2252:
248:. Each Minister (Panseo, 판서) was of senior second rank (2a, third highest rank) and was assisted by a Deputy-Minister (Champan, 참판) of junior second rank (2b, fourth highest rank) and a Secretary (Chamui, 참의) of rank 3a. Apart from these three Dangsanggwan (당상관, 堂上官) officials, each Ministry was headed by three section chiefs or Jeongrang (정랑, rank 5a) and three assistant section chiefs or Jwarang (좌랑, rank 6a), adding to nine officials ranked 6a or above.
643:. Thereafter markets were established in the region to help supply the tribesmen with needed goods. In 1510, Japanese merchants and settlers had risen in rebellion against a local commander; this was followed by the expulsion of all Japanese and the closure of the ports for two years. After the Seven Year War, Japanese access to the country was sharply constrained, and such incidents ceased to occur.
202:, 좌의정), and Right State Councillor (Uuijeong, 우의정) were the highest-ranking officials in the government (senior first rank). They were assisted by Left Minister (Jwachanseong, 좌찬성) and Right Minister (Uichangseong, 우찬성), both of junior first rank, and seven lower ranking officials. The power of State Council was inversely proportional to the king's power. Sometimes it directly controlled
122:. Under Confucian philosophy, the king commanded absolute loyalty from his officials and subjects, but the officials were also expected to try to guide the king to the right path if the latter was mistaken. Natural disasters were thought to be due to the king's failings, and therefore, Joseon kings were very sensitive to their occurrences.
308:) is a collective name for three offices that provided checks and balance on the king and the officials. The officials who served in these offices tended to be younger and of lower rank compared to other offices but enjoyed special privileges and prestige. They went through more thorough review of moral character and family background.
316:
Office of the Censor-General (Saganwon, 사간원, 司諫院) - Its chief function was to remonstrate with the king if there was wrong or improper action or policy. It also impeached corrupt officials and spoke opinions about the general state of affairs. It was composed of five officials, led by Chief Censor
366:
Royal
Investigation Bureau (Uigeumbu, 의금부, 義禁府) - It was an investigative and enforcement office under direct control of the king. It chiefly dealt with treason and other serious cases that concerned the king and served to arrest, investigate, imprison, and carry out sentences against the suspected
351:
Royal
Secretariat (Seungjeongwon, 승정원, 承政院) - It served as a liaison between the king and Six Ministries. There were six royal secretaries, one for each ministry, of senior third rank. Their primary role was to pass down royal decree to the ministries and submit petitions to the king, but they also
320:
Office of
Special Advisors (Hongmoongwan, 홍문관, 弘文館) - It oversaw the royal library and served as research institute to study Confucian philosophy and answer the king's questions. It was composed of 21 officials, but its three highest officials were ministers serving in State Council and the actual
380:
examinations were admitted to
Seonggyungwan. The class size was usually 200 students, who lived in the residential hall and followed strict routine and school rules. It also served as the state shrine for Chinese and Korean Confucian scholars. The official in charge was Daesaseong (대사성, 大司成), of
341:
The Samsa provided a key check on the powers of the other branches of government. The
Inspector-General and Censor-General had the unique power to vet potential appointees for all positions, and examine their family backgrounds. They thus played a role in maintaining the integrity of the yangban
96:
The power of the bureaucrats often eclipsed that of the central authorities, including the monarch. For much of the dynasty, a complex system of checks and balances prevented any one section of the government from gaining overwhelming power until the 19th century when political power became
312:
Office of the
Inspector-General (Saheonbu, 사헌부, 司憲府) - It monitored government administration and officials in both central and local governments for corruption or incompetence. It was run by 30 officials including Inspector General (Daesaheon, 대사헌), a position of junior second
542:), two groups which cut across the earlier factions and differed in their attitudes concerning certain royal policies; the Intransigents were more opposed to the king and largely composed of Patriarchs. In the 19th century, Joseon politics shifted as in-law families (called
325:(경연), in which they discussed Confucian philosophy with the king. These discussions often led to comments on current political issues, and these officials had significant influence as advisors. (It was established to replace
462:
across the country, which combined the functions of
Confucian shrines with educational institutions, often reflected the factional alignment of the local elite. In the 16th century, a nationwide split occurred between the
394:(Amhaeng-eosa, 암행어사) was sent to travel incognito and monitor the provincial officials. Secret inspectors were generally young officials of lower rank but invested with royal authority to dismiss corrupt officials.
