884:
736:
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570:
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908:
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63:
774:, but the storm is not my fault"), announced the nationalization of the banks ("They have looted us, but Mexico is not finished, they won't loot us again!"), and asked for forgiveness for his mistakes as president and the economic crisis. He famously broke into tears during his speech after asking for the forgiveness of Mexico's poor. This passionate speech, however, did little to repair his image, and he remains one of the most unpopular Mexican presidents in recent history.
920:
670:
940:
698:(RTC), his cousin Guillermo López Portillo as the first -and only- head of the newly created National Institute of Sport (INDE, which was dissolved in 1981), and his son José Ramón López Portillo (who was described by the President as "the pride of my nepotism") was appointed Subsecretary of Programming and the Budget. His daughter Paulina López Portillo also debuted as a pop singer during his Presidency, and the First Lady
377:
823:
In a national survey conducted in 2012, 25% of respondents considered that the López
Portillo administration was "very good" or "good", 17% responded that it was an "average" administration, and 44% responded that it was a "very bad" or "bad" administration.
714:
In 1981, the Cancun Summit, a North-South dialogue, took place. The summit was attended by 22 heads of state and government from industrialized countries (North) and developing nations (South). During López
Portillo's presidential term, Mexico supported the
588:
When he entered office, Mexico was in the midst of an economic crisis. He undertook an ambitious program to promote Mexico's economic development with revenues stemming from the discovery of new petroleum reserves in the states of
754:
In the year leading to the end of his term as president on 1 December 1982, López
Portillo personally chose two candidates as possibilities to replace himself, following the succession ritual established by his party. One,
2956:
617:. The economic confidence that he fostered led to a short-term boost in economic growth, but by the time he left office, the economy had deteriorated and gave way to a severe debt crisis and a sovereign default.
427:, many of whom had hitherto been engaged in armed conflict against the government, with a path to legally participate in national politics) and allowed for greater representation of opposition parties in the
585:, though in any event the PRI was so entrenched that he was effectively assured of victory when Echeverría chose him as the PRI's candidate. To date, he is the last Mexican president to run unopposed.
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3217:
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3209:
763:, who was chosen for his financial and administrative skills, which were deemed much more necessary after the devaluation of the peso in February 1982 and the subsequent economic crisis.
1235:
766:
On 1 September 1982, at his final annual
Address to the Congress ("Informe de Gobierno"), López Portillo gave a famous speech where he condemned businessmen and bankers responsible for
486:. Although López Portillo himself was suspected of having been involved in corruption as well, he was never charged with any crimes. It was revealed after his death that he had been a
2297:
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2942:
517:, a lawyer, politician, and man of letters. Another ancestor was a Royal Judge in the Audiencia de Nueva Galicia in the eighteenth century. He was the great-great-great-grandson of
2742:
777:
López
Portillo was the last economic nationalist president to emerge from the ranks of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Subsequent presidents have all been for free trade (
690:
The López
Portillo administration was notorious, more than previous administrations, for the number of relatives of the President who held public office. He appointed his sister
695:
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549:(PRI) in 1959. He held several positions in the administrations of his two predecessors before being appointed to serve as finance minister under
1865:
3058:
706:, which was founded and financed by the government of Mexico City through her initiative "to make fine arts education accessible to youths".
1611:
883:
478:, numerous officials who had worked under the López Portillo administration were prosecuted for corruption, the most notorious cases being
1681:
463:, leading López Portillo to nationalize the banks three months before leaving office, and by the end of his term Mexico had the highest
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3173:
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513:(1888–1974), an engineer, historian, researcher, and academic, and his mother, Refugio Pacheco y Villa-Gordoa. He was the grandson of
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2712:
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534:
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One of his last acts as president, announced during his annual State of the Nation address on 1 September 1982, was to order the
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1960:
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759:, would have been appointed if a man of greater political skill were needed. The other, ultimately his successor, was
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at his home in Mexico City on 17 February 2004 at the age of 83, and was buried at the Mexico City
Military Cemetery.
