1523:, Foraker, "while occupying strategic positions in Senate committees received considerations from the Standard Oil Company running as high as $ 44,000 in a single period of six months - this coming at the very time when he was busily engaged in preparing the anti-Trust planks of the Republican platform." Hearst suggested the fees were a bribe for the killing of the legislation. Foraker quickly denied any impropriety, stating that the relationship was not secret and the excerpts had been read out of context. Foraker noted that when he was retained by the corporation in December 1898, it had not yet come under federal scrutiny, and when Archbold had sought to retain him in 1906, he had declined. Standard Oil was wildly unpopular, and the controversy put Taft in a difficult position. Foraker sent a letter to Taft, hand-delivered by Senator Dick, expressing his willingness to avoid the Music Hall meeting. Taft said only that he hoped Foraker would meet with the organizers of the event and follow their recommendation, which Foraker took to mean that Taft was giving credence to Hearst's charges and did not want him there. Foraker cancelled all remaining campaign speeches. Ohio helped elect Taft and elected a Democratic governor, but returned a Republican legislature, which would elect a senator in January 1909.
985:
however, "unfortunately for Hanna, Foraker largely refused to grant Hanna the authority that by tradition he probably had earned." One example, later cited by
Foraker as a reason his close relationship with Hanna ended, was the question of the position of state oil inspector, whose substantial fees were paid, not by the taxpayer, but by the oil companies, and who was permitted to appoint large numbers of deputies. In 1885, soon after Foraker's inauguration, Hanna advocated the appointment of William M. Bayne, while Congressman McKinley pressed the name of Edwin Hartshorn. Hanna agreed to withdraw Bayne, not to accommodate McKinley, but to save Foraker from a difficulty. Hanna wrote to Foraker, "I had a call from Major McKinley and his oil inspector candidate. ... I tell him he 'wants the earth' ..." However, Foraker instead reappointed the incumbent, Louis Smithnight. One of the men appointed deputy oil inspector was Harry Smith, the black editor who had supported Foraker in the 1885 election. McKinley again approached Foraker after his re-election in 1887 seeking Hartshorn's appointment; however, Foraker appointed
1031:. The convention adjourned until Monday, June 25. With almost two days for intrigue, rumors swept through the convention that Blaine would be a candidate after all. Late on Saturday night, Foraker released a statement that he would support Blaine. Walters proffered several reasons for the switch: Foraker felt Sherman had no chance, resented not being thanked by Sherman for the seconding speech, and was annoyed at the trickle of votes McKinley had received, feeling that the congressman was being prepared as a backup candidate for the Sherman forces. There was also talk that Foraker might gain a place on the ticket, either for president or vice president, though he stated he would not accept a nomination without Sherman's consent. The switch wounded Sherman's candidacy by showing that his own state's governor did not support him, and even though Foraker switched back to Sherman when Blaine wired reiterating that he was not a candidate, the damage was done; Harrison gained the nomination on the eighth ballot.
1140:. Foraker forces gained full control, nominating Bushnell for governor to succeed McKinley, and Foraker allies for other state offices. The convention also endorsed Foraker for Senate, the first time a specific individual had been backed for Senate by an Ohio Republican convention. According to Walters, "The Zanesville convention represented the highest pinnicle of Foraker's power in Ohio politics. He had selected the platform, chosen the next governor and the complete ticket, and had secured for himself virtual election to the United States Senate." Foraker took a leading role as a speaker in the campaign, and the November election resulted in victory for Bushnell and a Republican majority in the legislature. That majority, on January 15, 1896, elected Joseph Foraker to the Senate.
1218:, who declined. It was not until February 21 that Bushnell finally announced Hanna's appointment, effective upon Sherman's resignation. This controversy to some extent overshadowed Foraker's swearing-in as senator on March 4—Hanna adherents claimed that Bushnell had delayed the effective date of the industrialist's appointment until Foraker took his seat so that Hanna would be the junior senator. In his memoirs, Foraker denied this, noting that Sherman was unwilling to resign until the afternoon of March 4, after the new president and Congress were sworn in and the new Cabinet, including Sherman, was confirmed by the Senate. Hanna was given his commission as senator by Bushnell on the morning of March 5.
1152:, hoping to gain Platt's support for McKinley. In March, Foraker addressed the state convention in support of McKinley in a widely publicized speech. However, he was reluctant to be a delegate to the national convention, fearing that he would be blamed if anything went wrong with McKinley's candidacy. It was only after considerable prodding from the presidential candidate that Foraker agreed to be a delegate, and to place McKinley's name in nomination. McKinley desired that Foraker nominate him to show that he had the united support of the state Republican Party. Senator-elect Foraker eventually agreed, and gave the nominating speech, part of which was heard by McKinley via telephone line to Canton.
1111:, "The situation looked desperate; but it was saved, so Mr. Sherman himself stated to his friends, by Mr. Hanna's energy, enthusiasm and ability to bend other men to his will. Three of the Cleveland representatives, who had gone into hiding, were unearthed and forced into line." Foraker was defeated narrowly in the Republican caucus, first on a vote to hold a secret ballot (which would have benefited him), and then on the endorsement vote, which supported Sherman, who was subsequently elected by the legislature. According to Horner, "It is difficult to know which mattered more to Hanna—making sure his old friend Sherman kept his job or making sure that Foraker did not get it."
915:", in reference to his Civil War service, and won an easy first-ballot victory: according to Walters, "the Springfield convention of 1885 marked the arrival of Foraker, the politician." The major issues in the fall campaign were again the liquor question, at which Foraker proved more adept than two years previously, and treatment of the black voter, prompted by an incident in Cincinnati in 1884 when a Democratic-minded policeman, Mike Mullen, locked up 150 blacks the night before the general election to prevent them from voting. Foraker was again opposed by Hoadly, who had pardoned Mullen, and who had accepted a $ 150,000 fee from the city-owned
1060:. Campbell was not in fact involved with the company, and the affair cost Foraker votes. A congressional committee conducted an investigation in 1891 and cleared all of those whose signatures had been reproduced. However, it blamed Foraker for using the documents without verifying their authenticity. By then, Foraker was no longer governor, having been defeated by Campbell by 10,873 votes out of some 750,000 cast. McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan noted, "Clearly Foraker acted hastily and unwisely because of his desperate fight against Campbell and his bitterness towards the Shermanites." According to another of McKinley's biographers,
1276:
believing that keeping it alive would help assure his re-election by the legislature in 1904. In 1903, Foraker saw an opportunity to embarrass Hanna and boost his own chances for 1908 by getting the
Republican state convention to pass a resolution endorsing Roosevelt for re-election. If Hanna supported the resolution, he made it clear he would not be a candidate; if he opposed it, he risked Roosevelt's wrath. Hanna sent Roosevelt a telegram that he would oppose the resolution; Roosevelt replied that he expected his administration's supporters to vote for such a resolution, and Hanna gave in.
1421:, "Foraker had a passion for racial justice." Recalling Foraker's desire, as a soldier, to see slavery abolished and the black man given the same civil and political rights as the white man, Morris explains, "Senator Foraker merely felt the same about the Constitution in 1906 as Private Foraker had felt in 1862." In addition to his desire to see justice done, Foraker also saw political advantage in opposing Roosevelt over the Brownsville issue; he might boost his own presidential ambitions for 1908 by making both Roosevelt and his designated heir apparent, Secretary of War
5561:
867:, deftly maneuvered the politically inexperienced Foraker into stating that he would not vote for the referendums. This offended "dry" Republicans, splitting the party. Foraker campaigned throughout the state, reaching nearly every county and generally speaking at least twice a day. Nevertheless, he was defeated by over 12,000 votes, losing most counties, including Hamilton; according to Foraker biographer Everett Walters, "although defeated in this campaign, Foraker gained by it; he won political repute through the state; no longer was he an 'unknown.
957:", that is, castigating the South for the Civil War. President Cleveland in 1887 requested northern governors to return captured Confederate battle flags. When Foraker was asked by a supporter if he would allow the banners to go South, he responded by telegraph, "No rebel flags will be returned while I am governor." Cleveland backed down, and Foraker was hailed as a hero by many, receiving thousands of congratulatory messages. Foraker criticized the President for vetoing a bill increasing war pensions and for going fishing on
5021:
1536:
legislature on notice that to re-elect Mr. Foraker to the Senate would be regarded as nothing less than treason to the party". Roosevelt accused
Foraker of seeking to make a bargain with the Democrats to secure his re-election in exchange for a Democratic replacement for Dick in 1911. Faced with this presidential intervention and Charles Taft's withdrawal from the race, Foraker conceded on December 31. The Republican caucus two days later selected Burton, whom the legislators duly selected on January 12.
1382:, feeling that the two territories should not be combined into one state unless a merger was approved in referendums. Foraker's position prevailed in Congress; despite his stance, Roosevelt signed the resulting bill. The two men also differed on issues of patronage, and on a series of treaties requiring Senate ratification that allowed for international agreements without the need for Senate approval. Roosevelt wrote to a friend that Foraker seemed determine to fight him on every point, good or bad.
319:
1619:. In April 1917, Foraker was one of a group of Cincinnatians who organized to support Wilson when the President asked Congress to declare war on Germany. Foraker's ill-health (he had suffered several heart attacks during the preceding winter) limited his participation. On May 7, he experienced another heart attack in downtown Cincinnati. Taken home, he lapsed in and out of consciousness for three days before dying on May 10, 1917. Hundreds of prominent Cincinnatians attended his interment at
1459:
was fully aware the soldiers had been wronged. He denied that he was after votes with his position, "I was seeking to provide for those men an opportunity to be heard in their own defense, to give them a chance to confront their accusers and cross-examine their witnesses, and establish the real facts in the case." Roosevelt spoke in angry rebuttal, but according to his biographer Morris, "Never before, at the
Gridiron or anywhere else, had a President been challenged before an audience."
1597:. When Burton withdrew, Foraker became the favorite. However, Foraker had made enemies, and others believed that his "old guard" Republicanism was out of date, Harding was reluctant, but was eventually persuaded to enter the primary. Although Harding did not attack Foraker, his supporters, including Cleveland publisher Dan R. Hanna (son of the late senator), had no such scruples. Harding won the primary with 88,540 votes to 76,817 for Foraker and 52,237 for Cole, and subsequently won
1129:
1107:
was handicapped by his age (68), unpopularity, and a cold personality; according to Horner, "Foraker was simply more of a man of the people than
Sherman could ever hope to be." Sherman's aide, Jacob C. Donaldson, later wrote, "the situation was bad, almost desperate". Hanna had made significant campaign contributions to legislative candidates, and was outraged when legislators believed to favor Sherman instead announced that they would vote for Foraker; according to his biographer,
645:, leaving a swath of destruction behind. In late December 1864, the army reached Savannah, and Foraker, despite a storm, was able to communicate with US Navy ships offshore to alert them to the presence of Sherman's army. After a month, the army marched north into South Carolina, determined to bring even more devastation to the state that had first seceded. Foraker was in charge of maintaining signals between the wings of the army, and was stationed on a gunboat as it moved up the
33:
1476:
between
February and June 1907. Author John Weaver, in his 1997 book on the Brownsville case, takes note of "Foraker's masterful presentation of fact and law", including his cross-examination of witnesses who sought to convince the committee of the soldiers' guilt. In March 1908, the committee issued its report, by a vote of 9–4 endorsing the President's action. While the official minority report found the evidence inconclusive, Foraker and Connecticut senator
1190:
1039:'s 1912 biography of Hanna, disagreed: "it was understood at the time that his heart was not in Sherman's candidacy ... his outraged feelings over Hanna's bargaining with Southern delegates can't be believed by me." According to Horner, "the split between Foraker and Hanna had a profound impact on the subsequent behavior of both men, their careers in politics, and the Republican Party in Ohio, which was fractured by the dispute."
973:
494:
899:. The nominating speech made Foraker a national figure. At the convention, Foraker worked with Hanna and with Charles G. Kurtz of Columbus: both supported Foraker in the years ahead, though in the case of Hanna, only for a time. In the fall campaign, both Foraker and Hanna supported Blaine, accompanying the New Englander when he toured Ohio in October. However, Blaine was defeated by the Democratic candidate, New York governor
5028:
1010:
others met at the congressman's home in Canton and decided to push for
Sherman's endorsement for president by the 1887 Republican state convention in Toledo, and to threaten Foraker should he refuse to get in line. Despite some anti-Sherman feeling in Ohio, the resolution to endorse Sherman was adopted unanimously by the same convention that renominated Foraker, and later that year, the governor was re-elected.