565:, who on one hand sought to reform corrupt state institutions but on the other hand pursued a policy of isolationism, opposing the opening of the country to Western and Japanese influences. From the 1870s onwards,
146:(nobility class). In actuality, only the yangban class had the luxury of time and money as well as the necessary connections to pass gwageo exams. In addition, people from the troublesome northern provinces of
1832:
was concluded between Korea and Japan. Korea paid compensation for
Japanese losses. Japan and China worked out the Tien-Tsin Treaty, which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea
206:, the chief executive body of Joseon government, but primarily served in advisory role under stronger kings. State councillors served in several other positions including a tutor to the crown prince.
569:(known posthumously as Empress Myeongseong) became more dominant and pursued a policy of cautious modernisation and opening up. Her dominance was opposed by reactionaries and progressives alike. The
1938:
Note that the Korean
Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C., 1921-1922 identified this as "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904"
450:
Throughout the dynasty, various regional and ideological factions struggled for dominance in the political system. In the earliest years of Joseon, tension between the capital faction and the
710:
and the opening of the ports in 1876, the diplomatic approach changed, and the government of Joseon began to enter into diplomatic relations with both neighboring and
European countries.
194:) was the highest deliberative body of the Joseon dynasty although it faded in importance after first centuries of rule. It was composed of twelve officials. The Chief State Councillor (
410:
Settlements or communities: Hyeon (현) – Large hyeons were governed by Hyeongryeong (현령) of junior fifth rank while smaller hyeons were governed by Hyeonggam (현감) of junior sixth rank.
1162:
317:(Daesagan, 대사간), of senior third rank. Its function as organ of speech often overlapped with Office of Inspector General, and they sometimes submitted joint petition to the king.
53:
The political system of this period was dominated by a Confucianist bureaucracy. The government officials were ranked in 18 levels, ranging from senior first rank (jeong-il-pum,
573:(also known as Progressives) sought to modernise the country along Western and Japanese lines. Even amongst the modernisers factions emerged, with one faction favouring the
496:
504:
401:
Special cities: Bu (부) – administrative offices in charge of five major cities in provinces. Each Bu was led by a Buyoon (부윤), which was equivalent to Governor in rank.
157:
Officials served in positions for fixed terms, varying from one year to five years. A successful official might serve in tens of positions in the course of a career.
699:
Manchu invasions in the early 17th century. Although the Japanese were ultimately repelled, Joseon was compelled to surrender to the Manchus, who later became the
860:
837:
791:
768:
1703:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
2526:
814:
404:
Departments: Mok (목) – There were twenty moks, which governed large counties named 'ju'(주). They were governed by Moksa (목사), of senior third rank.
321:
head of the office was Deputy Chief Scholar (Bujehak, 부제학), a position of senior third rank. Its officials took part in the daily lessons called
608:
of many members of the losing side. In some cases, even the graves of their ancestors were desecrated. Purges were especially widespread during
527:
672:
On a lower level, the country maintained ties with various neighboring nations, including the Jurchen tribes of the north and the Japanese and
2268:
1910:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated July 15, 1902."
1394:
635:
Occasional rebellions also took place among the country's small ethnic minorities. The Tungusic tribes of the northeast rose in 1583 under
535:
1716:
2190:
1853:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated June 4, 1886."
684:
636:
398:
Provinces: (Do, 도) – There were eight provinces, each of them governed by a Governor (Gwanchalsa, 관찰사), a position of junior second rank.
