193:
306:, a general hospital. He retained this position until his death in 1935. At Saint Agnes he introduced the Intern Education Program, a surgical residency based on the program Halstead had established at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He was a founder of the American Society for the Control of Cancer and the American Association for the Study of Neoplastic Diseases. He founded the Amanda Sims Memorial Fund in 1930 with the goal of raising women's awareness of cervical cancer. He also became Director of the Garvan Research Laboratory and of the James Colt Bloodgood Cancer Research Fund.
299:, a pioneer in surgical techniques in the United States, who greatly influenced his thinking. In 1897 he was appointed chief assistant to Halsted and was given the task of setting up the Surgical Pathology department at Johns Hopkins and teaching this subject. He remained at Johns Hopkins throughout the remainder of his life. He was Associate Professor of Surgery from 1903 to 1914, Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery from 1914 to 1927 and Clinical Professor of Surgery from 1927 until 1935.
461:
pamphlets that described their relevant features. He also used up to four simultaneous lantern projectors to simultaneously display different aspects of a case being discussed. He drove himself and his team hard, and worked seven days a week. As his reputation grew, many budding surgeons came to Johns
Hopkins to study under him and to access the unique collection of material at the laboratory. He and his students published many papers on surgical pathology.
370:
microscopic examination and diagnosis. Other surgeons often referred slides to
Bloodgood when they were uncertain about the pathology. He noted that "when cancer becomes a microscopic disease, there must be tissue diagnosis in the operating room". He would take many tissue samples during an operation, and would leave an operation while he prepared and examined the frozen sections. He would also temporarily leave one operation to take part in another.
484:, a women's magazine, in 1927 he said: "false modesty, chiefly on the part of the public press, has made it difficult to get the correct information to the public." He repeated in 1933 "Armed with intelligence and enlightenment, it is hoped that women soon will banish false modesty, which has in the past been in large measure responsible for the lack of advance in the control of cancer of cervix for the womb."
1705:
321:. Edith continued to be active with this charity, which provided the opportunity for blind people to do useful work. In response to critics she wrote "Some went as far as to say that it would be cruel to add to the burden of infirmity the burden of labor, as if to be without work were not the heaviest burden mortal could be called upon to endure."
212:, Maryland. He was known for insisting on the use of rubber gloves by the entire surgical team, for advances in methods of identifying and treating benign and malignant cancers, particularly breast and bone cancers, and for advocating education of the public so they would seek routine medical examinations, even before any signs of cancer appeared.
435:
A hallmark of
Bloodgood's approach was obsessive collection of data. By 1923 he had accumulated records of symptoms, treatment and results of operations on 33,000 patients. He was a pioneer in following up patients with yearly medical examinations, and from this found that some tumors that had been
426:
rather than by amputating the limb. Bloodgood thought that the correlation of mouth and throat cancer with tobacco user could be due at least in part to irritation of the tissues by some substance in the tobacco, which would be aggravated by poor oral hygiene. He said in 1932 that "the modern woman
402:
but treating premalignant lesions before they developed. Bloodgood was a pioneer in breast-conservation surgery, recommending local excision "when the palpable tumor is small and can be excised completely by cutting through normal breast tissue and closing the wound without injury to the symmetry of
460:
During the day
Bloodgood worked in the hospital wards and operating rooms. He taught and studied in the evenings. His students gave him the nickname "Bloody". As a teacher, Bloodgood was innovative in familiarizing his students with unusual conditions by using specimens from the museum along with
393:
was a precancerous condition and should be treated, but by 1921 he had found that patients with this condition did not develop malignancies when untreated. He still recommended surgery in borderline cases since it would be safer to remove a benign growth than to leave a possibly malignant growth,
369:
Bloodgood followed
Halstead's advice in taking care to control bleeding during surgery so as to avoid the need for excessive haste. The probability of curing the patient was much higher with a careful and systematic approach to removing all cancerous tissue. Bloodgood became extremely skilled with
494:
magazine, his motto was "get an early diagnosis, no matter if you must scare the wits out of the people." Some of his colleagues thought that he was doing this to persuade private patients to pay for needless examinations, resulting in controversy and unfair treatment of
Bloodgood later in his
361:. Ten years later, in 1899, Bloodgood published results showing that use of rubber gloves during surgery reduced postsurgical infection rates from 17% to less than 2%, a staggering effect. Bloodgood became the first surgeon to demand that everyone involved in an operation wear rubber gloves.
487:
Bloodgood spoke at public meetings, wrote articles in newspapers and spoke on the radio advocating routine checks for individuals even though they were showing no symptoms. Bloodgood also worked with other doctors to increase focus on early identification of malignancy within the profession.