1429:
827:, a Republican who had held the office since 1880, looked for a Republican contender to succeed him. Foster had sought increased regulation of the liquor trade, offending many German-Americans, who were deemed likely to vote Democratic in reaction, and who were especially concentrated in Cincinnati. Few expected the Republicans to retain the governorship, and prominent candidates such as Senator
945:
that discriminated against blacks, and the establishment of a state board of health. With a
Republican majority in both houses, the legislature enacted many of his proposals, including the Poorman Law, requiring voter registration in Cleveland and Cincinnati (and later in all large cities), as well as the Pugsley Law, which established nonpartisan boards to appoint election officials. The
1316:
administration) and authorized the
President to use force to achieve those aims. McKinley's signature on the joint resolution caused Spain to break off diplomatic relations and war was quickly declared. Foraker followed the war closely—his elder son was fighting in it—and was an early proponent of the US keeping Spanish colonies it had captured, such as the Philippines and Puerto Rico.
513:. When Joseph was age 2, David Reece died, and the Foraker family purchased the mill and adjacent farm. There, Joseph grew up as a typical farm boy. He received little formal education, attending the local school for three or four months each winter. Nevertheless, he acquired a taste for military history, and a gift for speaking. At age 10, he became an adherent of the newly formed
1120:
years, seeking to put aside differences in support of McKinley. Foraker agreed; he disliked
Harrison and did not feel he could be re-elected. McKinley finished third for the nomination, a fraction of a vote behind Blaine. Harrison was defeated by Cleveland in the November election, and McKinley was spoken of as the most likely Republican presidential contender for 1896.
1043:
Despite the factional opposition, he sought a third term in 1889, hoping that if Republicans kept their majority in the legislature, he could be elected to the Senate as Sherman's junior colleague in the legislative election to be held in January 1890. He was renominated at the 1889 state convention in Columbus on the second ballot, as the opposition to him was divided.
591:, and the Union forces slowly advanced across Tennessee, reaching Chattanooga in September. From Chattanooga, Foraker and two other officers were sent home to collect new soldiers who were expected to be drafted, but the plan to draft recruits was abandoned due to political opposition. In November he returned to Chattanooga, where the 89th was now part of the
1504:
called on the presidential candidate at his headquarters in Cincinnati a week later. The Taft campaign asked Foraker to preside, and to introduce Taft, at a rally to be held at the Cincinnati Music Hall on September 22. In a letter to a newspaper publisher, Taft pointed out that Foraker "can be useful with the colored vote and the Grand Army vote".
883:. Sherman's political managers asked Foraker to play an active role in Sherman's presidential campaign, and to place his name in nomination at the convention, which he did, though Walters describes his speech as "weak and unimpressive" by comparison with Foraker's later efforts. Other candidates for the presidential nomination included President
989:, Republican boss of Cincinnati, as chief though Smithnight was retained as a deputy. In later years, Foraker suggested the dispute over the oil inspectorship was a reason for Hanna breaking from him and allying with McKinley, stating after Hanna's death in 1904, "I have often thought since that my appointment of Cox made McKinley president."
895:, but the convention was dominated by the Blaine forces. Sherman received 30 votes, mostly from Ohio, on the first ballot, but his total thereafter declined, and Blaine secured the nomination on the fourth ballot. There was talk of Foraker for vice president; he received one vote, from New York delegate and Cornell president
1581:
though he had backed Taft in 1908. In 1912, Foraker made speeches in support of Taft's re-election bid, although he felt he had been badly treated by Taft in 1908. Foraker refused, however, to attack the third-party candidate, former president Roosevelt, whose candidacy split the party and led to the election of Democrat
1659:, in his foreword to Walters' biography of Foraker, suggested that Foraker did not attain the presidency, as he had hoped, because of the ambitions of other Ohio politicians. While Foraker might have secured the nomination in 1888 as a compromise candidate, had not his pledges to Sherman prevented it, having
1334:
island. Although Foraker had proposed to eliminate tariffs on imports from Puerto Rico, to secure passage of the legislation he had to accept a rate of 15% for two years as the island developed a taxation system, after which there would be no tariff, and the money would be used to develop the island. The
1099:. When the former congressman ran for governor the following year, he asked Foraker to place his name in nomination, which he did. Although some saw this as a rapprochement between the Sherman and Foraker factions, the former governor's supporters, such as Kurtz and millionaire Springfield manufacturer
937:
1535:
asked for his name to be considered. Both Foraker and Burton opposed Charles Taft's call for a caucus of the Republican legislators to determine the party's candidate. On December 29, President Roosevelt weighed in on the question. Roosevelt "lost no time in putting the Republican members of the Ohio
1503:
encampment at Toledo, and later that day, the two men appeared on the same platform. Taft spoke in appreciation of Foraker, who, as governor, had appointed him as a judge, giving him his start in public life. Foraker, for his part, stated that Taft would be his party leader during the campaign, and
1458:
reported that Foraker "gave the President the plainest talk he has probably ever listened to." Foraker stated that Sergeant Sanders had been dishonorably discharged even though "he was as innocent of any offense against the law of any kind whatever as the President himself"—and, he charged, Roosevelt
1333:
The new American possession of Puerto Rico found itself in financial woes soon after its acquisition—its principal export, coffee, was now barred by high tariffs from both Spanish and American markets. Foraker took the lead in drafting and pressing legislation establishing a civil government for the
1311:
communication to Congress in December 1897 and his so-called "war message", which some deemed insufficiently bellicose, in April 1898. The senator stated to a reporter of the latter, "I have no patience with the message and you may say so. I have heard nothing but condemnation of the message on all
1106:
McKinley was elected governor in November 1891, and the Republicans took a two-thirds majority in the legislature. During the campaign, supporters of both Foraker and Sherman had sought pledges from candidates, and in the aftermath of the legislative elections, both men expressed confidence. Sherman
1042:
Harrison was elected in November 1888 over President Cleveland. By 1889, Foraker was openly opposed by a faction of Ohio Republicans, led by Hanna, Sherman and McKinley. Foraker felt relieved at the break, writing to a friend, "From Toledo to Chicago, my neck was under a yoke, but now I am free."
1680:
Historian Louis L. Gould, who wrote a study of the McKinley administration, stated that Foraker "may well have been too close to some large corporations, but he also retained some vestiges of the commitment of the Civil War generation in the North to the idea of human equality ... This prompted
1668:
Even Foraker's final defeat, in 1914, proved to be part of the political rise of another president from Ohio, Harding. Nevins noted the aggressive nature of Foraker's political style, and commented, "How much of his failure to reach high office was attributable to ill fortune and how much to some of
1487:
After failing to capture the Republican presidential nomination, Foraker concentrated on campaigning for re-election to the Senate. His vote on the Hepburn Act and his opposition to Roosevelt had provoked opposition to him within the Ohio Republican Party; in addition, both he and Dick were seen by
1475:
In the aftermath of the Gridiron Dinner, Foraker was increasingly ostracized, both politically and socially. Unwelcome at the White House, he was excluded from patronage. Nevertheless, the Committee on Military Affairs, on which Foraker sat, went ahead and held hearings into the Brownsville matter
1275:
Both Hanna and Foraker had been spoken of as possible Republican presidential candidates in 1904; with President Roosevelt now likely to be the nominee, both men's presidential ambitions were pushed back four years. Hanna in particular was reluctant to publicly put aside his presidential candidacy,
1209:
and that the industrialist would take Sherman's place in the Senate. Foraker objected to both components of this plan, feeling that Hanna was not qualified as a legislator, and that Sherman, whose faculties were starting to fail, should not become Secretary of State. Foraker met with McKinley, but
1023:
of Pennsylvania. At the convention, Foraker seconded Hastings' nomination of Sherman, but the senator, on the first ballot, received few votes outside the states known to back him. Sherman's southern support was discounted, as those states would not vote for the Republican nominee, and Sherman had
1018:
in June in Chicago. Although Blaine had stated he was not running, his devotees hoped he might change his mind. Sherman did not fully trust Foraker, and gave over the management of his campaign to Hanna; the presidential candidate also declined to have Foraker place his name in nomination in favor
984:
Until mid-1888, Foraker had the enthusiastic support of Hanna, who, while still boosting John Sherman for president, was a generous contributor to the governor's 1885 and 1887 campaigns. Hanna hoped to be able to dispense patronage in northern Ohio. According to Hanna biographer William T. Horner,
949:
commented, "Not all that is needed in the way of amendments to the election laws of Ohio, but it will do for a starter." The Dow Law imposed an annual tax on businesses in the alcohol trade; most of the proceeds would go for poor relief and to the police fund. With Foraker's support, the remaining
545:
was raging. Foraker noted in his memoirs that while his time as auditor's clerk greatly improved his penmanship, it also brought him into contact with many county officials, teaching him how government worked. The young clerk was impressed by his brother's letters home, and was anxious to join the
1663:
stood aside for an older man year after year he was compelled to stand aside for younger leaders. First McKinley, with Hanna at his side, was given precedence; then Taft, whom Foraker had given a start in public life, scaled the peak. Foraker, for all his administrative capacity, his wide popular
1592:
changed the method of choosing senators from legislative vote to election by the people. Buoyed by positive reviews of his participation in the 1912 campaign, and wishing to avenge his defeat for re-election, Foraker entered the 1914 Republican primary against Senator Burton and former congressman
1580:
Although he expressed bitterness upon leaving office, wishing he had never left the farm in Highland County, he soon resumed his involvement in politics, speaking for the unsuccessful Republican candidate for governor, Harding, in 1910. The gubernatorial candidate had previously supported Foraker,
1439:
Foraker battled to have the Senate investigate the Brownsville case, and got the body to pass a resolution requiring Taft to turn over information. By late January 1907, after further investigation, Roosevelt had rescinded the part of the order barring the soldiers from federal employment, and had
808:(where Cincinnati is located) but was defeated in another Democratic sweep. In 1879, Foraker won his first elective office, as judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. He served three years of a five-year term, resigning in 1882 due to an illness, though he recovered after several months' rest.
1552:
I have said that I do not believe that a man in that battalion had anything to do with the shooting up of "Brownsville", but whether any one of them had, it was our duty to ourselves as a great, strong, and powerful nation to give every man a hearing, to deal fairly and squarely with every man; to
1539:
Foraker continued to work on Brownsville in his remaining time in office, guiding a resolution through Congress to establish a board of inquiry with the power to reinstate the soldiers. The bill, which the administration did not oppose, was less than Foraker wanted. He had hoped for a requirement
1205:, in charge of McKinley's campaign, and obtained millions for his presidential candidate by soliciting donations from wealthy businessmen. After the November election, Foraker met with Hanna and was surprised to learn that President-elect McKinley and Hanna planned that Sherman would be appointed
1180:
On March 4, 1897, the same day William McKinley became president, Joseph Foraker was sworn in as senator from Ohio. The new legislator was escorted to the bar of the Senate by Sherman; his swearing-in helped cement a modest Republican majority. Foraker continued his private legal work, which was
1171:
with a lengthy address in New York, the senator-elect commented, "Mr. Bryan made himself by one speech, and now he has unmade himself by one speech". Although Foraker went to Europe for four weeks (his sole trip abroad), he gave almost 200 speeches for the Republicans once he returned. McKinley
1119:
in Minneapolis, free to vote as they pleased. President Harrison was seeking renomination; other men spoken of as possible candidates were Blaine (who had again disclaimed any interest in running) and McKinley. Prior to the Minneapolis convention, Hanna wrote to Foraker for the first time in four
1009:
Walters traces fissures between Foraker's supporters and those of Sherman from as early as 1887. Foraker's meteoric rise in Ohio politics was a threat to Sherman, especially as Foraker was likely to seek another office after completing his time as governor. In 1887, McKinley, Hanna, Sherman, and
1483:
Although he knew he had little chance of winning, Foraker challenged Taft for the Republican nomination for president. He hoped to secure a deal whereby he would endorse Taft in exchange for support in the senatorial election to be held in January 1909. Roosevelt was determined to drive Foraker
1338:
was signed by President McKinley on April 12, 1900. It required an American-appointed governor and a legislature in which a majority of the upper house would be American-appointed, and did not grant Puerto Ricans American citizenship. Foraker had wanted to give the islanders US citizenship, but
1034:
According to Horner, Foraker's temporary abandonment of Sherman was "the move that seems to have shattered his relationship with Hanna permanently". However, Foraker gave other reasons for the break, stating after Hanna's death that one reason for it was that Hanna bought up the extra tickets of
944:
Joseph Foraker was sworn in as governor on January 12, 1886, during an intense blizzard that prevented many of the political marching clubs hoping to honor him from reaching Columbus. In his inaugural address, he urged election reform, creation of a liquor licensing bureau, the abolition of laws
1570:
As with his defeat for governor twenty years earlier, Foraker returned after losing re-election to Cincinnati and the full-time practice of law. He found a number of well-paying corporations willing to retain him as counsel. Foraker represented the American Multigraph Company before the Supreme
1408:
that undetermined men belonging to the 25th Infantry were responsible, and that others of the battalion were aware of who had done it, but were remaining silent. Despite an almost total lack of evidence, on November 5, 1906 (just after the midterm congressional elections), Roosevelt ordered 167
1213:
Bushnell (who would get to appoint a temporary replacement) and Foraker (a close political ally of the governor) did not want to appoint Hanna; their faction had several candidates, including Bushnell himself, for the next election for Sherman's seat in 1898. Bushnell and Foraker resisted for a
1046:
A law for the Sunday closing of saloons had been passed under Foraker; when Cincinnati mayor John B. Mosby proposed to enforce the law against local opposition, Foraker wired to Mosby the support of the state government. This stance alienated many anti-Prohibition Republicans. Another damaging
840:
wrote to Senator Sherman that the Republicans should nominate "Foraker or some other unobjectionable man". Foster accordingly wrote to Foraker, offering him the chance at "honorable distinction and useful service." Foraker came to Columbus just before the 1883 state convention, and sounded out
998:
1698:
Senator Foraker is acknowledged as the key person in Congress to keep the issue of the Brownsville soldiers alive. He made speeches about it and wrote about it. His statement in defense of the soldiers was summed up appropriately when he said that the soldiers "ask no favors because they are
1287:, a four-term congressman who had received favorable publicity due to his Spanish–American War service. Dick was able to work out an accommodation with Foraker's faction and was thereafter considered the leader of Ohio's Republican "stand-patters", who saw no immediate need for social change.