376:
or Royal Academy (성균관, 成均館) - Royal university served to prepare the future government officials. Those who passed first two stages of
620:
The most famous rebellions took place in the 19th century, as the social system of Joseon was beginning to collapse: the rebellion of
683:
The Joseon dynasty endured two major invasions prior to its progressive loss of sovereignty in the late 19th century. These were the
424:
2206:
1282:
1245:
612:'s reign, when there was change of faction in power four times, each time accompanied by cycle of revenge for earlier wrongdoings.
2485:
2349:
1266:
1026:
936:
17:
370:
Office of Records (Chunchugwan, 춘추관, 春秋館) - Its officials wrote, compiled, and maintained the government and historical records.
1479:
488:
480:
1714:"Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules,"
1577:
546:) rather than scholarly factions came to dominate the throne. For most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong
1745:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23, 1883."
1587:
472:
464:
1802:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26, 1884."
2236:
445:
93:) based on seniority and promotion, which was achieved through the royal decree based on examinations and recommendations.
1891:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23, 1901."
436:
of each county had an ambassador in the capital who was charged with communicating among them and the central government.
2579:
2574:
1872:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23, 1892."
1783:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25, 1884."
2470:
1645:
1560:
550:
clan was in control of the government; however, there was a brief interlude in which control shifted to the Pungyang
2309:
2149:
1203:
1182:
1139:
1003:
381:
senior third rank, and 36 other officials including those from other offices were involved in running the academy.
142:(lowest class) and children of concubines could take gwageo examinations to enter a civil service and thus become
1116:
1047:
676:
states across the sea. To this end, interpreting schools were set up in the capital and in border towns such as
2211:
1621:
1350:
1329:
1298:
1224:
1093:
1070:
980:
957:
911:
422:) composed a Local Office. This interacted with local officials, typically of a lower class, who were known as
2341:
2177:
1399:
407:
Counties: (Gun, 군) – There were eighty counties in Joseon, each governed by Gunsu (군수), a junior fourth rank.
138:
literary examinations and pass each of them (usually four to five times). Theoretically, any male other than
2564:
2196:
692:
2324:
1764:; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26, 1883."
2050:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921-1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905"
2226:
629:
526:, a policy of balance favoring no faction over another. In Jeongjo's reign, strife emerged between the
2022:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921-1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905"
1966:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921-1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904"
1669:
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922).
852:
1994:
Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921-1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905"
581:, initially the influence of the Russians was strongest but waned with their defeat to Japan in the
418:
was overseen by a local magistrate appointed by the central government. The yangban of each county (
2536:
2531:
2299:
221:
215:
203:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2200:
2119:
2115:
696:
280:
171:
166:
119:
657:
Joseon's international relations implemented Korean Neo-Confucian ideal of "serving the great" (
255:
Ministry of Taxation (Hojo, 호조, 戶曹) – taxation, finances, census, agriculture, and land policies
2414:
2314:
2273:
1713:
601:
391:
334:
47:
50:
frequently resulted in leading political figures being sent into exile or condemned to death.
2480:
2359:
2080:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1977:
1949:
1921:
1902:
1883:
1864:
1845:
1816:
1813:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1695:
1674:
1671:
1132:
2142:
1528:
1505:
1456:
1433:
551:
547:
252:
Ministry of Personnel (Ijo, 이조, 吏曹) – was primarily concerned with appointment of officials
110:
The king ruled for life, unlike any of his appointees. The kings of Joseon were all of the
8:
2419:
2389:
1404:
1384:
570:
566:
562:
261:
39:
2505:
2476:
2394:
829:
688:
582:
46:. Political struggles were common between different factions of the scholar-officials.
