
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601:
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185:
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402:, separated only by the political boundary of the Jordan River. The Jordanian (North Ghor) IBA on the eastern side covers some 6,000 ha, with the Israeli one covering 7,000 ha of the western side. Significant bird populations for which the IBAs were designated, including resident, wintering and passage migrant species, comprise the following:
1424:
pastoral communities, who roamed the arid plateau above the valley without regard to land ownership, into permanent communities particularly around the
Jericho area. Israel has also enforced zoning rules, building permit requirements, natural reserves, and military firing zones in the territory which
1505:
in the center of those two river courses. In regard to the West Bank, Annex I (a) provides that "This line is the administrative boundary between Jordan and the territory which came under
Israeli military government control in 1967. Any treatment of this line shall be without prejudice to the status
390:
Nowadays the Jordan Valley still is an essential part of one of the main migration routes for birds in the world; within the region, it constitutes the
Eastern Route which, together with the parallel Western Route and the Southern-Eilat Mountains Route, allow an estimated 500 million birds belonging
1111:
While providing benefits elsewhere by utilization of fresh water, the combined result of both of these projects and subsequent management and usage, was to greatly reduce the flow of water through the Jordan valley. The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic meters per year; as of
1733:
in the Jordan Valley formed the
Council of the Gush, a regional municipal framework responsible for liaison with the authorities of the British Mandate. In the 1940s, this economic, cultural, and security cooperation between the kibbutzim continued, and a regional school system was established. In
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and its 6,000 inhabitants were ordered to leave; most, however, returned to the village. The population of the Jordan Valley fled in disproportionate numbers compared to the rest of the West Bank. According to some estimates, the population of the
Jericho sub-district which is in the Jordan Valley
907:
brigade invaded via
Naharyim in an unsuccessful attempt to take Gesher. After the Tel Or village and the power plant were overrun by the Arab forces they were destroyed. To prevent Iraqi tanks from attacking Jewish villages in the Jordan Valley, the sluice gates of the Degania dam were opened. The
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with limited supply routes from the other side of the Jordan river, was collapsing due to lack of suitable supply and reinforcement routes most of the remaining
Jordanian units able to retreat did so, crossing the Jordan river to Jordan proper and the remaining West Bank cities were captured with
1021:
hostilities Israel controlled roughly the same territory of the Jordan Valley that it was allotted in the partition plan. Some Jewish settlements in the
Jordanian controlled Jordan Valley were abandoned, while significantly more Arab residents fled mixed cities and Arab settlements as part of the
1020:
From the beginning of the second truce on 18 July 1948 and until the end of hostilities with Jordan on 3 April 1949 and Syria on 20 July 1949 there were no further major military operations around the Jordan Valley, and contact lines remained static in this area. Unlike other areas, at the end of
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elected government that the prisoners would be released and the leaving of international wardens who were monitoring the incarceration. The prisoners put up a fight, and after a ten-hour siege, the prisoners surrendered and were arrested. A series of riots and kidnapping of foreigners ensued
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The effect of Black
September on the Jordanian Jordan Valley population was severe as the valley had a relatively high fraction of Palestinian population and PLO bases and fighters. According to some estimates, half the buildings in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley were razed and the
1776:
The Jordan Valley is several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, and its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply made it a site for agriculture dating to about 10,000 years ago. By about 3000 BCE, produce from the valley was being exported to neighboring regions.
1788:), which runs down the east bank of the Jordan Valley for 69 kilometers, has brought new areas under irrigation. The introduction of portable greenhouses has brought about a sevenfold increase in productivity, allowing Jordan to export large amounts of fruit and vegetables year-round.
2536:., p. 81: 'Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April).
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According to the definition used in this article, what is elsewhere sometimes termed the Upper Jordan Valley is not considered part of the Jordan Valley. The Upper Jordan Valley comprises the Jordan River sources and the course of the Jordan River through the
130:(BSL) and terminating at less than â400 m (â1,300 ft) BSL. On both sides, to the east and west, the valley is bordered by high, steep escarpments rising from the valley floor by between 1,200 m (3,900 ft) to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).
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under British Administration. The Jordan river, in the middle of the Jordan valley, was the border between these two entities. This agreement split the Jordan valley, which during Ottoman times was under a single administration, to two distinct entities.
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In Palestinian enclaves and refugee camps in Jordan, the Jordanian Police and army were losing their authority. Uniformed PLO militants openly carried weapons, set up checkpoints, and attempted to extort "taxes". During the November 1968 negotiations, a
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of 1994, which establishes an "administrative boundary" between Jordan and the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967, without prejudice to the status of that territory. Israel has allocated 86% of the land, in the West Bank portion of the valley, to
236:), includes the Jordan River segment south of the Sea of Galilee which ends at the Dead Sea. Several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply have made the Ghor a key agricultural area.
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During and following the Six-Day War, many Palestinians, who at the time had Jordanian citizenship, fled the West Bank to Jordan due to choice, fear, and in some cases being forced to do so. In the Jordan valley the majority of the inhabitants of
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command, which were repulsed after some initial successes as a result of Jordanian air force strikes. After a protracted campaign, lasting 10 months, and claiming more than 3,400 Palestinian deaths the king reasserted Jordanian sovereignty.
1742:(same translation), which consists of Israeli settlements built after 1967. The Bik'at HaYarden settlements are located in the West Bank between the pre-1967 borders and Jericho in the south. Settlements near the Dead Sea are part of the
494:, until 1918. The Ottoman internal administrative divisions varied throughout the period with the Jordan river being at times a provincial border, and at times not. However the valley was contained within the group of provinces termed
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in April 1948 a strategic settlement located on the route to the valley was successfully defended by Jewish forces, and Arab positions surrounding it were captured in a counter-attack. The Jewish supply route to the Jordan Valley and
838:
the northern portion of the western side of the valley would have been assigned to the Jewish state, and the southern portion to an Arab state. However hostilities between the Arabs and Jews commenced soon after the UN resolution as
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in which the Ottoman territory of the Levant, which divided the yet undefeated Ottoman regions of the Levant between France and Britain. Under the agreement, the Jordan valley would be entirely within the British sphere of control.
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living in the part of the valley that lies in the West Bank. As of 2009, the number of Palestinians remaining in this area was approximately 58,000, living in about twenty permanent communities, mostly concentrated in the city of
1563:
telling the parents: "a crime that is a shame for all of us. I feel as if I have lost a child of my own. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did."