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953:
577:(left) and Mexican president José López Portillo (right) toast during a luncheon hosted by the president of Mexico.
514:
510:
346:
24:
20:
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He was the brother of late
Mexican novelist Margarita López Portillo, who died on 8 May 2006, of natural causes.
669:
1734:
1446:
1236:"Un documento desclasificado revela que el presidente mexicano José López Portillo fue un informante de la CIA"
900:
740:
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1945:
1925:
1975:
1851:
1829:
793:. After leaving the presidency, López Portillo divorced Romano and married in 1995 his longtime partner, the
582:
410:
2471:
2365:
2071:
1920:
556:
An ideological centrist, López
Portillo frequently asserted that he was "neither of the right or the left".
423:
which loosened the requisites for the registration of political parties (thus providing dissidents from the
3030:
1955:
647:
428:
3179:
2832:
2046:
3308:
3167:
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2460:
2435:
2412:
2000:
1252:
Redeeming the
Revolution The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico By Joseph U. Lenti, 2017
924:
735:
659:
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376:
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2111:
1990:
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518:
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3161:
2404:
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2351:
2194:
2159:
1895:
459:
in 1982. As a result of the crisis, the last months of his administration were plagued by widespread
2873:
2857:
2066:
756:
401:; 16 June 1920 – 17 February 2004) was a Mexican writer, lawyer, and politician affiliated with the
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2649:
2599:
2051:
2018:
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747:
569:
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2141:
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895:
646:
An electoral reform conducted during his presidential term increased the number of members of the
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3020:
2822:
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2033:
1744:
211:
2154:
2106:
1970:
1915:
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1985:
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1965:
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171:
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8:
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119:
84:
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1002:
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1786:
1759:
1496:"José López Portillo, President When Mexico's Default Set Off Debt Crisis, Dies at 83"
1184:"José López Portillo, President When Mexico's Default Set Off Debt Crisis, Dies at 83"
550:
159:
147:
107:
3263:
3185:
3046:
2847:
2752:
2346:
2259:
2224:
2131:
2086:
2010:
1652:
1635:
1290:
1279:
1133:
1006:
666:). The reform furthermore opened the electoral process for small opposition parties.
522:
467:
in the world. His presidency was also marked by widespread government corruption and
456:
432:
2056:
2028:
1995:
631:
2627:
2609:
2581:
2555:
1890:
1613:
Propuestas, solicitudes y decretos de la Real y muy distinguida Orden de Carlos III
986:
811:
when he was 83 years old. He was the victim of a cardiac complication generated by
798:
720:
651:
526:
440:
413:, being the only president in recent Mexican history to win an election unopposed.
397:
322:
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2668:
2654:
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2041:
1940:
643:
During his presidential term, his critics accused him of corruption and nepotism.
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3302:
3155:
3008:
2782:
2762:
2199:
1325:
888:
771:
621:
610:
448:
444:
417:
3121:
3091:
2005:
3125:
3069:
3065:
3042:
2732:
2527:
1980:
1644:
1029:
A Persistent Revolution. History, Nationalism and Politics in Mexico since 1968
767:
625:
460:
452:
3036:
1900:
3375:
3085:
3081:
1670:
José López Portillo, Ex-President of Mexico, Dies at 83 (subscription needed)
945:
790:
699:
674:
464:
293:
3281:
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3244:
3151:
2604:
2586:
2535:
743:
724:
677:(right) and Mexican president José López Portillo (left) official visit in
574:
62:
31:
2979:
601:(Pemex), the country's publicly owned oil company. In 1980, Mexico joined
416:
Politically, the López Portillo administration began a process of partial
3191:
3143:
3113:
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1550:(in Spanish). Articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx. 20 April 2012. Archived from
919:
808:
606:
506:
431:, as well as granting amnesty to many of the guerrilla fighters from the
409:
from 1976 to 1982. López Portillo was the only official candidate in the
243:
3356:
Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture
998:
990:
974:
19:
For his grandfather, Mexican lawyer, politician and man of letters, see
3147:
3137:
1843:
794:
355:
1099:"MEXICO AGREES TO AUSTERITY TERMS FOR $ 3.84 BILLION IN I.M.F. CREDIT"
770:, claimed that the crisis was not his fault ("I'm responsible for the
435:. On the economic front, López Portillo was the last of the so-called
3292:
812:
723:, Mexico resumed diplomatic relations with Spain. Also, in 1979 Pope
614:
602:
530:
494:
474:
Shortly after leaving office, during the presidency of his successor
1073:"MEXICO'S AFFLUENT ELITE SHUDDERS OVER DRIVE ON ECONOMIC 'TRAITORS'"
801:. They had two children (Nabila and Alejandro) but later separated.