1641:
1583:
1556:
707:
609:
519:
515:
267:
Ministry of Justice (Hyeongjo, 형조, 刑曹) – administration of law, slavery, punishments
2541:
2354:
1389:
1086:
745:
652:
326:
43:
270:
Ministry of Works (Gongjo, 공조, 工曹) – industry, public works, manufacturing, mining
2569:
2460:
2135:
2100:
1929:; excerpt, "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904."
1720:
1155:
929:
621:
578:
558:
355:
Capital Bureau (Hanseongbu, 한성부, 漢城府) - It was in charge of running the capital,
289:
225:
175:
115:
74:
54:
2185:
2490:
2465:
2251:
1373:
1063:
574:
330:
111:
2558:
2455:
2424:
2241:
1019:
373:
285:
130:
In order to serve in the positions of responsibility outside the military in
2500:
2429:
2216:
2085:
2066:
2038:
2010:
1982:
1954:
1926:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1823:
1799:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1700:
1681:
875:
700:
666:
662:
625:
586:
195:
1579:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume II: From 1600
2331:
2319:
2231:
2221:
673:
590:
390:
The ranked officials were sent from the central government. Sometimes a
2495:
2434:
199:
806:
783:
760:
258:
Ministry of Rites (Yejo, 예조, 禮曹) – rituals, culture, diplomacy, gwageo
2409:
1684:; excerpt, "Treaty Between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."
677:
363:(판윤), of senior second rank and equivalent to today's mayor of Seoul.
352:
advised the king and served in other key positions close to the king.
147:
1485:
451:
151:
139:
495:) In the seventeenth century, the Westerners too divided into the
2371:
640:
143:
639:
and seized a number of towns; they were put down by the general
359:
or present-day Seoul. It was composed of nine officials, led by
2439:
2404:
2399:
2364:
2158:
593:, as well as increased foreign interference in Korean affairs.
479:), and within decades the Easterners eventually split into the
459:
377:
245:
135:
131:
2510:
605:
455:
415:
299:
235:
185:
84:
64:
38:
from 1392 to 1897, were governed by the reigning ideology of
35:
1675:
Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament,
329:(Jiphyeonjeon, 집현전, 集賢殿) after the latter was abolished by
2127:
2041:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
522:
in the 18th century, the kings generally pursued the
2088:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 20, 1910."
2013:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905."
1957:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904."
458:faction dominated national politics. The different
432:typically served for life in hereditary posts. The
561:, real power initially belonged to his father the
2069:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated July 24, 1907."
1985:; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905."
604:were often violent, leading to the execution and
154:were barred from office for much of the dynasty.
2556:
2527:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
97:concentrated in a certain family or individual.
985:(Joseon–Qing Communication and Commerce Rules)
367:offenders, who were often government officials.
2143:
1811:Yi, Kwang-gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. (2003).
1575:
713:
2269:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
1395:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
1356:
1335:
1313:
1306:
1251:
1230:
1209:
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1167:
1145:
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303:
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239:
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189:
179:
88:
78:
68:
58:
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2136:
73:) down to junior ninth rank (jong-gu-pum,
2207:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
2486:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
2191:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
1576:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann (2013).
687:, a two-stage Japanese invasion led by
624:in the northern provinces in 1811, the
585:. These factional struggles led to the
14:
2557:
2131:
1726:Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85-120.