262:, the valley's Jordanian side was home to about 60,000 people largely engaged in agriculture and pastoralism. By 1971, the Valley's Jordanian population had declined to 5,000 as a result of the 1967 war and the 1970â71 "
1321:
Even though Jordan was Western aligned, and was invaded by Syrian forces just three years prior, the Jordanian government decided to intervene in the 1973 conflict a week after the beginning of hostilities, sending an
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sees the actions by the Israeli government as a part of a policy aimed at de facto annexing the Jordan Valley. The Bedouin, who erect structures illegally per the Israeli view, have received material aid from the
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by a Jordanian medical team. Therefore, a five-member military tribunal sentenced him to only 20 years in prison. Daqamseh expressed pride for his actions, and he was later called a "hero" by Jordanian politician
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The Israeli-Jordanian contact line, the main portion being the Jordanian valley, remained quiet during the war. Israel and Jordan did however deploy units in a defensive posture on each side of the Jordan valley.
125:
when reaching the Dead Sea. Due to meandering, the length of the river itself is 220 km (140 mi). This is the valley with the lowest elevation in the world, beginning at â212 m (â696 ft) below
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200 species to fly across Israel twice a year - in spring from here or from Africa towards their breeding places in Asia and Europe, and in autumn on the way back to their winter home in the Levant or in Africa.
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resulting in approximately 300 deaths. Between February and June 1970, about a thousand people died in Jordan due to the conflict. In September 1970; following failed assassination attempts of the king, and the
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countriesâIsrael, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Though the plan was rejected by the Arab League, both Israel and Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The US provided funding for Israel's
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of Jordan personally apologized for the incident, traveling to Israel to visit and pay respects to the grieving families of the seven murdered girls during the traditional Jewish mourning ceremony known as
1028:
In the aftermath of the war, a Palestinian Arab state was not formed in the West Bank, and the Jordanians retained control of both sides of the Jordan Valley along the West Bank â Jordan border due to the
1384:, the geographic defensive barrier created by the Jordan valley, and the demographic realities (lack of a significant Arab population in the valley that would impact the overall demographics of Israel).
274:. Investments by the Jordanian government in the region allowed the population to rebound to over 85,000 by 1979. 80% of the farms in the Jordanian part of the valley are family farms no larger than 30
1538:
Ahmed Daqamseh, who stated that he attacked because he was insulted and angered that the girls were whistling and clapping while he was praying. He killed seven schoolgirls, and injured six others.
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Following commencement of hostilities of the Six-Day War on 5 June 1967, initial hostilities between Israel and Jordan were mainly around the line of contact between Israel and Jordan and around
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Throughout the entire war, Jordanian Arab Legion forces as well as Iraqi military forces crossed the Jordan valley to support the Arab effort in the central sector, the current West Bank.
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which would have diverted two of the three sources of the Jordan river. Israel's destruction, via airstrikes, of the diversion project in April 1967 was one of the events leading to the
903:. The power plant workers and their families without a Jordanian ID card evacuated into Mandatory Palestine. On 15 May 1948, the day hostilities formally commenced with Arab states, an
863:. The Arab population of Tiberias (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated under British military protection on 18 April 1948 following clashes in the mixed city. The
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section of the Jordan valley and the north Dead Sea. The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian.
1456:
in 1994. Jericho, which is disconnected from the rest of the West Bank, and is far from the Israeli hinterland, was viewed as a suitable location for nascent Palestinian self-rule.
1334:. However, declassified documents show this was a token participation to preserve King Hussein's status in the Arab world, and that some tacit understandings were made with Israel.
121:", with a width averaging 10 km (6.2 mi) with some points narrowing to 4 km (2.5 mi) over most of the course, before widening out to a 20 km (12 mi)
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1706:
declared that the Israeli government had newly seized 10 km of land in the West Bank; this included parts of the Jordan Valley, as well as land between the Israeli settlements
1897:
Jesus' traditional baptism site has attracted pilgrims throughout history. During the last four decades pilgrimage facilities have been created at three different sites. With
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In the context of pre-state Zionist and later Israeli settlement, "Jordan Valley" means the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee and the first kilometres of the valley towards
1905:
has its own medieval traditions. Both sites were off-limits between 1967 and the 2000s, first due to the conflict between Israel and Jordan and then due to the Palestinian
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area decreased from around 79,407 in May 1967 to 10,800 in the September 1967 census or 83% compared to an estimate of 850,343 to 661,757 or 23% for the entire West Bank.
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3338:
1806:. It flows down into the Sea of Galilee, 212 meters below sea level, and then drains into the Dead Sea. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan Valley turns into the hot, dry
1598:, it was not a major area of operations by either side. The Jericho casino was shut shortly after the beginning of the Intifada, and has not since returned to business.
671:
Following the division, the concept of an east and west bank of the Jordan, as separate territorial units took hold. As a political example to this new reality, in 1929
1784:. Modern methods of farming have vastly expanded the agricultural output of the area. The construction of the East Ghor Canal by Jordan in the 1950s (now known as the
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in which 4 planes were hijacked and landed at a desert airstrip in Jordan; the Jordanian king ordered the army to attack and expel Palestinian militants, and declared
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rush of water, which deepened the Jordan river, was instrumental in blocking the Iraqi-Jordanian incursion. On 20 May 1948, after a failure to reach an agreement with
2059:
Salameh, Elias. "Sources of water salinities in the Jordan Valley Area/Jordan." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 29.6/7 (2002): Introduction on page 330 (2 in PDF)
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were abandoned due to their isolation amidst Arab settlements. The residents and fighters of the villages evacuated via boat over the Dead Sea to the Israeli post at
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2250:
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Jordan has the historically oldest site, with archaeological finds from the earliest periods of Christian worship. Across the river, on the West Bank side,
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lines, to reflect both the shifting river course and historical claims, and also settled on-going water disputed and instituted a water sharing agreement.
1277:
This agreement, however, was not adhered to, and clashes grew between the Jordanian army and Palestinian militants. In February 1970 fighting broke out in
1157:
in particular. Following heavy fighting in Jerusalem, the city was captured on 7 June. The Israeli Harel Brigade advanced on the Jordan Valley and Israeli
3460:
1684:. Some settler groups have claimed that the EU's ambassador is working to "establish a terror state", with housing aid to Bedouin along strategic routes.