3320:
975:"Political Repression and the Struggles for Human Rights in Mexico"
590:
468:
3203:
678:
594:
443:
after the discovery of new oil reserves, which propelled initial
35:
3336:
521:(1768–1840), a Spanish explorer who was the first to enter the
1713:
Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976
1402:"La Orquesta Filarmónica: Una orquesta con identidad chilanga"
1715:, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 115.
2305:
1522:"Zedillo y Fox los ex presidentes de México más reconocidos"
3330:
1676:
February 19, 2004 – article by same author reproduced here
1281:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
1126:
Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund, 1979-89
696:
General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography
609:
project to sell oil at preferential rates to countries in
1426:
1424:
1422:
545:
After graduating, he began his political career with the
487:
364:
3282:
Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
553:, a close friend from childhood, between 1973 and 1975.
1046:"José López Portillo - Mexico's most reviled president"
2980:
Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
1632:
Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen
1419:
815:. He was buried at the Mexico City Military Cemetery.
3299:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3076:
United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia
1470:"José López Portillo Mexico's most reviled president"
650:
to 400: 300 being elected single-member districts by
3402:
Candidates in the 1976 Mexican presidential election
1693:
José López Portillo: Mexico's most reviled president
935:
1154:"Lopez Portillo Denies He Became Rich as President"
719:in Nicaragua. In 1977, after the death of dictator
490:collaborator before he became president of Mexico.
455:in the summer of 1981, leading Mexico to declare a
3251:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
1548:"Don Q Jose Lopez Portillo - MercadoLibre México"
529:, and the first to view the site now occupied by
3373:
1270:
1261:
1177:
1175:
127:Secretary of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico
3417:National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
42: and the second or maternal family name is
1735:Director of the Federal Electricity Commission
1040:
1038:
537:(UNAM) before beginning his political career.
441:heavy investments in the national oil industry
179:Director of the Federal Electricity Commission
3422:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
3387:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
3059:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2950:
2291:
1859:
1430:
1346:
1326:"Nuestro siglo - La Reforma política de 1977"
1309:
1172:
1031:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 78.
439:Mexican presidents. His tenure was marked by
1132:. International Monetary Fund. p. 287.
390:José Guillermo Abel López Portillo y Pacheco
231:José Guillermo Abel López Portillo y Pacheco
1035:
818:
500:
97:1 December 1976 – 30 November 1982
3174:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
2957:
2943:
2298:
2284:
1866:
1852:
784:
730:
493:López Portillo died from complications of
61:
1682:Mexico's ex-president Lopez Portillo dies
1435:. Cengage Learning Editores. p. 525.
1351:. Cengage Learning Editores. p. 507.
1314:. Cengage Learning Editores. p. 519.
23:. For his father, Mexican historian, see
2307:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit
1873:
1122:
1026:
734:
668:
630:
568:
535:National Autonomous University of Mexico
361:National Autonomous University of Mexico
139:29 May 1973 – 22 September 1975
3349:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
3108:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
1702:ILIFF, L. Few mourn ex-Mexican leader,
1519:
1493:
1399:
1361:
1276:
1181:
1070:
972:
420:by passing an electoral reform in 1977
268:Cementerio Militar, Mexico City, Mexico
191:18 February 1972 – 29 May 1973
3374:
1767:Secretary of Finance and Public Credit
1494:Kandell, Jonathan (18 February 2004).