264:(Byeongjo, 병조, 兵曹) – military affairs
2237:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
1378:
1283:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1905
1246:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
446:Political factions in Joseon dynasty
198:, 영의정, 領議政), Left State Councillor (
134:period, one had to take a series of
1724:Journal of Northeast Asian History,
1267:Japan–Korea Agreement of April 1905
1027:United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883
937:Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882
385:
244:) were the chief executive body of
24:
118:. For a list of Joseon kings, see
25:
2591:
2471:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
1635:
1582:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
1550:
209:
27:1392–1897 Koreanic state politics
2310:Border Defense Council of Joseon
2250:
345:
274:
160:
125:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2025:
2016:
1997:
1988:
1969:
1960:
1941:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1837:
1805:
1786:
1767:
1748:
1729:
1706:
1687:
1663:
1654:
1629:
1612:
1622:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1603:
1569:
1544:
1521:
1498:
1472:
1449:
1426:
1417:
718:
304:
294:
240:
230:
190:
180:
89:
79:
69:
59:
32:politics of the Joseon dynasty
13:
1:
1533:(in Korean). Britannica Korea
1510:(in Korean). Britannica Korea
1461:(in Korean). Britannica Korea
1438:(in Korean). Britannica Korea
1400:Society in the Joseon dynasty
884:
615:
100:
1553:조선당쟁사 1 사림정치와 당쟁: 선조부조 ~ 현종조
1204:Denmark–Korea Treaty of 1902
1183:Belgium–Korea Treaty of 1901
1140:Austria–Korea Treaty of 1892
1004:Germany–Korea Treaty of 1883
646:
7:
2195:Manchu invasions of Korea (
1817:Korean Traditional Culture,
1636:이, 성무 (November 12, 2007).
1551:이, 성무 (November 12, 2007).
1117:France–Korea Treaty of 1886
1048:Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884
577:and a second favouring the
439:
105:
10:
2596:
2580:Political history of Korea
2575:Politics by former country
2227:Donghak Peasant Revolution
2157:
1351:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
1330:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
1299:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1225:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
1163:China–Korea Treaty of 1899
1094:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
1071:Italy–Korea Treaty of 1884
981:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
958:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
912:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
714:Treaties of Joseon dynasty
650:
443:
278:
213:
164:
2519:
2448:
2382:
2340:
2282:
2259:
2248:
2176:
2165:
2112:
2105:
2097:
1638:조선당쟁사 2 탕평과 세도정치: 숙종조~고종조
1357:
1336:
1314:
1307:
1252:
1231:
1210:
1189:
1168:
1146:
1123:
1102:
1077:
1054:
1033:
1010:
989:
966:
943:
920:
897:
894:
891:
866:
843:
820:
797:
774:
751:
731:
728:
725:
596:
2537:Joseon missions to Japan
2532:Joseon missions to China
2300:Six Ministries of Joseon
2169:Korean state (1392–1897)
2107:Joseon dynasty politics
1529:
1506:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1410:
1169:대한국·대청국통상조약 (大韓國大淸國通商條約)
732:Signatory country/power
602:Purges in Joseon dynasty
487:) and the more moderate
216:Six Ministries of Joseon
2305:Three offices of Joseon
2295:State Council of Joseon
2290:List of kings of Joseon
2120:Politics of North Korea
2116:Politics of South Korea
2101:Goryeo dynasty politics
281:Three offices of Joseon
167:State Council of Joseon
120:List of Korean monarchs
18:Joseon Dynasty politics
2415:Joseon white porcelain
2315:Secret royal inspector
2274:Korean literati purges
990:조청상민수륙무역장정(朝淸商民水陸貿易章程)
691:in the 1590s, and the
392:secret royal inspector
335:Six martyred ministers
2360:Caste system in Korea
1098:(Treaty of Hanseong)
962:(Treaty of Chemulpo)
916:(Treaty of Ganghwa)
557:During the reign of
514:Under the reigns of
333:in the aftermath of
2565:Korean Confucianism
2420:Korean tea ceremony
2390:Education in Joseon
2186:Tsushima expedition
1660:Lee (1984), p. 193.
1609:Lee (1984), p. 223.
1423:Lee (1984), p. 176.