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3068:
1552:. King Hussein's visit to the parents of the victims was broadcast live in Israel and Jordan. During the visit, in which King Hussein stood alongside
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The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the
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and the British, who directly controlled the area west of the valley, chose to avoid any definite connection between the two areas. Following the
2213:
1913:, but have been reopened in 2000 and 2010â2011 respectively. A new alternative site was opened in 1981 further up north on the Israeli side, at
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Following the end of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian government has attempted to gain control over additional areas and in particular the
1290:. Syria attempted to aid the Palestinian cause in Jordan by sending significant military forces across the border, though nominally under the
3399:
1618:. Reports from the scene said 50 jeeps, three tanks, and an armored bulldozer pushed into Jericho, and two helicopters were flying overhead.
1086:
after receiving assurances from Israel that it would continue to abide by the plan's allocations. Similar funding was provided for Jordan's
2003:
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Israeli enforcement of zoning rules, building permits, natural reserves, and firing zones in the Jordan valley, the adjoining area east of
840:
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In 1998, a $ 150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat. The casino closed subsequently during the
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of Israel with Jordan, intending to annex it or keep deployment of Israeli forces in the valley. An early example of this view was the
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Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History
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was granted a 70-year concession for the construction of hydroelectric plants along the Jordan River; the only plant built was the
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in 2013 in which MPs alleged that he had finished his sentence. He was released on 12 March 2017 after he finished his sentence.
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623:, as well as a power vacuum following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to a series of diplomatic conferences and treaties (
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Laurie A. Brand (1991) Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State Columbia University Press,
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635:) which convened with continued armed struggle between the great powers, their proxies, and Arab elements that were part of the
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Abu Toameh, Khaled (19 February 2006). HAMAS TO BAR JERICHO CASINO REOPENING. Jerusalem Post, 19 February 2006. Retrieved from
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1975â1999: construction of 18 additional settlements, which further reinforces the two settlement lines in the previous phases.
1833:, where it was the site of several miracles for the people of Israel, such as the Jordan River stopping its flow to allow the
1734:
1949, the Jordan Valley Regional Council was formed, becoming the model for regional councils throughout Israel. It is called
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2016:
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Ammonnews (4 April 2013). House majority call for release of ex-Jordanian soldier. Ammon News, 4 April 2013. Retrieved from
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which ended in the destruction of the PLO base, deaths on both sides, destruction of property, and an Israeli withdrawal.
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was completed in stages between 1961 and 1966, and likewise diverts a significant amount of water from the Jordan river.
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Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present
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Concurrently, on 14 May Syrian forces began attacking via the Syrian-Mandate border in a series of engagement called
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This article is about the physical and human geography of the lower Jordan Valley. For the upper Jordan Valley, see
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were placed in the valley to protect the eastern flank of the British forces facing Ottoman forces in the hills of
1667:, the south Hebron hills and elsewhere, have become an issue covered by activists and human-rights organizations.
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The Sea of Galilee. At its southern tip (right side) the Jordan River exits the lake and enters the Jordan Valley.
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1688:
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155:
117:
The valley, in the common, narrow sense, is a long and narrow trough, 105 km (65 mi) long if measured "
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captured by the time a second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole Lower Galilee from Haifa Bay to the
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periods, the Levantine corridor, of which the Jordan Valley is one part, was more important for bi-directional
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and communities in the greater Jericho area in the south of the valley. Of these, approximately 10,000 live in
146:
28:
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932:
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South of the Dead Sea, the continuation of the larger Jordan Rift Valley contains the hot, dry area known as
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558:
90:. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to the lower course of the
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3452:
3132:
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843:. The Jewish settlements in the Jordan valley were particularly disconnected from the rest of the Jewish
731:, was founded in the vicinity of the power plant. The plant remained in operation until the war of 1948.
338:
contains 21 settlements with a total of 4,200 residents as of 2014, and the independent municipality of
3554:
3544:
3519:
2968:"Walls going up in Jericho - construction of casino-hotel. Palestinians, Israelis have role in project"
2648:
1959:
Mo 'Awiyah Ibrahim; Sauer, James Abbott; Yassine, Khair (1976). "The East Jordan Valley Survey, 1975".
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1453:
1413:, were reestablished on the sites of settlements that were evacuated in the beginning of the 1948 war.
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Israel has constructed settlements in the West bank portion of the Jordan valley in three main phases:
1258:
stepped up their guerrilla attacks against Israel from Jordanian soil, using the Jordan Valley town of
1074:
1070:
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during some periods contained both banks of the Jordan, while during others the valley was bordered by
499:
1364:
Since the end of the 1967 war, many Israeli governments have treated the western Jordan Valley as the
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was captured by Israel opening further supply lines to the settlements in the northern Jordan valley.
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and constitutes a route for animal migration, including in the past for the developing human species.
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2453:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 232.
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the
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1515:
864:
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2851:
2292:, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
847:, were fairly small and dispersed among Arab settlements, and relied on a tenuous supply line via
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development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997)
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971:, at the northern edge of the Jordan valley. where local militia reinforced by elements of the
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2104:'Ripe for Abuse:Palestinian Child Labor in Israeli Agricultural Settlements in the West Bank,'
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of the total Jordanian was always high, and the 1967 refugees further increased their number.
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517:, the people who lived in the Jordan Valley in the late 19th century were almost entirely
8:
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1984:
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1463:, handed over additional West Bank territories, however Israel has retained control as
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On 10 September 2019, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu said that the government would
1528:, with Israeli private land ownership and property rights, but Jordanian sovereignty.
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WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920â1948, p. 79
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2012:
1988:
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1101:, greatly decreased the flow of water from the Sea of Galilee down to Jordan Valley.
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881:
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Soffer, A.; Bar-Gal, Y. (1985). "Planned Bedouin settlement in Israelâ a critique".
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The treaty defines the international border between the countries on the Jordan and
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development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional
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1968:
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development of the Jordan Valley. It was negotiated and developed by US ambassador
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was further secured by the Battle of Ramat Yohanan and a modus vivendi agreed with
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that are located in the valley. An additional 12,400 live in 22 communities in the
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in the south. In a wider sense, the term may also cover the Dead Sea basin and the
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Population and Demographic Developments in The West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1990
3369:"Israel announces largest West Bank land seizure since 1993 during Blinken visit"
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to the British Mandate and the Emirate of Transjordan. An adjacent company town,
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Inside pre-1967 borders, 17,332 Israelis live in the independent municipality of
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formulated in 1967â1968. This Israeli position (which has also been held by the
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as their headquarters. The Israeli army attacked this base in March 1968 in the
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it was agreed that he would administer the territory east of the Jordan River,
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to Israel has been proposed by a variety of Israeli politicians, most recently
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2871:, Maj Gen. (res) Uzi Dayan, April 2014, BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 244
2773:, Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law. Garnet & Ithaca Press. p. 90.
