98:, near Almería, and it is to Viator that family members have returned in order to visit the area with which they feel Brocca is most closely associated. Brocca was a school director at Viator in the early 1930s, and he earned a reputation as a respected community leader. For example, he was instrumental in defying local commercial interests who wanted to prevent a project to bring water to a public fountain in the village. There was once a plaque at the water fountain in Viator commemorating this event, but it has since disappeared. A lifelong internationalist and political activist, Brocca was involved in setting up Escuelas Laicas (secular schools), an initiative which became part of the Republican policy programme.
213:'In Barcelona, in Valencia, in the province of Cáceres and in Madrid I have acted, and continue to act, in such interesting tasks as stimulating, directing and organising the peasants so that instead of abandoning their agricultural work, even in those areas abandoned by the fascists in their flight, they work to avoid interruption in production and provision of supplies for the towns; in establishing and organising schools and homes for the children of those citizens who have fallen or who are fighting on the various fronts, and in general taking advantage of all opportunities to spread among the combatants our humanitarian ideals and our repugnance to oppression and cruelty' (Brown, 1937).
323:
102:
338:, a ship well known to many refugees of both the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Evidence in the written archives is sketchy about the period between Brocca's escape from arrest and his arrival in Mexico, but family testimony suggests that for some considerable time neither he nor his wife knew whether the other had survived. The Nazi occupation meant that making enquiries was extremely difficult, despite the best efforts of WRI to establish contact via agencies such as the
163:. He believed that pacifists had to support the Republican cause, but he was first and foremost a humanitarian. There is a local story in Viator which suggests that he helped a Catholic priest escape assassination by giving him his car. From 1933 to 1937 Professor Brocca was in Madrid, where his work included being a school inspector and teaching at the university, while the family home continued to be in Viator. It is believed that at one stage Brocca also spent some time in
266:
319:. Brown and Lansbury had initiated a unique arrangement with the British Home Secretary whereby the WRI as a body could act as sponsor for refugees it wished to bring over from Spain and other continental countries where there was a risk of persecution, the WRI itself being underwritten by a panel of guarantors whose names and standing were accepted by the Home Office (Prasad, 2005). However, before Brocca could respond to this offer he was arrested and imprisoned.
148:, spoke of his pacifist father as the 'greatest man who ever lived'. This is no paradox: it is testament to the courage and strength of character of both men, indicative of the complexities of civil war, and a victory for humanity over mere politics. It tells us that even in the most challenging circumstances the lasting strengths of the family can conquer the transient demands of the state. Helio died in 1968, Olga in 2004, Arnulfo in 2005 and Irma in 2009.
82:
125:. As is both metaphorically and literally the way with civil war, brother fought against brother. Brocca's five children were: Arnulfo, Helio, Irma Leticia, Olga Teresa and Humberto. Arnulfo, the eldest, found himself on the rebel side, rose quickly through the ranks, and eventually had a distinguished post-war career as a senior officer in the regular Spanish army, mainly in
192:'...the people have had no alternative but to meet violence with violence. It is regrettable, but the entire responsibility for the tragic and bloody days we are enduring lies with those who...have let loose destruction and slaughter to defend, not ideals, but out-of-date and hateful privileges, tending to a set-back to medieval barbarism' (quoted in Brown, 1937).
113:, Netherlands in July 1938. Prof. Brocca is seated, far left of the photograph. Among the others pictured are George Lansbury, M.P. (seated, centre); Grace Beaton (seated, second from right); and Herbert Runham Brown (standing, third from right). During this conference of the council, Prof. Brocca was interviewed by American writer Allan A. Hunter for his book
65:
Many people's perception of the
Spanish Civil War is one of two monolithic 'sides': a war of the Republicans against the Nationalists. In fact it was by no means as simple as that, and although it was the Republican cause that was more seriously undermined by internal power struggles, there were many
253:
According to
Bennett (2003) Brocca disliked traditional orphanages and children's institutions, which to him resembled prisons. Before the war he and Amparo Poch presented the Republican government's Ministry of Health with a plan for 'homes' that would be designed to shelter twenty-five children in
249:
The Prats-de-Mollo refuge housed children separated from their families, orphans and widows who had escaped from Spain; according to Hunter (1939), at any one time approximately forty people were in residence, and the care of an extra person would always take priority over the purchase of any little
217:
Brocca relinquished his government post in Madrid in order to dedicate himself to organising activities such as the purchase and distribution of food and clothing, which was imported through a dock at
Valencia financed by the WRI for this purpose; and in Madrid he organised a women's committee to
429:'Professor Brocca seems to recognise that to fight fascism with the weapons fascists use is self-defeating. If we do as the fascists do then we only endorse fascism. To prevent fascism we have to prevent the desperation, the poverty, the chaos and the ignorance out of which fascism is produced'.