1077:
Foraker returned to Cincinnati and the practice of law. Although initially he rejoined his old law partnership, he established his own offices in 1893, the year his son Joseph Jr. became an assistant in his office on graduating from Cornell. Joseph Benson Foraker Jr. was the first child of a
1451:
look alike to me", suggesting his Brownsville stance was to attract the black vote. According to Walters, "the jests had been pointed and the cartoons biting"; Roosevelt was seen to be angry. Nevertheless, when the President rose to speak, all that was expected was a few minutes of humorous
1143:
Even before the senatorial election, the rival factions in the Ohio Republican Party were battling less than usual, but it was not until the day of the senatorial election that McKinley and Foraker reached a definite understanding for peace during the 1896 campaign. Foraker agreed to support
464:, in which black soldiers were accused of terrorizing a Texas town, and Roosevelt dismissed the entire battalion. Foraker zealously opposed Roosevelt's actions as unfair, and fought for the soldiers' reinstatement. The two men's disagreement broke out into an angry confrontation at the 1907
1672:
According to Nevins, "in the era which began after McKinley's assassination he did not show the progressive qualities which the electorate increasingly demanded; indeed, he seemed positively reactionary." Walters agreed, noting that Foraker's 1914 defeat was caused in part by fears that his
1563:
1468:
1089:
The former governor was enraged when in March 1890, Hanna gave a speech in New York stating, "Foraker is dead as a factor in our politics and Ohio is again as reliable a Republican state as it ever was." Foraker determined to secure election to the Senate; although the Democratic-controlled
607:
1685:
political career ended partially because of his support for and espousal of black rights ... Perhaps Smith best summed up his alliance with Foraker when he stated that it was time for Afro-Americans to ... show full support for Foraker and men like him who supported the efforts of
1373:
on final Senate passage. As the Ohio legislature had passed a resolution urging Foraker and Dick to vote for the bill, he faced anger at home; one newspaper wrote that Foraker had extinguished his chances of becoming president with his vote. The following year, Foraker also broke with the
1315:
Foraker had introduced a resolution calling for Spain to withdraw from Cuba, and for the recognition of the rebels as the legitimate government of an independent Cuba. The resolution that passed Congress in April called for all those things except recognition (deleted at the request of the
1353:
Foraker maintained generally friendly relations with Roosevelt in the president's first term: lacking an electoral mandate, Roosevelt had pledged after the assassination to carry out McKinley's policies. Elected in his own right in November 1904, President Roosevelt felt freer to support
1540:
that unless specific evidence was shown against a man, he would be allowed to re-enlist. The legislation passed both houses and was signed by Roosevelt on March 2, 1909. On March 6, 1909, shortly after he left the Senate, Foraker was the guest of honor at a mass meeting at Washington's
429:'s first graduating class, and became a lawyer. He was elected a judge in 1879 and became known as a political speaker. He was defeated in his first run for the governorship in 1883, but was elected two years later. As Ohio governor, he built an alliance with the Republican Party "boss"
753:
1416:
Foraker was initially convinced of the guilt of the men, but reconsidered after evidence obtained in a private investigation by progressive organizations was presented to him (the black attorney presenting it was denied an audience with Roosevelt). According to Roosevelt biographer
1484:
from politics, and Taft refused to deal. Taft won at each stage of the delegate-selection process, gaining all but two delegates from Ohio. At the 1908 Republican National Convention, Taft received 702 votes and was nominated; Foraker received 16, of which 11 came from blacks.
910:
in June. He did, however, respond to allegations that he had discriminated against blacks in his law practice and that he had withdrawn from Ohio Wesleyan because a black student had been admitted. Foraker refuted these charges. He arrived at the convention to the strains of
1319:
McKinley had attempted to annex Hawaii, but the annexation treaty failed to be ratified by the Senate. Congressional leaders decided to try again, this time using a joint resolution that would bypass the need for a two-thirds vote in the Senate. The American victory at the
574:
in February 1863. Before this action, Foraker had seen little fighting, and the bloody scenes there were a shock to him; he wrote his parents, "To know how dreadful war is you must see it yourself." The 89th remained at Donelson only a few days before being sent to join the
1114:
Sherman was not magnanimous in victory, telling friends that he would not rest until he "tomahawked the last of Foraker's crowd". Nevertheless, at the Republican state convention, Foraker and his supporters were able to gain their goal of half the delegates-at-large to the
569:
Later in September 1862, the 89th was sent to Western Virginia (today West Virginia) to reinforce Union forces there, and joined in their advance for a month. The regiment settled into winter quarters, but was called out for transport to Tennessee, where it helped relieve
1765:
Ohio had moved legislative elections from odd-numbered to even-numbered years in 1905, meaning that Foraker's re-election would be determined by legislators elected in November 1908, at the legislative session in January 1909, two months before the end of his term. See
1440:
stated that he would reconsider the case of anyone who could present proof of his innocence. Foraker had claimed that the president lacked the authority to discharge the men; to get a resolution passed for an investigatory committee, he had to withdraw that assertion.
1078:
Cornell alumnus to graduate from the university. The senior Foraker, though he accepted a broad array of cases, was a "political lawyer", lobbying the legislature to grant franchises to his clients, and arranging for bills unfavorable to his clients (who included the
705:. He found the students who had not served in the army to be immature. He took the usual course, mostly of classics, with a few classes in the sciences, and registered as a clerk for a local attorney. Foraker courted Julia Bundy, daughter of Congressman
965:, he rode at the head of a regiment of Ohio militia past the reviewing stand on which Cleveland stood. When Foraker saluted, Cleveland removed his hat, but did not bow slightly as he had for other state governors. Later that day, Foraker led a troop of
1324:
in early May revived interest in the Hawaiian matter. Foraker was a major proponent of the resolution in the Foreign Relations Committee and was the only committee member to speak in the debate. Opposition was mostly from Democrats, who objected to
546:
army despite his youth. Soon after his 16th birthday, Joseph Foraker learned that a family friend was organizing a volunteer company, and sought to enlist. His uncle gave reluctant consent, and on July 14, 1862, Foraker was mustered in Company "A",
509:. He was the son of Henry and Margaret (Reece) Foraker, and one of 11 children, of whom nine reached adulthood. The house in which Joseph Foraker was born was a comfortable two-story residence; his later campaign publications often depicted it as a
874:
Foraker returned to the practice of law, initially vowing to avoid politics; however, he received a number of letters offering him support in a gubernatorial race in 1885. The 1884 Republican state convention elected Foraker a delegate-at-large to
529:
and other pro-Lincoln groups, and attending as many rallies as he could. Impressed enough by one speaker to follow him to a neighboring town, he learned not to make the same speech twice in two days—at least, not in venues close to each other.
835:
declined to run. Foster saw Foraker as a candidate likely to do well: he was a Civil War veteran with a good record as a lawyer and a promising public speaker—and his Cincinnati residence might win back some votes. Others agreed; the local
1519:. During Foraker's first term in the Senate, he had done legal work for Standard Oil. In the letters, Archbold referred to legislation he considered objectionable, and also mentioned the substantial fees to Foraker; according to historian
1181:
not unusual at the time as many senators maintained business interests. Wealthy through his law practice, Foraker did not stand out in that regard either, as the "rich man's club" of the Senate of that era contained about 25 millionaires.
1094:
to the Senate in 1890, Sherman's seat would be up for election in January 1892. McKinley was defeated for re-election to Congress in November 1890; his stature in Ohio politics was not diminished by the loss, as he was seen as a victim of
1526:
Through December, Foraker worked to try to retain his Senate seat, which required action by the Ohio legislature in the era before direct election of senators. His rivals were Burton and the President-elect's brother, former congressman
1329:
by which American interests had taken control of the islands in 1893, a seizure defended by Foraker. In early July, proponents were able to get the resolution through both houses of Congress, and President McKinley signed it on July 8.
1782:
ordered all 167 cleared. At the time, two of the 167 were still alive, of whom one had been reinstated in 1910. Legislation to compensate the one who had not been reinstated, Dorsie Willis, passed Congress and was signed by President
792:
for president, calling him a "plumed knight". While Ingersoll's speech gained Blaine a lasting nickname, it did not procure him the nomination, which fell to Governor Hayes. Foraker supported Hayes, who was elected that fall in a
1751:
A dinner with entertainment and speeches sponsored by a media organization for press and politicians; normally the speeches are not to be reported. The Foraker-Roosevelt confrontation was too juicy not to print, however. See
1452:
comments. Instead, in his speech, Roosevelt attacked Foraker and defended his own conduct in the Brownsville case. Although it was not customary to permit anyone to follow a president's speech, Foraker was allowed to reply.
1229:
appointments for his supporters. With McKinley's close friend Hanna instead in the Senate, Foraker was allowed to recommend appointees to the President, but McKinley allowed Hanna to exercise a veto over Foraker's candidates.
1013:
Sherman was a leading candidate for the 1888 Republican presidential nomination, commanding the support of Ohio, much of Pennsylvania, and the South. Uncertainty over whether Blaine would be a candidate hung over the
1365:(ICC) the power to set freight rates; Foraker considered the proposed law unconstitutional, and introduced a bill by which the railroad would set the rates, and if the ICC found they were excessive, it could ask the
923:, who would be a supporter throughout his political career. On October 13, 1885, Foraker defeated Hoadly by 17,451 votes. Although he won much of the state, he did not carry Hamilton County due to election fraud.
845:. When Foraker found them willing to support him, he allowed his name to be placed in nomination, and once it was clear that Sherman would not run, the convention nominated Foraker by acclamation. The Democratic
736:
After graduating from Cornell, Foraker moved to Cincinnati, where he resumed his study of law with a local firm; he was admitted to the bar in October 1869. Foraker's first job in the legal profession was as a
1055:
made by a company in which Campbell supposedly had a financial interest. The documents also bore the signatures of Sherman, McKinley, and other Foraker enemies; they were later shown to have been taken from
1358:. When Roosevelt told Foraker his plans after the election, Foraker initially took no alarm, but according to Walters, "the resulting antagonism led to the political elimination of Foraker in 1908."