469:
Bloodgood considered that his own most important finding was that cancer usually developed in abnormal tissue, which could be detected and treated before serious malignancy had developed. Some of his ideas about the relationship of cancer and abnormal tissue may have been suggested to him by
373:
Bloodgood was among the first to describe "borderline" lesions, saying that a biopsy specimen would often contain "a pre-existing local defect which is benign and in which later there may be a cancerous development." He published a paper on
444:. He was able to conduct large-scale statistical analysis of his data, correlating different variables, a unique approach for the time. Bloodgood tended to rely on his own very extensive data, and rarely cited others in his works. Sir
477:
Bloodgood claimed that 90% of breast malignancies could be cured if detected early. However, he said that at the beginning of the twentieth century 90% of treatments were for more advanced malignancies. Writing in
1750:
397:
As he became increasingly confident about distinguishing between benign, premalignant and malignant processes he became insistent on using biopsy to determine whether surgery was needed, avoiding unneeded
537:
Benign Bone Cysts, Ostitis
Fibrosa, Giant-cell Sarcoma and Bone Aneurism of the Long Pipe Bones: A Clinical and Pathological Study with the Conclusion that Conservative Treatment is Justifiable
272:. Between June and November 1892 he was Assistant Resident Surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. His first mentor in medical studies in Philadelphia, the eminent Canadian physician
33:
474:
and
Bloodgood in Baltimore had no direct contact, and may have worked independently in their studies of the differences between benign and malignant breast lesions.
276:, helped him obtain this position. After six months in this position he was sent to Europe for a year for further studies. He visited the main European centers of
1460:
The Breast Cancer Wars:Hope, Fear, and the
Pursuit of a Cure in Twentieth-Century America: Hope, Fear, and the Pursuit of a Cure in Twentieth-Century America
378:
as early as 1914. He thought various types of cellular pattern could indicate precancerous growth, but after 1930 was most interested in what is now called
1745:
394:
and the operation "produces no harm but mutilation". By the 1930s he had become a strong opponent of mastectomy as a treatment for cystic mastitis.
410:, discovered in 1895, to investigate bone tumors. He was an early adopter of irradiation as a cancer treatment. He was awarded a gold medal by the
452:, saying "I expect Bloodgood will annex your letter. I have noticed he collects a great deal of information of which he makes no particular use."
1755:
971:
302:
In 1906 Bloodgood was appointed Chief of the
Medical Staff at Saint Agnes Sanitarium in Baltimore, which was converted into the
1709:
269:
1666:
1638:
1610:
1582:
1552:
1524:
1496:
1468:
1391:
1361:
411:
1251:
285:
1760:
1740:
1423:
517:
324:
Dr. Joseph Colt Bloodgood died on October 22, 1935, at his home at 44 Warrentown Road in Baltimore. He was buried at
232:, a Dutch emigrant who had moved to Flushing, Long Island in 1658. His father and uncles were successful lawyers in
241:
108:
631:
Pagets Disease of the Female Nipple, a Preventable Disease, Curable in Its Early Stages: A Study of Thirty Cases
1735:
1408:
James, Ellen Malino (1971). "HOLT, Winifred". In James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (eds.).
303:
1433:
427:
who keeps her teeth clean and in good shape teaches men how one should smoke with a minimal risk of cancer."
1260:
295:
Bloodgood became Resident Surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital when he returned in 1893. He worked under Dr.
685:
1765:
257:
117:
979:
237:
318:
1409:
509:
Operations on 459 cases of hernia in the Johns Hopkins hospital from June, 1889, to January, 1899
390:
358:
296:
422:" were bone tissue reactions to irritants rather than malignant growths, and could be cured by
346:
310:
205:
1628:
1600:
1542:
1351:
1656:
1570:
1514:
1486:
1458:
1379:
204:(November 1, 1867 – October 22, 1935) was a prominent surgeon in the United States based in
192:
1730:
1725:
325:
253:
88:
353:, Bloodgood was aware of the introduction of rubber gloves in the operating room by nurse
8:
329:
112:
1314:
1287:
1269:
1246:
648:
419:
386:
121:
1662:
1634:
1606:
1578:
1548:
1520:
1492:
1464:
1419:
1387:
1357:
1319:
1305:
1292:
1274:
572:
513:
480:
379:
228:, United States, son of Francis Bloodgood and Josephine Colt. He was a descendant of
244:, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1888. His science studies were in
1309:
1301:
1264:
354:
289:
1332:
689:
668:
629:
610:
591:
553:
535:
507:
490:
445:
229:
179:
1544:
A Woman's Disease:The history of cervical cancer: The history of cervical cancer
1300:(1). United States, United Kingdom: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 150–151.