1405:Empress Myeongseong
1385:Korean Confucianism
861:Treaty of Jeongchuk
571:Enlightenment Party
563:Heungseon Daewongun
262:Ministry of defence
114:and descended from
40:Korean Confucianism
2506:Seungjeongwon ilgi
2449:Cultural heritages
2395:Five Grand Palaces
1719:2011-10-05 at the
1308:제2차 한일협약 (第二次韓日協約)
1253:제1차 한일협약 (第一次韓日協約)
1211:조덴수호통상조약(朝丁修好通商條約)
1190:조벨수호통상조약(朝白修好通商條約)
1147:조오수호통상조약(朝奧修好通商條約)
1124:조불수호통상조약(朝佛修好通商條約)
1078:조이수호통상조약(朝伊修好通商條約)
1055:조로수호통상조약(朝露修好通商條約)
1034:조영수호통상조약(朝英修好通商條約)
1011:조독수호통상조약(朝獨修好通商條約)
944:조미수호통상조약(朝美修好通商條約)
898:Signatory country
838:Treaty of Jeongmyo
830:Tokugawa shogunate
689:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
583:Russo-Japanese War
2552:
2551:
2520:Foreign relations
2350:Styles and titles
2325:late 19th century
2212:Treaty of Ganghwa
2126:
2125:
2113:Succeeded by
1589:978-1-133-60649-9
1379:Relevant articles
1370:
1369:
882:
881:
792:Treaty of Jeongmi
708:Treaty of Ganghwa
665:and later Manchu
628:of 1882, and the
16:(Redirected from
2587:
2542:Joseon Tongsinsa
2355:Neo-Confucianism
2254:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2110:1392–1897
2098:Preceded by
2095:
2094:
2089:
2078:Korean Mission,
2076:
2070:
2059:Korean Mission,
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2031:Korean Mission,
2029:
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2020:
2014:
2003:Korean Mission,
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1975:Korean Mission,
1973:
1967:
1964:
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1947:Korean Mission,
1945:
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1930:
1919:Korean Mission,
1917:
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1900:Korean Mission,
1898:
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1879:
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1862:Korean Mission,
1860:
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1843:Korean Mission,
1841:
1835:
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1792:Korean Mission,
1790:
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1773:Korean Mission,
1771:
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1754:Korean Mission,
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1735:Korean Mission,
1733:
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1390:History of Korea
1360:
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1339:
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823:
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800:
799:
777:
776:
754:
753:
746:Treaty of Gyehae
723:
722:
653:Joseon diplomacy
630:Donghak uprising
414:Each county and
386:Local government
327:Hall of Worthies
307:
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44:Neo-Confucianism
21:
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2017:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
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1961:
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1933:
1918:
1914:
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1880:
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1857:
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1830:Hanseong Treaty
1810:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1734:
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1721:Wayback Machine
1712:Moon, Myungki.
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1042:United Kingdom
984:
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887:
769:Treaty of Imsin
721:
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655:
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622:Hong Gyeong-nae
618:
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524:tangpyeongchaek
448:
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2015:
1996:
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1959:
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1893:
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1828:The so-called
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1380:
1377:
1374:Unequal treaty
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:한일병합조약(韓日倂合條約)
1354:
1347:
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1000:
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950:
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815:Treaty of Giyu
811:
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771:
765:
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685:Seven-Year War
651:Main article:
648:
645:
632:of 1894–1895.
617:
614:
606:internal exile
598:
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575:Russian Empire
444:Main article:
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279:Main article:
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265:
259:
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253:
222:Six Ministries
214:Main article:
211:
210:Six Ministries
208:
204:Six Ministries
165:Main article:
162:
159:
127:
124:
112:Jeonju Yi clan
107:
104:
102:
99:
34:, which ruled
26:
9:
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4:
3:
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2459:
2457:
2456:Changdeokgung
2454:
2453:
2451:
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2441:
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2436:
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2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Korean garden
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2258:
2253:
2243:
2242:Korean Empire
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
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2198:
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2102:
2096:
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2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1928:
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1923:
1916:
1909:
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1647:9788989354833
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1615:
1606:
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1572:
1564:
1562:9788989354826
1558:
1554:
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1524:
1509:
1501:
1487:
1484:(in Korean).