859:, another Cincinnatian, with whom Foraker was friendly. The major issue in the campaign was alcohol—the legislature had passed a law authorizing localities to license saloons, and had authorized two
1369:
to bring suit. Foraker spoke repeatedly against the administration-favored bill as it moved through the Senate, and was one of only three senators (and the only Republican) to oppose the resulting
1677:
called for new leaders." Historian Benjamin Kendrick noted that "Mr. Foraker was among the first of prominent politicians to be retired because of their too close connection with 'Big Business'."
1136:
Foraker had little involvement in politics in 1893 and 1894, concentrating on the law. He still sought a Senate seat, however, and carefully planned his strategy for the 1895 state convention in
768:. Joseph Foraker had initially intended to concentrate on his law practice, but in the early 1870s became a well-regarded speaker for the Republicans. In 1872, Foraker campaigned for President
1299:, Foraker was an enthusiastic supporter of Cuban independence from Spain. A special session of Congress, called at the request of President McKinley, met beginning in March 1897 to consider
550:; in late August, after training, he became second sergeant. With Confederate forces moving through Kentucky and threatening Cincinnati, the 89th was hurried into defenses set up across the
1272:, a black man, to the White House. This helped ensure support from the black community in Foraker's successful re-election bid in January 1902, which was not opposed by the Hanna faction.
5828:
537:
where he was to live with his uncle, James Reece, auditor of Highland County, and work as a clerk in his office. He was sent to replace his older brother, Burch, by then enlisted in the
6513:
1716:
In the post-Civil War era, men who had served in the war as officers were often referred to by their onetime rank. Thus Major McKinley, Captain Foraker, General Benjamin Harrison, etc.
6100:
1601:. Harding sent Foraker a letter regretting the primary result, but Foraker was more bitter towards the electorate, feeling they returned ingratitude for his previous public service.
1400:; one resident was killed and a police officer wounded. Various military items, including discharged rifle shells, were presented by the local mayor as evidence that troops of the
1612:
in New York. Foraker treasured this letter, which he felt re-established his friendship with Roosevelt, although the two men did not meet in the short time remaining to Foraker.
733:
fraternity, and in 1869 graduated as part of Cornell's inaugural class of eight students. Foraker, in later years, served as a trustee of Cornell, elected by his fellow alumni.
1608:, published in 1916. Roosevelt, after reading Foraker's autobiography, wrote that he regretted his attacks. Roosevelt concluded his letter with an invitation to visit him at
815:(MOLLUS) - a military society of veteran officers of the Union armed forces and their descendants. He was assigned national insignia number 2179 and Ohio Commandery number 21.
1496:
for the Senate seat; Foraker stated that the first thing to do was secure a Republican legislature, with the question of who should be senator left until victory was obtained.
1035:
black Southern convention delegates, a practice that the governor considered corrupt. J.B. Morrow, the newspaper publisher who took Foraker's statement as source material for
1253:. Foraker had maintained friendly relations with Roosevelt since the two men met at the 1884 convention, but Hanna bitterly opposed the choice. Foraker spoke widely during
566:; Foraker recounted in his memoirs that he and his comrades felt that the proclamation meant that they were fighting for the end of slavery, not just to preserve the Union.
1480:
signed a separate report stating that "the weight of the testimony shows that none of the soldiers of the Twenty-fifth U.S. Infantry participated in the shooting affray".
871:" One reason cited for Foraker's defeat was a failure to appeal to blacks, who constituted about two percent of Ohio's population and who then mostly voted Republican.
1345:
that the Constitution did not apply to Puerto Rico and that Congress could legislate for it (or, in the phrase then current, the Constitution did not follow the flag).
6503:
5402:
1307:), took the opportunity to press resolutions in support of the Cuban insurgents. Foraker was impatient with McKinley's policy towards Spain, decrying the President's
1404:, stationed outside of town and consisting of blacks, were responsible. When questioned, all denied involvement. Nevertheless, their white officers reported to the
3736:
1589:
812:
6093:
468:, after which Roosevelt worked to defeat Foraker's re-election bid. Foraker died in 1917; in 1972, the Army reversed the dismissals and cleared the soldiers.
649:. He saw more active duty as a courier between Sherman's main army and Slocum's forces in March 1865 as they met Confederate forces in North Carolina in the
6424:
1639:
Pass, in the central Alaska Range, was named for Foraker, then a sitting U.S. senator, in 1899 by Lt. J. S. Herron. It is the second highest mountain in the
587:; there, Foraker was promoted to second lieutenant. In June, Foraker led an advance guard that clashed with the Confederate rear in what developed into the
4402:
760:
The Forakers lived in a boarding house on Elm Street in Cincinnati for two years after their wedding in 1870. They then moved to a house in the suburb of
1027:
By the fourth ballot, on Saturday, June 23, Sherman had about the same number of votes he had started with, but faced a surge from former Indiana senator
6473:
1168:
6493:
6086:
4293:
4434:
1544:. Though both whites and blacks assembled to recognize the former senator, all the speakers were blacks, save Foraker. Presented with a silver
1541:
1410:
772:'s successful re-election bid. In 1875, he was for the first time a delegate to the Republican state convention, supporting fellow Cincinnatian
5395:
1644:
477:
1339:
neither the administration nor much of the Congress agreed with him. In 1901, the Foraker Act was upheld by the Supreme Court, which ruled in
6429:
1214:
month once the pending appointment of Sherman became known in January 1897, during which time the governor offered the seat to Congressman
749:. Foraker wrote that he earned $ 600 in his first year as a lawyer, but by the fourth year was earning $ 2,700; "after that it was easy".
1778:
Of the 167 soldiers dismissed by Roosevelt, 14 were made eligible for reinstatement in 1910 by the board. In 1972, Secretary of the Army
6468:
5818:
4634:
1598:
1234:
4418:
6523:
6518:
6488:
3705:
1361:
Their relationship began to break down over the question of railroad regulation. The President in 1905 sought legislation to give the
4356:
6458:
5823:
5388:
6483:
6118:
6114:
6110:
5590:
5411:
4507:
1254:
1047:
incident was Foraker's claim, based on documents he procured that turned out to be forged, that Democratic gubernatorial candidate
794:
522:
1413:, who had fought alongside Roosevelt in Cuba. The President adhered to his decision despite appeals from both whites and blacks.
5788:
5425:
1409:
soldiers dishonorably discharged and made ineligible for federal employment, including such decorated soldiers as First Sergeant
4087:
1401:
1061:
6538:
6403:
4300:
4180:
4161:
4133:
4101:
4077:
4056:
4004:
3962:
3929:
1237:, but several of his allies, including Bushnell and Kurtz, were part of the opposition. Foraker nominated McKinley again at
906:
Foraker received early support for a second run for governor in 1885, but said little publicly until the state convention in
1571:
Court, seeking to overturn a Taft-backed law imposing an excise tax on corporations. Several cases were consolidated into
6498:
4320:
1064:: "when Foraker lost his bid for a third statehouse term, McKinley became Ohio's next-in-line presidential favorite son".
6218:
6134:
4675:
1238:
1160:
1116:
1015:
876:
781:
1499:
Amid speculation as to Taft's position on Foraker, the two men met, to all appearances cordially, on September 2 at the
693:
Foraker had been anxious to become a lawyer while a clerk for his uncle; with peace restored he enrolled for a year at
318:
6463:
4428:
3728:
1326:
1304:
633:. Atlanta, or at least what was left of it after devastating fires, fell on September 2. Foraker was detailed to the
4348:
852:
summed up the Republican strategy: "They determined to sacrifice as little as possible, so they sacrificed Foraker."
6478:
6385:
6261:
1261:
634:
637:
school that had been set up by the army at Atlanta, and spent a month there. He was then assigned to Major General
6356:
6212:
6128:
4835:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4554:
4547:
1206:
824:
721:, was offering entrance by examination to students willing to transfer. Along with fellow Ohio Wesleyan students
682:
662:
514:
399:
231:
1447:
on January 27; the program showed cartoons of the leading attendees and accompanying verses. Foraker's read "All
433:, but fell out with him in 1888. Foraker was defeated for reelection in 1889, but was elected U.S. senator by the
5450:
5354:
4627:
1405:
780:, who that fall broke Ohio precedent by winning a third two-year term. The following year, Foraker attended the
5560:
919:, though the governor professed not to know how he had earned it. Foraker forged an alliance with black editor
5813:
4920:
4725:
1366:
1362:
1245:, had died in 1899, he required a new running mate for the 1900 campaign, and the convention chose the popular
765:
6078:
5575:
5435:
5364:
4690:
4038:
Taking on Theodore Roosevelt: How One Senator Defied the President on Brownsville and Shook American Politics
1202:
804:
Eph Howard defeated Foraker and the rest of the Republican ticket. In 1878, he ran for state's attorney for
642:
558:. The Confederates did not reach the Ohio, having been forced back well to the south, and the 89th moved to
6508:
4557:
1573:
710:
4304:
4112:
1664:
appeal, and his unflinching courage, had the tragic lot of seeing a succession of associates go above him.
6285:
5781:
5209:
5074:
4795:
4647:
4256:
Murray, Percy E. (Spring 1983). "Harry C. Smith–Joseph B. Foraker alliance: Coalition politics in Ohio".
916:
630:
113:
1268:. When politics resumed after the mourning, Foraker spoke in defense of President Roosevelt's inviting
969:
veterans past Cleveland's reviewing stand in another parade, bearing an array of captured battle flags.
6298:
5871:
4860:
4620:
4387:
4297:
3859:
1738:
Foraker and other McKinley agents were unsuccessful; Platt battled McKinley until the convention. See
1500:
1308:
1264:
in September 1901, Foraker attended the funeral services and addressed a large memorial meeting at the
1100:
966:
962:
600:
4412:
425:. He fought for almost three years, attaining the rank of captain. After the war, he was a member of
5849:
5329:
4643:
4473:
1779:
626:
588:
563:
1673:"uncompromising Republicanism of an earlier era would injure the party. The stirring principles of
1241:; his florid praise of the president pleased the delegates. As McKinley's original vice president,
1197:
is the shorter man to the right of the clerk; Foraker stands behind Hanna and slightly to his right.
5650:
5625:
5049:
4815:
4397:
4342:
1296:
1246:
1002:
912:
698:
596:
456:
gave Puerto Rico its first civil government under American rule. He came to differ with President
441:
277:
1225:
was still formally known) and Sherman expected to be senior senator, he could expect only limited
5844:
4810:
4720:
1508:
1265:
1079:
846:
4427:
501:
Joseph Benson Foraker was born on July 5, 1846, on a farm about one mile (1.6 km) north of
6289:
6236:
5774:
5610:
4204:"Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment"
1418:
1156:
837:
722:
576:
3994:
3943:
3685:
6187:
4955:
4612:
3939:
3701:
1620:
1609:
805:
650:
592:
506:
434:
407:
221:
193:
4364:
6533:
6528:
6182:
4780:
4491:
1632:
1516:
1512:
1379:
1321:
1269:
1164:
1144:
McKinley's presidential bid, and to travel to New York to approach that state's Republican
896:
832:
800:
In 1876, Foraker ran for judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Election fraud by Democratic
670:
517:. Four years later, he supported the Republican candidate, former Illinois representative
460:
over railroad regulation and political patronage. Their largest disagreement was over the
47:
8:
6266:
6152:
5700:
5655:
5430:
5344:
5189:
5114:
4820:
4805:
4680:
4068:
1528:
1454:
1422:
785:
777:
694:
638:
584:
1681:
him to champion the cause of the Negro soldiers." According to historian Percy Murray:
6374:
5877:
5695:
5675:
5600:
5490:
5309:
5294:
5254:
5239:
5149:
4950:
4532:
4524:
4281:
4273:
4244:
3974:
3918:
1493:
1397:
1391:
1284:
1250:
1215:
1020:
714:
547:
542:
461:
457:
426:
422:
383:
350:
282:
87:
3876:
729:, Foraker enrolled at Cornell; the three founded the first New York State chapter of
6327:
6177:
5735:
5705:
5680:
5605:
5540:
5259:
5219:
5179:
5144:
5129:
4940:
4910:
4850:
4830:
4745:
4695:
4483:
4285:
4176:
4157:
4129:
4097:
4073:
4052:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3981:
3958:
3925:
3882:
1532:
1520:
1375:
1341:
1048:
1028:
907:
888:
884:
706:
661:
to General Slocum. In April, as Sherman's army moved slowly northward, word came of
654:
580:
555:
161:
121:
4264:(2). Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Inc.: 171–184.
