Arthur de Gobineau

6870: 2444: 759: 2705:, a city largely inhabited by Irish immigrants, Gobineau deployed virtually every anti-Irish cliché in his reports to Paris. He stated the Irish of St. John's were extremely poor, undisciplined, conniving, obstreperous, dishonest, loud, violent, and usually drunk. He described several of the remote fishing settlements he visited in Utopian terms, praising them as examples of how a few hardy, tough people could make a living under very inhospitable conditions. Gobineau's praise for Newfoundland fishermen reflected his viewpoint that those who cut themselves off from society best preserve their racial purity. Despite his normal contempt for ordinary people, he called the Newfoundland fishermen he met "the best men that I have ever seen in the world". Gobineau observed that in these remote coastal settlements, there were no policemen as there was no crime, going on to write: 2792:(1864) ("Treatise of Cuneiform Fragments"). Irwin wrote: "The first treatise is wrong-headed, yet still on this side of sanity; the second later and much longer work shows many signs of the kind of derangement that is likely to infect those who interest themselves too closely in the study of occultism." One of the principal problems with Gobineau's approach to translating the cuneiform texts of ancient Persia was that he failed to understand linguistic change and that Old Persian was not the same language as modern Persian. His books met with hostile reception from scholars who argued that Gobineau simply did not understand the texts he was purporting to translate. 3224: 871: 2649:

ethnic chaos. This chaos is no way unexpected or new: it will produce no further ethnic mixture which has not already been, or cannot be realized on our own continent. Absolutely nothing productive will result from it, and even when ethnic combinations resulting from infinite unions between Germans, Irish, Italians, French and Anglo-Saxons join us in the south with racial elements composed of Indian, Negro, Spanish and Portuguese essence, it is quite unimaginable that anything could result from such horrible confusions, but an incoherent juxtaposition of the most decadent kinds of people.

2834: 3196:, he wrote to his sister Caroline: "This is the pure race of the North—that of the masters", calling the Swedes "the purest branch of the Germanic race". In contrast to France, Gobineau was impressed with the lack of social conflict in Sweden, writing to Dragoumis: "There is no class hatred. The nobility lives on friendly terms with the middle class and with the people at large". Gobineau argued that because of Sweden's remote location in Scandinavia, Aryan blood had been better preserved as compared to France. Writing about the accession of 2977:, informed the Cretans to expect no support from France—they were on their own in taking on the Ottoman Empire. He called the uprising "the most perfect monument to lies, mischief and impudence that has been seen in thirty years". He had no sympathy with the Greek desire to liberate their compatriots living under Ottoman rule; writing to his friend Anton von Prokesch-Osten he noted: "It is one rabble against another". In his elderly years, however, he returned to his original position, supporting Greek irredentist ideas. 2993:, noted for his fiery enthusiasm for liberal causes, had joined the Cretean uprising and had gone to Athens to try to persuade the Greek government to support it. Gobineau had unwisely shown Flourens diplomatic dispatches from Paris showing both the French and Greek governments were unwilling to offend the Ottomans by supporting the Cretan uprising, which Flourens then leaked to the press. Gobineau received orders from Napoleon III to silence Flourens. On 28 May 1868, while Flourens was heading for a meeting with King 2306:. In it he revealed his fear of the revolution being the beginning of the end of aristocratic Europe, with common folk descended from lesser breeds taking over. Reflecting his disdain for ordinary people, Gobineau said French aristocrats like himself were the descendants of the Germanic Franks who conquered the Roman province of Gaul in the fifth century AD, while common French people were the descendants of racially inferior Celtic and Mediterranean people. This was an old theory first promoted in a tract by Count 2603: 2247: 2908: 44: 3116:

fearfully ugly ... Not a single Brazilian has pure blood because of the pattern of marriages among whites, Indians and Negroes is so widespread that the nuances of color are infinite, causing a degeneration among the lower as well the upper classes". He noted Brazilians are "neither hard-working, active nor fertile". Based on all this, Gobineau reached the conclusion that all human life would cease in Brazil within the next 200 years on the grounds of "genetic degeneracy".

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admirable human qualities. Beyond that, they argued that nation and race were the same, and that to be American was to be white. As such, the American translators argued in their introduction that just as various European nations were torn apart by nationality conflicts caused by different "races" living together, likewise ending slavery and granting American citizenship to blacks would cause the same sort of conflicts, but only on a much vaster scale in the United States.

2611: 2259: 4032: 3216:, in Stockholm and became very close to him. Eulenburg was later to recall fondly how he and Gobineau had spent hours during their time in Sweden under the "Nordic sky, where the old world of the gods lived on in the customs and habits of the people as well in their hearts." Gobineau later wrote that only two people in the entire world had ever properly understood his racist philosophy, namely 3031:. However, he did not deny the existence of the ancient Greek nucleus in modern Greeks. Instead, he believed that the Greek race had "absorbed" all of the foreign invaders. The result of this was a strong alloy, since the Greeks had integrated the best traits of the people they came into contact with. He concluded that the Greeks demonstrated all the requisite qualities to earn the accolade " 2466:). He suggests, however, that "nothing proves that at the first redaction of the Adamite genealogies the colored races were considered as forming part of the species"; and, "We may conclude that the power of producing fertile offspring is among the marks of a distinct species. As nothing leads us to believe that the human race is outside this rule, there is no answer to this argument." 545:

journalism and novels, he became more and more pessimistic about the future. Gobineau wrote in a letter to his father: "How I despair of a society which is no longer anything, except in spirit, and which has no heart left". He complained the Legitimists spent their time feuding with one another while the Catholic Church "is going over to the side of the revolution". Gobineau wrote:

2344:("the uprooted")—the criminal, impoverished, drifting men with no real home. Gobineau considered them to be the monstrous products of centuries of miscegenation ready to explode in revolutionary violence at any moment. He was an ardent opponent of democracy, which he stated was mere "mobocracy"—a system that allowed the utterly stupid mob the final say on running the state. 2474:"I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some Hottentot a good servant, that a Kaffir dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic … Let us leave aside these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups." 388: 2570:. He came to speak a "kitchen Persian" that allowed him to talk to Persians somewhat. (He was never fluent in Persian as he said he was.) Despite having some love for the Persians, Gobineau was shocked they lacked his racial prejudices and were willing to accept blacks as equals. He criticized Persian society for being too "democratic". 2859:. He wrote the cuneiform texts at the Dur-Sharrukin were Akkadian, that Gobineau did not know what he was talking about, and the only reason he had even written the review was to prove that he had wasted his time reading the book. As Gobineau insistently pressed his thesis, the leading Orientalist in France, Julius von Mohl of the 2935:". However, during his later years, the Greek economy began to grow rapidly; due to this, Gobineau "became so impressed by the Greek economic and social development that he unwittingly acknowledged the benefits of the modern era". After that point, he showed sympathy for the contemporary Greek society building a modern state. 3141:

French were bound to be defeated if they ever fought a major war. At the outbreak of the war with Prussia in July 1870, however, he believed they would win within a few weeks. After the German victory, Gobineau triumphantly used his own country's defeat as proof of his racial theories. He spent the war as the

741:("nobility obligates") as existed in Europe. The American poor suffered worse than the European poor, causing the United States to be a violent society, where greed and materialism were the only values that counted. In general Gobineau was hostile towards people in the Americas, writing that who in the 3051:

Gobineau’s experience of Greece involved permanent controversy between ideology and reality, while reality prevailed. In Greece, Gobineau managed to come to terms with manifestations of modernity, nationalism and economic development... was in a certain sense intellectually "liberated" by Greece and

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was right to stamp out Bábism. Gobineau was one of the first Westerners to examine the esoteric sects of Persia. Though his work was idiosyncratic, he did spark scholarly interest in an aspect of Persia that had been ignored by Westerners until then. His command of Persian was average, his Arabic was

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attracted mostly negative reviews from French critics, which Gobineau used as a proof of the supposed truth of his racial theories, writing "the French, who are always ready to set anything afire—materially speaking—and who respect nothing, either in religion or politics, have always been the world's

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For him the French Revolution, having destroyed the racial basis of French greatness by overthrowing and in many cases killing the aristocracy, was the beginning of a long, irresistible process of decline and degeneration, which could only end with the utter collapse of European civilization. He felt

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Our poor country lies in Roman decadence. Where there is no longer an aristocracy worthy of itself, a nation dies. Our Nobles are conceited fools and cowards. I no longer believe in anything nor have any views. From Louis-Philippe we shall proceed to the first trimmer who will take us up, but only in

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Sweden presented a problem for Gobineau between reconciling his belief in an Aryan master race with his insistence that only the upper classes were Aryans. He eventually resolved this by denouncing the Swedes as debased Aryans after all. He used the fact King Oscar allowed Swedish democracy to exist

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Gobineau's attitudes of contempt for the Brazilian people led him to spend much of his time feuding with the Brazilian elite. In 1870 he was involved in a bloody street brawl with the son-in-law of a Brazilian senator who did not appreciate having his nation being put down. As a result of the brawl,

2886:(a 12th-century poem presenting a legendary story of two Chinese emperors) as factual, reliable accounts of Persia's ancient history. As such, Gobineau began his history by presenting the Persians as Aryans who arrived in Persia from Central Asia and conquered the race of giants known to them as the 2801:

was not published, as the editors had to politely tell him his article was "unpublishable" as it was full of "absurd" claims and vitriolic abuse of his critics. During his second time in Persia, Gobineau spent much time working as an amateur archeologist and gathering material for what was to become

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where Gobineau declared that, though of low intelligence, blacks had certain artistic talents and that a few "exceptional" African tribal chiefs probably had a higher IQ than those of the stupidest whites were not included in the American edition. Nott and Hotze wanted nothing that might give blacks

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Gobineau was less than complimentary about modern Persia. He wrote to Prokesch-Osten that there was no "Persian race" as modern Persians were "a breed mixed from God knows what!". He loved ancient Persia as the great Aryan civilization par excellence, however, noting that Iran means "the land of the

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was an aristocratic caricature of the French poor. In his writings on the French peasantry, Gobineau characteristically insisted in numerous anecdotes, which he said were based on personal experience, that French farmers were coarse, crude people incapable of learning, indeed of any sort of thinking

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In May 1870 Gobineau returned to France from Brazil. In a letter to Tocqueville in 1859 he wrote, "When we come to the French people, I genuinely favor absolute power", and as long as Napoleon III ruled as an autocrat, he had Gobineau's support. Gobineau had often predicted France was so rotten the

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was more suitable to do so at the time. Gobineau advised Paris: "The Greeks will not control the Orient, neither will the Armenians nor the Slav nor any Christian population, and, at the same time, if others were to come—even the Russians, the most oriental of them all—they could only submit to the

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was titled in English. Nott and Hotze retained only the parts relating to the alleged inherent inferiority of blacks. Likewise, they used Gobineau as a way of attempting to establish that white America was in mortal peril despite the fact that most American blacks were slaves in 1856. The two "race

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was the first time Gobineau linked class with race, writing "Monsieur de Marvejols would think of himself, and of all members of the nobility, as of a race apart, of a superior essence, and he believed it criminal to sully this by mixture with plebeian blood." The novel, set against the backdrop of

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as a sign Russia would be the dominant power in Asia, writing: "England, an aging nation, is defending its livelihood and its existence. Russia, a youthful nation, is following its path towards the power that it must surely gain ... The empire of the Tsars is today the power which seems to have the

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harmful influences of this anarchic situation. For me there is no Eastern Question and if I had the honour of being a great government I should concern myself no longer with developments in these areas." In the spring of 1866, Christian Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire on the island of

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In 1861, Gobineau returned to Tehran as the French minister and lived a modest, ascetic lifestyle. He became obsessed with ancient Persia. This soon got out of control as he sought to prove ancient Persia was founded by his much admired Aryans, leading him to engage in what Irwin called "deranged"

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a great and glorious Aryan civilization, now sadly gone. This was to preoccupy him for the rest of his life. Gobineau loved to visit the ruins of the Achaemenid period as his mind was fundamentally backward looking, preferring to contemplate past glories rather than what he saw as a dismal present