1467:
1380:
1233:
1207:
1182:Kandell, Jonathan (18 February 2004).
1096:
1071:Kandell, Jonathan (18 February 2004).
852:Ellos vienen... La conquista de México
681:– the second-largest city in Bulgaria.
3337:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education
3280:
2978:
2938:
2279:
1847:
1123:Boughton, James M. (9 October 2001).
848:(1975, reimpresiones en 1976 y 1987).
704:Philharmonic Orchestra of Mexico City
658:) and 100 being elected according to
396:
16:President of Mexico from 1976 to 1982
3218:Malaria Research and Training Centre
2967:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
1706:, February 18, 2004 reproduced here
1262:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2007).
717:Sandinista National Liberation Front
3198:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1520:Beltran, Ulises (29 October 2012).
1383:"MEXICO TO INSTALL NEW CHIEF TODAY"
834:Génesis y teoría del Estado moderno
727:visited Mexico for the first time.
13:
1622:
1362:Sánchez, Julián (14 August 2005).
564:
14:
3448:
3382:20th-century presidents of Mexico
3210:Manhiça Centre of Health Research
1662:
1468:Gunson, Phil (20 February 2004).
1431:Flores Rangel, Juan José (2005).
1347:Flores Rangel, Juan José (2005).
1310:Flores Rangel, Juan José (2005).
1266:. Pearson Educación. p. 409.
1208:Riding, Alan (16 December 1984).
1097:Riding, Alan (11 November 1982).
709:
547:Institutional Revolutionary Party
453:the international oil prices fell
447:, but later gave way to a severe
403:Institutional Revolutionary Party
3432:20th-century Mexican politicians
3239:National Transplant Organization
2711:
2234:
1826:nominee for President of Mexico
1651:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
1634:. New York: The New Press 2000.
1381:Riding, Alan (1 December 1982).
1364:"Murió Guillermo López Portillo"
1234:Raziel, Zedryk (15 April 2023).
954:List of heads of state of Mexico
938:
918:
906:
894:
882:
789:López Portillo's first wife was
375:
309:
3222:Kintampo Health Research Centre
1729:Guillermo Villarreal Caravantes
1605:
1592:
1566:
1540:
1513:
1487:
1461:
1439:
1393:
1374:
1355:
1340:
1318:
1303:
1255:
1246:
1227:
540:
331:
305:
201:Guillermo Villarreal Caravantes
3412:Mexican Secretaries of Finance
3259:for the Advancement of Science
1576:. El Universal. Archived from
1524:. Imagen Radio. Archived from
1400:Delgado, Diana (21 May 2019).
1201:
1146:
1116:
1090:
1064:
1020:
966:
901:Order of Isabella the Catholic
1:
2969:for International Cooperation
1449:. Telegraph. 19 February 2004
959:
635:Heads of State at the Cancún
559:
405:(PRI) who served as the 58th
398:[xoˈseˈlopespoɾˈtiʝo]
68:
3427:Politicians from Mexico City
3407:20th-century Mexican lawyers
750:presidential office in 1979.
350:Refugio Pacheco Villa-Gordoa
34:, the first or paternal
7:
3309:Hispanic Society of America
3235:The Transplantation Society
3184:2004: The European Union's
3168:International Space Station
2220:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1946:Francisco Javier Echeverría
1926:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1210:"CORRUPTION, MEXICAN STYLE"
931:
925:Royal Order of the Seraphim
685:
660:proportional representation
605:in the Pact of San José, a
515:José López Portillo y Rojas
511:José López Portillo y Weber
505:López Portillo was born in
347:José López Portillo y Weber
25:José López Portillo y Weber
21:José López Portillo y Rojas
10:
3453:
3437:University of Chile alumni
3331:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
2072:Francisco León de la Barra
1649:Mexico: Biography of Power
1264:Historia de México Vol. II
876:
411:1976 presidential election
29:
18:
3287:
3276:
3229:World Health Organization
3180:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
3162:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
2985:
2974:
2866:
2720:
2709:
2313:
2243:
2232:
2195:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2047:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1881:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1027:Sheppard, Randal (2016).