1483:
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1437:
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1305:
1300:
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1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:Qing (China)
1176:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:Qing (China)
997:
994:
987:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
967:제물포 조약(濟物浦條約)
964:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
941:
938:
935:
934:
931:
928:
925:
921:강화도 조약(江華島條約)
918:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:English name
902:
901:
890:
877:
874:
871:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
848:
841:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
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818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:English name
736:
735:
724:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
661:) to Chinese
660:
654:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Intransigents
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
379:
375:
374:Seonggyungwan
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
346:Other Offices
343:
342:aristocracy.
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
310:
309:
301:
291:
287:
286:Three Offices
282:
275:Three Offices
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
249:
247:
237:
227:
223:
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
187:
177:
173:
172:State Council
168:
161:State council
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
126:Civil service
123:
121:
117:
113:
98:
94:
86:
76:
66:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2501:Nanjung ilgi
2475:Villages of
2430:Sungkyunkwan
2372:
2365:
2260:
2217:Imo Incident
2106:
2086:Google Books
2084:, p. 36, at
2079:
2074:
2067:Google Books
2065:, p. 35, at
2060:
2055:
2046:
2039:Google Books
2037:, p. 35, at
2032:
2027:
2018:
2011:Google Books
2009:, p. 35, at
2004:
1999:
1990:
1983:Google Books
1981:, p. 35, at
1976:
1971:
1962:
1955:Google Books
1953:, p. 35, at
1948:
1943:
1934:
1927:Google Books
1925:, p. 34, at
1920:
1915:
1908:Google Books
1906:, p. 32, at
1901:
1896:
1889:Google Books
1887:, p. 32, at
1882:
1877:
1870:Google Books
1868:, p. 32, at
1863:
1858:
1851:Google Books
1849:, p. 32, at
1844:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1826:; excerpt, "
1824:Google Books
1822:, p. 63, at
1818:
1812:
1807:
1800:Google Books
1798:, p. 32, at
1793:
1788:
1781:Google Books
1779:, p. 32, at
1774:
1769:
1762:Google Books
1760:, p. 32, at
1755:
1750:
1743:Google Books
1741:, p. 32, at
1736:
1731:
1723:
1708:
1701:Google Books
1699:, p. 29, at
1694:
1689:
1682:Google Books
1680:, p. 33, at
1676:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1578:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1371:
1337:정미7조약(丁未七條約)
1232:한일의정서(韓日議定書)
906:Korean name
740:Korean name
705:
701:Qing dynasty
682:
671:
667:Qing dynasty
663:Ming dynasty
658:
656:
634:
626:Imo Incident
619:
600:
587:Imo Incident
556:
543:
539:
531:
523:
513:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
449:
433:
429:
423:
419:
413:
389:
360:
356:
340:
322:
284:
219:
196:Yeonguijeong
174:(Uijeongbu,
170:
156:
129:
109:
95:
52:
42:, a form of
31:
29:
2332:Joseon Navy
2320:Joseon Army
2232:Gabo Reform
2222:Gapsin Coup
821:기유약조 (己酉約條)
798:정미약조 (丁未約條)
775:임신조약 (壬申條約)
719:Before 1875
680:and Busan.
591:Gapsin Coup
489:Southerners
481:Northerners
302::
292::
238::
228::
188::
178::
87::
77::
67::
57::
2559:Categories
2496:Ilseongnok
2435:Chaekgeori
2283:Government
1537:2014-03-16
1514:2014-03-16
1491:2014-03-16
1465:2014-03-16
1442:2014-03-16
1315:을사조약(乙巳條約)
1103:한성조약(漢城條約)
885:After 1875
867:정축조약(丁丑條約)
844:정묘조약(丁卯條約)
752:계해조약(癸亥條約)
706:After the
616:Rebellions
536:Expedients
534:) and the
503:) and the
497:Patriarchs
473:Westerners
465:Easterners
323:kyeongyeon
200:Jwauijeong
101:Government
2410:Buncheong
1640:. 아름다운날.
1555:. 아름다운날.