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Gobineau saw Persia as a land without a future destined to be conquered by the West sooner or later. For him this was a tragedy for the West. He believed Western men would all too easily be seduced by the beautiful Persian women causing more miscegenation to further "corrupt" the West. However, he

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and disgusted by what he saw as the supine reaction of the European upper classes to the revolutionary challenge. Writing in the spring of 1848 about the news from Germany he noted: "Things are going pretty badly ... I do not mean the dismissal of the princes—that was deserved. Their cowardice and

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to the Swedish throne in 1872 he said: "This country is unique ... I have just seen one king die and another ascend the throne without anyone doubling the guard or alerting a soldier". The essential conservatism of Swedish society also impressed Gobineau as he wrote to Pedro II: "The conservative

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Gobineau was unpopular in Brazil. His letters to Paris show his complete contempt for everybody in Brazil, regardless of their nationality (except for the Emperor Pedro II), with his most damning words reserved for Brazilians. He wrote about Brazil: "Everyone is ugly here, unbelievably ugly, like

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had planned the migration of the Aryans into Europe making him responsible for the "grandeur" of medieval Europe. For Gobineau, Cyrus the Great was the greatest leader in history, writing: "Whatever we ourselves are, as Frenchmen, Englishmen, Germans, Europeans of the nineteenth century, it is to

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Gobineau encouraged Eulenburg to promote his theory of an Aryan master-race, telling him: "In this way you will help many people understand things sooner." Later, Eulenburg was to complain all of his letters to Gobineau had to be destroyed because "They contain too much of an intimately personal

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In 1832, although nominally independent, Greece had become a joint Anglo-French-Russian protectorate. As such the British, French and Russian ministers in Athens had the theoretical power to countermand any decision of the Greek cabinet. Gobineau repeatedly advised against France exercising this

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and Gobineau wanted to see both places for himself. His mission was to keep Persia out of the Russian sphere of influence, but he cynically wrote: "If the Persians ... unite with the western powers, they will march against the Russians in the morning, be defeated by them at noon and become their

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became one of Gobineau's best friends. He was a reactionary Austrian soldier and diplomat who hated democracy and saw himself as a historian and orientalist, and for all these reasons Gobineau bonded with him. It was during these periods that Gobineau began to write less often to his old liberal

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In 1869, Gobineau was appointed the French minister to Brazil. At the time, France and Brazil did not have diplomatic relations at an ambassadorial level, only legations headed by ministers. Gobineau was unhappy the Quai d'Orsay had sent him to Brazil, which he viewed as an insufficiently grand

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had tried to send Gobineau to the French legation in Beijing. He objected that as a "civilized European" he had no wish to go to an Asian country like China. As punishment, Walewski sent Gobineau to Newfoundland, telling him he would be fired from the Quai d'Orsay if he refused the Newfoundland

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They are a very mixed assortment of the most degenerate races in olden-day Europe. They are the human flotsam of all ages: Irish, crossbreed Germans and French and Italians of even more doubtful stock. The intermixture of all these decadent ethnic varieties will inevitably give birth to further

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Aryans" in Persian. Gobineau was less Eurocentric than one might expect in his writings on Persia, believing the origins of European civilization could be traced to Persia. He criticized western scholars for their "collective vanity" in being unable to admit to the West's "huge" debt to Persia.

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Gobineau is a man of about 55, with grey hair and moustache, dark rather prominent eyes, sallow complexion, and tall figure with brisk almost jerky gait. In temperament he is nervous, energetic in manner, observant, but distrait, passing rapidly from thought to thought, a good talker but a bad

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As most Brazilians have a mixture of Portuguese, African and Indian ancestry, Gobineau saw the Brazilian people, whom he loathed, as confirming his theories about the perils of miscegenation. He wrote to Paris that Brazilians were "a population totally mixed, vitiated in its blood and spirit,

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I am not sorry to have seen once in my life a sort of Utopia. A savage and hateful climate, a forbidding countryside, the choice between poverty and hard dangerous labour, no amusements, no pleasures, no money, fortune and ambition being equally impossible—and still, for all this, a cheerful

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His family background made him a supporter of the House of Bourbon, but the nature of the Legitimist movement dominated by factious and inept leaders drove Gobineau to despair, leading him to write: "We are lost and had better resign ourselves to the fact". In a letter to his father, Gobineau

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In this "age of national mediocrity" as Gobineau described it, with society going in a direction he disapproved of, the leaders of the cause to which he was committed being by his own admission foolish and incompetent, and the would-be aristocrat struggling to make ends meet by writing hack

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beyond the most rudimentary level of thought. As the American critic Michelle Wright wrote, "the peasant may inhabit the land, but they are certainly not part of it". Wright further noted the very marked similarity between Gobineau's picture of the French peasantry and his view of blacks.

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was part of a "revolt" by the Aryan Persians against the Semitic Arabs, seeing a close connection between Shia Islam and Persian nationalism. His understanding of Persia was distorted and confused. He mistakenly believed Shi'ism was practiced only in Persia, and that in Shi'ism the Imam

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His views about modern Greeks were paradoxical and ambiguous; he stated his ideas somewhat vaguely and confusedly, basing them only on general information. He wrote that the Greek people had generally lost a lot of the "Aryan blood" responsible for "the glory that was Greece" due to

2952:. However, later on, he advised against French support for the irredentist Greek aspirations, writing the Greeks could not replace the Ottoman Empire, and if the Ottoman Empire should be replaced with a greater Greece, only Russia would benefit. He no longer believed that a revived " 3279:. As the de Gobineau family first appeared in history in late 15th century Bordeaux, and Ottar Jarl—who may or may not have been a real person—is said to have lived in the 10th century, Gobineau had to resort to a great deal of invention to make his genealogy work. For him, the 3314:, and it was for these reasons he continued to nominally observe Catholicism. Gobineau told his friend the Comte de Basterot that he wanted a Catholic burial only because the de Gobineaus had always been buried in Catholic ceremonies, not because of any belief in Catholicism. 2400:

of the German Confederation that sat in Frankfurt—also known as the "Confederation Diet"—Gobineau wrote: "The Diet is a business office for the German bureaucracy—it is very far from being a real political body". Gobineau hated the Prussian representative at the Diet, Prince

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around the globe as a source of regret. Gobineau often attacked King Louis-Phillipe for his pro-British foreign policy, writing that he had "humiliated" France by allowing the British Empire to become the world's dominant power. However, reports on the poor economic state of

3156:("What Happened to France in 1870") explaining the French defeat was due to racial degeneration, which no publisher chose to publish. He argued the French bourgeoisie were "descended from Gallo-Roman slaves", which explained why they were no match for an army commanded by 736:

About the United States, Gobineau wrote: "The only greatness is that of wealth, and as everyone can acquire this, its ownership is independent of any of the qualities reserved to superior natures". Gobineau wrote the United States lacked an aristocracy, with no sense of

372:, ("the Citizen King") to power. He promised to reconcile the heritage of the French Revolution with the monarchy. Given his family's history of supporting the Bourbons, the young Gobineau regarded the July Revolution as a disaster for France. His views were those of a 2729:("Religions and Philosophies in Central Asia"), an account of his travels in Persia and encounters with the various esoteric Islamic sects he discovered being practiced in the Persian countryside. His mystical frame of mind led him to feel in Persia what he called " 2766:

by the Persian state, which was determined to uphold Shia Islam as the state religion. Gobineau approved of the persecution of the Babi. He wrote they were "veritable communists" and "true and pure supporters of socialism", as every bit as dangerous as the French

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nobility. Gobineau wrote about July Monarchy France: "Money has become the principle of power and honour. Money dominates business; money regulates the population; money governs; money salves consciences; money is the criterion for judging the esteem due to men".

715:: "The destruction of their agriculture, trade and finances, the inevitable consequence of long civil disorder, did not at all seem to them a price too high to pay for what they had in view. And yet who would want to claim that the half-barbarous inhabitants of 2638:

such as: "The Negro is the most humble and lags at the bottom of the scale. The animal character imprinted upon his brow marks his destiny from the moment of his conception". Much to Gobineau's intense annoyance, Nott and Hotze abridged the first volume of the

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greatest future ... The Russian people are marching steadfastly towards a goal that is indeed known but still not completely defined". Gobineau regarded Russia as an Asian power and felt the inevitable triumph of Russia was a triumph of Asia over Europe.

778:. As with his mother, Gobineau was never entirely certain if his wife, and hence his two daughters had black ancestors or not, as it was a common practice for French slave masters in the Caribbean to take a slave mistress. Gobineau's opposition to 2418:

In his own lifetime, Gobineau was known as a novelist, a poet and for his travel writing recounting his adventures in Iran and Brazil rather than for the racial theories for which he is now mostly remembered. However, he always regarded his book

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s. He praised the "remarkable character" of Hanoverian men and likewise commended Hanoverian society as having "an instinctive preference for hierarchy" with the commoners always deferring to the nobility, which he explained on racial grounds.

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knows nothing of kings, princes and nobles?-that on those semi-virgin lands, in human societies born yesterday and scarcely yet consolidated, no one has the right or the power to call himself any greater than the very least of its citizens?"

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to support himself. As a writer and journalist, he struggled financially and was forever looking for a wealthy patron willing to support him. As a part-time employee of the Post Office and a full-time writer, Gobineau was desperately poor.

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and did not try to rule as an absolute monarch as evidence the House of Bernadotte were all weak and cowardly kings. By 1875, Gobineau was writing, "Sweden horrifies me" and wrote with disgust about "Swedish vulgarity and contemptibility".

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At the same time, he regarded French society under the House of Orléans as corrupt and self-serving, dominated by the "oppressive feudalism of money" as opposed to the feudalism of "charity, courage, virtue and intelligence" held by the

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are known to have used in ancient times. This included groups classified by language like the Celts, Slavs and the Germans. Gobineau later came to use and reserve the term Aryan only for the "Germanic race", and described the Aryans as

2969:. Three emissaries arrived in Athens to ask Gobineau for French support for the uprising, saying it was well known that France was the champion of justice and the rights of "small nations". As France was heavily engaged in the war in 2429:) as his masterpiece and wanted to be remembered as its author. A firm reactionary who believed in the innate superiority of aristocrats over commoners—whom he held in utter contempt—Gobineau embraced the now-discredited doctrine of 3160:. Gobineau attacked Napoleon III for his plans to rebuild Paris writing: "This city, pompously described as the capital of the universe, is in reality only the vast caravanserai for the idleness, greed and carousing of all Europe." 774:. She had pressed for a hasty marriage as she was pregnant by their mutual friend Pierre de Serre who had abandoned her. As a practicing Catholic, she did not wish to give birth to an illegitimate child. Monnerot had been born in 2687:

led to an Anglo-French commission being sent to Newfoundland to find a resolution to the dispute. Gobineau was one of the two French commissioners dispatched to Newfoundland, an experience that he later recorded in his 1861 book

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for rejecting "a firm and natural authority, a power rooted in national liberty", predicting that without order imposed by an absolute monarchy, she was destined to sink into a state of perpetual revolution. He was dismissive of

218:, who translated his book into English. They omitted around 1,000 pages of the original book, including those parts that negatively described Americans as a racially mixed population. Inspiring a social movement in Germany named 2700:

Gobineau hated Newfoundland, writing to a friend in Paris on 26 July 1859: "This is an awful country. It is very cold, there is almost constant fog, and one sails between pieces of floating ice of enormous size." In his time in

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Gobineau had a low opinion of Islam, a religion invented by the Arab Mohammed. He viewed him as part of the "Semitic race", unlike the Persians whose Indo-European language led him to see them as Aryans. Gobineau believed that

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values, the disintegration of his parents' marriage, his mother's open relationship with her lover, her fraudulent acts, and the turmoil imposed by being constantly on the run and living in poverty were all very traumatic.