973:Trevizo, Dolores (2014).
673:Former Bulgarian leader,
583:elected unopposed in 1976
383:
371:
354:
342:
282:
272:
264:
250:
226:
221:
217:
205:
195:
184:
177:
165:
153:
143:
132:
125:
113:
101:
90:
82:
78:
60:
53:
3214:Ifakara Health Institute
2343:González Pérez de Angulo
2142:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
1811:Party political offices
1277:Coerver, Don M. (2004).
827:
819:Public image and opinion
739:José López Portillo and
692:Margarita López Portillo
533:. He studied law at the
501:Early life and education
3104:Government of Guatemala
3031:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
3021:University of Salamanca
2112:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
1991:Manuel María Lombardini
1956:José Joaquín de Herrera
1818:Luis Echeverría Álvarez
1745:Arsenio Farell Cubillas
785:Personal life and death
748:Mexican National Palace
731:Presidential succession
702:toured Europe with the
212:Arsenio Farell Cubillas
3053:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
2454:Fernández del Castillo
2067:Manuel González Flores
1986:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1600:Royal Decree 2570/1977
979:Social Science History
757:Javier García Paniagua
751:
682:
640:
578:
394:Spanish pronunciation:
3025:University of Coimbra
2127:Plutarco Elías Calles
2092:Francisco S. Carvajal
2024:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1921:Valentín Gómez Farías
1447:"Jose Lopez Portillo"
1328:. Cámara de Diputados
1285:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1242:(in Mexican Spanish).
927:, Sweden (1980-05-05)
911:Knight-Collar of the
899:Knight-Collar of the
887:Knight-Collar of the
738:
672:
634:
572:
3134:Fatana Ishaq Gailani
3118:Olayinka Koso-Thomas
3066:Frederik W. de Klerk
2515:Arrangoiz y Berzábal
2165:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2160:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2155:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2107:Roque González Garza
2006:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
1971:Pedro María de Anaya
1916:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1906:Anastasio Bustamante
1896:José María Bocanegra
1875:Presidents of Mexico
1699:, February 20, 2004.
1688:, February 18, 2004.
913:Order of Charles III
903:, Spain (1977-10-07)
437:economic nationalist
308: 1951;
3315:Amref Health Africa
2997:Enrique V. Iglesias
2991:José López Portillo
2676:García de la Cadena
2643:González Echeverría
2420:Gómez de la Cortina
2249:President of Mexico
2190:Miguel de la Madrid
2185:José López Portillo
2170:Adolfo López Mateos
2137:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2117:Adolfo de la Huerta
2097:Venustiano Carranza
2077:Francisco I. Madero
2052:José María Iglesias
2019:Félix María Zuloaga
1837:Miguel de la Madrid
1804:Miguel de la Madrid
1794:President of Mexico
1722:Government offices
1711:DOYLE, Kate (ed.).
1704:Dallas Morning News
1629:Castañeda, Jorge G.
1580:on October 10, 2012
991:10.1017/ssh.2015.22
761:Miguel de la Madrid
648:Chamber of Deputies
599:Petróleos Mexicanos
581:López Portillo was
476:Miguel de la Madrid
429:Chamber of Deputies
407:president of Mexico
260:Mexico City, Mexico
120:Miguel de la Madrid
85:President of Mexico
67:Official portrait,
55:José López Portillo
3257:Max Planck Society
3003:Belisario Betancur
2215:Enrique Peña Nieto
2175:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2034:José Ignacio Pavón
1966:José Mariano Salas
1886:Guadalupe Victoria
1777:Mario Ramón Beteta
1752:Political offices
1528:on 26 January 2020
1500:The New York Times
1433:Historia de México
1387:The New York Times
1349:Historia de México
1312:Historia de México
1103:The New York Times
1052:. 20 February 2004
860:(2 volumes, 1988).