4111:
Reed, George Irving; Randall, Emilius Oviatt; Greve, Charles Theodore, eds. (1897).
4091:
3580:
1615:
Foraker supported President Wilson as he moved the nation closer to intervention in
980:(right) and Foraker of "waving the bloody shirt" of the Civil War for political gain
6395:
6366:
6345:
6337:
6160:
5952:
5913:
5892:
5745:
5730:
5720:
5585:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5475:
5445:
5380:
5349:
5319:
5264:
5244:
5229:
5184:
5164:
5154:
5119:
5069:
4985:
4970:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4855:
4800:
4750:
4585:
4561:
4265:
4236:
4117:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Century Publishing and Engraving Company. pp. 467–470.
1137:
920:
900:
842:
769:
742:
718:
622:
618:
403:
210:
95:
863:
to allow additional regulation. Hoadly, though ill for part of the campaign with
5715:
5685:
5665:
5640:
5630:
5595:
5535:
5525:
5455:
5339:
5304:
5299:
5284:
5274:
5204:
5199:
5174:
5169:
5139:
5134:
5124:
5099:
5079:
4990:
4960:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4895:
4825:
4775:
4715:
4705:
4500:
4123:
3906:
3895:
1725:
Until 1913, US senators were elected by state legislatures, not the people. See
1674:
1489:
1477:
1444:
1433:
1355:
1149:
1091:
1083:
789:
726:
677:
journeyed north towards Washington, passing in review on May 23 before President
674:
534:
518:
502:
465:
133:
127:
75:
1193:
Drawing of the opening of the Senate session in December 1902. Foraker's rival
562:, near Newport. While Foraker was at Fort Shaler, President Lincoln issued the
6308:
5710:
5660:
5635:
5500:
5495:
5324:
5194:
5109:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5000:
4905:
4865:
4770:
4740:
4730:
4685:
4154:
The Senator and the Sharecropper's Son: Exoneration of the Brownsville Soldiers
1582:
1145:
1096:
1024:
paid the travel expenses of those delegates, who were for the most part black.
961:. When the governor visited Philadelphia later that year for the centennial of
801:
702:
678:
646:
6108:
4041:
776:
for governor. However, Taft was defeated for the nomination by the incumbent,
6452:
5961:
5797:
5725:
5580:
5550:
5470:
5460:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5249:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5059:
4945:
4935:
4885:
4840:
4735:
4710:
4700:
4670:
4665:
4466:
4411:
3872:
1784:
1594:
1280:
1242:
1226:
1108:
1036:
986:
892:
856:
773:
761:
738:
730:
666:
571:
469:
149:
1448:
1172:
was elected president with a comfortable majority in the Electoral College.
1128:
533:
In October 1861, Foraker left his parents' home to go to the county seat of
32:
6244:
5690:
5645:
5620:
5615:
5480:
5465:
5314:
5159:
4980:
4900:
4890:
4760:
4755:
4516:
4442:
4199:
1656:
1640:
1396:
On the night of August 14, 1906, gunshots were heard in the border town of
1233:
Foraker was not visibly involved in the unsuccessful efforts to deny Hanna
1123:
1057:
977:
958:
954:
828:
658:
473:
4203:
4027:
3985:
3886:
3556:
685:
the previous month. Foraker soon returned to Ohio, and was mustered out.
6316:
5750:
5545:
5505:
5440:
5334:
5084:
5010:
5005:
4790:
4765:
1616:
1370:
1335:
1300:
1222:
559:
526:
453:
449:
445:
1604:
With his political career at an end, Foraker began work on his memoirs,
621:. Foraker fought in several fierce battles in that campaign, including
6197:
5740:
5485:
5369:
5359:
4975:
4965:
4520:
4277:
4248:
4173:
Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896
1545:
1194:
1052:
880:
860:
746:
611:
551:
538:
430:
418:
354:
269:
4599:
1828:
1428:
1221:
Foraker had known that with McKinley in the Executive Mansion (as the
1189:
936:
811:
In 1881 Foraker became a charter member of the Ohio Commandery of the
4785:
3900:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Company.
653:. On the day of the battle, March 19, 1865, Foraker was promoted to
510:
398:(July 5, 1846 – May 10, 1917) was an American politician of the
4269:
4240:
2923:
2341:
1488:
some as the face of the old guard of the party, out of place in the
1303:; hawkish senators, including Foraker (who was made a member of the
972:
756:
Foraker as judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati (1879 to 1882)
493:
5755:
4995:
3924:. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
2785:
2590:
997:
713:; the two married in 1870. In 1868, he learned that newly founded
641:'s division, and remained with that division as it participated in
497:
Depiction of Foraker's "birthplace" from an 1883 campaign biography
4351:, 127 (Supreme Court of the United States March 13, 1911).
2068:
2044:
1900:
1562:
1467:
606:
4051:(revised ed.). Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press.
1553:
see to it that justice was done to him; that he should be heard.
1531:, though near the end of the contest, former lieutenant governor
864:
5766:
752:
4227:
Kendrick, Benjamin B. (December 1916). "McKinley and Foraker".
3178:
2008:
1984:
1972:
1852:
1636:
1511:, giving a speech in Columbus, read from letters to Foraker by
953:
Foraker became popular during his governorship for "waving the
950:
laws that allowed racial discrimination in Ohio were repealed.
4642:
1876:
417:
Foraker was born in rural Ohio; he enlisted at age 16 in the
286:
4294:"Table of proposed Ohio constitutional amendments and votes"
4114:
Bench and Bar of Ohio: a Compendium of History and Biography
2809:
2167:
1086:, and the Cincinnati Street Railway Company) to be quashed.
879:
along with Congressman McKinley and Cleveland industrialist
437:
in 1896, after an unsuccessful bid for that office in 1892.
4651:
3838:
1283:, and his Senate seat and factional leadership were won by
1072:
411:
52:
6514:
Candidates in the 1908 United States presidential election
6284:
3766:
2988:
2986:
1201:
During the 1896 campaign, Hanna served as chairman of the
4395:
4156:. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press.
3948:. Vol. 2. Cincinnati: S J Clarke Publishing Company.
2365:
992:
841:
state Republican leaders such as Sherman and Congressman
3508:
2797:
2290:
1631:
Mount Foraker, a 17,400-foot (5,304 m) mountain in
1124:
Election to the Senate; involvement in presidential race
4319:
3666:
3630:
3594:
3520:
3484:
3460:
3421:
3409:
3373:
3265:
3253:
3190:
3166:
3142:
3094:
3070:
3058:
3046:
2983:
2884:
2791:
2529:
2527:
2133:
2131:
1590:
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1507:
The seeming rapprochement was shattered when publisher
818:
813:
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
673:, effectively ending the war. In early May, Sherman's
3911:. Vol. 2. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Company.
3606:
3532:
3472:
3433:
3349:
3313:
3241:
3106:
3022:
2959:
2872:
2773:
2761:
2650:
2602:
2215:
1492:. Many of those who opposed him proposed Congressman
4214:(2). Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University: 500–572
3756:
3754:
3690:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 345.
3618:
3231:
3229:
3082:
2911:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2749:
2614:
2551:
2179:
5410:
4403:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
4110:
3802:
2947:
2596:
2568:
2566:
2524:
2490:
2488:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2268:
2266:
2239:
2203:
2191:
2128:
2104:
2074:
2050:
2032:
1960:
1936:
1924:
1834:
1155:
The Democrats nominated former Nebraska congressman
16:
American politician and military officer (1846–1917)
4339:
4145:
Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican
3642:
3586:
3568:
3544:
3361:
3301:
3214:
3154:
3118:
3034:
2998:
2667:
2665:
2389:
2331:
2329:
1912:
1669:his traits, readers ... may judge for themselves."
1577:(1911), in which the Supreme Court upheld the law.
1432:Cartoon and verse satirizing Foraker from the 1907
1103:, were already campaigning for Foraker for Senate.
4015:
3973:
3917:
3826:
3814:
3790:
3751:
3654:
3496:
3397:
3385:
3337:
3325:
3289:
3277:
3226:
3202:
2901:
2899:
2845:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2689:
2638:
2626:
2578:
6504:Republican Party United States senators from Ohio
4128:. Vol. 1. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
3904:
3893:
3778:
3562:
3130:
3010:
2971:
2929:
2821:
2563:
2512:
2500:
2485:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2314:
2278:
2263:
2251:
2227:
2143:
2116:
2092:
2020:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1978:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1864:
1858:
1840:
1816:
1804:
1699:Negroes, but only justice because they are men".
1295:In the year between his swearing-in and the 1898
480:in the United States, was named for him in 1899.
6450:
4235:(4). The Academy of Political Science: 590–604.
3980:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
3687:Geological Survey Professional Paper, Volume 567
2701:
2677:
2662:
2539:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2326:
2302:
2155:
1948:
1374:administration on the question of statehood for
2935:
2896:
2860:
2080:
2056:
1542:Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church
1067:
976:An 1885 political cartoon accuses U.S. senator
926:
5829:Grand Chapters and Grand Chapter Award winners
4175:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
6094:
5782:
5396:
4628:
4355:
3772:
1132:Foraker married Julia Ann Paine Bundy in 1870
741:; he wrote in his memoirs how time-consuming
688:
4447:
4121:
3844:
108:January 11, 1886 – January 13, 1890
4435:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
4292:
3999:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
3456:. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 358.
1767:
1290:
1005:'s 1888 "Presidential Possibilities" series
784:as a spectator, and listened spellbound as
6474:Judges of the Superior Court of Cincinnati
6101:
6087:
5904:Charles Frederick Mather Niles (1906–1908)
5789:
5775:
5403:
5389:
4635:
4621:
3955:Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth
1348:
1255:McKinley's successful re-election campaign
940:Foraker as governor of Ohio (c. 1886–1890)
31:
4147:. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio History Press.
3971:
3860:Brownsville affair § Further reading
3451:
2815:
2803:
1739:
1566:Foraker in his final years (c. 1909–1916)
1462:
6494:People of Ohio in the American Civil War
6115:1908 United States presidential election
1690:Walter Rucker and James Upton, in their
1561:
1466:
1427:
1188:
1127:
1073:Return to the law; first run for senator
996:
971:
935:
751:
605:
492:
488:
483:
6143:
4604:
3957:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
931:
6451:
3878:Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work
3708:from the original on December 14, 2018
1772:
1759:
1175:
993:1888 convention; defeat for third term
657:captain, and was soon thereafter made
65:March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1909
6283:
6082:
5931:George Duffield McIlvaine (1922–1924)
5770:
5384:
4616:
4603:
4446:
4122:Rucker, Walter; Upton, James (2007).
3945:Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912
3729:"Denali: The Mountain Great and Tall"
3726:
3678:
1732:
1635:15 mi (24 km) southwest of
1184:
788:dramatically nominated Maine Senator
6039:Robert Ellsworth Lazzell (1990–1992)
5958:Charles Edwin Strickland (1938–1940)
5937:Howard Chandler Williams (1926–1928)
4226:
4170:
4086:
3808:
3514:
2890:
2632:
2557:
1822:
1710:
887:(who had succeeded the assassinated
819:Seeking the governorship (1883–1885)
764:and in 1879 built a home in upscale
6069:J. Tryon Hubbard Jr. (2010–present)
6033:David Franklin Hull Jr. (1986–1988)
6009:Philip Martin Cornelius (1970–1972)
6006:Walter Lee Shephard Jr. (1968–1970)
4142:
4125:Encyclopedia of American Race Riots
3992:
3881:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
3796:
3784:
3760:
3672:
3648:
3636:
3600:
3574:
3550:
3526:
3466:
3427:
3415:
3379:
3367:
3307:
3271:
3259:
3220:
3196:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3124:
3100:
3076:
3052:
3040:
3004:
2992:
2965:
2878:
2854:
2779:
2767:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2695:
2656:
2644:
2620:
2608:
2584:
2572:
2533:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2383:
2371:
2320:
2296:
2284:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2149:
2137:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2038:
2026:
2002:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1894:
1870:
1846:
1810:
1753:
1692:Encyclopedia of American Race Riots
1385:
1117:1892 Republican National Convention
1016:1888 Republican National Convention
782:1876 Republican National Convention
579:under the command of Major General
13:
6469:Republican Party governors of Ohio
5973:Howard Leeman Hamilton (1948–1950)
5949:Harry Lambright Snyder (1934–1936)
5883:William Clayton Wilson (1892–1894)
4255:
4208:Northwestern University Law Review
4151:
4065:
4046:
3952:
3920:The Presidency of William McKinley
3832:
3820:
3660:
3612:
3538:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3439:
3403:
3391:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3295:
3283:
3247:
3235:
3208:
3184:
3136:
3112:
3064:
3028:
3016:
2977:
2917:
2839:
2827:
2755:
2707:
2671:
2545:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2395:
2359:
2335:
2308:
2272:
2221:
2161:
1788:
1305:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
472:, the second highest peak in the
366:July 14, 1862 – June 13, 1865
14:
6550:
6524:20th-century American politicians
6519:19th-century American politicians
6489:People from Highland County, Ohio
6048:Gregory Charles Knapp (1996–1998)
6021:Robert W. Chamberlain (1978–1980)
5988:James Colburn Addison (1956–1958)
5970:Winston Rousseau Tate (1946–1948)
5946:Thomas Aubrey Cookson (1932–1934)
5943:Edward Morris Bassett (1930–1932)
5940:Harold Guyon Townsend (1928–1930)
5934:Shirley Edwin Meserve (1924–1926)
5901:George Bramwell Baker (1904–1906)
5886:Walter Lisle McCorkle (1894–1898)
5796:
4398:"Joseph B. Foraker (id: F000253)"
4381:
4363:. The White House. Archived from
4301:Cleveland–Marshall College of Law
4198:
4040:(Prometheus Books, 2015). 544pp.