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Gobineau's ideas were influential in a number of countries, especially Romania, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Brazil, both during his lifetime and after his death. He was a main influence to the first modern elaboration of

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Like many other European romantic conservatives, Gobineau looked back nostalgically at an idealized version of the Middle Ages as an idyllic agrarian society living harmoniously in a rigid social order. He loathed modern

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Magdeleine de Gobineau abandoned her husband for her children's tutor Charles de La Coindière. Together with her lover she took her son and two daughters on extended wanderings across eastern France, Switzerland and the

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ruled over a mixed population of ethnic Germans, Magyars, Italians, Slavic peoples, etc., and it was inevitable such a multi-ethnic society would go into decline, while the "purely German" Prussia was destined to unify

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on 19 July 1868 for the treacherous way he had treated a fellow Frenchman fighting for Greek freedom. With French public opinion widely condemning the minister in Athens, Gobineau was recalled to Paris in disgrace.

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So the brain of a Huron Indian contains in undeveloped form an intellect which is absolutely that same as an Englishman or a Frenchman! Why then, in the course of the ages has he not then invented printing or steam

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apes". His only friend during his time in Rio was Emperor Pedro II, whom Gobineau praised as a wise and great leader, noting his blue eyes and blond hair as proof that Pedro was an Aryan. The fact Pedro was of the

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For leaving his post in Stockholm without permission to join the Emperor Pedro II on his European visit, Gobineau was told in January 1877 to either resign from the Quai d'Orsay or be fired; he chose the former.

415:. As those ambitions were unrealized, Gobineau developed a sense of faded glory as he grew up in a city that had been built to be the dominant hub for Europe's trade with Asia. This dream went unrealized, as 833:

was elected president of the republic in 1848. However, he came to support Bonaparte as the best man to preserve order, and in 1849, when Tocqueville became Foreign Minister, his friend Gobineau became his

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from 1,600 pages in the French original down to 400 in English. At least part of the reason for this was because of Gobineau's hostile picture of Americans. About American white people, Gobineau declared:

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Gobineau stated he was writing about races, not individuals: examples of talented black or Asian individuals did not disprove his thesis of the supposed inferiority of the black and Asian races. He wrote:

3310:. He was very interested in the pagan religion of the Vikings, which seemed more authentically Aryan to him. For him, maintaining his Catholicism was a symbol of his reactionary politics and rejection of 3618:

Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as

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with aristocratic heroes who by their very existence uphold all of the values Gobineau felt were worth celebrating like honor and creativity against a corrupt, soulless middle class. His 1847 novel

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disappeared everything that had lived and flourished with them went too; wealth, gallantry, art and liberty, there remained nothing but a fertile land and an incomparable sky". Gobineau denounced

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much preferable to his own time. Someone who knew Gobineau as a teenager described him as a romantic, "with chivalrous ideas and a heroic spirit, dreaming of what was most noble and most grand".

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into English. Champions of slavery, they found in Gobineau's anti-black writings a convenient justification for the "peculiar institution". Nott and Hotze found much to approve of in the

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lack of political faith make them scarcely interesting. But the peasants, there they are nearly barbarous. There is pillage, and burning, and massacre—and we are only at the beginning."

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worse. Since there were few Western Orientalists who knew Persian, however, Gobineau was able to pass himself off for decades as a leading Orientalist who knew Persia like no one else.

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where his mother and her lover were staying. He became fluent in German. As a staunch supporter of the House of Bourbon, his father was forced to retire from the Royal Guard after the

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of Brazil's slaves. As slavery was the basis of Brazil's economy, and Brazil had the largest slave population in the Americas, Pedro II was unwilling to abolish slavery at this time.

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committed to a Catholic France ruled over by the House of Bourbon. In 1831, de Gobineau's father took custody of his three children, and his son spent the rest of his adolescence in

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Gobineau's primary thesis was that European civilization flowed from Greece to Rome, and then to Germanic and contemporary civilization. He thought this corresponded to the ancient

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in the fall of 1851 as acting Chargé d'Affaires, and was impressed by the "traces of real nobility" he said he saw at the Hanoverian court. Gobineau especially liked the blind King

3325:, a lonely and embittered man whose principal friends were the Wagners and Eulenburg. He saw himself as a great sculptor and attempted to support himself by selling his sculpture. 3124:

left Gobineau assured he had no African or Indian blood. Gobineau wrote: "Except for the Emperor there is no one in this desert full of thieves" who was worthy of his friendship.

2923:

in the Greek countryside in search of ruins. Gobineau seduced two sisters in Athens, Zoé and Marika Dragoumis, who became his mistresses; Zoé remained a lifelong correspondent.

7925: 4585:("The Germanic race was provided with all the energy of the Aryan race"). We see, then, that he presents a racist theory in which the Aryans, or Germans, are all that is good. 3096:

that decimated the population of Brazil on a regular basis. Gobineau's major duties during his time in Brazil from March 1869 to April 1870 were to help mediate the end of the

2758:, with the faith of the Prophet being a cover over a society that still preserved many pre-Islamic features. Gobineau also described the savage persecution of the followers of 2710:

outlook, a kind of domestic well-being of the most primitive kind. But this is what succeeds in enabling men to make use of complete liberty and to be tolerant of one another.

336:. To support herself, she turned to fraud (for which she was imprisoned). His mother became a severe embarrassment to Gobineau, who never spoke to her after he turned twenty. 403:

Gobineau disliked his father, whom he dismissed as a boring and pedantic army officer incapable of stimulating thought. Lorient had been founded in 1675 as a base for the

2536:

was really an anti-capitalist's portrait of the money-grubbing French middle class" while "the sensual, unintelligent and violent negro" that Gobineau portrayed in the

3092:, which disgusted him. From that moment on he detested Brazil, which he saw as a culturally backward and unsanitary place of diseases. He feared falling victim to the 7729: 3176:

Despite his embittered view of the world and misanthropic attitudes, Gobineau was capable of displaying much charm when he wanted to. He was described by historian

6911: 2919:, which with Tehran were the only cities he was stationed in that he liked, he spent his time writing poetry and learning about sculpture when not traveling with 5938: 4554:, p. 294. (The Germanic race was also regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'. While 562:. Tocqueville praised Gobineau in a letter: "You have wide knowledge, much intelligence, and the best of manners". He later gave Gobineau an appointment in the 7745: 3057: 469:

In September 1835, Gobineau left for Paris with fifty francs in his pocket aiming to become a writer. He moved in with an uncle, Thibaut-Joseph de Gobineau, a

3291:

comprised a trilogy, what the French critic Jean Caulmier called "a poetic vision of the human adventure", covering the universal history of all races in the

3149:

department. After the Prussians occupied Trie, Gobineau established good relations with them and was able to reduce the indemnity imposed on Oise department.

3104:. He did so and was equally successful in negotiating an extradition treaty between the French Empire and the Empire of Brazil. He dropped hints to Emperor 2931:

to Greece as bringing about "the complete decay of a barbarous land" while accusing the French of being guilty of introducing the Greeks to "the most inept

2867:

and other mystical theories, lacked "scientific rigor", and the most favorable thing he could say was that he admired the "artistry" of Gobineau's thesis.

259:. His mother, Anne-Louise Magdeleine de Gercy, was the daughter of a non-noble royal tax official. The de Gercy family lived in the French Crown colony of 3268:

is a 12,000 verse epic poem published posthumously in 1887 which concludes with its protagonists drowning in the blood of the Chinese they have killed.

473:

with an "unlimited" hatred of Louis-Philippe. Reflecting his tendency towards elitism, Gobineau founded a society of Legitimist intellectuals called

2289: 1561: 3639: 2458:

published in 1855, Gobineau ultimately accepts the prevailing Christian doctrine that all human beings shared the common ancestors Adam and Eve (

2997:, he was intercepted by Gobineau who had him arrested by the legation guards, put into chains and loaded onto the first French ship heading for 4041:, A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book, vol. 123: Nineteenth-Century French Fiction Writers: Naturalism and Beyond, 1860–1900, Tulane University: 2666:

that blacks were essentially a type of vicious animal, rather than human beings, and would always pose a danger to whites. The passages of the

1453: 278:, the date on which the Bastille was captured-which goes to prove how opposites may come together". As a boy and young man, Gobineau loved the 3201:

feeling is amongst the most powerful in the national spirit and these people relinquish the past only step by step and with extreme caution".

255:

Gobineau came from an old well-established aristocratic family. His father, Louis de Gobineau (1784–1858), was a military officer and staunch

7689: 2927:

power, writing Greece was "the sad and living evidence of European ineptness and presumptuousness". He attacked the British attempt to bring

2425: 1503: 187: 6354:

Stewart, Charles (2003). "Syncretism as a dimension of nationalist discourse in modern Greece". In Shaw, Rosalind; Stewart, Charles (eds.).

733:

really deserve to sit as supreme legislators, in the places which they have contested against their masters with such pleasure and energy".

7880: 6904: 6483: 5834: 1831: 814:

the Hundred Days of 1815, concerns the disastrous results when an aristocrat Octave de Ternove unwisely marries the daughter of a miller.

625: 3260:("History of Ottar Jarl, Norwegian Pirate and Conqueror of Normandy and his Descendants") and completed the first half of his epic poem 7681: 463: 6000: 2443: 1775: 7705: 2397: 17: 3306:

During his time in Sweden, although remaining outwardly faithful to the Catholic Church, Gobineau privately abandoned his belief in

7930: 7895: 7135: 6228: 6215: 2702: 2517:

greatest cowards in matters of science". However, events such as the expansion of European and American influence overseas and the

637:

were a source of satisfaction for Gobineau as he asserted: "It is Ireland which is pushing England into the abyss of revolution".

7162: 6897: 6884: 2733:" ("a certain pleasure") as nowhere else in the world did he feel the same sort of joy he felt when viewing the ruins of Persia. 758: 7890: 7885: 7297: 7124: 1533: 1339: 7940: 7920: 2874:("History of the Persians") in 1869. In it he did not attempt to distinguish between Persian history and legends treating the 2784:

Only with his studies in ancient Persia did Gobineau come under fire from scholars. He published two books on ancient Persia,

6601: 6365: 6236: 6105: 5608: 4535: 4505: 2231: 795: 712: 3669: 7905: 6556: 4520:

Among the groups which Gobineau classified as Aryan were the Hindus, Iranians, Hellenes, Celts, Slavs and Germanic people.

3271:

In 1879, Gobineau attempted to prove his own racial superiority over the rest of the French with his pseudo-family history

3132:. Rather than suffer the humiliation of this happening to the French minister the Quai d'Orsay promptly recalled Gobineau. 2282: 1693: 7955: 7849: 7140: 2529:

argued that Gobineau projected his fear and hatred of the French middle and working classes onto Asian and Black people.

1991: 1658: 1269: 3052:

forced sometimes to abandon his racial schemes and stereotypes and accept the diversity and contradictions of real life.

6681: 6405: 6344: 6298: 6034: 5973: 5958: 5923: 5822: 5790: 3611: 2806:, a book that Irwin called "a monument to learned madness". Gobineau was always very proud of it, seeing the book as a 634: 6572:

Magee, Bryan (2002). "The Tristan Chord". New York: Owl Books (UK Title: "Wagner and Philosophy", Penguin Books Ltd.).

7753: 7697: 6413: 6278: 6262: 6183: 6128: 5981: 1873: 786:

to whites, may have stemmed from his own personal anxieties that his mother or his wife might have African ancestry.

5679: 3501: 7721: 6377:"Byzantinism and Hellenism : remarks on the racial origin and the intellectual continuity of the Greek nation" 4037: 1552: 2863:, was forced to intervene in the dispute to argue that Gobineau's theories, which were to a large extent based on 7935: 6864: 3043:

In 1868, Gobineau wrote that, without Greece, he would not have been able to do many of the things that he did ("

2275: 1956: 852: 592:

was one of the most prestigious journals in Paris, and being published in it put Gobineau in the same company as

2504:. By doing so, he presented a racist theory in which Aryans—that is Germanic people—were all that was positive. 624:

Gobineau's writings on international politics were generally as negative as his writings on France. He depicted

7910: 7713: 7577: 7527: 7512: 7150: 6950: 5915: 2562:

allies by evening". Gobineau's time was not taxed by his diplomatic duties, and he spent time studying ancient

1289: 771: 532:

complained of "the laxity, the weakness, the foolishness and—in a word—the pure folly of my cherished party".