298:
Since Prats-de-Mollo was also the location of one of the large concentration camps set up by the Nazis in this part of occupied France, and since Brocca had been crossing the frontier repeatedly to contact and make possible the flight of anti-militarists and other threatened people out of Spain
278:
After the Civil War had officially ended
Professor Brocca refused to leave Prats-de-Mollo until all the children in his care had been returned to safety with their families in Spain. By this time his own life was seriously threatened by the occupying Nazis and their collaborators in
250:'luxuries'. During his time there Professor Brocca became expert in finding pathways through the Pyrenees and crossed the border many times on various missions which took him in both directions. In effect, the refuge became part of an 'underground railroad' (Agirre, April 1996).
286:
The Prats-de-Mollo refuge was near the route of one of the four main frontier crossings now being used by hundreds of thousands of
Spanish refugees as the Republican collapse became inevitable. It was not an easy journey, involving mountain tracks impassable to motor transport.
234:) in the Pyrenees was the location of a refuge financed by the War Resisters' International and run by Professor Brocca and his wife. Helio, Irma and Olga were also there for a time, but were then sent, in the care of Brocca's sister-in-law, to stay with sympathisers in
254:
the care of a surrogate mother and father. Under wartime conditions, the number of twenty-five was often exceeded, but
Bennett records that as well as establishing several children's colonies in southern France, with WRI support Brocca settled five hundred children in
373:, Brocca's widow Rosa García López was able to return to Spain, living for part of that time with relatives in Madrid and with her sister Maria García López who ran a small newspaper and magazine shop in Calle Ecuador, in the 'Casablanca' district of the port city of
187:
resigned from WRI in the early days of the
Spanish Civil War (although after World War II with the onset of the Cold War and the nuclear threat he re-affirmed a commitment to pacifism). José Brocca's opinion of the position in Spain was that:
640:
In the 1937 pamphlet by Runham Brown (see reference above), it is mentioned that this peace rally was cancelled because Franco flew to the mainland from
Canarias on the very day of the proposed rally, and the Spanish Civil War began.
872:
In view of the often violent persecution of the 'reds' that took place at least into the 1960s, the phrase 'post-war' is used here for want of a better term to describe the years following the official end of the war on 1 April
523:, pp. 167, 179, 198, 205, 207, 212, 217, 230, 260, 462, 463, 482, 504. Prof. Brocca is pictured seated, far left, in photographs 7 and 8 on pp. 522 and 523, and standing, far left, in photograph 27 on page 531.
821:; the stories of refugees, including political exiles and evacuated children; and the activities of the merchant seafarers who evaded the Francoist blockades to deliver supplies to Republican ports. One such hero was
404:
views the close of the
Spanish Civil War and the opening of World War II from across the Atlantic, and despite the desolate outlook in Europe sees some grounds for optimism in the work of humanitarians including
140:
In spite of the horrors of war and the divisive nature of this war in particular, the four surviving brothers and sisters held warm memories of their childhood in Viator, and kept in touch in the post-war years.