1688:
1630:
Eyes on Ice & No Blind Mice: Visions of Science from the Science of Vision
309:
On September 1, 1908, Bloodgood married Edith Holt, daughter of the publisher
1719:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
449:
314:
273:
670:
The Greatest Scourge in the World ; Cancer and How it Can be Eradicated
313:. They had two children, Joseph and Winnifred. In 1905 Edith and her sister
1323:
1278:
1575:
Hughes, Mansel & Webster's Benign Disorders and Diseases of the Breast
879:
842:
418:
to study, diagnose and treat malignant bone tumors. Bloodgood found that "
317:
had co-founded the New York Association for the Blind, later to grow into
867:
32:
688:; Bloodgood, Joseph Colt; Copeland, Murray Marcus; Lewis, Dean (1936).
399:
249:
1131:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
792:
790:
726:
To be fair, Cheatle's work also rarely referenced the work of others.
437:
423:
350:
281:
245:
233:
225:
221:
209:
76:
57:
53:
1751:
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
1075:
993:
802:
787:
593:
The Diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant tumors of bone
684:
277:
939:
1704:
1569:
Mansel, Robert E.; Sweetland, Helen M..; Hughes, L. E. (2009).
1488:
Manual of Surgical Pathology: Expert Consult - Online and Print
471:
441:
415:
1516:
Preventive Strikes: Women, Precancer, and Prophylactic Surgery
1229:
1228:
873:
407:
256:
of tissues for study under the microscope. He went on to the
1432:
1411:
Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary
885:
861:
951:
376:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Border-Line Pathological Lesions
1350:
Grunwald, Henry; Ackermann, Mark G. (September 25, 2012).
1331:
Gregory, John Goadby (1931). "Wheeler Peckham Bloodgood".
268:
From 1891 to 1892 Bloodgood was resident physician at the
927:
1160:
1158:
1029:
1027:
1109:
1107:
972:"The Nurse Who Introduced Gloves to the Operating Room"
832:
830:
828:
777:
775:
773:
771:
240:
were both to become prominent lawyers. He attended the
220:
Joseph Colt Bloodgood was born on November 1, 1867, in
746:
744:
742:
385:
In 1906, Bloodgood agreed with the German pathologist
1568:
1155:
1137:
1086:
1039:
1024:
1006:
819:
796:
756:
1194:
1143:
1119:
1104:
1063:
1012:
915:
903:
825:
768:
470:
Cheatle's whole-organ sections. However, Cheatle in
1206:
1182:
891:
739:
1170:
1092:
1051:
647:
1349:
945:
364:
1717:
1682:
957:
430:
448:noted this propensity in a 1932 letter to Sir
1418:. Vol. 2 P–Z. Harvard University Press.
963:
328:in Baltimore. His sudden death was caused by
691:Tumors of Bone Including the Jaws and Joints
1687:. October 23, 1935. p. 5 – via
1356:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 102.
1288:"Memoirs: Joseph Colt Bloodgood 1867–1935"
31:
1313:
1268:
666:
645:
627:
608:
589:
570:
551:
533:
505:
236:. His brothers Francis Bloodgood Jr. and
1491:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 45.
1463:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
1353:Twilight: Losing Sight, Gaining Insight
1330:
762:
708:
498:
1746:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1718:
1654:
1626:
1485:Lester, Susan Carole (July 27, 2010).
1484:
1456:
1377:
1285:
1244:
1200:
1164:
1149:
1125:
1045:
1033:
1018:
933:
909:
836:
781:
750:
215:
1683:"Private Funeral For Dr. Bloodgood".
1605:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1598:
1407:
1113:
1069:
921:
412:Radiological Society of North America
1540:
1512:
1252:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1212:
1188:
1176:
1098:
1057:
969:
897:
1247:"Joseph Colt Bloodgood, B.Sc., M.D"
1230:"150 Years of Saint Agnes Hospital"
1138:Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009
1087:Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009
1007:Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009
820:Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009
797:Mansel, Sweetland & Hughes 2009
464:
406:Bloodgood was quick to make use of
286:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
270:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
13:
1627:Shaikh, Saad (February 28, 2007).
1571:"Joseph Colt Bloodgood. 1867–1935"
1457:Lerner, Barron H. (May 31, 2001).
1378:Hannan, Caryn (December 1, 2008).