752:
683:
641:
637:North–South Summit
579:
519:José María Narváez
484:Jorge Díaz Serrano
418:political openness
172:Mario Ramón Beteta
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3272:
3271:
3264:Fulbright Program
3186:Erasmus Programme
3047:Mikhail Gorbachev
2965:Laureates of the
2932:
2931:
2563:De Haro y Tamariz
2540:Esteva y González
2476:De Haro y Tamariz
2443:De Haro y Tamariz
2273:
2272:
2260:Emperor of Mexico
2227:(President-elect)
2225:Claudia Sheinbaum
2132:Emilio Portes Gil
2102:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2087:Victoriano Huerta
2011:Ignacio Comonfort
1976:Manuel de la Peña
1951:Valentín Canalizo
1842:
1841:
1835:Succeeded by
1801:Succeeded by
1774:Succeeded by
1742:Succeeded by
891:, Colombia (1979)
624:of the country's
525:, in present-day
523:Strait of Georgia
509:, to his father,
457:sovereign default
387:
386:
3444:
3278:
3277:
3237:and the Spanish
3130:Rigoberta Menchú
2976:
2975:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2715:
2682:De Landero y Cos
2665:De Landero y Cos
2543:Aguirre González
2521:Iturbe y Anciola
2465:Iturbe y Anciola
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2238:
2237:
1936:José Justo Corro
1891:Vicente Guerrero
1868:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1816:Preceded by
1784:Preceded by
1757:Preceded by
1727:Preceded by
1719:
1718:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
985:(3–4): 483–511.
970:
948:
943:
942:
941:
922:
910:
898:
886:
799:Sasha Montenegro
721:Francisco Franco
652:plurality voting
527:British Columbia
400:
395:
379:
335:
333:
323:Sasha Montenegro
313:
311:
307:
257:
254:17 February 2004
240:
238:
222:Personal details
208:
198:
189:
168:
156:
137:
116:
104:
95:
73:
72: 1976–1982
70:
65:
51:
50:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3361:
3343:Ellen MacArthur
3303:Paris Agreement
3283:
3268:
3156:Valeri Polyakov
3009:Contadora group
2981:
2970:
2963:
2933:
2928:
2862:
2818:Beteta Monsalve
2793:Beteta Quintana
2716:
2707:
2685:Fuentes y Muñiz
2615:Lerdo de Tejada
2592:Lerdo de Tejada
2309:
2304:
2274:
2269:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2210:Felipe Calderón
2200:Ernesto Zedillo
2180:Luis Echeverría
2150:Lázaro Cárdenas
2146:
2082:Pedro Lascuráin
2038:
2015:
1961:Mariano Paredes
1931:Miguel Barragán
1911:Melchor Múzquiz
1877:
1872:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1787:Luis Echeverría
1779:
1770:
1762:
1760:Hugo B. Margáin
1747:
1738:
1730:
1665:
1645:Krauze, Enrique
1625:
1623:Further reading
1620:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1554:on 28 June 2012
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1160:. 24 April 1986
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
971:
967:
962:
944:
939:
937:
934:
889:Order of Boyaca
879:
830:
821:
787:
733:
712:
688:
622:nationalization
611:Central America
573:U.S. President
567:
565:Domestic policy
562:
551:Luis Echeverría
543:
503:
445:economic growth
393:
349:
338:
337:
334: 1995)
329:
325:
315:
312: 1991)
303:
299:
296:
273:Political party
259:
255:
242:
236:
234:
233:
232:
206:
196:
190:
185:
166:
160:Hugo B. Margáin
154:
148:Luis Echeverría
138:
133:
114:
108:Luis Echeverría
102:
96:
91:
74:
71:
56:
47:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3212:(Mozambique),
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3140:
3126:Fatiha Boudiaf
3110:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3070:Nelson Mandela
3062:
3055:
3049:
3043:Jacques Delors
3039:
3033:
3027:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:González Anaya
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2853:Ortiz Martínez
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:López Portillo
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:Mejía Escalada
2657:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:Sierra y Rosso
2564:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:Suárez Iriarte