4022:. New York: Harper and Brothers.
4013:
3976:The Presidential Election of 1896
3915:
3871:
3739:from the original on May 25, 2018
3727:Adams, Seth (December 21, 2016).
3624:
3088:
2953:
2941:
2905:
2866:
2683:
1726:
1084:Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company
525:, marching in processions of the
6459:Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
6054:Steven E. Nieslawski (2000–2002)
6045:David Lester Woodrum (1994–1996)
5997:Louis Damarin Corson (1962–1964)
5967:Harry Stewart Gorgas (1942–1946)
5928:Dan Gardner Swannell (1920–1922)
5898:Edward Lawrence Fell (1902–1904)
5559:
5412:United States senators from Ohio
5026:
5019:
4508:U.S. senator (Class 3) from Ohio
4321:"Mr. Foraker thanks legislators"
4191:
4049:William McKinley and His America
3938:
3894:Foraker, Joseph Benson (1917) .
3720:
3694:
3445:
2086:
2062:
1745:
1279:In February 1904, Hanna died of
1051:had supported the adoption of a
795:close and controversial election
440:In the Senate, he supported the
317:
6484:Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
6036:John Robert Meserve (1988–1990)
6030:George W. Humphries (1984–1986)
6024:John R. Donnell Jr. (1980–1982)
6012:Mark David Sullivan (1972–1974)
6003:Ralph Rudolph Haney (1966–1968)
6000:Robert Eugene Leber (1964–1966)
5976:Harlan Bovell Selby (1950–1952)
5925:Walter Lee Shephard (1918–1920)
5922:Henry Hale McCorkle (1916–1918)
3905:Foraker, Joseph Benson (1916).
3853:
3702:"U.S. State summary grid lists"
1719:
617:In May 1864, Sherman began his
250:
6060:James R. Blazer II (2004–2006)
6057:John V. Ciccarelli (2002–2004)
6042:Richard Eugene Ong (1992–1994)
6015:Thomas Louis James (1974–1976)
5991:Robert Roy Elliott (1958–1960)
5889:George William Dun (1898–1900)
4429:"Foraker, Joseph Benson"
4413:"Foraker, Joseph Benson"
1557:
1443:Matters came to a head at the
1363:Interstate Commerce Commission
1161:Democratic National Convention
1:
6018:J. Kenneth Potter (1976–1978)
5982:Willis Lyle Jones (1954–1956)
1798:
1791:, pp. xvi–xviii, 209–210
1650:
1588:In 1913, ratification of the
1203:Republican National Committee
6539:19th-century American judges
6063:Stephen O'Rourke (2006–2008)
6051:John D. Watt III (1998–2000)
6027:John K. Boyd III (1982–1984)
5985:Edward Tyler Sturgeon (1956)
5979:J. Bart Aldridge (1952–1954)
4258:The Journal of Negro History
3187:, pp. 453–455, 467–468.
1626:
1574:Flint v. Stone Tracy Company
1068:Wilderness years (1890–1896)
927:Governor of Ohio (1886–1890)
711:Ohio Wesleyan Female College
610:Foraker as a captain in the
548:89th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
7:
6499:Politicians from Cincinnati
6066:Paul R. Wineman (2008–2010)
5994:Webb Morse Mize (1960–1962)
5919:Sion Bass Smith (1914–1916)
4229:Political Science Quarterly
3993:Knepper, George W. (2003).
3953:Horner, William T. (2010).
3452:Josephson, Matthew (1934).
2792:New York Times Jan 16, 1896
917:Cincinnati Southern Railway
406:from 1886 to 1890 and as a
10:
6555:
5907:David Halstead (1908–1910)
4298:Cleveland State University
4072:. New York: Random House.
3972:Jones, Stanley L. (1964).
3857:
1548:, he addressed the crowd,
1501:Grand Army of the Republic
1389:
1159:, who had electrified the
967:Grand Army of the Republic
689:Education and early career
643:Sherman's March to the Sea
601:Battle of Missionary Ridge
599:, in time to fight in the
444:and the annexation of the
6464:Cornell University alumni
6417:
6384:
6355:
6326:
6297:
6279:
6254:
6227:
6210:
6170:
6126:
5858:
5850:Charles Page Thomas Moore
5837:
5806:
5568:
5557:
5418:
5035:
5017:
4658:
4610:
4582:
4552:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4505:
4497:
4490:
4480:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4171:Williams, R. Hal (2010).
4143:Walters, Everett (1948).
4096:. New York: Times Books.
4047:Morgan, H. Wayne (2003).
2176:, pp. 20, 27–28, 80.
1780:Robert Frederick Froehlke
1260:After President McKinley
564:Emancipation Proclamation
389:
379:
371:
361:
346:
338:
333:
325:
313:
296:
268:
260:
237:
227:
217:
200:
176:
171:
167:
155:
143:
112:
101:
93:
81:
69:
58:
46:
42:
30:
23:
6479:Ohio University trustees
5910:George Smart (1910–1912)
4540:Party political offices
4448:Offices and distinctions
4396:United States Congress.
4390:Biography & Portrait
4343:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
4152:Weaver, John D. (1997).
4014:Leech, Margaret (1959).
3916:Gould, Lewis L. (1980).
3864:
3565:, pp. 320–321, 326.
2597:Reed Randall & Greve
2075:Reed Randall & Greve
2051:Reed Randall & Greve
1835:Reed Randall & Greve
1703:
1291:War and territorial gain
1249:hero, New York governor
1210:failed to convince him.
1090:legislature had elected
913:Marching Through Georgia
855:The Democrats nominated
745:were in the days before
709:and a student at nearby
699:Ohio Wesleyan University
597:William Tecumseh Sherman
595:under Brigadier General
278:Ohio Wesleyan University
5845:William Henry Letterman
4419:Encyclopædia Britannica
4066:Morris, Edmund (2001).
4018:In the Days of McKinley
3588:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co
1787:in December 1973. See
1509:William Randolph Hearst
1402:25th Infantry Battalion
1349:Opposition to Roosevelt
1169:accepted his nomination
1080:Edison Electric Company
877:the national convention
683:Lincoln's assassination
665:of Confederate general
402:who served as the 37th
6237:William Jennings Bryan
4422:(11th ed.). 1911.
4388:Men of Mark in America
3940:Goss, Charles Frederic
2374:, pp. 52, 54, 62.
1701:
1688:
1666:
1647:in the United States.
1567:
1555:
1472:
1463:Defeat for re-election
1436:
1301:new tariff legislation
1198:
1157:William Jennings Bryan
1133:
1006:
1001:Foraker's card in the
981:
941:
838:United States attorney
757:
723:Morris Lyon Buchwalter
614:
589:Battle of Hoover's Gap
577:Army of the Cumberland
523:1860 presidential race
498:
414:from 1897 until 1909.
6422:Other 1908 elections:
6188:Robert M. La Follette
5893:Ernest Milmore Stires
5866:Joseph Benson Foraker
5819:Chapters and colonies
3858:Further information:
3563:Joseph Foraker vol. 2
2930:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
2348:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
2299:, pp. 53–54, 59.
2015:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1991:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1979:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1907:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1883:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1859:Joseph Foraker vol. 1
1696:
1683:
1661:
1621:Spring Grove Cemetery
1565:
1550:
1470:
1431:
1266:Cincinnati Music Hall
1192:
1131:
1000:
975:
939:
755:
651:Battle of Bentonville
609:
593:Army of the Tennessee
496:
489:Boyhood and Civil War
484:Early life and career
435:Ohio General Assembly
408:United States senator
396:Joseph Benson Foraker
362:Years of service
222:Spring Grove Cemetery
194:Highland County, Ohio
181:Joseph Benson Foraker
48:United States Senator
6183:Charles W. Fairbanks
5914:Orra Eugene Monnette
4648:lieutenant governors
4349:220 U.S. 107
3908:Notes of a Busy Life
3897:Notes of a Busy Life
3493:, pp. 143, 146.
3067:, pp. 264, 286.
2224:, pp. 171, 173.
1633:Denali National Park
1606:Notes of a Busy Life
1599:the general election
1513:Standard Oil Company
1356:progressive policies
1322:Battle of Manila Bay
1297:Spanish–American War
1270:Booker T. Washington
1247:Spanish–American War
1165:Cross of Gold speech
1003:Duke Tobacco Company
932:Policies as governor
833:Benjamin Butterworth
671:Appomattox, Virginia
442:Spanish–American War
6509:Union Army officers
6267:John Albert Johnson
6153:William Howard Taft
5824:Grand Arch Councils
4605:Articles and topics
4357:"Warren G. Harding"
3996:Ohio and Its People
3675:, pp. 295–296.
3639:, pp. 291–293.
3627:, pp. 538–540.
3615:, pp. 173–174.
3603:, pp. 288–291.
3541:, pp. 147–150.
3529:, pp. 283–284.
3517:, pp. 591–592.
3481:, pp. 142–143.
3469:, pp. 273–277.
3442:, pp. 138–139.
3430:, pp. 262–272.
3418:, pp. 260–268.
3382:, pp. 240–242.
3358:, pp. 479–480.
3322:, pp. 478–479.
3274:, pp. 238–239.
3262:, pp. 235–238.
3250:, pp. 471–472.
3199:, pp. 232–234.
3175:, pp. 228–231.
3151:, pp. 171–173.
3115:, pp. 353–354.
3103:, pp. 152–153.
3091:, pp. 190–193.
3079:, pp. 148–152.
3055:, pp. 144–145.
3031:, pp. 232–233.
2995:, pp. 184–186.
2968:, pp. 181–183.
2956:, pp. 252–254.
2932:, pp. 505–506.
2920:, pp. 218–219.
2893:, pp. 136–137.
2881:, pp. 142–143.
2842:, pp. 168–170.
2818:, pp. 109–110.
2782:, pp. 109–110.
2770:, pp. 107–109.
2758:, pp. 127–129.
2659:, pp. 100–101.
2611:, pp. 123–124.
2350:, pp. 321–323.
1837:, pp. 467–470.
1529:Charles Phelps Taft
1455:The Washington Post
1423:William Howard Taft
1239:the 1900 convention
1235:re-election in 1898
1176:Senator (1897–1909)
778:Rutherford B. Hayes
6375:John Temple Graves
6357:Independence Party
5962:Andrew Gehr Truxal
5878:John Patterson Rea
4533:Theodore E. Burton
4525:Charles W. F. Dick
4514:Served alongside:
4459:Political offices
4327:. January 16, 1896
4325:The New York Times
3704:. peakbagger.com.
2623:, pp. 99–100.
2188:, pp. 30, 33.
1909:, pp. 16, 26.