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Americans for Peace Now report on Jordan Valley settlements and related issues
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United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
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3297:'Red Cross stops providing emergency tents to Palestinians in Jordan Valley,'
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US Assistance, Development, and Hierarchy in the Middle East: Aid for Allies
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2011:. Archaeological Studies Leiden University (ASLU). Leiden University Press.
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Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789â1923
1929:, possibly associated by the Byzantines with Gilgal and the "twelve stones"
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On 14 March 2006, Israel raided the Palestinian jail in Jericho as part of
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village. Following the heavy fighting, the Arab inhabitants of the city of
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valley, which is the rift valley segment beyond the Dead Sea and ending at
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2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.
600:
193:
Satellite map and diagram showing the Jordan valley on either side of the
3410:
2762:
2246:
1863:) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the
1792:
1749:
1668:
1287:
1136:
1124:
1116:
1098:
944:
925:
900:
859:, located at the northern edge of the valley, the inhabitants fleeing to
724:
636:
415:
411:
371:
259:
204:
122:
20:
2447:
Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H.; Palmer, E. H.; Besant, W. (1881â1883).
1490:
In 1994, following the initial Oslo accords, Israel and Jordan signed a
1006:
Following the first truce which ended on 8 July, the successful Israeli
615:
Following conflicting promises and agreements during WWI, in particular
3292:
2228:
1980:
1898:
1879:
1834:
1621:
1475:
and very small Area B zones around some small Palestinian settlements.
1445:
1369:
1213:
487:
375:
3133:
http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-to-bar-Jericho-casino-reopening
3107:"Jordan Frees Soldier Who Killed 7 Israeli Schoolgirls in '97 Rampage"
2852:"Jordan and Israel cooperated during Yom Kippur War, documents reveal"
1342:
Post-1967 Israeli settlements and long-term views of the Jordan Valley
1239:
An Israeli military vehicle on patrol in the Jordan Valley, circa 1968
1119:
which objected to Israeli National Water Carrier approved in 1964 the
3415:'A Short Drive From Tel Aviv, Hundreds Live Without Power or Water ,'
1838:
1691:
by applying "Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and northern
1673:
1664:
1645:
1521:
1495:
1494:. The agreement made minor land adjustments, in relation to existing
1444:
Jericho, and the surrounding area in the southern valley, along with
1154:
959:
using tanks and aircraft, and on 18 May they succeeded in conquering
784:
720:
679:
which asserts that the Jordan river should be the central feature of
127:
2913:"More than the two-state solution: The many possible paths to peace"
2802:
1972:
1440:
in blue, note solid blue area-C strip along most of the Jordan river
1065:
between 1953 and 1955, and based on an earlier plan commissioned by
580:. This position provided a strong position from which to launch the
133:
Over most of its length, the Jordan Valley forms the border between
3147:"A sudden exit, a jail is stormed â and Israel's long wait is over"
2677:
Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin
1914:
1822:
1692:
1535:
1398:
1971â1974: construction of six settlements to the west of the road.
1360:
The 1968 Allon Plan: note blue Israeli zone along the Jordan valley
1331:
1078:
983:. The remaining Syrian forces were driven off the next day by four
860:
848:
589:
534:
99:
3013:
Israel, the Hashemites, and the Palestinians: the fateful triangle
2654:
Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East
1531:
On 13 March 1997, a visiting group of schoolgirls was attacked by
1180:
As it became clear that the Jordanian position, from the get-go a
3417:
3299:
1938:
1730:
1649:
1472:
1421:
1259:
1158:
952:
877:
852:
684:
663:. The area west of the Jordan river was allocated in 1922 to the
486:
in 1486, which involved a small battle in the valley en route to
483:
308:
296:
218:
The lower part of the valley, known as the Ghor (from the Arabic
184:
3219:"Arab nations condemn Netanyahu's Jordan Valley annexation plan"
2880:
2446:
1274:
was reached between King Hussein and Palestinian organizations.
955:, but they were bogged down by resistance. Later, they attacked
687:: "Two Banks has the Jordan/This is ours and, that is as well."
467:
175:
1932:
1864:
1807:
909:
844:
728:
695:
538:
394:
The northern Jordan valley has two adjoining and complementary
271:
241:
138:
134:
103:
98:
in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the
34:
3336:
HUMANITARIAN FACT SHEET ON THE JORDAN VALLEY AND DEAD SEA AREA
2193:"High tech may water Jordan Valley, but dry up family farming"
225:
3255:
Palestinian Politics after Arafat: A Failed National Movement
2733:
2002:
Moawiyah M. Ibrahim (2009). Eva Kaptijn; Lucas Petit (eds.).
1868:
1803:
1717:
1630:
September 2019 annexation proposal by Israeli prime minister
1610:
1406:
1356:
1278:
1255:
1097:
was completed in 1964, and coupled with increased closing of
885:
873:
585:
518:
491:
275:
111:
107:
3282:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 26 January 2011.
2869:
The Jordan Valley is Israelâs Only Defensible Eastern Border
2089:'Israel: Settlement Agriculture Harms Palestinian Children,'
1090:
project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan.
286:
Population levels in the past are unclear. According to the
3355:
Settler group accuses EU envoy of supporting âterror stateâ
3280:"West Bank: enduring the restrictions in the Jordan Valley"
3046:"With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks"
2793:, Dr. Wael R. Ennab, UNCTAD, June 1994, page 73, figure 3.4
980:
577:
987:
mountain guns. Following the Syrian forces' defeat at the
3312:
Israeli demolitions leave West Bank Bedouin, U.N. alarmed
1935:, site in the Jordan Valley mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
1609:
who were jailed there, following the announcement of the
1485:
1251:
595:
307:, including approximately 2,700 people who live in small
287:
1798:
The Jordan River rises from several sources, mainly the
1702:
In late March 2024, Israel's far-right Finance Minister
592:, and the collapse of the Ottoman armies in the Levant.
1225:
Jordan: conflict with PLO and Black September 1967â1971
305:
Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories
2874:
2803:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2005).
1841:
its riverbed at Gilgal, which went dry as soon as the
541:
from the hills come to cultivate their land for them.