200:
Publicity for an anti-war meeting in the bull ring at
Barcelona, with José Brocca as one of the speakers. This was scheduled for 18 July 1936, but was cancelled when the army revolt broke out over the previous
151:
Brocca aligned himself with the socialist segment of the complex political spectrum in Spain, and represented Spanish pacifists at international meetings of the peace movement (the Orden del Olivo and
299:(Agirre, April 1996), it was clear that his life was now in even greater danger than ever before, and an offer of asylum in the UK was made at the instigation of prominent British pacifists such as
586:
197:
350:
where members of Helio's family still live. Funds towards their airline and boat fares were raised by supporters in the UK, and there was also considerable support from the USA coordinated by
602:
243:
818:
94:
As with many families, civil war meant uncertainty, movement and separation; but José Brocca's children regarded their formative years as having been spent in the small town of
74:(WRI) is almost totally forgotten in popular history and neglected by academics. Similarly, and perhaps inevitably, the history of military assistance, particularly through the
863:
Brocca's Ministry of Education record lists places of work in Jauro, Almeria, Cuevas del Almanzora, Viator and Madrid, with a total service of 22 years 9 months and 27 days.
891:
The reasons for his spending time in Argentina are not clear, but one source (Hunter, 1939) states that Brocca was in 'exile' during part of the period of dictatorship of
822:
726:
Bart de Ligt: El Gran Olvidado (Bart de Ligt: The Great Forgotten One); article (in Spanish) by Cthuchi Zamarra, mentioning, in passing, Jose Brocca's work in Spain.
589:, for the Swedish Young Anarcho-Syndicalists; Professor Brocca, for the War Resisters' International; Dra. Amparo Poch, for the War Resisters' Feminine Section;
78:, is far better documented than the role of people dedicated to non-violence, civilian initiatives and what today we would call non-governmental organisations.
342:. After many further severe difficulties his wife and one of his sons (Helio) later joined him, having been separated from him for some years. They settled in
300:
206:
716:
121:
Andalucia was quickly caught up in the violence and confusion of the Civil War, and one infamous incident was the shelling of the port of Almería by the
740:
677:
433:
406:
209:, Hon. Secretary of the WRI, asked 'What should I do if I were in Spain?' and in answer reproduced parts of a letter from Brocca in which he stated:
205:
Brocca's activism in response to the armed insurrection in Spain was widely quoted by pacifists in the UK and elsewhere as representing a role model.
634:
576:
401:
66:
factions and sub-groups within both the main groupings. Almost completely overlooked by mainstream historians, there was also a vigorous element of
943:
813:
There are many forgotten non-military histories from the Spanish Civil War. These include, for example, the work of organisations such as the UK's
316:
144:
Throughout his life Arnulfo, the decorated war hero, veteran of some of the fiercest battles, and highly respected officer in the post-war army of
137:
to live with his daughter and family. Humberto was drawn in on the Republican side and died of wounds and sickness contracted on the battlefields.
117:. The work of the council is documented in Prasad, 2005 (see reference, below). Click on the image for further details of people in the photograph.
308:
826:
582:
326:
Professor Brocca, standing third from left of picture, with residents of the WRI refuge at Prats-de-Mollo, some time between 1937 and 1939.
725:
895:. Brocca's Ministry of Education record indicates that he was away from November 1928 until he took up his post in Viator in August 1930.
814:
334:, Brocca escaped from the concentration camp and left France, finally arriving in Mexico on 17 October 1942 aboard the Portuguese vessel
750:
953:
575:(17 July 1936) for a 'grand international meeting against war' on 18 July at the Plaza Monumental (bull ring), Barcelona, organised by
295:, where she was to live the rest of her life in exile, and it is reasonable to assume that she was given shelter at the WRI's refuge.
39:
746:
Academic paper by Scott H. Bennett, presented to the International Conference on the Spanish Civil War, Madrid 2006 (in Spanish)
700:
Movimiento de Objección de Conciencía (2002) 'En Legítima Desobedencia: Tres Decadas de Objección, Insumisión y Antimilitarismo'
668:
650:
535:
Memoria en Sombra: La Internacional de Resistentes a la Guerra (IRG/WRI) y La Guerra Civil Espanola, (Prologo de Stasa Zajovic)
31:
882:
Family testimony: local people have stated that without Brocca's intervention the priest would have been drowned in the river.