114: 7737: 6955: 2986: 1234: 1176: 613: 267:) for a time in the 18th century. Gobineau always feared he might have black ancestors on his mother's side. 676:(the German Customs Union) was making the Prussian middle-class more powerful. Gobineau was critical of the 199:

and that aristocrats possessed more Aryan genetic traits because of less interbreeding with inferior races.

7637: 7302: 6707: 6491:

Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the 'Yellow Peril,' and the Critique of Modernity,"

6436: 5871:

Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity"".

3231:, published while he was in Sweden. The book reflected his long-standing interest in Persia and the Orient. 3213: 2046: 1918: 1354: 911: 6565:

Kale, Steven (2010). "Gobineau, Racism, and Legitimism: A Royalist Heretic in Nineteenth-Century France,"

6055:

Drayton, Richard (2011). "Gilberto Freyre and the Twentieth-Century Rethinking of Race in Latin America".

7950: 7945: 7900: 7352: 7317: 7267: 6634: 6593: 5814: 4590: 3511: 3489: 3455: 3373: 3362: 2053: 1868: 1319: 1209: 1139: 716: 231: 6516: 1543: 320:, Louis de Gobineau was rewarded for his loyalty to the House of Bourbon by being made a captain in the 7769: 7663: 7482: 6937: 6576: 6290: 3955:

Richter, Melvin (1958). "The Study of Man. A Debate on Race: The Tocqueville-Gobineau Correspondence,"

3631: 3172:

listener. He is a savant, novelist, poet, sculptor, archaeologist, a man of taste, a man of the world."

3035:". Gobineau, indeed, admired the modern Greeks, considering them the "educators" of the Balkan people. 2899:

Cyrus that we owe it", going on to call Cyrus as "the greatest of the great men in all human history".

2693: 1856: 1740: 1591: 1463: 6655: 6531: 2318:(the commoners) were of "Gaulish" blood. Born after the French Revolution had destroyed the idealized 2302:

Shocked by the Revolution of 1848, Gobineau first expressed his racial theories in his 1848 epic poem

1643: 7447: 7397: 7169: 6860: 6175: 6120: 3599: 3432: 3384: 3367: 3258:

Histoire de Ottar Jarl, pirate norvégien conquérant du pays de Bray en Normandie et de sa descendance

2405:, because of his advances towards Madame Gobineau. By contrast, the Austrian representative, General 1977: 1948: 1913: 1821: 404: 3045:

Sans la Grèce, je n'aurais pas fait beaucoup de choses que j'ai faites. La Grèce y est pour beaucoup

2212: 1668: 7819: 7587: 7412: 7100: 6980: 6920: 6617:

Rowbotham, Arnold H. “Gobineau and the Aryan Terror.” The Sewanee Review 47, no. 2 (1939): 152–65.

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Summarizing Mosse's argument, Davies argued that: "The self-serving, materialistic oriental of the

2406: 2307: 2202: 1846: 1443: 996: 567: 321: 6471:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). "Prophecy and Pragmatism: Gobineau's Confrontation with Tocqueville,"

6400:

Wilkshire, Michael (1993). "Introduction: Gobineau and Newfoundland". In Michael Wilkshire (ed.).

6376: 1760: 1369: 477:("the elect"), which included himself, the painter Guermann John (German von Bohn) and the writer 328:. The pay for a Royal Guardsman was very low, and the de Gobineau family struggled on his salary. 7277: 6662: 6524: 6463:

The Victorian Reinvention of Race: New Racisms and the Problem of Grouping in the Human Sciences,

4527: 3558: 3275:. It begins with the line "I descend from Odin", and traces his supposed descent from the Viking 3066: 2041: 1888: 1571: 1483: 1374: 1072: 645: 4494:

Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia

3056:

Gobineau's legacy in Greece after his death was ambivalent. The Greek philologist and historian

1259: 935: 7622: 7377: 7237: 6692: 6473: 5951: 5782: 3603: 3592: 3522: 3378: 2518: 2393: 2381: 1970: 1903: 1826: 1581: 1051: 860: 653: 649: 6433:

Nigger Peasants from France: Missing Translations of American Anxieties on Race and the Nation

2107: 870: 434:, a fellow student recalled: "All of his aspirations were towards the East. He dreamt only of 7761: 7617: 7597: 7542: 7174: 6336: 6076: 3976: 3531: 2684: 2329: 2192: 1908: 1725: 1414: 1149: 1107: 1088: 1001: 605: 580: 559: 7402: 6481:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1997). "History as Destiny: Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain and Spengler,"

5832:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1997). "History as Destiny: Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain and Spengler".

2086: 7915: 7875: 7870: 7814: 7532: 7497: 7312: 3540: 3164: 2488: 2315: 2100: 1601: 1493: 1314: 1186: 1063: 890: 585: 458:. He read Arab, Turkish and Persian tales in translation, becoming what the French call a " 333: 126: 5695: 2763: 2356:

as the First Secretary. During his time in Switzerland Gobineau wrote the majority of the

1780: 1144: 601: 597: 8: 7477: 7427: 7372: 7252: 6988: 6644:

Sorokin, Pitirim A. (1928). "Anthropo-Racial, Selectionist, and Hereditarist School." In

6465: 6026: 5600: 4001:

Tessitore, Aristide (2005). "Tocqueville and Gobineau on the Nature of Modern Politics,"

3244:. His time in Stockholm was a very productive period from a literary viewpoint. He wrote 2957: 2754:. Based on his own experiences, Gobineau believed the Persians did not really believe in 2557:

the following year. The histories of Persia and Greece had played prominent roles in the

2368: 2251: 1883: 1878: 1710: 1653: 1171: 1077: 916: 182: 147: 7522: 7257: 2846: 2838: 2093: 1941: 1735: 805:

Gobineau's novels and poems of the 1830s–40s were usually set in the Middle Ages or the

361: 7642: 7572: 7432: 7287: 7063: 6419: 6319: 6310: 6251: 6189: 6155: 6092:

Drummond, Elizabeth (2005). "Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.).

6080: 6072: 5987: 5898: 5890: 5859: 5851: 4581:

So that the reader not be left in ignorance as to who the Aryans are, Gobineau stated,

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was finishing; industrialization and urbanization were a complete disaster for Europe.

2197: 2145: 2121: 2025: 1963: 1621: 1611: 1523: 1399: 1309: 1159: 1154: 885: 826: 818: 661: 584:

was published on 15 April 1841. Gobineau's article was about the Greek statesman Count

317: 2814:. Gobineau had often traveled from Tehran to the Ottoman Empire to visit the ruins of 1730: 1715: 1513: 1294: 730: 7785: 7673: 7632: 7557: 7472: 7442: 7342: 7211: 7184: 7157: 7058: 6929: 6855: 6838: 6597: 6539: 6409: 6388: 6361: 6340: 6294: 6274: 6258: 6232: 6179: 6124: 6101: 6084: 6030: 5977: 5954: 5919: 5902: 5863: 5818: 5786: 5748: 5604: 4531: 4501: 3607: 3587: 3389: 3192:

In May 1872, Gobineau was appointed the French minister to Sweden. After arriving in

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In 1855, Gobineau left Paris to become the first secretary at the French legation in

2430: 2402: 2207: 2166: 1745: 1683: 1673: 1349: 1214: 1046: 681: 430:

was known in Europe in the 19th century. While studying at the Collège de Bironne in

301: 271: 203: 151: 7357: 6735:

La Formation de le Pensée de Gobineau et l'Essai sur l'Inégalité des Races Humaines,

4572:, a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique'). 2750:. He was unaware that Shia Islam only became the state religion of Persia under the 2392:

In January 1854, Gobineau was sent as First Secretary to the French legation at the

2352:

From November 1849 to January 1854 Gobineau was stationed at the French legation in

2152: 1334: 1219: 7612: 7607: 7582: 7562: 7327: 7038: 6874: 6648: 6147: 6064: 5882: 5843: 5775: 2990: 2953: 2943: 2939: 2827: 2567: 2159: 1898: 1811: 1755: 1750: 1379: 1299: 1229: 1224: 666: 411:

had grand ambitions for making France the dominant political and economic power in

365: 294: 71: 43: 6068: 2324:

of his imagination, Gobineau felt a deep sense of pessimism regarding the future.

2320: 1705: 1127: 7647: 7602: 7492: 7462: 7337: 7322: 7262: 7199: 7095: 6889: 6879: 6589:

Was Hitler a Darwinian?: Disputed Questions in the History of Evolutionary Theory

6587: 6355: 6045: 5777:

A Shameful Act – The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

3661: 2895: 2822:

in what is now northern Iraq. The ruins of Khorsabad are Assyrian, built by King

2751: 2627: 2410:

friend Tocqueville and more often to his new conservative friend Prokesch-Osten.

2386: 2016: 2007: 1984: 1806: 1765: 1700: 1648: 1473: 1409: 1364: 1329: 1254: 1244: 1027: 897: 836: 677: 578:

In 1841, Gobineau scored his first major success when an article he submitted to

563: 523:. At one point in the early 1840s, Gobineau was writing an article every day for 451: 396: 357: 340: 142: 6851: 6751: 6669: 6201:

Gobineau, Arthur de (1970). "Events in Asia". In Michael Biddiss, London (ed.).

2942:", Gobineau was initially in favor of Greek expansionism; he was a supporter of 2217: 1785: 7592: 7552: 7502: 7487: 7467: 7417: 7382: 7367: 7347: 7332: 7204: 7145: 6998: 4042: 3217: 3097: 3085: 2961: 2619: 2186: 1893: 1836: 1770: 1720: 1419: 1324: 1279: 1249: 1181: 1036: 991: 926: 641: 629: 519: 509: 478: 420: 339:

For the young de Gobineau, committed to upholding traditional aristocratic and

260: 227: 211: 75: 5770: 2907: 1678: 1663: 1274: 462:" ("rubbish orientalist"). In 1835, Gobineau failed the entrance exams to the 308:'s secret police but was freed when the Allies took Paris in 1814. During the 7864: 7824: 7627: 7567: 7537: 7517: 7457: 7422: 7407: 7392: 7362: 7307: 7232: 7043: 7023: 7013: 6700: 6687: 6392: 5811:

Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau

5752: 4565: 3513:

The Renaissance: Savonarola. Cesare Borgia. Julius II. Leo X. Michael Angelo,

3407: 3072: 3028: 2932: 2826:

in 717 BC, but Gobineau decided the ruins were actually Persian and built by

2815: 2496: 2311: 2263: 2079: 1851: 1816: 1688: 1404: 1284: 1264: 1100: 1041: 783: 708: 490: 174: 6423: 6193: 6117:

Evangelist of race : The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain

1841: 7804: 7507: 7292: 7078: 7033: 7028: 6970: 6945: 6740:

Devaux, Philippe (1937–38). "L'Aristotélisme et le Vitalisme de Gobineau,"

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and seek compensation after Brazilian troops looted the French legation in

3093: 3089: 2974: 2920: 2915:

In 1864, Gobineau became the French minister to Greece. During his time in

2833: 2680: 2526: 2522: 2034: 1424: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1359: 1344: 1191: 1093: 959: 830: 763: 609: 566:(the French foreign ministry) while serving as foreign minister during the 550:

order to pass us on to another. For we are without fibre and moral energy.