2070:
2068:
2066:
1961:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3094:
http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=20576
2526:
Jerusalem Embattled â A diary of a city under siege.
1695:" should he continue being Prime Minister after the
1622:
Future of the West Bank portion of the Jordan Valley
1594:
Despite some clashes in the Jericho area during the
1031:
Jordanian occupation and annexation of the West Bank
967:. On 21 May, the Syrian army was stopped at kibbutz
245:, the "wilderness" or "Arabah desert" of the Bible.
219:
81:
61:
3197:"Netanyahu pledges to annex occupied Jordan Valley"
2592:
2574:
Carta's Atlas of Israel â The First Years 1948â1961
2001:
935:. The Syrians thrust down the eastern and southern
457:
3272:
2063:
1391:1967â1970: construction of five settlements along
3069:"A Time to Mourn: King Hussein Comforts Israelis"
2990:"Jordan MPs: Free man who killed 7 Israeli girls"
2611:Elusive Victory: The ArabâIsraeli Wars, 1947â1974
2585:
2583:
2353:The Jordan River Valley: A Vital Migratory Flyway
2141:. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Archived from
1467:administered by Israel, with the exception of an
3491:
3251:
3006:
1829:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the
1780:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the
1638: Jordan Valley area to be annexed by Israel
1509:
290:, before 1967, there were approximately 250,000
145:, to the west. The details are regulated by the
3191:
3189:
3066:
2843:
2368:
2251:"Israel has de facto annexed the Jordan Valley"
2231:, B'Tselem, May 2011 & updated October 2013
1541:On 16 March 1997, a few days after the attack,
3324:Bedouin vow to stay in contested Jordan Valley
3043:
2700:, Munther J. Haddadin, editor, RFF Press, 2006
2580:
2464:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (1 January 2001).
2241:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2222:
1941:, modern and ancient town in the Jordan Valley
711:in the Jordan valley at the confluence of the
2983:
2981:
2938:
2190:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2005:The Jordan Valley during the Early Bronze Age
1567:The perpetrator, however, was diagnosed with
3240:Abbas rejects Israeli claim to Jordan Valley
3186:
2571:
2245:
2184:
1583:
811: Israeli controlled territory from 1949
723:. The Naharayim plant was a major source of
231:
2849:
2234:
2219:
1697:September 2019 Israeli legislative election
1559:, he expressed an apology on behalf of the
1448:was the first territory handed over to the
1330:to southern Syria to aid in the defense of
1307:population decreased from 63,000 to 5,000.
836:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
549:In 1916, Britain and France engaged in the
478:The Jordan valley was under control of the
462:
380:human migrations between Africa and Eurasia
16:Rift valley in Israel, Palestine and Jordan
3245:
2978:
2463:
2214:Settling area C: the Jordan Valley Exposed
2157:
1718:The Israeli Jordan Valley Regional Council
1607:killers of Israeli minister Rehavam Ze'evi
1188:
471:Approximation of the 'average' borders of
114:, 155 km (96 mi) farther south.
3500:History of the Jews in Palestine (region)
2316:
2207:
1927:Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley
1892:
1813:
829:controlled territory from 1948 until 1967
370:Genetic studies indicate that during the
3258:. Indiana University Press. p. 34.
3000:
2711:"Jordan River could die by 2011: report"
2641:
2589:Morris,2008, pp. 236, 237, 247, 253, 254
2484:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1817:
1763:
1748:
1625:
1432:
1355:
1234:
1140:
1040:
899:were shelled on 27â29 April 1948 by the
841:1947â48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
738:
734:
694:
690:
599:
466:
349:
33:
3144:
3060:
2965:
2832:, By Anne Mariel Zimmermann, page 112,
2796:
2545:
2539:
1169:in the south of the valley, and forces
1121:Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River)
1036:
709:First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House
570:British occupation of the Jordan Valley
557:In February 1918, as part of the wider
521:of various tribes, save for a group of
3492:
3125:
2910:
2904:
2097:
1486:1994 Israeli-Jordanian peace agreement
1420:, Israel has sought to settle migrant
1310:
757: Area assigned for a Jewish state
596:Formation of Transjordan and Palestine
331:whose southern half is in the valley.
3366:
3086:
2724:
2607:
2565:
2457:
2396:"Northern Jordan Valley (North Ghor)"
2346:
2112:
1177:located in the middle of the valley.
1023:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
991:a few days later, they abandoned the
791:Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 (
767: Area assigned for an Arab state
303:which is administered by the Israeli
23:. For the geology of the valley, see
3429:
3360:
2987:
2414:
2362:
2310:
2139:"Touristic Sites: The Jordan Valley"
747:1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine
3164:
3010:; Kumaraswamy, P. R., eds. (2003).
2703:
2388:
2369:Avigayil Kadesh (30 January 2011).
2319:"Routes of migrating soaring birds"
1860:
1380:) stems from the narrowness of the
1348:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
1250:After the Six-Day War in 1967, the
884:further opened up supply lines via
323:, 12,000 live in 24 communities in
232:
94:, from the spot where it exits the
71:
51:
13:
3172:"West Bank jail raid sparks chaos"
2840:(Print) 978-1-349-95000-3 (Online)
2552:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2496:
2375:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2304:American Journal of Human Genetics
975:halted Syrian armored forces with
604:The Jordan valley divided between
345:
325:Valley of Springs Regional Council
14:
3576:
3535:Valleys of the State of Palestine
3442:
3242:, Times of Israel, September 2013
3067:Serge Schmemann (16 March 1997).
3016:. Psychology Press. p. 157.
2850:Ofer Aderet (12 September 2013).
2767:The Palestinian Exodus, 1948â1998
2657:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
1603:Operation Bringing Home the Goods
1425:has restricted Arab development.
1216:over 800 homes were razed by the
699:Rutenberg power plant, circa 1933
647:area east of the valley become a
358:The Jordan Valley is part of the
268:Palestine Liberation Organization
3357:, Times of Israel, February 2016
3252:As'ad Ghanem (26 January 2010).
3145:McGreal, Chris (15 March 2006).
3044:Jerrold Kessel (16 March 1997).
2357:Friends of the Earth Middle East
2191:Dana Charkasi (31 August 2000).
1825:baptism site on the Jordan River
1740:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council
1352:Strategic depth § In Israel
1095:National Water Carrier of Israel
1051:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
1045:National Water Carrier of Israel
787:would be neither Jewish nor Arab
458:History, geopolitics, and events
342:an additional 1,206 as of 2015.
336:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council
183:
174:
3515:Geography of Palestine (region)
3432:"Joining forces on agriculture"
3423:
3404:
3393:
3348:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3286:
3233:
3211:
3138:
3099:
3037:
2959:
2932:
2862:
2823:
2784:
2756:
2739:
2691:
2668:
2632:
2601:
2548:"The Power Plant on Two Rivers"
2546:Avitzur, Shmuel (22 May 2003).
2518:
2440:
2371:"Birds on the wing over Israel"
2317:Leshem, Yossi; Yom-Tov, Yoram.
2281:
2269:
2229:Background on the Jordan Valley
1878:The Jordan River is revered by
1576:. A petition circulated in the
1569:antisocial personality disorder
1428:
1299:and remaining fighters fled to
515:PEF Survey of Western Palestine
365:
281:
156:Annexation of the Jordan Valley
3565:Important Bird Areas of Israel
3560:Important Bird Areas of Jordan
2988:Okbi, Yasser (12 April 2013).
2809:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569â573.
2614:. Military Book Club. p.
2428:. BirdLife International. 2021
2422:"Northern lower Jordan valley"
2402:. BirdLife International. 2021
2082:
2052:
1995:
1952:
1759:
1736:Emek HaYarden Regional Council
1459:Subsequent agreements, in the
1450:Palestinian National Authority
1395:which runs through the valley.
1130:
1057:", was a plan for the unified
920:and the nearby north Dead sea
617:McMahonâHussein Correspondence
544:
329:Emek HaYarden Regional Council
29:Jordan Valley (disambiguation)
1:
3367:Brown, Cate (22 March 2024).
3326:, Times of Israel, April 2014
3221:. BBC News. 11 September 2019
3199:. BBC News. 10 September 2019
2966:LoLordo, Ann (26 July 1998).
1945:
1510:1997 Island of Peace massacre
1416:Concurrently, as it has done
979:, hand grenades and a single
933:Battles of the Kinarot Valley
916:, the southern Jordan valley
584:which lead to the capture of
382:than was the Horn of Africa.
334:In the West Bank the Israeli
253:
248:
2953:10.1016/0016-7185(85)90049-1
2911:Keinon, Herb (20 May 2017).
2470:. Harvard University Press.
1738:, and is different from the
675:composed the political poem
563:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
559:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
482:from their victory over the
226:
165:
7:
3453:American Center of Research
3430:Levy, Elior (3 June 2011).
2576:. Jerusalem, Israel: Carta.
2491:The East Bank of the Jordan
1920:
1376:government that signed the
963:and occupied the abandoned
891:In the lead up to the full
568:. Subsequently, during the
537:. The explorers added that
314:
220:
86:) forms part of the larger
82:
62:
10:
3581:
2884:; Jehuda Reinharz (2008).
2649:Tennessee Valley Authority
2572:Nur, Eviatar, ed. (1978).
2359:. Accessed 17 January 2020
1587:
1513:
1345:
1314:
1228:
1192:
1134:
1071:Tennessee Valley Authority
1069:(UNRWA). Modeled upon the
745:Boundaries defined in the
500:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
420:black-crowned night herons
147:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
143:Israeli-occupied West Bank
18:
2698:Water Resources in Jordan
2608:Dupuy, Trevor N. (2002).
2480:– via Google Books.
1754:Panorama of Jordan Valley
1584:2000â2006 Second Intifada
1292:Palestine Liberation Army
1284:Dawson's Field hijackings
1053:, commonly known as the "
1003:across the Jordan River.
895:, Naharayim, Tel-Or, and
633:PauletâNewcombe Agreement
311:and herding communities.
3540:Valleys of the West Bank
3345:, UN OHCA, February 2012
2674:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007)
2598:Pollack 2002, pp. 448â57
2297:16 February 2012 at the
1744:Megilot Regional Council
1516:Island of Peace massacre
1405:Two of the settlements,
1161:blew up sections of the
865:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
783:with the intention that
463:Under the Ottoman Empire
436:black-winged pratincoles
385:
3449:Photos of Jordan Valley
3341:7 November 2012 at the
1729:In the late 1930s, the
1689:annex the Jordan Valley
1616:Palestinian territories
1524:power plant was dubbed
1520:The site of the former
1195:1967 Palestinian exodus
1189:1967 Palestinian exodus
999:in the northern valley
947:and the settlements of
677:Two Banks to the Jordan
653:Cairo Conference (1921)
444:European honey-buzzards
3530:Landforms of West Asia
2506:. Palestine Remembered
1893:Pilgrimage and tourism
1826:
1814:Religious significance
1800:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
1773:
1768:Date palms of kibbutz
1756:
1653:
1554:Israeli Prime Minister
1454:GazaâJericho Agreement
1441:
1361:
1245:Palestinians in Jordan
1240:
1150:
1084:National Water Carrier
1046:
831:
700:
661:Emirate of Transjordan
612:
610:Emirate of Transjordan
475:
400:BirdLife International
355:
39:
27:. For other uses, see
3476:32.31722°N 35.57000°E
3314:, Reuters, March 2016
2890:. UPNE. p. 542.
2493:, Lyrics, ZFA website
2203:on 27 September 2007.
2079:.jewishvirtuallibrary
1821:
1767:
1752:
1629:
1452:, as a result of the
1436:
1382:Israeli coastal plain
1359:
1346:Further information:
1272:seven-point agreement
1238:
1144:
1044:
939:shores, and attacked
893:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
742:
735:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
698:
691:Naharayim power plant
683:, with the repeating
603:
561:the British empire's
551:SykesâPicot Agreement
470:
398:(IBAs) recognised by
353:
37:
3174:. BBC. 14 March 2006
2771:University of London
2249:(13 February 2006).
1837:, led by Joshua, to
1578:Jordanian parliament
1471:enclave surrounding
1167:King Abdullah Bridge
1106:East Ghor Main Canal
1088:East Ghor Main Canal
1037:Water wars 1953â1967
657:Abdullah bin Hussein
574:Desert Mounted Corps
211:, both north of the
3525:Landforms of Jordan
3472: /
3374:The Washington Post
2504:"Welcome to Samakh"
2340:Tel Aviv University
1882:as the place where
1873:Ark of the Covenant
1845:reached the shore (
1843:Ark of the Covenant
1786:King Abdullah Canal
1506:of the territory."