745:
542:
343:
694:
614:
699:
563:
Una Mujer Libre: Amparo Poch y Gascón: Médica Anarquista (A Free Woman - Amparo Poch y Gascón : Anarchist Doctor),
854:
as a political movement in Spain went into deep hibernation until the government of Prime Minister Rodriguez Zapatero.
825:, known as 'Swansea Jones' in Wales, 'El Patatero' to the Republicans, and 'Potato Jones' to the world's press. (See
381:. Rosa was also able to spend some time reunited with her daughter Olga Brocca Smith and her family in the village of
369:
In the early 1970s, with the gradual liberalisation that preceded the death of Franco in 1975, and Spain's subsequent
361:
Professor Brocca never saw Spain again, but died suddenly in June 1950 at the age of 59. He is buried in Mexico City.
804:
His parents were Antonio Brocca y Migna and Carmen Ladehessa Ramón Vicente. Carmen had been an opera singer in Milan.
520:
476:
751:
Fernanda Romeu Alfaro, Memoria en sombra: los pacifistas en la guerra civil Espanola, El Viejo Topo n 287, Dec. 2011
707:, article in Spanish mentioning Brocca's work, by the prominent British historian and Hispanic specialist Professor
741:
Papers of John Nevin Sayre, held in the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Pennsylvania; Series B, Box 42, Spain
730:
704:
570:
370:
152:
71:
938:
291:
was one who used this route (Rodrigo 2002). She stayed at Prats-de-Mollo for some time before finally reaching
218:
distribute food and collect information on people who were not able to reach relief centres (Bennett, 2003).
594:
512:
355:
258:. While the majority of the children came from Republican families, there is evidence in the Sayre Papers (
175:
Many active pacifists in Europe and the USA found it difficult or impossible to take a neutral view of the
410:
948:
358:
in New York State. Brocca's other children settled in Wales (Olga), Sweden (Irma) and Spain (Arnulfo).
622:
553:, an anarchist and feminist doctor who worked with Professor Brocca. She was co-founder of the famous
227:
450:
183:, had already renounced pacifism altogether, as a reaction to Hitler's rise to power in Germany.
550:
530:, Almeria, Grafika Ediciones. The bibliography cites a report by Professor J. Brocca dated 1921.
288:
160:
908:
they were given hospitality by M. et Mme. Lechault who lived and worked in the municipality of
892:
440:'Brocca's story demonstrates that pacifist courage is no less heroic than the military kind'.
425:
MP (former leader of the UK Labour Party) - and José Brocca, Spain. On page 76, Hunter states:
75:
933:
928:
838:
735:
262:) that Brocca did not turn away orphans or lost children whose parents were Nationalists.
8:
469:
Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963
598:
259:
246:
during the Second World War necessitated their escape from Normandy back to the south.
610:
538:
516:
472:
331:
176:
67:
27:
659:
486:, pamphlet, London, War Resisters' International/ The Finsbury Press, pp. 5–6.
351:
322:
239:
156:
720:
606:
565:
Barcelona, Flor del Viento Ediciones (see, in particular, pages 78, 79, and 105).
422:
414:
378:
304:
184:
180:
145:
909:
767:
554:
196:
922:
626:
494:
418:
330:
Eventually, thanks to the influence of WRI, and with the active help of the
101:
851:
795:
Date of birth: 16 April 1891, place of birth: Calle de Zaura no.4, Almeria.
630:
280:
179:(Prasad, 2005). Some prominent members of pacifist organisations, like Dr.
164:
122:
265:
713:
708:
347:
736:
WRI archives at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
126:
569:
This book contains a reproduction of an advertisement from the journal
393:. Olga and her husband were peace activists to the end of their lives.
106:
35:
497:), Chicago and New York, Willett, Clarke and Company, pp. 71–82.
46:
339:
335:
231:
110:
50:
912:, where M. Lechault was the school caretaker at l'Ecole des Garçons.
731:
Un Brigadista de Paz (A Brigader of Peace); Article by Andres Bedia.
528:
Cuevas del Almanzora y Garrucha, 1880–1890, Apuntes Para Su Historia
105:
The International Council of the WRI, meeting in Broederschapshuis (
81:
905:
386:
312:
292:
590:
134:
545:, Barcelona, Ediciones de Intervencion Cultural / El Viejo Topo.