309: 275: 223: 7216: 5991: 5886: 5802:

Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey

3128:

Pedro II asked Paris to have his friend recalled, or he would declare him

1239: 966: 7844: 7834: 7437: 7247: 7194: 7068: 7008: 7003: 6246: 6023:

The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire

3549: 3032: 3010: 2948: 2623: 2224: 1134: 1020: 952: 947: 921: 806: 698: 628:

as a nation motivated entirely by hatred and greed and the extent of the

593: 500: 470: 455: 431: 427: 392: 325: 279: 215: 207: 192: 158: 6323: 5894: 4583:

La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane

4461: 4445: 3180:

as "a man of grace and charm" who would have made a perfect diplomat in

3101: 7839: 7829: 7547: 7452: 7282: 7272: 7242: 7085: 7053: 7018: 6960: 6627: 6618: 6560: 6547: 6159: 5855: 5736: 4593:. Comparative Literature Section.; University of Oregon. 1967, page 342 3345: 3311: 3276: 3209: 2864: 2772: 2738: 2679:

In 1859, an Anglo-French dispute over the French fishing rights on the

2463: 2459: 1082: 1056: 775: 672: 558:

Gobineau struck up a friendship and had voluminous correspondence with

494: 387: 373: 287: 239: 235: 155: 3236:

nature". During his time in Sweden, Gobineau became obsessed with the

2135: 7090: 3442: 3193: 2998: 2882: 2876: 2823: 2768: 2602: 2563: 2114: 1008: 973: 746: 742: 408: 353: 196: 162: 6151: 5847: 2759: 2379:

Reflecting his lifelong interest in the Orient, Gobineau joined the

7809: 7189: 6766:

O Inimigo do Século – Um Estudo Sobre Arthur de Gobineau 1816–1882,

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Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

5935:

Arthur Gobineau and Greece. A view of a man of letters and diplomat

5219: 5217: 5215: 3334: 3241: 2747: 2128: 1164: 942: 906: 381: 305: 298: 283: 256: 219: 170: 166: 6287:

The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany

2980: 352:

Gobineau spent the early part of his teenage years in the town of

7779:

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

7112: 7107: 7073: 7048: 6965: 6005: 4561: 3341: 3237: 2371:

whom he saw as a "philosopher-king" and to whom he dedicated the

2364: 1015: 779: 720: 686: 439: 377: 178: 6656:"Count Arthur de Gobineau and the Crystallization of Nordicism." 5212: 2692:("Voyage to Newfoundland"). In 1858, the Foreign Minister Count 2436: 426:

As a young man, Gobineau was fascinated with the Orient, as the

27:

French diplomat and writer known for racial theories (1816–1882)

7179: 6993: 6357:

Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis

5696:"Arthur de Gobineau | French diplomat, writer, and ethnologist" 2970: 2916: 2550: 2478:

Gobineau argued that race was destiny, declaring rhetorically:

2433:

to justify aristocratic rule over racially inferior commoners.

725: 640:

According to Gobineau, the growing power and aggressiveness of

443: 435: 313: 5599:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 4020: 2610: 154:

and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the

6545:

House, Roy Temple (1923). "Gobineau, Nietzsche, and Spiess,"

4556: 4434:. J. B. Lippincott & Co, Philadelphia (1856), pp. 337–338 3632:"Arthur de Gobineau French Diplomat, Writer, and Ethnologist" 3439:

Comte de Gobineau and Orientalism: Selected Eastern Writings,

2966: 2819: 2755: 2586:(1858) ("Memoire on the Social State of Today's Persia") and 2492: 2337: 2073: 789: 703: 693: 447: 416: 264: 94: 6787:

Le Comte Arthur de Gobineau, Étude Biographique et Critique,

5622: 5620: 5171: 5169: 2725:

theories about Persia's history. In 1865 Gobineau published

2491:

culture, which earlier anthropologists had misconceived as "

670:. But he worried increasing economic growth promoted by the 7665:

An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People

6794:

O Inimigo Cordial do Brasil: O Conde de Gobineau no Brasil,

6333:

Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought

6308:

Rowbotham, Arnold (1939). "Gobineau and the Aryan Terror".

6138:

Fortier, Paul (Autumn 1967). "Gobineau and German Racism".

4476:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Culture and Myth

4424: 3322: 3146: 2353: 412: 399:(pictured) had a strong influence on Gobineau in his youth. 5649: 5647: 5578: 5576: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5515: 5513: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5459: 5457: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5246: 5244: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4033:"Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816-13 October 1882)" 2795:

Gobineau's article attempting to rebut his critics in the

450:". Gobineau loved Oriental tales by the French translator 304:

to escape from France. As punishment he was imprisoned by

5617: 5469: 5280: 5166: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5088: 5086: 4902: 4900: 4777: 4716: 4714: 4678: 4676: 4644: 3973:

The European Revolution and Correspondence with Gobineau,

3845: 3843: 2743: 573: 5718: 5716: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5137: 5135: 4789: 4731: 4729: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4324: 4156: 4154: 4081: 4079: 4054: 4052: 3939: 3937: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3797: 3795: 3753: 3751: 2841:(pictured) regarded Gobineau's Persian work as nonsense. 660:

He had mixed feelings about the German states, praising

5939:

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland,

3240:

and became intent on proving he was descended from the

2779: 493:, Gobineau made his living writing serialized fiction ( 7926:

People involved in race and intelligence controversies

7747:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

6172:

A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland

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Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale

6836:

Arthur de Gobineau, Inventeur du Racisme (1816–1882),

6555:

Irwin, Robert. “Gobineau, the Would-Be Orientalist.”

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The Dancing Girl of Shamakha and other Asiatic Tales,

2890:. Gobineau also added his own racial theories to the 2870:

Continuing his Persian obsession, Gobineau published

2653:

Highly critical passages like this were removed from

2525:" could be saved. The German-born American historian 644:

were a cause for concern. He regarded the disastrous

48:

Portrait of Count Arthur Joseph de Gobineau, c. 1860s

6402:

Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland

6001:"Γκομπινώ. ― εφ. Eλεύθερον Bήμα, 28 Δεκεμβρίου 1936" 5292: 5115: 5068: 5044: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4978: 4947: 4912: 4688: 4656: 4608: 4309: 4265: 3903: 3855: 3819: 3763: 3714: 3695: 3676: 6829:

Impérialismes; la Conception Gobinienne de la Race,

5945: 5597:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

5561: 3729: 2385:in 1852 and got to know several Orientalists, like 6919: 6250: 5946:Burke, Peter; Pallares-Burke, Maria Lúcia (2008). 5774: 4589:. by American Comparative Literature Association. 4409: 4250: 3988:Beloff, Max (1986). "Tocqueville & Gobineau," 3591: 3295:, to the history of the Aryan branch in Persia in 2521:led Gobineau to alter his opinion to believe the " 2347: 2314:(the aristocracy) was of "Frankish" blood and the 843: 616:who were all published regularly in that journal. 6515:Grimes, Alan P. & Horwitz, Robert H. (1959). 6508:Gillouin, Rene (1921). "Mystical Race Theories," 2597: 316:. After Napoleon's final overthrow following the 293:Gobineau's father was committed to restoring the 7862: 6880:Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de: Encyclopædia Iranica 6635:"The Life and Work of Count Arthur de Gobineau." 4491: 5970:Infected Christianity: A Study of Modern Racism 3457:Typhaines Abbey: A Tale of the Twelfth Century, 3351: 2981:Recall to France as a result of Cretan uprising 2507: 222:, his works were also influential on prominent 146:; 14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French 6749:La Vie et les Prophéties du Comte de Gobineau, 5912:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania 3364:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races, 3047:"). According to anthropologist Ivo T. Budil: 2584:Mémoire sur l'état social de la Perse actuelle 2456:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, 2340:, a city he called a "giant cesspool" full of 1832:National Centre of Independents & Peasants 1454:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 242:, who later edited and re-published his work. 7691:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 6905: 6503:Arthur de Gobineau, an Intellectual Portrait, 5948:Gilberto Freyre: Social Theory in the Tropics 4432:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races 2655:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races 2449:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2438:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2426:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2413: 2283: 1504:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 188:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 6484:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6374: 5835:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5681:Arthur de Gobineau: An Intellectual Portrait 5223: 3538:The Crimson Handkerchief: and other Stories, 3075:whose words and actions were misunderstood. 2574:was obsessed with ancient Persia, seeing in 2222: 2051: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1989: 1975: 1961: 1939: 1125: 1098: 1061: 1025: 1006: 957: 933: 895: 619: 202:Gobineau's writings were quickly praised by 4524:The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages 4443: 3013:condemning Gobineau in an opinion piece in 2788:(1858) ("Readings of Cuneiform Texts") and 2553:, Persia (modern Iran). He was promoted to 782:, which he held always resulted in harmful 664:as a conservative society dominated by the 7683:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question 6912: 6898: 6660:Race: A History of Modern Ethnic Theories, 2290: 2276: 790:Early diplomatic work and theories on race 762:Portrait of Gobineau's wife, Clémence, by 245: 42: 7707:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 6399: 6307: 6222: 5626: 4891: 4855: 4843: 4831: 2618:In 1856, two American "race scientists", 2328:what the French Revolution had begun the 6759:Le Comte Arthur de Gobineau et la Grèce, 6728:Gobineau: Biographie. Mythes et Réalité, 6612:The Literary Works of Count de Gobineau, 6585: 6330: 6216:The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6200: 6166: 6091: 5373: 5354: 5330: 4879: 4867: 4568:, "Aryan" became, partly because of the 4521: 4026: 3321:Gobineau spent his last years living in 3222: 2906: 2832: 2632:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines 2609: 2601: 2442: 2421:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines 757: 386: 274:, Gobineau later wrote: "My birthday is 150:who is best known for helping introduce 6885:Joseph-Arthur (Comte de) Gobineau: UQAC 6690:(1940). "The Growth of the Race Idea," 6679:Arthur de Gobineau and the Short Story, 6532:"Race as a Factor in Political Theory." 6353: 6137: 6054: 6020: 5998: 5831: 5808: 5665: 5653: 5638: 5582: 5555: 5536: 5519: 5504: 5487: 5463: 5448: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5397: 5385: 5342: 5301: 5262: 5250: 5235: 5187: 5175: 5109: 5092: 5062: 4941: 4906: 4720: 4682: 4602: 4403: 4386: 4374: 4357: 4345: 4330: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4070: 4058: 4014: 3943: 3928: 3897: 3876: 3813: 3801: 3786: 3774: 3723: 3708: 3689: 3460:Claxton, Remsen and Haffelfinger, 1869. 3328: 3108:that French public opinion favored the 2674: 2662:scientists" argued on the basis of the 2582:His time in Persia inspired two books: 825:As a Legitimist, Gobineau disliked the 181:who, in the immediate aftermath of the 14: 7863: 7298:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 6430: 6047:Greece and the Great Powers, 1863-1875 6043: 5967: 5677: 5274: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4591:Modern Language Association of America 4315: 4303: 4291: 4274: 3503:Mademoiselle Irnois and Other Stories, 3227:An illustration from Gobineau's novel 3145:(mayor) of the little town of Trie in 1952:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) 800: 574:Breakthrough with Kapodistrias article 454:, often saying he wanted to become an 6893: 6245: 6209: 6114: 5932: 5909: 5769: 5734: 5722: 5594: 5475: 5286: 5206: 5160: 5141: 5126: 5077: 5050: 5038: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4972: 4960: 4929: 4705: 4667: 3916: 3864: 3849: 3834: 3757: 3742: 3586: 3506:University of California Press, 1988. 3404:Gobineau: Selected Political Writing, 3370:, 1856 (rep. by Garland Pub., 1984). 3264:while serving as minister to Sweden. 3187: 3154:Ce qui est arrivé à la France en 1870 3078: 2902: 2719: 2714: 2232:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 796:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 141: 6871:Works by or about Arthur de Gobineau 6557:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6284: 6203:Gobineau Selected Political Writings 5870: 5799: 5588: 5567: 4418: 4259: 3580: 3167:who met Gobineau described him thus: 2780:Criticism of Gobineau's Persian work 692:Gobineau was also pessimistic about 234:, the Romanian politician Professor 7881:19th-century French anthropologists 7850:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness 6646:Contemporary Sociological Theories, 6375:Vacalopoulos, Ap (1 January 1968). 3473:Vol. XX, Merrill & Baker, 1899. 3135: 1992:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire 165:. Known to his contemporaries as a 24: 6801:Le Style des Pléiades de Gobineau, 6682:University of North Carolina Press 6671:The Vitalism of Count de Gobineau, 6444: 5999:Dimaras, Konstantinos Th. (1936). 4552:The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus 3420:The French Encounter with Africans 3400:Educational Society's Press, 1865. 3398:Method of Reading Cuneiform Texts, 3021: 1553:"The Future of the Intelligentsia" 446:, ready to make the pilgrimage to 282:, which he saw as a golden age of 25: 7967: 7755:The Myth of the Twentieth Century 7675:The Outline of History of Mankind 6845: 6822:Gobineau et l'Histoire Naturelle, 6815:Gobineau und die Deutsche Kultur, 6789:Faculté de Lettres de Strasbourg. 6212:Gobineau the Would be Orientalist 6170:(1993). Michael Wilkshire (ed.). 3672:from the original on 17 May 2013. 3422:, William B. Cohen, Bloomington: 2544: 2447:Cover of the original edition of 1874:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 711:, writing with references to the 484: 106:Novelist, diplomat, travel writer 7723:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics 6697:Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 283–317. 6639:The German Doctrine of Conquest, 6536:A History of Political Theories, 5728: 5688: 5671: 4492:Nevenko Bartulin (4 July 2013). 4038:Dictionary of Literary Biography 3642:from the original on 1 July 2016 3469:"The History of Gamber-Ali." In 3466:D. Appleton and Company, 1878 . 2851:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2804:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2790:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2590:(1859) ("Three Years in Asia"). 2257: 2245: 869: 7931:Proponents of scientific racism 7896:Ambassadors of France to Greece 6778:Lacretelle, Jacques de (1924). 6406:McGill-Queen's University Press 6225:The Language of the Third Reich 6050:. Institute for Balkan Studies. 5974:McGill-Queen's University Press 5763: 4575: 4544: 4514: 4485: 4468: 4444:D'souza, dinesh (Autumn 1995). 4437: 3995: 3992:, Vol. LXVII, No. 1, pp. 29–31. 3982: 3965: 3949: 3299:to his own family's history in 2849:published a scathing review of 2786:Lectures des textes cunéiformes 2762:and of the new religion of the 2348:Time in Switzerland and Germany 1957:Initiative and Liberty Movement 844:Racial theories and aristocrats 7715:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples 6921:Historical definitions of race 6501:Dreher, Robert Edward (1970). 6227:. Translated by Martin Brady. 5916:University of Pittsburgh Press 5678:Dreher, Robert Edward (1970). 3654: 3624: 3386:The Inequality of Human Races, 3375:The Inequality of Human Races, 3356: 3038: 2830:some two hundred years later. 2598:Josiah C. Nott and Henry Hotze 817:Gobineau was horrified by the 696:, writing: "Shortly after the 503:periodicals. He wrote for the 347: 13: 1: 7891:19th-century French novelists 7886:19th-century French diplomats 7739:The Passing of the Great Race 6773:Gobineau's Rassenphilosophie, 6610:Rowbotham, Arnold H. (1929). 6077:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043 6069:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043 3573: 3152:Later, Gobineau wrote a book 3088:during the riotously sensual 614:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve 270:Reflecting his hatred of the 7638:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 6806:Schemann, Ludwig (1913–16). 6799:Riffaterre, Michael (1957). 6708:University of Missouri Press 6677:Valette, Rebecca M. (1969). 6586:Richards, Robert J. (2013). 6567:Modern Intellectual History, 6559:26, no. 1/2 (2016): 321–32. 6521:Modern Political Ideologies, 6331:Skidmore, Thomas E. (1993). 5809:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). 4005:Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 631–657. 3662:"Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de" 3352:Works in English translation 3214:Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg 3084:posting. Gobineau landed in 2746:is much more venerated than 2508:Reaction to Gobineau's essay 1919:Union for a Popular Movement 460:un orientaliste de pacotille 312:the de Gobineau family fled 7: 7906:French conspiracy theorists 7353:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt 7318:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 7268:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 6861:Works by Arthur de Gobineau 6780:Quatre Études sur Gobineau, 6668:Spring, Gerald Max (1932). 6594:University of Chicago Press 6404:. Carleton Library Series. 6223:Klemperer, Victor (2000) . 6115:Field, Geoffrey G. (1981). 5815:Littlehampton Book Services 4522:Ian Wood (September 2013). 4446:"Is Racism a Western Idea?" 3532:Doubleday, Page and Company 3516:G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913 . 3490:Harcourt, Brace and Company 2929:Westminster-style democracy 2911:Arthur de Gobineau c.(1865) 772:Clémence Gabrielle Monnerot 753: 552:Money has killed everything 423:and not the French empire. 232:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 115:Clémence Gabrielle Monnerot 10: 7972: 7956:French expatriates in Iran 7941:Writers from Île-de-France 6808:Gobineau: eine Biographie, 6633:Seillière, Ernest (1914). 6530:Haskins, Frank H. (1924). 6517:"Elitism: Racial Elitism." 6291:Cambridge University Press 5684:. University of Wisconsin. 3600:W. W. Norton & Company 3449: 3414:The World of the Persians, 3406:Michael D. Biddiss (ed.), 3368:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 3332: 3208:In 1874, Gobineau met the 2989:, a young French academic 2694:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 2414:Gobineau's racial theories 1857:VIA, the Way of the People 1592:The Tears of the White Man 1464:The Genius of Christianity 793: 770:In 1846, Gobineau married 648:by the British during the 489:In the later years of the 250: 7921:People from Ville-d'Avray 7797: 7656: 7448:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 7225: 7123: 6979: 6936: 6927: 6813:Schemann, Ludwig (1934). 6654:Snyder, Louis L. (1939). 6623:Schemann, Ludwig (1979). 6431:Wright, Michelle (1999). 6176:Carleton University Press 6121:Columbia University Press 6044:Dontas, Domna N. (1966). 5800:Bell, Richard H. (2013). 4029:Brosman, Catharine Savage 3433:Carleton University Press 3071:considered him a genuine 2579:and even bleaker future. 2310:. He had argued that the 1978:Nouvelle Action Royaliste 620:On international politics 568:Second Republic of France 405:French East India Company 135:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 120: 110: 102: 83: 58:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 53: 41: 34: 18:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 7820:History of anthropometry 7588:Charles Gabriel Seligman 7413:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman 7101:Sinodonty and Sundadonty 6827:Spiess, Camille (1917). 6792:Raeders, George (1988). 6771:Kleinecke, Paul (1902). 6747:Dreyfus, Robert (1905). 6733:Buenzod, Janine (1967). 6718:Works in other languages 6663:Longmans, Green & Co 6505:University of Wisconsin. 6494:Journal of World History 6461:Beasley, Edward (2010). 6285:Röhl, John C.G. (1994). 6021:Domeier, Norman (2015). 5874:Journal of World History 4027:Richards, E. J. (1992), 3567:Howard Fertig Pub., 1978 3471:The Universal Anthology, 3424:Indiana University Press 3250:Les Nouvelles Asiatiques 3009:in France with novelist 2407:Anton von Prokesch-Osten 2308:Henri de Boulainvilliers 2054:Service d'Action Civique 1544:Enquête sur la monarchie 1444:Considerations on France 997:Catholic social teaching 851:This article is part of 831:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 829:and was displeased when 745:does not know "that the 590:La Revue des Deux Mondes 7278:Daniel Garrison Brinton 6820:Smith, Annette (1984). 