14:
1777:
1756:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
1697:
1658:How Cancer Crossed the Color Line
1655:Wailoo, Keith (January 7, 2011).
1541:Lowy, Ilana (November 10, 2011).
1513:Löwy, Ilana (December 29, 2009).
1416:Notable American Women: 1607–1950
1384:Wisconsin Biographical Dictionary
1286:Finney, John M T (January 1937).
874:150 Years of Saint Agnes Hospital
1703:
1386:. North American Book Dist LLC.
1306:10.1097/00000658-193701000-00014
886:JOSEPH COLT BLOODGOOD - AJC 1936
862:JOSEPH COLT BLOODGOOD - AJC 1936
340:
191:
1334:History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
720:
667:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1929).
646:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1926).
628:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1924).
609:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1924).
590:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1920).
571:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1917).
552:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1915).
534:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1910).
506:Bloodgood, Joseph Colt (1899).
488:According to a 1933 article in
157:
615:. American Medical Association
365:Cancer diagnosis and treatment
140:Rubber gloves, early diagnosis
1:
946:Grunwald & Ackermann 2012
1602:Rosen's Breast Pathology, 2e
1577:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1261:Canadian Medical Association
694:. American Journal of cancer
686:Geschickter, Charles Freeman
431:Data collection and analysis
16:American surgeon (1867–1935)
7:
1661:. Oxford University Press.
1547:. Oxford University Press.
1337:. Clarke Publishing Company
455:
284:, and met the pathologists
260:, gaining an M.D. in 1891.
10:
1782:
1599:Rosen, Paul Peter (2001).
1438:American Journal of Cancer
414:for his use of X-rays and
258:University of Pennsylvania
118:University of Pennsylvania
1761:Physicians from Wisconsin
1741:Physicians from Baltimore
980:Science History Institute
970:Kean, Sam (May 5, 2020).
654:. Haldeman-Julius Company
263:
238:Wheeler Peckham Bloodgood
190:
185:
175:
167:
144:
136:
128:
104:
96:
92:Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
84:
65:
39:
30:
23:
1380:"BLOODGOOD, JOSEPH COLT"
1245:A.G.N. (December 1935).
319:Lighthouse International
1434:"JOSEPH COLT BLOODGOOD"
612:Xanthomas: Introduction
512:. Friedenwald Company.
391:chronic cystic mastitis
359:William Stewart Halsted
335:
297:William Stewart Halsted
242:University of Wisconsin
109:University of Wisconsin
1232:. Saint Agnes Hospital
650:The Facts about Cancer
558:. Progressive Medicine
347:Johns Hopkins Hospital
252:, and included making
206:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1736:People from Milwaukee
1710:Joseph Colt Bloodgood
357:working with surgeon
254:histological sections
202:Joseph Colt Bloodgood
25:Joseph Colt Bloodgood
1712:at Wikimedia Commons
958:The Evening Sun 1935
709:Notes and references
499:Partial bibliography
326:Green Mount Cemetery
304:Saint Agnes Hospital
89:Green Mount Cemetery
330:coronary thrombosis
216:Birth and education
1444:(2). February 1936
936:, p. 300-301.
420:giant-cell sarcoma
387:Curt Schimmelbusch
1766:American surgeons
1708:Media related to
1668:978-0-19-975291-1
1640:978-1-4259-8023-8
1612:978-0-7817-2379-4
1584:978-0-7020-2774-1
1554:978-0-19-954881-1
1526:978-0-8018-9364-3
1498:978-0-323-06516-0
1470:978-0-19-514261-7
1393:978-1-878592-63-7
1363:978-0-345-80396-2
1293:Annals of Surgery
481:Good Housekeeping
380:carcinoma in situ
345:As a resident at
199:
198:
1773:
1707:
1692:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1429:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1317:
1282:
1272:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1140:, p. 19-20.
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
991:
990:
988:
986:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
840:
834:
823:
817:
800:
794:
785:
779:
766:
760:
754:
748:
727:
724:
703:
701:
699:
681:
679:
677:
663:
661:
659:
653:
642:
640:
638:
624:
622:
620:
605:
603:
601:
586:
584:
582:
567:
565:
563:
555:Military Surgery
548:
546:
544:
530:
528:
526:
465:Public education
355:Caroline Hampton
290:Theodor Billroth
195:
161:
159:
79:, Maryland, U.S.
72:
69:October 22, 1935
50:November 1, 1867
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1685:The Evening Sun
1673:
1671:
1669:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1633:. AuthorHouse.