841:
where the family lived in Calle de Cervantes for several years.
557:
organisation and sometime member of the Republican government:
255:
130:
95:
593:, for the International Committee for Anarchist Defence; Dr.
504:, pamphlet (in French), London, War Resisters' International.
390:
235:
54:
786:
His full name was José Felix Serafino Alearelo Brocca Ramón.
382:
374:
755:
533:
Romeu Alfaro, Fernanda, and Rahona Saure, Alexia (2017)
549:
Also of interest is the Spanish language biography of
70:, and the work of the Spanish arm of the organisation
26:, 1891 – 1950) was a pacifist and humanitarian of the
760:
45:
His parents were Spanish and Italian. He was born in
609:, for the International Anti-Militarist Bureau, and
581:(The Libertarian Youth). The speakers were to be:
920:
644:
684:
269:Children preparing for evacuation from Spain.
57:, was stationed there as the Italian Consul.
815:National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief
756:Housman's Bookshop, Caledonian Road, London
167:, Argentina, where his brother was living.
471:, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press,
226:During the war the French Catalan town of
170:
515:), London, War Resisters' International,
456:
364:
768:Spanish language article on Knowledge.Es
321:
264:
195:
100:
80:
944:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
837:There are also strong connections with
921:
714:Article in German, quoting Jose Brocca
637:presiding, for the Libertarian Youth.
461:
85:José Brocca as a young school-teacher.
60:
53:in 1891. His father, originally from
605:, for the Anarchists of Barcelona;
273:
260:Swarthmore College Peace Collection
13:
14:
965:
954:Spanish people of Italian descent
898:
885:
526:Sanchez, Antonio Molina (1990)
509:War is a Crime Against Humanity
221:
876:
866:
857:
844:
831:
807:
798:
789:
780:
621:(notes) were to be read from:
484:Spain: A Challenge to Pacifism
30:, who allied himself with the
1:
500:Poch, Amparo, et al., (1938)
482:Brown, Herbert Runham (1937)
761:War Resisters' International
356:Fellowship of Reconciliation
153:War Resisters' International
72:War Resisters' International
7:
819:Basque Children's Committee
645:Articles and external links
444:
411:Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze
400:(1939) the American writer
10:
970:
669:Article by Xabi Agirre in
651:Article by Xabi Agirre in
578:Las Juventudes Libertarias
491:White Corpuscles in Europe
398:White Corpuscles in Europe
115:White Corpuscles in Europe
585:, for Libertarian Youth;
561:Rodrigo, Antonina (2002)
489:Hunter, Allan A. (1939)
467:Bennett, Scott H. (2003)
155:). He was a colleague of
89:
823:Captain David John Jones
773:
228:Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste
623:Diego Abad de Santillán
502:Notre Travail en France
451:List of peace activists
371:transition to democracy
171:A challenge to pacifism
893:Miguel Primo de Rivera
685:
457:Sources and references
442:
431:
365:Democracy and optimism
327:
270:
215:
202:
194:
118:
86:
76:International Brigades
38:ways of resisting the
438:
427:
325:
268:
211:
199:
190:
129:, before retiring to
107:The Brotherhood House
104:
84:
850:After the Civil War
839:Cuevas del Almanzora
551:Amparo Poch y Gascón
507:Prasad, Devi (2005)
289:Amparo Poch y Gascón
244:occupation of France
207:Herbert Runham Brown
161:Amparo Poch y Gascón
939:People from Almería
599:Practical Idealists
462:Books and pamphlets
61:A forgotten history
719:2011-07-27 at the
595:Félix Martí Ibáñez
572:Solidaridad Obrera
328:
271:
203:
119:
87:
40:Nationalist rebels
949:Spanish pacifists
695:Article in German
686:La Elefanta Sabia
680:The Wise Elephant
673:(Aug./Sept. 1996)
611:Federica Montseny
543:978-84-16995-23-3
513:George Willoughby
479:, pp. 67–68.