1328:Expeditionary Force
1311:1973 Yom Kippur War
665:Mandatory Palestine
629:San Remo conference
621:Balfour Declaration
606:Mandatory Palestine
527:Mount of Temptation
448:Levant sparrowhawks
396:Important Bird Area
162:in September 2019.
152:Israeli settlements
3505:Jordan River basin
3481:32.31722; 35.57000
3111:The New York Times
3073:The New York Times
2994:The Jerusalem Post
2918:The Jerusalem Post
2426:BirdLife Data Zone
2400:BirdLife Data Zone
2107:Human Rights Watch
2092:Human Rights Watch
1827:
1774:
1757:
1654:
1644: Rest of the
1632:Benjamin Netanyahu
1557:Benjamin Netanyahu
1442:
1362:
1243:The proportion of
1241:
1151:
1047:
832:
701:
655:and meetings with
641:Battle of Maysalun
613:
476:
360:Levantine corridor
356:
266:" war between the
258:Prior to the 1967
160:Benjamin Netanyahu
88:Jordan Rift Valley
40:
25:Jordan Rift Valley
3555:Valleys of Israel
3545:Regions of Israel
3520:Great Rift Valley
3400:The Jordan Valley
3302:, 6 February 2014
3265:978-0-253-00401-7
3023:978-0-7146-5434-8
2897:978-0-87451-962-4
2882:Itamar Rabinovich
2838:978-1-349-94999-1
2816:978-1-85109-842-2
2779:978-0-86372-244-8
2751:978-0-231-06723-2
2686:978-0-7914-7201-9
2663:978-1-85065-214-4
2625:978-0-9654428-0-0
2534:978-0-304-33765-1
2477:978-0-674-00541-9
2018:978-908-72-8076-5
1561:Kingdom of Jordan
1324:armoured division
1264:Battle of Karameh
977:Molotov cocktails
882:Operation Yiftach
870:Galilee Panhandle
582:Battle of Megiddo
513:According to the
452:Dead Sea sparrows
440:Egyptian vultures
137:to the east, and
119:as the crow flies
80:
60:
3572:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3408:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3381:on 23 March 2024
3377:. Archived from
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2972:baltimoresun.com
2963:
2957:
2956:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2841:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2760:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2672:
2666:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:. Archived from
2243:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2199:. Archived from
2197:The Jordan Times
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1956:
1911:Second Intifadas
1884:John the Baptist
1862:
1772:, Jordan Valley.
1704:Bezalel Smotrich
1643:
1637:
1301:Southern Lebanon
943:the neighboring
880:. Subsequently,
857:Samakh, Tiberias
855:forces captured
851:. In March 1948
820:
816:
810:
806:
802:
780:Corpus separatum
776:
772:
766:
762:
756:
705:Pinhas Rutenberg
673:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
639:. Following the
625:Treaty of Sèvres
566:captured Jericho
523:Armenian hermits
404:black francolins
278:(3 ha, 7.4 ac).
235:
234:
229:
223:
187:
178:
85:
75:
73:
72:ע־×֜ק ×Öˇ×֡רְ×ÖľÖź×
65:
55:
53:
52:ŘşŮŮŮŘą اŮŘŁŮŘąŮŘŻŮŮŮ
3580:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3550:Valleys of Asia
3490:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3413:, Alex Levac,
3409:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3343:Wayback Machine
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3113:. 12 March 2017
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3005:
3001:
2986:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2848:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2673:
2669:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2540:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2333:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2299:Wayback Machine
2286:
2282:
2278:, 7 August 2008
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:on 1 March 2009
2244:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1973:10.2307/1356299
1957:
1953:
1948:
1923:
1895:
1816:
1762:
1755:
1720:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1614:throughout the
1605:to capture the
1596:Second Intifada
1592:
1590:Second Intifada
1586:
1526:Island of Peace
1518:
1512:
1488:
1480:Second Intifada
1431:
1354:
1344:
1319:
1313:
1233:
1231:Black September
1227:
1197:
1191:
1139:
1133:
1039:
1008:Operation Dekel
973:Carmeli Brigade
834:Under the 1947
830:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
798:
797:
789:
788:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
758:
754:
752:
751:
743:
737:
693:
598:
547:
529:and a group of
465:
460:
388:
368:
348:
346:Migration route
317:
284:
264:Black September
256:
251:
209:Korazim Plateau
200:
199:
198:
197:
190:
189:
188:
180:
179:
168:
63:Ghawr al-Urdunn
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3443:External links
3441:
3438:
3437:
3422:
3403:
3392:
3359:
3347:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3285:
3271:
3264:
3244:
3232:
3210:
3185:
3163:
3137:
3124:
3098:
3085:
3059:
3036:
3022:
2999:
2977:
2958:
2947:(4): 423â428.
2931:
2903:
2896:
2873:
2861:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2795:
2783:
2755:
2738:
2723:
2702:
2690:
2680:, SUNY Press,
2667:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2600:
2591:
2579:
2564:
2538:
2528:Cassel, 1997.
2524:Levin, Harry.
2517:
2495:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2439:
2413:
2387:
2361:
2345:
2342:(TAU) website.
2309:
2307:, 74: 532-544.
2280:
2268:
2233:
2218:
2216:, Al haq, 2018
2206:
2183:
2172:. Country Data
2156:
2111:
2109:13 April 2015.
2096:
2081:
2062:
2051:
2017:
1994:
1967:(222): 41â66.
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1894:
1891:
1887:baptized Jesus
1815:
1812:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1719:
1716:
1678:European Union
1640:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1585:
1582:
1574:Hussein Mjalli
1533:Jordanian Army
1511:
1508:
1503:Yarmouk Rivers
1487:
1484:
1430:
1427:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1366:eastern border
1343:
1340:
1317:Yom Kippur War
1312:
1309:
1226:
1223:
1190:
1187:
1163:Allenby Bridge
1132:
1129:
1104:The Jordanian
1059:water resource
1038:
1035:
1012:Sea of Galilee
965:Sha'ar HaGolan
949:Sha'ar HaGolan
937:Sea of Galilee
813:
799:
777: Planned
769:
759:
753:
736:
733:
692:
689:
681:Greater Israel
597:
594:
546:
543:
508:Beirut Vilayet
480:Ottoman Empire
464:
461:
459:
456:
387:
384:
367:
364:
347:
344:
340:Ma'ale Efrayim
316:
313:
283:
280:
255:
252:
250:
247:
213:Sea of Galilee
192:
191:
182:
181:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
167:
164:
96:Sea of Galilee
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3577:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:Karsh, Efraim
3003:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2736:1 March 2005.