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:García Salinas
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:García Illueca
2324:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2254:Vice president
2244:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Álvaro Obregón
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Juan N. Méndez
2054:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2029:Miguel Miramón
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Martín Carrera
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Mariano Arista
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1674:New York Times
1664:
1663:External links
1661:
1660:
1659:
1642:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1574:"El Universal"
1565:
1539:
1512:
1486:
1460:
1438:
1418:
1392:
1373:
1354:
1339:
1317:
1302:
1295:
1269:
1254:
1245:
1240:El País México
1226:
1214:New York Times
1200:
1188:New York Times
1171:
1145:
1138:
1115:
1089:
1077:New York Times
1063:
1034:
1019:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
950:
949:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:Knight of the
916:
915:, Spain (1978)
904:
892:
878:
875:
874:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
829:
826:
820:
817:
797:-born actress
786:
783:
768:capital flight
741:U.S. President
732:
729:
711:
710:Foreign policy
708:
687:
684:
664:plurinominales
626:banking system
566:
563:
561:
558:
542:
539:
502:
499:
461:capital flight
385:
384:
381:
380:
373:
369:
368:
358:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
327:
321:
320:
319:
318:
301:
297:
292:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
258:(aged 83)
252:
248:
247:
230:
228:
224:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
182:
181:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
130:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
88:
87:
80:
79:
76:
75:
66:
58:
57:
54:
40:López Portillo
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3086:Yasser Arafat
3083:
3082:Yitzhak Rabin
3079:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:Raúl Alfonsín
3012:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Moctezuma Cid
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Montes de Oca
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:Garay y Garay
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2549:Piña y Cuevas
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:Piña y Cuevas
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Porfirio Díaz
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Benito Juárez
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
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3216:(Tanzania),
3152:Chiaki Mukai
3122:Graça Machel
3092:Mário Soares
2990:
2867:21st century
2833:Silva-Herzog
2812:
2773:Elías Calles
2758:De la Huerta
2721:20th century
2694:Gómez Farías
2596:De la Fuente
2524:De Elorriaga
2505:Riva Palacio
2472:Gómez Farías
2461:De Gorostiza
2436:De Gorostiza
2413:De Gorostiza
2383:Gómez Valdés
2366:Gómez Farías
2329:De Arrillaga
2314:19th century
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1578:the original
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982:
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694:head of the
689:
663:
656:uninominales
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555:
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541:Early career
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389:
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256:(2004-02-17)
241:16 June 1920
207:Succeeded by
186:
167:Succeeded by
134:
115:Succeeded by
92:
48:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
3397:2004 deaths
3392:1920 births
3321:Salman Khan
3192:Simone Veil
3144:Pedro Duque
3114:Emma Bonino
3098:Helmut Kohl
3037:Óscar Arias
2205:Vicente Fox
2001:Rómulo Díaz
1901:Pedro Vélez
1691:GUNSON, P.