1729:, pp. 538–540
1568:
1494:Theodore E. Burton
1473:
1437:
1398:Brownsville, Texas
1392:Brownsville Affair
1309:State of the Union
1251:Theodore Roosevelt
1216:Theodore E. Burton
1207:Secretary of State
1199:
1185:Rivalry with Hanna
1134:
1021:Daniel H. Hastings
1007:
982:
947:Ohio State Journal
942:
823:In 1883, Governor
758:
715:Cornell University
669:and his forces at
615:
543:American Civil War
499:
478:third highest peak
462:Brownsville Affair
458:Theodore Roosevelt
427:Cornell University
423:American Civil War
384:89th Ohio Infantry
283:Cornell University
88:Theodore E. Burton
6444:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6413:
6412:
6328:Prohibition Party
6275:
6274:
6206:
6205:
6193:Joseph B. Foraker
6178:Philander C. Knox
6076:
6075:
5764:
5763:
5378:
5377:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4583:Succeeded by
4530:Succeeded by
4512:1897–1909
4484:James E. Campbell
4481:Succeeded by
4182:978-0-7006-1721-0
4163:978-0-89096-748-5
4135:978-0-313-33301-9
4103:978-0-8050-6953-2
4079:978-0-394-55509-6
4058:978-0-87338-765-1
4006:978-0-87338-791-0
3964:978-0-8214-1894-9
3931:978-0-7006-0206-3
3773:Warren G. Harding
3454:The Robber Barons
2560:, pp. 62–63.
2536:, pp. 91–95.
2434:, pp. 73–76.
2422:, pp. 69–70.
2410:, pp. 65–67.
2398:, pp. 70–71.
2248:, pp. 36–39.
2212:, pp. 33–34.
2200:, pp. 30–33.
2140:, pp. 22–23.
2113:, pp. 21–22.
2041:, pp. 18–21.
1969:, pp. 14–17.
1945:, pp. 12–14.
1933:, pp. 10–12.
1533:Warren G. Harding
1521:Matthew Josephson
1342:Downes v. Bidwell
1049:James E. Campbell
1029:Benjamin Harrison
889:James A. Garfield
885:Chester A. Arthur
707:Hezekiah S. Bundy
697:and then in 1866
681:, sworn in after
631:Kennesaw Mountain
581:William Rosecrans
556:Newport, Kentucky
393:
392:
243:Julia A. P. Bundy
162:James E. Campbell
122:Robert P. Kennedy
25:Joseph B. Foraker
6546:
6396:Thomas E. Watson
6367:Thomas L. Hisgen
6346:Aaron S. Watkins
6338:Eugene W. Chafin
6281:
6280:
6255:Other candidates
6243:Vice President:
6225:
6224:
6213:Democratic Party
6171:Other candidates
6161:James S. Sherman
6159:Vice President:
6141:
6140:
6129:Republican Party
6103:
6096:
6089:
6080:
6079:
5953:Leverett S. Lyon
5814:Notable Phi Psis
5800:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5768:
5767:
5563:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5022:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4600:
4586:William McKinley
4562:Governor of Ohio
4555:Republican Party
4545:Preceded by
4498:Preceded by
4474:Governor of Ohio
4464:Preceded by
4456:
4455:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4367:on July 26, 2012
4352:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4307:on June 16, 2013
4303:. Archived from
4289:
4252:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4186:
4167:
4148:
4139:
4118:
4107:
4093:William McKinley
4083:
4062:
4036:Lembeck, Harry.
4031:
4021:
4010:
3989:
3979:
3968:
3949:
3935:
3923:
3912:
3901:
3890:
3848:
3845:Rucker and Upton
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:, pp. 9–10.
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1792:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1517:John D. Archbold
1386:Brownsville case
1367:attorney general
1262:was assassinated
963:the Constitution
921:Harry Clay Smith
901:Grover Cleveland
870:
843:William McKinley
831:and Congressman
786:Robert Ingersoll
770:Ulysses S. Grant
719:Ithaca, New York
619:Atlanta Campaign
515:Republican Party
404:governor of Ohio
400:Republican Party
367:
334:Military service
321:
254:
252:
211:Cincinnati, Ohio
207:
190:
188:
172:Personal details
158:
146:
106:
96:Governor of Ohio
84:
72:
63:
35:
21:
20:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6409:
6404:Samuel Williams
6380:
6351:
6322:
6299:Socialist Party
6293:
6271:
6250:
6216:
6202:
6166:
6132:
6122:
6107:
6077:
6072:
5854:
5833:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5765:
5760:
5564:
5555:
5414:
5409:
5379:
5374:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5015:
4654:
4641:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4521:Marcus A. Hanna
4513:
4511:
4503:
4501:Calvin S. Brice
4486:
4477:
4469:
4449:
4426:
4410:
4384:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4310:
4308:
4270:10.2307/2717720
4241:10.2307/2141630
4217:
4215:
4202:(Winter 1997).
4194:
4189:
4183:
4164:
4136:
4104:
4088:Phillips, Kevin
4080:
4059:
4007:
3965:
3932:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3733:Alaska Magazine
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:, pp. 8–9.
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:, pp. 5–7.
1869:
1865:
1861:, pp. 1–5.
1857:
1853:
1849:, pp. 4–6.
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1777:
1773:
1768:Ohio Amendments
1764:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1686:Afro-Americans.
1675:the New Freedom
1653:
1629:
1560:
1515:vice president
1490:Progressive Era
1478:Morgan Bulkeley
1471:Foraker in 1908
1465:
1445:Gridiron Dinner
1434:Gridiron Dinner
1394:
1388:
1351:
1293:
1187:
1178:
1167:. When Bryan
1150:Thomas C. Platt
1126:
1092:Calvin S. Brice
1075:
1070:
995:
934:
929:
897:Andrew D. White
868:
821:
806:Hamilton County
790:James G. Blaine
727:John Andrew Rea
691:
675:Army of Georgia
639:Henry W. Slocum
627:New Hope Church
519:Abraham Lincoln
507:Highland County
503:Rainsboro, Ohio
491:
486:
466:Gridiron Dinner
365:
309:
292:
256:
253: 1870)
248:
244:
228:Political party
209:
205:
192:
186:
184:
183:
182:
156:
144:
139:
134:William C. Lyon
128:Silas A. Conrad
107:
102:
82:
76:Calvin S. Brice
70:
64:
59:
50:
38:
37:Foraker c. 1903
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6399:
6390:
6388:
6386:Populist Party
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6370:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6341:
6332:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6312:
6309:Eugene V. Debs
6303:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6231:
6229:
6222:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6156:
6147:
6145:
6138:
6124:
6123:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4551:
4548:Charles Foster
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4424:
4408:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4382:External links
4380:
4378:
4377:
4361:The Presidents
4353:
4337:
4317:
4290:
4253:
4224:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4011:
4005:
3990:
3969:
3963:
3950:
3936:
3930:
3913:
3902:
3891:
3873:Croly, Herbert
3868:
3866:
3863:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3835:, p. 181.
3825:
3823:, p. xxi.
3813:
3811:, p. 592.
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3750:
3719:
3693:
3677:
3665:
3663:, p. 186.
3653:
3651:, p. 294.
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3579:
3577:, p. 288.
3567:
3555:
3553:, p. 246.
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3505:, p. 146.
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3406:, p. 131.
3396:
3394:, p. 129.
3384:
3372:
3370:, p. 242.
3360:
3348:
3346:, p. 127.
3336:
3334:, p. 480.
3324:
3312:
3310:, p. 239.
3300:
3298:, p. 126.
3288:
3286:, p. 478.
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3238:, p. 472.
3225:
3223:, p. 235.
3213:
3211:, p. 471.
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 213.
3153:
3141:
3129:
3127:, p. 170.
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3043:, p. 320.
3033:
3021:
3009:
3007:, p. 199.
2997:
2982:
2980:, p. 261.
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2857:, p. 132.
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 167.
2820:
2808:
2806:, p. 109.
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2746:, p. 106.
2736:
2734:, p. 105.
2724:
2722:, p. 104.
2712:
2700:
2698:, p. 102.
2688:
2686:, p. 162.
2676:
2661:
2649:
2647:, p. 271.
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2599:, p. 468.
2589:
2587:, p. 123.
2577:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2362:, p. 173.
2352:
2340:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2275:, p. 174.
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2089:, p. 157.
2079:
2067:
2065:, p. 161.
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 111.
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1771:
1758:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1652:
1649:
1628:
1625:
1583:Woodrow Wilson
1559:
1556:
1464:
1461:
1406:War Department
1390:Main article:
1387:
1384:
1350:
1347:
1327:the revolution
1292:
1289:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1146:political boss
1125:
1122:
1097:gerrymandering
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:Kevin Phillips
994:
991:
959:Decoration Day
933:
930:
928:
925:
825:Charles Foster
820:
817:
802:political boss
703:Delaware, Ohio
690:
687:
679:Andrew Johnson
647:Savannah River
490:
487:
485:
482:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
348:
347:Branch/service
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
331:
330:
329:Fire Alarm Joe
327:
323:
322:
315:
311:
310:
308:
307:
304:
300:
298:
294:
293:
291:
290:
280:
274:
272:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
246:
242:
241:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
208:(aged 70)
202:
198:
197:
180:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
131:
125:
118:
116:
110:
109:
99:
98:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
56:
55:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6551:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6447:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5799:Phi Kappa Psi
5792:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4587:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4467:George Hoadly
4462:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:Bybee, Jay S.
4197:
4196:
4192:Other sources
4184:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4042:online review
4039:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3847:, p. 81.
3846:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3799:, p. 93.
3798:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3763:, p. ix.
3762:
3757:
3755:
3743:September 22,
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3712:September 22,
3707:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3139:, p. 77.
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3019:, p. 96.
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2944:, p. 51.
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2908:, p. 19.
2907:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2869:, p. 96.
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2816:Stanley Jones
2812:
2805:
2804:Stanley Jones
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2710:, p. 86.
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 87.
2673:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2635:, p. 65.
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2575:, p. 98.
2574:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2548:, p. 81.
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2521:, p. 89.
2520:
2515:
2509:, p. 83.
2508:
2503:
2497:, p. 80.
2496:
2491:
2489:
2482:, p. 78.
2481:
2476:
2470:, p. 77.
2469:
2464:
2458:, p. 76.
2457:
2452:
2446:, p. 75.
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2386:, p. 57.
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2338:, p. 67.
2337:
2332:
2330:
2323:, p. 81.
2322:
2317:
2311:, p. 66.
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2287:, p. 53.
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2260:, p. 39.
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2236:, p. 35.
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 60.
2163:
2158:
2152:, p. 25.
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2125:, p. 22.
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2101:, p. 20.
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2077:, p. 70.
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2053:, p. 74.
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2029:, p. 13.
2028:
2023:
2017:, p. 35.
2016:
2011:
2005:, p. 18.
2004:
1999:
1993:, p. 83.
1992:
1987:
1981:, p. 80.
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1885:, p. 12.
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1825:, p. 61.
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1785:Richard Nixon
1781:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:, p. 140
1755:
1748:
1742:, p. 149
1741:
1740:Stanley Jones
1735:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1645:third highest
1642:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:Ralph D. Cole
1591:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:Edmund Morris
1414:
1412:
1411:Mingo Sanders
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:typhoid fever
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Garret Hobart
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1109:Herbert Croly
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:Herbert Croly
1032:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
987:George B. Cox
979:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
948:
938:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:John A. Logan
890:
886:
882:
878:
872:
866:
862:
858:
857:George Hoadly
853:
851:
850:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
816:
814:
809:
807:
803:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:Alphonso Taft
771:
767:
763:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:notary public
734:
732:
731:Phi Kappa Psi
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Salem Academy
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:Robert E. Lee
664:
663:the surrender
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
572:Fort Donelson
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
495:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:Mount Foraker
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:United States
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
305:
302:
301:
299:
295:
288:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
220:
218:Resting place
216:
212:
203:
199:
195:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:
160:
154:
151:
150:George Hoadly
148:
142:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
105:
100:
97:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6446:
6421:
6402:VP nominee:
6401:
6393:
6373:VP nominee:
6372:
6364:
6344:VP nominee:
6343:
6335:
6315:VP nominee:
6314:
6306:
6245:John W. Kern
6242:
6234:
6211:
6192:
6158:
6150:
6127:
6119:→ 1912
6111:← 1904
5872:Robert Lowry
5865:
5670:
5115:Hickenlooper
4845:
4553:
4517:John Sherman
4515:
4506:
4472:
4433:
4417:
4401:
4369:. Retrieved
4365:the original
4360:
4341:
4329:. Retrieved
4324:
4309:. Retrieved
4305:the original
4261:
4257:
4232:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4211:
4207:
4172:
4153:
4144:
4124:
4113:
4092:
4069:Theodore Rex
4067:
4048:
4037:
4017:
3995:
3975:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3907:
3896:
3877:
3854:Bibliography
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3787:, p. x.