878:(Manchu)
855:(Manchu)
853:Later Jin
647:Diplomacy
637:Nitanggae
567:Queen Min
505:Disciples
331:King Sejo
148:Hamgyeong
2481:Yangdong
2261:Politics
1717:Archived
1595:July 15,
1486:Doopedia
1219:Denmark
1198:Belgium
832:(Japan)
809:(Japan)
807:Tsushima
786:(Japan)
784:Tsushima
763:(Japan)
761:Tsushima
452:Yeongnam
440:Factions
361:Paanyoon
288:(Samsa,
224:(Yukjo,
152:Pyeongan
140:cheonmin
106:The king
2461:Jongmyo
2383:Culture
2373:kisaeng
2342:Society
2178:History
1156:Austria
1020:Germany
892:Treaty
726:Treaty
641:Sin Rip
610:Sukjong
544:cheokga
532:Byeokpa
520:Jeongjo
516:Yeongjo
454:-based
434:hyangni
430:hyangni
425:hyangni
357:Hanyang
144:yangban
2570:Joseon
2440:Minhwa
2405:Hangul
2400:Hanbok
2366:seonbi
2201:Second
2159:Joseon
2081:p. 36.
2062:p. 35.
2034:p. 35.
2006:p. 35.
1978:p. 35.
1950:p. 35.
1922:p. 34.
1903:p. 32.
1884:p. 32.
1865:p. 32.
1846:p. 32.
1819:p. 63.
1795:p. 32.
1776:p. 32.
1757:p. 32.
1738:p. 32.
1696:p. 29.
1677:p. 33.
1644:
1619:"벽파".
1586:
1559:
1366:Japan
1345:Japan
1324:Japan
1293:Japan
1277:Japan
1261:Japan
1240:Japan
1133:France
1111:Japan
1064:Russia
975:Japan
697:Second
674:Ryūkyū
597:Purges
559:Gojong
554:clan.
471:) and
469:Dongin
460:Seowon
428:. The
378:gwageo
298:;
290:Korean
246:Joseon
234:;
226:Korean
184:;
176:Korean
136:gwageo
132:Joseon
83:;
75:Korean
63:;
55:Korean
48:Purges
2511:Uigwe
2477:Hahoe
2197:First
1411:Notes
1363:1910
1342:1907
1321:1905
1290:1905
1274:1905
1258:1904
1237:1904
1216:1902
1195:1901
1174:1899
1152:1892
1129:1886
1108:1885
1087:Italy
1083:1884
1060:1884
1039:1883
1016:1883
995:1882
972:1882
949:1882
930:Japan
926:1876
895:Year
872:1637
849:1627
826:1609
803:1547
780:1512
757:1443
729:Year
693:First
659:sadae
540:Shipa
509:Soron
501:Noron
493:Namin
485:Bukin
477:Seoin
456:Sarim
416:hyeon
313:rank.
300:Hanja
236:Hanja
186:Hanja
116:Taejo
85:Hanja
65:Hanja
36:Korea
2479:and
1642:ISBN
1597:2015
1584:ISBN
1557:ISBN
876:Qing
695:and
678:Jeju
589:and
518:and
220:The
150:and
30:The
1435:관찰사
552:Cho
548:Kim
511:).
420:gun
191:議政府
181:의정부
90:從九品
80:종9품
70:正一品
60:정1품
2561::
2199:,
1834:."
1530:현령
1507:군수
1481:목사
1458:부윤
1372:*
1353:*
1332:*
1318:)
1285:*
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1227:*
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1185:*
1142:*
1119:*
1073:*
1050:*
1029:*
1006:*
939:*
703:.
669:.
337:.)
305:三司
295:삼사
241:六曹
231:육조
2203:)
2151:e
2144:t
2137:v
1650:.
1625:.
1599:.
1565:.
1540:.
1517:.
1494:.
1468:.
1445:.
1312:(
1301:*
1096:*
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960:*
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467:(
20:)
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