1108:28 February
1012:23 December
858:Mis tiempos
809:Mexico City
807:He died in
795:Yugoslavian
607:foreign aid
507:Mexico City
449:debt crisis
244:Mexico City
197:Preceded by
155:Preceded by
103:Preceded by
3376:Categories
3307:2017: The
3172:2002: The
3148:John Glenn
3138:Somaly Mam
2838:Petricioli
2803:Ortiz Mena
2743:Gorostieta
2688:De la Peña
2572:Olasagarre
2500:De la Rosa
2450:De la Rosa
2446:Echeverría
2426:Echeverría
2417:Echeverría
2376:Echeverría
1798:1976–1982
1771:1973–1975
1739:1972–1973
1505:25 October
1479:25 October
1332:25 October
960:References
560:Presidency
356:Alma mater
237:1920-06-16
3293:Knowledge
2899:Videgaray
2728:Limantour
2703:Limantour
2532:Gutiérrez
2518:Gutiérrez
2440:Trigueros
2432:Trigueros
2405:Bocanegra
2371:Bocanegra
2352:Bocanegra
2323:De Medina
2320:Maldonado
1584:August 1,
1532:26 August
1406:máspormás
1007:142189824
813:pneumonia
615:Caribbean
603:Venezuela
531:Vancouver
495:pneumonia
433:Dirty War
372:Signature
343:Parent(s)
187:In office
144:President
135:In office
93:In office
83:58th
3323:and the
3301:and the
3106:and the
2884:Carstens
2798:Carrillo
2753:Alvarado
2738:Esquivel
2650:Iglesias
2637:Castaños
2600:Iglesias
2496:Lombardo
2483:Canalizo
2479:Villamil
2423:Lombardo
1558:1 August
1158:LA Times
999:90017045
932:See also
864:Umbrales
686:Nepotism
613:and the
591:Veracruz
469:nepotism
246:, Mexico
30:In this
3224:(Ghana)
3204:Al Gore
3061:(UNHCR)
2924:Ramírez
2919:Herrera
2889:Cordero
2808:Margáin
2783:Bassols
2748:Cabrera
2673:Ramírez
2662:Benítez
2578:Canseco
2560:Urquidi
2552:Esparza
2493:Rondero
2487:Zubieta
2429:Canseco
2401:Lebrija
2395:Mangino
2392:Vallejo
2380:Lebrija
2359:Mangino
2335:Salgado
1686:CNN.com
1453:8 March
1219:8 March
1193:8 March
1164:8 March
1082:8 March
1056:8 March
877:Honours
872:(2002).
866:(1997).
854:(1987).
842:(1965).
836:(1965).
746:at the
679:Plovdiv
639:in 1981
595:Tabasco
336:
328:
314:
302:
298:
283:Spouses
44:Pacheco
36:surname
3354:2024:
3351:(DNDi)
3347:2023:
3341:2022:
3335:2021:
3329:2020:
3319:2019:
3313:2018:
3297:2016:
3291:2015:
3262:2014:
3255:2013:
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3154:, and
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3136:, and
3112:1998:
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3019:1986:
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3001:1983:
2995:1982:
2989:1981:
2874:Gurría
2858:Gurría
2828:Ibarra
2788:Suárez
2733:Madero
2698:Romero
2691:Dublán
2669:Romero
2655:Romero
2628:Prieto
2610:Prieto
2582:Prieto
2575:Parrés
2569:Parrés
2556:Prieto
2528:Ocampo
2457:Parrés
2389:Segura
2386:Blasco
2356:Maniau
2347:Zavala
2332:Esteva
2264:Regent
1832:(won)
1655:
1638:
1293:
1136:
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451:after
3358:(OEI)
2914:Urzúa
2904:Meade
2894:Meade
2848:Serra
2778:Gómez
2646:Núñez
2640:Núñez
2605:Payno
2587:Payno
2546:Yáñez
2536:Payno
2509:Icaza
2468:Garay
2409:Garay
1130:(PDF)
1003:S2CID
995:JSTOR
846:Don Q
828:Works
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304:(
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3068:and
3045:and
3023:and
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2623:Mata
2398:Alas
2362:Alas
1830:1976
1653:ISBN
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1586:2013
1560:2013
1534:2023
1507:2013
1481:2013
1455:2018
1413:2022
1334:2013
1291:ISBN
1221:2018
1195:2018
1166:2018
1134:ISBN
1110:2022
1084:2018
1058:2018
1014:2022
772:helm
593:and
482:and
425:left
310:div.
251:Died
227:Born
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488:CIA
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