3780:
3768:
3741:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3696:
3686:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3587:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2553:
2541:
2514:
2502:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1957:, p. 8.
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1774:
1761:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:Allan Nevins
1654:
1641:Alaska Range
1630:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1506:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1425:, look bad.
1415:
1395:
1360:
1352:
1340:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1294:
1285:Charles Dick
1278:
1274:
1259:
1232:
1220:
1212:
1200:
1179:
1154:
1142:
1135:
1113:
1105:
1101:Asa Bushnell
1088:
1076:
1058:franked mail
1045:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1008:
983:
978:John Sherman
955:bloody shirt
952:
946:
943:
905:
873:
854:
848:
829:John Sherman
822:
810:
799:
766:Mount Auburn
759:
735:
692:
659:aide-de-camp
635:Signal Corps
616:
568:
532:
500:
474:Alaska Range
439:
416:
395:
394:
206:(1917-05-10)
204:May 10, 1917
191:July 5, 1846
157:Succeeded by
103:
83:Succeeded by
60:
18:
6534:1917 deaths
6529:1846 births
6317:Ben Hanford
6290:independent
6286:Third-party
6262:George Gray
6235:President:
6151:President:
5964:(1940–1942)
5955:(1936–1938)
5916:(1912–1914)
5895:(1900–1902)
5880:(1890–1892)
5874:(1888–1890)
5868:(1886–1888)
5711:R. Taft Sr.
5576:Worthington
5536:R. Taft Jr.
5436:Worthington
5310:J. W. Brown
5295:J. W. Brown
5250:J. T. Brown
4691:Worthington
4492:U.S. Senate
1623:on May 13.
1617:World War I
1558:Final years
1371:Hepburn Act
1336:Foraker Act
1223:White House
908:Springfield
861:referendums
847:Cincinnati
747:typewriters
743:depositions
560:Fort Shaler
527:Wide Awakes
454:Foraker Act
450:Puerto Rico
446:Philippines
421:during the
145:Preceded by
136:(1888–1890)
130:(1887–1888)
124:(1886–1887)
71:Preceded by
6453:Categories
6292:candidates
6219:Convention
6198:L. M. Shaw
6135:Convention
5859:Presidents
5807:Main Pages
5736:Metzenbaum
5541:Metzenbaum
5036:Lieutenant
5001:Strickland
4751:M. Bartley
4746:T. Bartley
4676:Huntington
4478:1886–1890
1799:References
1655:Historian
1651:Assessment
1643:, and the
1546:loving cup
1380:New Mexico
1195:Mark Hanna
1148:, Senator
1138:Zanesville
1053:ballot box
881:Mark Hanna
612:Union Army
552:Ohio River
539:Union Army
476:, and the
431:Mark Hanna
419:Union Army
355:Union Army
339:Allegiance
303:Politician
297:Profession
270:Alma mater
232:Republican
187:1846-07-05
114:Lieutenant
6394:Nominee:
6365:Nominee:
6336:Nominee:
6307:Nominee:
5746:Voinovich
5701:McCulloch
5696:T. Burton
5676:T. Burton
5656:Pendleton
5511:H. Burton
5340:Hollister
5325:Shoemaker
5320:Voinovich
5205:Greenlund
5038:governors
4991:Hollister
4986:Voinovich
4901:J. M. Cox
4891:J. M. Cox
4801:J. D. Cox
4659:Governors
4644:Governors
4286:150129863
1694:, write:
1627:Namesakes
1227:patronage
1163:with his
535:Hillsboro
521:, in the
511:log cabin
351:U.S. Army
314:Signature
104:In office
94:37th
61:In office
6228:Nominees
6144:Nominees
5838:Founders
5651:Matthews
5611:Harrison
5606:E. Brown
5591:Campbell
5586:Griswold
5551:S. Brown
5496:Pomerene
5345:O'Connor
5220:C. Brown
5195:Pomerene
5190:Treadway
5165:Caldwell
5120:Richards
5080:McBurney
5075:Anderson
4971:Gilligan
4951:J. Brown
4876:Pattison
4861:Bushnell
4856:McKinley
4851:Campbell
4796:Anderson
4781:Dennison
4716:McArthur
4696:E. Brown
4371:July 25,
4331:July 18,
4311:July 27,
4218:July 24,
4090:(2003).
3942:(1912).
3875:(1912).
3809:Kendrick
3737:Archived
3706:Archived
3515:Kendrick
2891:Williams
2633:Phillips
2558:Phillips
1823:Phillips
1610:his home
1312:hands."
849:Enquirer
585:Carthage
326:Nickname
261:Children
5751:Portman
5726:Lausche
5706:Bulkley
5681:Harding
5671:Foraker
5646:Sherman
5601:Trimble
5569:Class 3
5526:Bricker
5521:K. Taft
5516:Huffman
5506:Donahey
5481:Sherman
5476:Thurman
5446:Ruggles
5419:Class 1
5355:Johnson
5350:Bradley
5330:Leonard
5315:Celeste
5305:Donahey
5300:Herbert
5285:Herbert
5275:Herbert
5255:Pickrel
5240:Pickrel
5200:Nichols
5180:Harding
5170:Nippert
5150:Marquis
5145:Lampson
5130:Kennedy
5125:Warwick
5105:Curtiss
5090:Mueller
5070:Stanton
4981:Celeste
4961:DiSalle
4956:O'Neill
4946:Lausche
4941:Herbert
4936:Lausche
4931:Bricker
4911:Donahey
4871:Herrick
4846:Foraker
4741:Shannon
4731:Shannon
4711:Trimble
4701:Trimble
4558:nominee
4438:. 1900.
4278:2717720
4249:2141630
3797:Walters
3785:Walters
3761:Walters
3673:Walters
3649:Walters
3637:Walters
3601:Walters
3575:Walters
3551:Walters
3527:Walters
3467:Walters
3428:Walters
3416:Walters
3380:Walters
3368:Walters
3308:Walters
3272:Walters
3260:Walters
3221:Walters
3197:Walters
3173:Walters
3161:Walters
3149:Walters
3125:Walters
3101:Walters
3077:Walters
3053:Walters
3041:Knepper
3005:Walters
2993:Walters
2966:Walters
2879:Walters
2855:Walters
2780:Walters
2768:Walters
2744:Walters
2732:Walters
2720:Walters
2696:Walters
2657:Walters
2645:Knepper
2621:Walters
2609:Walters
2585:Walters
2573:Walters
2534:Walters
2519:Walters
2507:Walters
2495:Walters
2432:Walters
2420:Walters
2408:Walters
2384:Walters
2372:Walters
2321:Walters
2297:Walters
2285:Walters
2258:Walters
2246:Walters
2234:Walters
2210:Walters
2198:Walters
2186:Walters
2174:Walters
2150:Walters
2138:Walters
2123:Walters
2111:Walters
2099:Walters
2039:Walters
2027:Walters
2003:Walters
1967:Walters
1955:Walters
1943:Walters
1931:Walters
1919:Walters
1895:Walters
1871:Walters
1847:Walters
1811:Walters
1754:Walters
1376:Arizona
865:malaria
762:Norwood
541:as the
375:Captain
255:
247:
6430:Senate
5721:Bender
5691:Locher
5686:Willis
5616:Burnet
5596:Morrow
5581:Tiffin
5546:DeWine
5461:Corwin
5456:Tappan
5451:Morris
5370:Husted
5365:Taylor
5360:Fisher
5335:DeWine
5265:Mosier
5260:Sawyer
5245:Braden
5210:Arnold
5185:Harris
5175:Gordon
5155:Harris
5135:Conrad
5060:Welker
5045:Medill
5011:DeWine
5006:Kasich
4976:Rhodes
4966:Rhodes
4916:Cooper
4896:Willis
4886:Harmon
4881:Harris
4841:Hoadly
4836:Foster
4831:Bishop
4791:Brough
4771:Medill
4736:Corwin
4706:Morrow
4686:Looker
4671:Kirker
4666:Tiffin
4347:,
4284:
4276:
4247:
4179:
4160:
4132:
4100:
4076:
4055:
4028:456809
4026:
4003:
3986:445683
3984:
3961:
3928:
3887:715683
3885:
3833:Murray
3821:Weaver
3661:Weaver
3613:Weaver
3539:Weaver
3503:Weaver
3491:Weaver
3479:Weaver
3440:Weaver
3404:Weaver
3392:Weaver
3356:Morris
3344:Weaver
3332:Morris
3320:Morris
3296:Weaver
3284:Morris
3248:Morris
3236:Morris
3209:Morris
3185:Morris
3137:Weaver
3113:Morgan
3065:Morgan
3029:Morris
3017:Morris
2978:Horner
2918:Horner
2840:Morgan
2828:Morgan
2756:Morgan
2708:Horner
2672:Horner
2546:Morgan
2480:Horner
2468:Horner
2456:Horner
2444:Horner
2396:Horner
2360:Murray
2336:Horner
2309:Horner
2273:Murray
2222:Murray
2162:Murray
1789:Weaver
1637:Denali
891:) and
655:brevet
629:, and
623:Resaca
452:; the
306:lawyer
238:Spouse
213:, U.S.
196:, U.S.
6425:House
5756:Vance
5741:Glenn
5731:Saxbe
5716:Burke
5666:Brice
5661:Payne
5641:Chase
5631:Chase
5626:Allen
5621:Ewing
5531:Young
5486:Hanna
5466:Ewing
5431:Meigs
5426:Smith
5270:Yoder
5235:Bloom
5230:Lewis
5225:Bloom
5215:Bloom
5160:Jones
5110:Fitch
5100:Young
5050:Myers
4926:Davey
4921:White
4906:Davis
4826:Young
4821:Hayes
4816:Allen
4811:Noyes
4806:Hayes
4776:Chase
4726:Vance
4721:Lucas
4681:Meigs
4282:S2CID
4274:JSTOR
4245:JSTOR
3865:Books
3625:Bybee
3089:Leech
2954:Croly
2942:Gould
2906:Gould
2867:Leech
2684:Croly
1727:Bybee
1704:Notes
1449:coons
583:near
505:, in
410:from
249:(
245:
51:from
6288:and
6113:)
5636:Pugh
5501:Fess
5491:Dick
5471:Wade
5441:Kerr
5140:Lyon
5095:Hart
5065:Kirk
5055:Ford
4996:Taft
4866:Nash
4766:Wood
4761:Ford
4756:Bebb
4652:Ohio
4646:and
4579:1889
4575:1887
4571:1885
4567:1883
4560:for
4373:2012
4333:2012
4313:2012
4220:2012
4177:ISBN
4158:ISBN
4130:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4024:OCLC
4001:ISBN
3982:OCLC
3959:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3883:OCLC
3745:2019
3714:2019
2087:Goss
2063:Goss
1378:and
725:and
448:and
412:Ohio
380:Unit
372:Rank
201:Died
177:Born
53:Ohio
5290:Nye
5280:Nye
5085:Lee
4786:Tod
4650:of
4266:doi
4237:doi
1019:of
717:in
701:in
554:in
6455::
4577:,
4573:,
4569:,
4523:,
4519:,
4432:.
4416:.
4400:.
4359:.
4323:.
4296:.
4280:.
4272:.
4262:68
4260:.
4243:.
4233:31
4231:.
4212:91
4210:.
4206:.
3753:^
3735:.
3731:.
3228:^
2985:^
2898:^
2847:^
2664:^
2565:^
2526:^
2487:^
2328:^
2265:^
2130:^
1585:.
1257:.
1082:,
903:.
797:.
625:,
603:.
287:BA
251:m.
6221:)
6217:(
6137:)
6133:(
6121:)
6117:(
6109:(
6102:e
6095:t
6088:v
5790:e
5783:t
5776:v
5404:e
5397:t
5390:v
4636:e
4629:t
4622:v
4406:.
4375:.
4335:.
4315:.
4288:.
4268::
4251:.
4239::
4222:.
4185:.
4166:.
4138:.
4106:.
4082:.
4061:.
4030:.
4009:.
3988:.
3967:.
3934:.
3889:.
3775:.
3747:.
3716:.
3591:.
2794:.
911:"
869:'
357:)
353:(
289:)
285:(
264:5
189:)
185:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.