2735:
2732:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:on 1 May 2009
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:13 April 2015
2093:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Qasr el Yahud
1900:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1855:(Aliyah Day,
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:According to
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:Old Testament
1778:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:Ma'ale Adumim
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Yitzhak Rabin
1371:
1367:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:Yasser Arafat
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:refugee camps
1207:
1206:Ein as-Sultan
1204:(30,000) and
1203:
1196:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:36th Division
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Eric Johnston
1060:
1056:
1055:Johnston Plan
1052:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
828:
824:
796:
794:
786:
782:
781:
750:
748:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Yarmouk River
710:
706:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:no man's land
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
602:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
555:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
504:Syria Vilayet
501:
497:
496:Ottoman Syria
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
473:Ottoman Syria
469:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:little egrets
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:marbled teals
405:
401:
397:
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
352:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
246:
244:
243:
237:
228:
222:
216:
214:
210:
206:
196:
186:
177:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
83:Emek HaYarden
78:
69:
64:
58:
49:
45:
44:Jordan Valley
38:Jordan Valley
36:
30:
26:
22:
3457:
3425:
3406:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:the original
3372:
3362:
3350:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3288:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3235:
3225:11 September
3223:. Retrieved
3213:
3203:10 September
3201:. Retrieved
3176:. Retrieved
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3151:The Guardian
3150:
3140:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3012:
3002:
2993:
2971:
2961:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2916:
2906:
2886:
2876:
2864:
2855:
2845:
2825:
2805:
2798:
2786:
2766:
2763:Karmi, Ghada
2758:
2741:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2705:
2697:
2693:
2676:
2670:
2653:
2643:
2634:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2573:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:
2541:
2525:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2498:
2486:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2399:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2364:
2348:
2338:– via
2332:. Retrieved
2330:(140): 41â52
2325:
2312:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2209:
2201:the original
2196:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2099:
2084:
2075:
2054:
2022:. Retrieved
2004:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1896:
1877:
1853:Yom HaAliyah
1851:
1831:Hebrew Bible
1828:
1797:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1728:
1721:
1701:
1686:
1662:
1655:
1648:, including
1600:
1593:
1566:
1547:
1543:King Hussein
1540:
1530:
1519:
1500:
1492:peace treaty
1489:
1477:
1461:Oslo Accords
1458:
1443:
1429:Oslo accords
1415:
1411:Beit HaArava
1404:
1386:
1378:Oslo Accords
1365:
1363:
1336:
1320:
1305:
1276:
1268:
1249:
1242:
1218:Israeli army
1202:Aqabat Jaber
1198:
1179:
1175:Damia Bridge
1152:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1093:The Israeli
1092:
1054:
1048:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1005:
985:Napoleonchik
969:Degania Alef
930:
918:Beit HaArava
890:
833:
790:
779:
744:
717:Jordan River
702:
670:
614:
556:
548:
512:
477:
416:white storks
393:
389:
369:
366:Early humans
357:
333:
318:
292:Palestinians
285:
282:Palestinians
257:
240:
238:
217:
201:
195:Jordan River
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116:
92:Jordan River
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3479: /
3411:Gideon Levy
3117:20 February
3078:22 February
3052:22 February
3029:15 February
2924:23 November
2731:Aqabat Jabr
2557:3 September
2432:24 February
2406:24 February
2288:J. R. Luis
2042:|work=
1793:Gideon Levy
1760:Agriculture
1724:Beit She'an
1288:martial law
1149:, 5â7 June.
1145:The Jordan
1137:Six-Day War
1131:Six-Day War
1125:Six-Day War
1117:Arab League
1099:Degania Dam
997:Beit She'an
945:Tegart fort
910:Transjordan
901:Arab Legion
725:electricity
645:Transjordan
637:Arab Revolt
545:World War I
531:Greek monks
372:Paleolithic
321:Beit She'an
260:Six-Day War
242:Wadi 'Araba
205:Hula Valley
21:Hula Valley
3494:Categories
3467:35°34â˛12âłE
3464:32°19â˛02âłN
3293:Amira Hass
2716:16 January
2510:4 December
2380:17 January
2334:17 January
1946:References
1899:Al Maghtas
1880:Christians
1861:××× ×ע××××
1835:Israelites
1680:, and the
1588:See also:
1514:See also:
1393:highway 90
1370:Allon Plan
1315:See also:
1229:See also:
1214:al-Jiftlik
1193:See also:
1135:See also:
1075:engineered
793:Green Line
488:Khan Yunis
376:Mesolithic
254:Jordanians
249:Demography
3420:19 August
2044:ignored (
2034:cite book
1989:163704234
1867:month of
1731:kibbutzim
1674:Red Cross
1665:Jerusalem
1646:West Bank
1522:Naharayim
1496:ceasefire
1418:elsewhere
1212:fled. In
1208:(20,000)
1155:Jerusalem
827:Jordanian
785:Jerusalem
721:Naharayim
715:with the
166:Geography
128:sea level
77:romanized
57:romanized
3510:Dead Sea
3385:23 March
3339:Archived
3178:21 March
3156:21 March
2941:Geoforum
2765:(1999).
2295:Archived
2247:B'tselem
2170:"Jordan"
2024:19 March
1921:See also
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1847:Joshua 3
1823:Yardenit
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1693:Dead Sea
1669:B'Tselem
1536:Corporal
1332:Damascus
1173:blew up
1079:riparian
989:Deganias
914:Abdullah
912:'s King
861:Nazareth
849:Nazareth
823:Egyptian
703:in 1926
590:Damascus
539:fellahin
535:Mar Saba
432:collared
315:Israelis
207:and the
141:and the
100:Dead Sea
3451:at the
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3418:Haaretz
3300:Haaretz
2856:Haaretz
2753:, p 152
2176:10 July
2149:10 July
2076:Annex I
1981:1356299
1939:Jericho
1682:UN OCHA
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1857:Hebrew
1808:Arabah
1770:Gesher
1676:, the
1658:area C
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1636:
1469:Area A
1465:Area C
1438:Area C
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961:Samakh
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2734:UNRWA
2322:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
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1839:cross
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492:Egypt
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123:delta
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108:Aqaba
3387:2024
3260:ISBN
3227:2019
3205:2019
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3158:2009
3119:2018
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2892:ISBN
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