6785:Lange, Maurice (1924). 6575:Rahilly, A. J. (1916). 6525:Oxford University Press 6488:Sixth Series, Vol. VII. 6257:. New York: Owl Books. 6025:. Martlesham, Suffolk: 5700:Encyclopedia Britannica 5595:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 4528:Oxford University Press 4474:Mallory, J. P. (1991), 4003:The Review of Politics, 3971:Alexis de Tocqueville, 3559:Oxford University Press 2973:Gobineau, speaking for 2960:. He believed that the 2252:Conservatism portal 2042:Independent Republicans 1889:Independent Republicans 1572:Violence and the Sacred 1484:St Petersburg Dialogues 464:St. Cyr military school 246:Early life and writings 191:. In it he argued that 7936:Theoretical historians 7623:Thomas Griffith Taylor 7378:Reginald Ruggles Gates 6834:Thomas, Louis (1941). 6831:E. Figuière & Cie. 6810:2 Vol., K. J. Trübner. 6764:Gahyva, Helga (2002). 6737:Librairie A. G. Nizet. 6726:Boissel, Jean (1993). 6693:The Review of Politics 6577:"Race and Super-Race," 6474:The Historical Journal 6210:Irwin, Robert (2016). 6140:Comparative Literature 5735:Buber, Martin (1945). 4587:Comparative literature 3977:Doubleday Anchor Books 3301:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3289:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3273:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3232: 3174: 3054: 2912: 2842: 2712: 2651: 2615: 2607: 2519:unification of Germany 2485: 2476: 2451: 2394:Free City of Frankfurt 2223: 2052: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1990: 1976: 1962: 1949:Carrefour de l'Horloge 1940: 1904:Rally for the Republic 1827:Future with Confidence 1582:The Camp of the Saints 1126: 1099: 1062: 1026: 1007: 958: 934: 896: 862:Conservatism in France 767: 650:First Anglo-Afghan War 556: 499:) and contributing to 442:; he called himself a 400: 230:, Wagner's son-in-law 152:scientific race theory 7911:French male novelists 7763:Annihilation of Caste 7667:in Different Climates 7618:William Graham Sumner 7598:Samuel Stanhope Smith 7543:James Cowles Prichard 7175:Racial discrimination 6782:Á la Lampe d'Aladdin. 6757:Faÿ, Bernard (1930). 6337:Duke University Press 6271:Wagner and Philosophy 6096:. Santa Barbara, CA: 5968:Davies, Alan (1988). 5910:Bucur, Maria (2010). 5887:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003 5741:Jewish Social Studies 4550:A. J. Woodman, 2009, 3594:The Mismeasure of Man 3541:Harper & Brothers 3464:Romances of the East, 3441:Geoffrey Nash (ed.), 3226: 3169: 3049: 2910: 2837:French archaeologist 2836: 2707: 2646: 2613: 2605: 2480: 2472: 2446: 2330:Industrial Revolution 2213:Immigrant criminality 2193:Clerical philosophers 1909:Republican Federation 1562:The Reign of Quantity 1235:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet 1150:Thermidorian Reaction 1108:Traditional authority 912:Political Catholicism 761: 606:Alphonse de Lamartine 581:Revue des deux Mondes 560:Alexis de Tocqueville 547: 390: 238:, and leaders of the 124:Christine de Gobineau 7815:Great chain of being 7533:Ludwig Hermann Plate 7498:Samuel George Morton 7313:Samuel A. Cartwright 7163:in the United States 6651:., pp. 219–308. 6466:Taylor & Francis 6027:Boydell & Brewer 4450:The American Scholar 3498:Geoffrey Bles, 1947. 3477:Five Oriental Tales, 3329:Legacy and influence 3252:("The New Asians"), 3165:Wilfrid Scawen Blunt 3058:Konstantinos Dimaras 2845:French archeologist 2690:Voyage à Terre-Neuve 2675:Time in Newfoundland 2363:He was stationed in 2203:French–German enmity 1602:The Tyranny of Guilt 1494:Democracy in America 1187:Second French Empire 936:Révolution nationale 713:wars of independence 586:Ioannis Kapodistrias 334:Grand Duchy of Baden 127:Diane de Guldencrone 7771:The Races of Europe 7699:The Races of Europe 7478:Dominick McCausland 7428:Thomas Henry Huxley 7373:Stanley Marion Garn 7253:Robert Bennett Bean 6981:Historical concepts 6742:Revue Franco-belge, 6730:Berg International. 6569:Volume 7, Issue 01. 6168:Gobineau, Arthur de 5933:Budil, Ivo (2008). 5601:Bloomsbury Academic 5478:, pp. 321–332. 4786:, pp. 839–845. 4653:, pp. 831–852. 4480:Thames & Hudson 3975:John Lukacz (ed.), 3529:The Lucky Prisoner, 3523:G. P. Putnam's Sons 3379:G. P. Putnam's Sons 3297:Histoire des Perses 3285:Histoire des Perses 3229:Nouvelle Asiatiques 2958:Russian imperialism 2892:Histoire des Perses 2872:Histoire des Perses 2818:at Khorsabad, near 2566:texts and learning 2495:"—a term that only 2108:La Nation française 1884:Movement for France 1879:French Social Party 1694:Political positions 1684:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 1290:Fustel de Coulanges 1177:Bourbon Restoration 1172:Second White Terror 917:Christian democracy 801:Embittered royalist 680:, writing that the 419:became part of the 183:Revolutions of 1848 7951:French eugenicists 7946:White supremacists 7901:Counts of Gobineau 7643:Alexander Winchell 7573:Henric Sanielevici 7433:Calvin Ira Kephart 7403:Hans F. K. Günther 7388:Arthur de Gobineau 7288:Alice Mossie Brues 7185:Racial stereotypes 6744:December/Janvier . 6580:The Dublin Review, 6311:The Sewanee Review 6057:Portuguese Studies 5914:. Pittsburgh, PA: 5427:, pp. 210–11. 5289:, p. 153-154. 5226:, p. 104-105. 4798:, pp. 838–39. 4560:was originally an 4498:Palgrave Macmillan 4464:– via JSTOR. 4045:, pp. 101–117 3588:Gould, Stephen Jay 3520:The Golden Flower, 3248:("The Pleiades"), 3233: 3188:Minister to Sweden 3079:Minister to Brazil 3003:L'affaire Flourens 2913: 2903:Minister to Greece 2843: 2731:un certain plaisir 2720:Minister to Persia 2715:Ministerial career 2628:white supremacists 2616: 2608: 2502:la race germanique 2452: 2398:Federal Convention 2198:European New Right 2122:Le Figaro Magazine 2087:Famille chrétienne 1964:La Manif pour tous 1612:The French Suicide 1210:Barbey d'Aurevilly 1160:Companions of Jehu 1155:First White Terror 1002:Counter-revolution 886:French nationalism 827:House of Bonaparte 819:Revolution of 1848 768: 646:retreat from Kabul 496:romans-feuilletons 401: 318:Battle of Waterloo 36:Arthur de Gobineau 7858: 7857: 7787:The Race Question 7633:John H. Van Evrie 7558:William Z. Ripley 7528:Charles Pickering 7473:Felix von Luschan 7443:Robert E. Kuttner 7343:Charles Davenport 7212:Whiteness studies 6938:Color terminology 6930:Scientific racism 6856:Project Gutenberg 6852:Works by Gobineau 6839:Mercure de France 6649:Harper & Bros 6641:Maunsel & Co. 6603:978-0-226-05893-1 6540:Macmillan Company 6367:978-1-134-83395-5 6289:. Cambridge, UK: 6273:, Penguin Books, 6253:The Tristan Chord 6238:978-0-8264-9130-5 6107:978-1-85109-439-4 5610:978-1-350-23394-2 5357:, pp. 30–31. 5224:Vacalopoulos 1968 5178:, pp. 194–5. 4975:, pp. 325–6. 4762:, pp. 837–8. 4629:, pp. 60–61. 4537:978-0-19-965048-4 4507:978-1-137-33912-6 4306:, pp. 59–60. 4294:, pp. 57–58. 3962:(2), pp. 151–160. 3852:, pp. 321–2. 3760:, pp. 133–4. 3666:iranicaonline.com 3416:J. Gifford, 1971. 3390:William Heinemann 3130:persona non-grata 3122:House of Braganza 2894:, explaining how 2861:Société Asiatique 2856:Journal asiatique 2810:that rivaled the 2798:Journal asiatique 2588:Trois ans en Asie 2576:Achaemenid Persia 2555:chargé d'affaires 2431:scientific racism 2403:Otto von Bismarck 2382:Société Asiatique 2300: 2299: 2264:France portal 2208:French Revolution 2167:Valeurs actuelles 1669:de La Tour du Pin 1524:What Is a Nation? 1145:War in the Vendée 682:House of Habsburg 602:Philarète Chasles 598:Théophile Gautier 302:Polignac brothers 272:French Revolution 204:white supremacist 195:were superior to 132: 131: 16:(Redirected from 7963: 7666: 7613:Lothrop Stoddard 7608:Morris Steggerda 7583:Ilse Schwidetzky 7578:Heinrich Schmidt 7563:Alfred Rosenberg 7523:Isaac La Peyrère 7328:Carleton S. Coon 7303:Charles Caldwell 7258:François Bernier 7141:in Latin America 6914: 6907: 6900: 6891: 6890: 6875:Internet Archive 6796:Paz & Terra. 6607: 6538:Chap. XIII, The 6453:Works in English 6440: 6435:. Vol. 22. 6427: 6396: 6371: 6350: 6327: 6304: 6268: 6256: 6242: 6219: 6214:. Vol. 26. 6206: 6197: 6163: 6134: 6111: 6088: 6051: 6040: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5995: 5964: 5950:. New York, NY: 5942: 5929: 5906: 5867: 5828: 5805: 5804:. Cascade Books. 5796: 5781:. New York, NY: 5780: 5757: 5756: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5540: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5508: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5305: 5299: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4910: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4579: 4573: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4489: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4441: 4435: 4430:J. 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Gobineau: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4390: 4389:, pp. 91–2. 4384: 4378: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4223:, pp. 60–1. 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4199:, pp. 44–5. 4194: 4188: 4187:, pp. 42–3. 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4148:, pp. 37–8. 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4100:, pp. 24–6. 4095: 4089: 4083: 4074: 4073:, pp. 20–1. 4068: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3597: 3584: 3212:German diplomat 3136:Return to France 3070: 2991:Gustave Flourens 2944:Ioannis Kolettis 2940:Eastern Question 2847:Paul-Émile Botta 2839:Paul-Émile Botta 2828:Darius the Great 2771:. He agreed the 2292: 2285: 2278: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2228: 2160:Radio Courtoisie 2141: 2057: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 1995: 1981: 1967: 1953: 1945: 1942:Action Française 1914:Resistance Party 1899:Rally for France 1822:The Nationalists 1812:Debout la France 1659:de Chateaubriand 1627: 1617: 1607: 1597: 1587: 1577: 1567: 1557: 1549: 1539: 1529: 1519: 1514:The Ancient City 1509: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1270:de Chateaubriand 1131: 1104: 1089:Social hierarchy 1067: 1031: 1012: 963: 939: 901: 873: 863: 848: 847: 505:Union Catholique 362:House of Orléans 360:of 1830 brought 295:House of Bourbon 145: 143:[ɡɔbino] 140: 90: 67: 65: 46: 32: 31: 21: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7793: 7731:Castes in India 7652: 7648:Ludwig Woltmann 7603:Herbert Spencer 7493:Lewis H. Morgan 7463:Cesare Lombroso 7338:Jan Czekanowski 7323:Sonia Mary Cole 7263:Renato Biasutti 7221: 7200:Nazism and race 7119: 7096:Proto-Mongoloid 6975: 6932: 6923: 6918: 6848: 6705:Race and State, 6604: 6510:The Living Age, 6498:Vol. 10, No. 1. 6478:Vol. 13, No. 4. 6447: 6445:Further reading 6416: 6368: 6347: 6301: 6265: 6239: 6186: 6152:10.2307/1769493 6131: 6108: 6037: 6011: 6009: 5984: 5961: 5952:Peter Lang Ltd. 5926: 5848:10.2307/3679271 5825: 5793: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5676: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5543: 5535: 5526: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5308: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5213: 5205: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4580: 4576: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530:. p. 107. 4519: 4515: 4508: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4469: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3970: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3904: 3896: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3696: 3688: 3677: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3614: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3452: 3359: 3354: 3337: 3331: 3220:and Eulenburg. 3190: 3138: 3081: 3060: 3041: 3024: 3022:Views on Greeks 2987:Cretan uprising 2983: 2956:" could thwart 2905: 2896:Cyrus the Great 2782: 2722: 2717: 2677: 2600: 2547: 2510: 2441: 2416: 2387:Julius von Mohl 2350: 2296: 2258: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2237: 2236: 2181: 2173: 2172: 2139: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2017:Cercle Proudhon 2008:Camelots du Roi 1985:Student Cockade 1951: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1847:The Republicans 1807:Alliance Royale 1799: 1791: 1790: 1689:Le Pen (Marine) 1639: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1595: 1585: 1575: 1565: 1555: 1547: 1537: 1527: 1517: 1507: 1497: 1487: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1447: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1182:Ultra-royalists 1121: 1113: 1112: 1028:Noblesse oblige 987: 979: 978: 898:Nouvelle Droite 881: 861: 846: 837:chef de cabinet 803: 798: 792: 756: 739:noblesse oblige 678:Austrian Empire 642:Imperial Russia 622: 588:. At the time, 576: 487: 452:Antoine Galland 397:Antoine Galland 358:July Revolution 350: 297:and helped the 253: 248: 210:Americans like 138: 125: 98: 92: 88: 87:13 October 1882 79: 69: 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7969: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7703: 7701:(Ripley, 1899) 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7593:Giuseppe Sergi 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7553:Gustaf Retzius 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7503:Josiah C. Nott 7500: 7495: 7490: 7488:Ashley Montagu 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468:Bertil Lundman 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Earnest Hooton 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7383:George Gliddon 7380: 7375: 7370: 7368:Francis Galton 7365: 7360: 7358:Anténor Firmin 7355: 7350: 7348:Joseph Deniker 7345: 7340: 7335: 7333:Georges Cuvier 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7205:Racial hygiene 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7138: 7129: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6868: 6858: 6847: 6846:External links 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6712: 6711: 6701:Voegelin, Eric 6698: 6688:Voegelin, Eric 6685: 6675: 6666: 6652: 6642: 6631: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6583: 6573: 6570: 6563: 6553: 6543: 6528: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6489: 6479: 6469: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6428: 6414: 6397: 6387:(1): 101–126. 6381:Balkan Studies 6372: 6366: 6351: 6346:978-0822313205 6345: 6335:. Durham, NC: 6328: 6318:(2): 152–165. 6305: 6300:978-1316529829 6299: 6282: 6263: 6243: 6237: 6220: 6207: 6198: 6184: 6164: 6146:(4): 341–350. 