332:French Resistance
177:Spanish Civil War
28:Spanish Civil War
24:José Brocca Ramón
961:
913:
902:
896:
889:
883:
880:
874:
870:
864:
861:
855:
848:
842:
835:
829:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
688:
662:Green Peace News
434:Scott H. Bennett
407:Philippe Vernier
352:John Nevin Sayre
274:Escape and exile
157:anarcha-feminist
16:Spanish pacifist
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
960:
959:
958:
919:
918:
917:
916:
903:
899:
890:
886:
881:
877:
871:
867:
862:
858:
849:
845:
836:
832:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
721:Wayback Machine
647:
635:Delso de Miguel
607:Augustin Souchy
464:
459:
447:
436:writes of him:
423:George Lansbury
417:(Switzerland),
415:Pierre Ceresole
402:Allan A. Hunter
367:
344:San Luis Potosí
305:George Lansbury
276:
224:
185:Fenner Brockway
181:Albert Einstein
173:
146:Francoist Spain
92:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
967:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
915:
914:
910:Bois-Guillaume
897:
884:
875:
865:
856:
843:
830:
806:
797:
788:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
711:
702:
697:
692:
675:
666:
657:
646:
643:
567:
566:
555:Mujeres Libres
547:
546:
531:
524:
505:
498:
487:
480:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
446:
443:
366:
363:
275:
272:
223:
220:
172:
169:
91:
88:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
966:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
911:
907:
901:
894:
888:
879:
869:
860:
853:
847:
840:
834:
827:
824:
820:
816:
810:
801:
792:
783:
779:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
712:
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
689:
687:
681:
678:Article from
676:
674:
672:
667:
665:
663:
658:
656:
654:
649:
648:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Georges Pioch
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
564:
560:
559:
558:
556:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:0-903517-20-5
518:
514:
511:(foreword by
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:Aldous Huxley
493:(foreword by
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:0-8156-3028-X
474:
470:
466:
465:
452:
449:
448:
441:
437:
435:
430:
426:
424:
420:
419:Muriel Lester
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
320:
318:
317:Lord Ponsonby
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
290:
284:
282:
267:
263:
261:
257:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
214:
210:
208:
198:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
97:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
900:
887:
878:
868:
859:
846:
833:
809:
800:
791:
782:
683:
679:
670:
661:
655:(April 1996)
652:
639:
631:Bart de Ligt
618:
603:Manuel Perez
577:
571:
568:
562:
548:
534:
527:
508:
501:
490:
483:
468:
439:
432:
428:
397:
396:In his book
395:
368:
360:
329:
309:Grace Beaton
301:Runham Brown
297:
285:
281:Vichy France
277:
252:
248:
238:, until the
225:
222:War children
216:
212:
204:
191:
174:
165:Buenos Aires
150:
143:
139:
123:Kriegsmarine
120:
114:
93:
64:
44:
23:
19:
18:
934:1950 deaths
929:1891 births
709:Henry Kamen
660:Article in
421:(England),
413:(Germany),
348:Mexico City
34:but sought
32:Republicans
22:(Professor
20:José Brocca
923:Categories
671:Peace News
664:(May 1996)
653:Peace News
619:Cuartillas
597:, for the
587:Max Muller
583:Fidel Miro
409:(France),
36:nonviolent
340:Red Cross
336:SS Nyassa
232:Perpignan
127:La Coruňa
111:Bilthoven
51:Andalucia
906:Normandy
717:Archived
705:El Mundo
613:for the
445:See also
387:Bridgend
313:Ruth Fry
293:Toulouse
68:pacifism
852:Laicism
633:, with
591:Hem Day
385:, near
379:Galicia
354:of the
159:doctor
135:Seville
47:Almería
541:
519:
475:
315:, and
256:Mexico
240:defeat
230:(near
201:night.
131:Huelva
96:Viator
90:Viator
774:Notes
391:Wales
236:Rouen
133:then
55:Milan
873:1939
817:and
629:and
539:ISBN
517:ISBN
473:ISBN
383:Pyle
375:Vigo
346:and
242:and
904:In
615:CNT
601:;
109:),
925::
625:,
617:.
537:,
389:,
377:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
283:.
49:,
42:.
828:)
690:)
682:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