6135: 6129: 6112: 6106: 6089: 6052: 6041: 6036:978-1571139122 6035: 6018: 5996: 5982: 5965: 5960:978-1906165093 5959: 5943: 5930: 5925:978-0822961260 5924: 5907: 5868: 5829: 5824:978-0297000853 5823: 5806: 5797: 5792:978-0805079326 5791: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5747:(2): 137–148. 5727: 5725:, p. 151. 5712: 5687: 5670: 5668:, p. 233. 5658: 5656:, p. 232. 5643: 5641:, p. 230. 5631: 5629:, p. 154. 5627:Rowbotham 1939 5616: 5609: 5603:. p. 13. 5587: 5585:, p. 229. 5572: 5560: 5558:, p. 171. 5541: 5539:, p. 228. 5524: 5522:, p. 226. 5509: 5507:, p. 225. 5492: 5490:, p. 265. 5480: 5468: 5466:, p. 214. 5453: 5451:, p. 213. 5441: 5439:, p. 211. 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 210. 5402: 5400:, p. 208. 5390: 5388:, p. 207. 5378: 5359: 5347: 5345:, p. 201. 5335: 5306: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5265:, p. 132. 5255: 5253:, p. 133. 5240: 5238:, p. 191. 5228: 5211: 5209:, p. 150. 5192: 5190:, p. 192. 5180: 5165: 5163:, p. 149. 5146: 5144:, p. 154. 5131: 5129:, p. 153. 5114: 5112:, p. 193. 5097: 5095:, p. 195. 5082: 5080:, p. 147. 5067: 5065:, p. 187. 5055: 5053:, p. 331. 5043: 5041:, p. 330. 5024: 5022:, p. 329. 5012: 5010:, p. 328. 5000: 4998:, p. 327. 4977: 4965: 4963:, p. 326. 4946: 4944:, p. 186. 4934: 4932:, p. 325. 4911: 4909:, p. 199. 4896: 4892:Wilkshire 1993 4884: 4882:, p. 106. 4872: 4870:, p. 104. 4860: 4856:Wilkshire 1993 4848: 4844:Wilkshire 1993 4836: 4832:Wilkshire 1993 4824: 4822:, p. 847. 4812: 4810:, p. 846. 4800: 4788: 4776: 4774:, p. 838. 4764: 4752: 4750:, p. 837. 4740: 4738:, p. 833. 4725: 4723:, p. 183. 4710: 4708:, p. 324. 4687: 4685:, p. 182. 4672: 4670:, p. 323. 4655: 4643: 4641:, p. 839. 4631: 4619: 4607: 4605:, p. 148. 4595: 4574: 4543: 4536: 4513: 4506: 4500:. p. 23. 4484: 4467: 4436: 4423: 4408: 4391: 4379: 4362: 4350: 4335: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4279: 4264: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4075: 4063: 4048: 4043:The Gale Group 4019: 4007: 3994: 3981: 3964: 3948: 3933: 3921: 3919:, p. 135. 3902: 3881: 3869: 3867:, p. 322. 3854: 3839: 3837:, p. 134. 3818: 3806: 3791: 3779: 3762: 3747: 3745:, p. 133. 3728: 3713: 3694: 3675: 3653: 3636:britannica.com 3623: 3613:978-0393314250 3612: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3556:Sons of Kings, 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3496:Tales of Asia, 3493: 3484: 3474: 3461: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3427: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3382: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3333:Main article: 3330: 3327: 3254:La Renaissance 3218:Richard Wagner 3189: 3186: 3163:In 1871, poet 3137: 3134: 3098:Paraguayan War 3086:Rio de Janeiro 3080: 3077: 3040: 3037: 3023: 3020: 2982: 2979: 2962:Ottoman Empire 2904: 2901: 2781: 2778: 2773:Peacock Throne 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2676: 2673: 2626:, both ardent 2620:Josiah C. Nott 2606:Josiah C. Nott 2599: 2596: 2546: 2545:Time in Persia 2543: 2509: 2506: 2462:as opposed to 2440: 2435: 2415: 2412: 2349: 2346: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2254: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2187:Archeofuturism 2182: 2180:Related topics 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2153:Nouvelle École 2149: 2142: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1971:March for Life 1968: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Party of Order 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837:National Rally 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1550: 1540: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1450: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1415:de Tocqueville 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1054: 1049: 1047:French culture 1044: 1039: 1037:Ethnopluralism 1034: 1033: 1032: 1023: 1013: 1004: 999: 994: 992:Anti-communism 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 970: 969: 964: 955: 950: 940: 931: 930: 929: 927:Ultramontanism 924: 919: 909: 904: 903: 902: 893: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 866: 865: 857: 856: 845: 842: 802: 799: 794:Main article: 791: 788: 755: 752: 630:British Empire 621: 618: 575: 572: 525:La Quotidienne 520:Revue de Paris 510:La Quotidienne 486: 485:Early writings 483: 479:Maxime du Camp 370:Le roi citoyen 366:Louis-Philippe 349: 346: 261:Saint-Domingue 252: 249: 247: 244: 228:Richard Wagner 212:Josiah C. Nott 130: 129: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 93: 91:(aged 66) 85: 81: 80: 76:Hauts-de-Seine 70: 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7968: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:Miscegenation 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628:Paul Topinard 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Benjamin Rush 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7538:Alfred Ploetz 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518:Oscar Peschel 7516: 7514: 7513:Roger Pearson 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:John Mitchell 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Carl Linnaeus 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:Julian Huxley 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7408:Ernst Haeckel 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Madison Grant 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7363:Eugen Fischer 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7308:Petrus Camper 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7233:Louis Agassiz 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7064:Mediterranean 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6817:B.G. Teubner. 6816: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6415:9780886292140 6411: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360:. Routledge. 6359: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6280: 6279:0-14-029519-4 6276: 6272: 6266: 6264:0-8050-7189-X 6260: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6185:9780886292140 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6130:0-231-04860-2 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5983:9780773506510 5979: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5881:(1): 93–139. 5880: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5570:, p. 54. 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 31. 5375: 5374:Skidmore 1993 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5355:Skidmore 1993 5351: 5344: 5339: 5333:, p. 30. 5332: 5331:Skidmore 1993 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5277:, p. 32. 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4894:, p. 21. 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880:Gobineau 1993 4876: 4869: 4868:Gobineau 1993 4864: 4858:, p. 10. 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4617:, p. 60. 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4566:Indo-Iranians 4564:used only by 4563: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4421:, p. 98. 4420: 4415: 4413: 4406:, p. 92. 4405: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 91. 4376: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4360:, p. 90. 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 89. 4347: 4342: 4340: 4333:, p. 82. 4332: 4327: 4325: 4318:, p. 59. 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4277:, p. 57. 4276: 4271: 4269: 4262:, p. 99. 4261: 4256: 4254: 4247:, p. 62. 4246: 4241: 4235:, p. 61. 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 44. 4210: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4175:, p. 39. 4174: 4169: 4163:, p. 38. 4162: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4142: 4136:, p. 37. 4135: 4130: 4124:, p. 42. 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 24. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4088:, p. 34. 4087: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4061:, p. 33. 4060: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4017:, p. 47. 4016: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3946:, p. 21. 3945: 3940: 3938: 3931:, p. 17. 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3900:, p. 16. 3899: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3879:, p. 15. 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3816:, p. 13. 3815: 3810: 3804:, p. 20. 3803: 3798: 3796: 3789:, p. 11. 3788: 3783: 3777:, p. 12. 3776: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3726:, p. 14. 3725: 3720: 3718: 3711:, p. 19. 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3692:, p. 45. 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408:Jonathan Cape 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3182:Ancien Régime 3179: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029:miscegenation 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007:cause célèbre 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2933:Voltairianism 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816:Dur-Sharrukin 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2630:, translated 2629: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2497:Indo-Iranians 2494: 2490: 2489:Indo-European 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389:, very well. 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2342:les déracinés 2339: 2333: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2321:Ancien Régime 2317: 2313: 2312:Second Estate 2309: 2305: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2094:L'Écho du Sud 2091: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1931:Organisations 1928: 1927: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:Soyons libres 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817:French Future 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:de La Mennais 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204:Intellectuals 1201: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128:Ancien Régime 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101:Souverainisme 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042:Family values 1040: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 983: 982: 975: 972: 968: 965: 962: 961: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 944: 941: 938: 937: 932: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 913: 910: 908: 905: 900: 899: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 883: 877: 876: 872: 868: 867: 864: 859: 858: 854: 850: 849: 841: 839: 838: 832: 828: 823: 820: 815: 812: 808: 797: 787: 785: 784:miscegenation 781: 777: 773: 765: 760: 751: 748: 744: 740: 734: 732: 728: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:Latin America 705: 701: 700: 695: 690: 688: 683: 679: 675: 674: 669: 668: 663: 658: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 631: 627: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 582: 571: 569: 565: 561: 555: 553: 546: 542: 539: 538:ancien-régime 533: 529: 526: 522: 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C. Cuza 148:aristocrat 64:1816-07-14 7217:Négritude 7146:in Brazil 7091:Mongoloid 6999:Caucasoid 6625:Gobineau, 6552:11 April. 6512:No. 4015. 6393:2241-1674 6229:Continuum 6085:161917205 5903:143762514 5864:163004517 5753:0021-6704 5568:Röhl 1994 4482:, p. 125. 4419:Blue 1999 4260:Blue 1999 3990:Encounter 3619:Gobinism. 3443:Routledge 3194:Stockholm 3005:became a 2999:Marseille 2883:Kush Nama 2877:Shahnameh 2824:Sargon II 2657:, as the 2564:cuneiform 2396:. Of the 2140:(Defunct) 2115:Le Figaro 1674:de Gaulle 1649:de Bonald 1534:The Crowd 1370:d'Orcival 1245:de Bonald 1215:Bainville 1165:Muscadins 1140:Feuillant 1009:Dirigisme 974:Sarkozysm 967:Orléanism 747:New World 743:Old World 409:Louis XIV 395:tales of 276:July 14th 197:commoners 163:Nordicism 7810:Eugenics 7190:Colorism 7136:in India 7044:Ethiopid 7024:Atlantid 7014:Armenoid 6867:(Canada) 6824:E. Droz. 6803:E. Droz. 6703:(1997). 6523:Vol. V, 6437:Callaloo 6324:27535529 6249:(2002). 6098:ABC-CLIO 5895:20078751 5773:(2006). 4462:41212409 3670:Archived 3668:. 2012. 3640:Archived 3590:(1996). 3552:, 1928. 3543:, 1927 . 3534:, 1926 . 3525:, 1924 . 3392:, 1915 . 3335:Gobinism 3198:Oscar II 3184:France. 3106:Pedro II 3102:Asunción 3090:Carnival 2995:George I 2946:and his 2880:and the 2752:Safavids 2748:Muhammad 2369:George V 2129:Le Point 2101:La Croix 2080:Éléments 2047:Hussards 1751:Pompidou 1736:Poincaré 1726:Pécresse 1716:Maréchal 1711:MacMahon 1474:The Pope 1420:Veuillot 1335:Lemaître 1330:Lefebvre 1255:Bruckner 1078:Nativism 943:Royalism 907:Gaullism 891:Integral 853:a series 754:Marriage 440:minarets 407:as King 382:Brittany 354:Inzligen 341:Catholic 324:of King 306:Napoleon 299:royalist 284:chivalry 263:(modern 257:royalist 220:Gobinism 185:, wrote 171:diplomat 167:novelist 121:Children 78:, France 7798:Related 7226:Writers 7170:Passing 7113:Negrito 7108:Negroid 7079:Turanid 7074:Semites 7049:Hamites 7034:Dinaric 7029:Caspian 6873:at the 6768:IUPERJ. 6160:1769493 6006:To Vima 5856:3679271 4562:endonym 4031:(ed.), 3979:, 1959. 3561:, 1966. 3492:, 1926. 3483:, 1925. 3450:Fiction 3445:, 2008. 3435:, 1993. 3426:, 1980. 3410:, 1970. 3381:, 1915. 3342:Zionism 3238:Vikings 3158:Junkers 2853:in the 2568:Persian 2454:In his 2365:Hanover 2136:Présent 2026:Civitas 2000:Defunct 1863:Defunct 1798:Parties 1786:Zemmour 1771:Schuman 1766:Sarkozy 1741:Poisson 1721:Messmer 1706:Malraux 1701:Maurras 1644:Bellamy 1390:Raspail 1365:Maurras 1345:Madiran 1340:Le Play 1295:Dumézil 1250:Boutang 1225:Barruel 1120:History 1016:Elitism 811:Ternove 780:slavery 729:on the 726:gauchos 723:or the 721:Algarve 719:or the 717:Castile 687:Germany 667:Junkers 662:Prussia 635:Ireland 626:Britain 515:L'Unité 436:mosques 421:British 378:Lorient 251:Origins 179:elitist 139:French: 97:, Italy 7789:(1950) 7781:(1943) 7765:(1936) 7757:(1930) 7749:(1920) 7741:(1916) 7733:(1916) 7725:(1911) 7717:(1907) 7709:(1899) 7693:(1855) 7685:(1849) 7677:(1785) 7669:(1744) 7180:Racism 7069:Nordic 7059:Iranid 7009:Arabid 7004:Alpine 6994:Capoid 6951:Bronze 6775:Haack. 6600: 6422: 6412: 6391: 6364: 6343: 6322: 6297: 6277: 6261: 6235: 6192: 6182: 6158: 6127: 6104: 6083: 6075: 6033: 5990: 5980: 5957: 5922: 5901: 5893: 5862: 5854: 5821: 5789: 5751: 5607: 4534: 4504: 4460: 3610: 3283:, the 3266:Amadis 3262:Amadis 2971:Mexico 2917:Athens 2760:Bábism 2551:Tehran 2483:power? 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Arthur de Gobineau

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