1617:
1615:
1613:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1340:
1338:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
994:
984:
982:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
843:
835:
826:
818:
803:
795:
788:
780:
769:
761:
757:
749:
740:
731:
730:
725:
721:
711:
706:
697:
695:
675:
673:
657:
655:
636:
634:
618:
616:
599:
597:
580:
578:
561:
559:
542:
540:
524:
522:
520:
501:
467:
458:
446:Lenthal Cheatle
433:
367:
343:
338:
266:
230:Frans Bloetgoet
218:
180:Frans Bloetgoet
163:
160: 1908)
155:
151:
116:
105:Alma mater
91:
80:
74:
70:
61:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1714:
1713:
1699:
1698:External links
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:Newspapers.com
1680:
1667:
1652:
1639:
1624:
1611:
1596:
1583:
1566:
1553:
1538:
1525:
1510:
1497:
1482:
1469:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1405:
1392:
1375:
1362:
1347:
1328:
1283:
1242:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1215:, p. 246.
1205:
1193:
1191:, p. 110.
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 151.
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1116:, p. 257.
1103:
1091:
1074:
1072:, p. 258.
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 374.
1038:
1036:, p. 197.
1023:
1011:
992:
962:
950:
948:, p. 102.
938:
926:
924:, p. 209.
914:
902:
900:, p. 124.
890:
888:, p. 398.
878:
866:
864:, p. 397.
841:
839:, p. 665.
824:
801:
786:
784:, p. 150.
767:
765:, p. 478.
755:
737:
729:
728:
718:
717:
710:
707:
705:
704:
682:
664:
643:
625:
606:
587:
568:
549:
531:
518:
502:
500:
497:
466:
463:
457:
454:
432:
429:
366:
363:
342:
339:
337:
334:
265:
262:
217:
214:
197:
196:
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
153:
149:
148:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:Known for
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 67)
67:
63:
62:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1519:. JHU Press.
1518:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:9780674627345
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1259:(6). Canada:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1203:, p. 36.
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1179:, p. 24.
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1152:, p. 39.
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1128:, p. 28.
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1101:, p. 58.
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 19.
1088:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1060:, p. 82.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1021:, p. 45.
1020:
1015:
1009:, p. 18.
1008:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
981:
977:
976:Distillations
973:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
912:, p. 40.
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
838:
833:
831:
829:
822:, p. 17.
821:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
799:, p. 16.
798:
793:
791:
783:
778:
776:
774:
772:
764:
759:
753:, p. 38.
752:
747:
745:
743:
738:
736:
735:
723:
719:
716:
715:
693:
692:
687:
683:
672:
671:
665:
652:
651:
644:
633:
632:
626:
614:
613:
607:
595:
594:
588:
576:
575:
569:
557:
556:
550:
539:
538:
532:
521:
519:9785872980544
515:
511:
510:
504:
503:
496:
493:
492:
485:
483:
482:
475:
473:
462:
453:
451:
450:Harold Stiles
447:
443:
440:were in fact
439:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
403:the breast."
401:
395:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
371:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:Use of gloves
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Winifred Holt
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:William Osler
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
207:
203:
194:
189:
184:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
85:Resting place
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1657:
1644:. Retrieved
1629:
1618:December 31,
1616:. Retrieved
1601:
1590:December 31,
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1558:. Retrieved
1543:
1532:December 31,
1530:. Retrieved
1515:
1502:. Retrieved
1487:
1474:. Retrieved
1459:
1448:December 31,
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1437:
1415:
1410:
1399:December 31,
1397:. Retrieved
1383:
1367:. Retrieved
1352:
1339:. Retrieved
1333:
1297:
1291:
1256:
1250:
1236:December 31,
1234:. Retrieved
1221:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1094:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1014:
983:. Retrieved
975:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
763:Gregory 1931
758:
733:
732:
722:
713:
712:
698:December 31,
696:. Retrieved
690:
676:December 31,
674:. Retrieved
669:
658:December 31,
656:. Retrieved
649:
637:December 31,
635:. Retrieved
630:
619:December 31,
617:. Retrieved
611:
600:December 31,
598:. Retrieved
592:
581:December 31,
579:. Retrieved
573:
562:December 31,
560:. Retrieved
554:
543:December 31,
541:. Retrieved
536:
525:December 31,
523:. Retrieved
508:
489:
486:
479:
476:
468:
459:
434:
405:
400:mastectomies
396:
384:
375:
372:
368:
344:
323:
308:
301:
294:
267:
219:
201:
200:
71:(1935-10-22)
18:
1731:1935 deaths
1726:1867 births
1263:: 665–666.
1201:Wailoo 2011
1165:Finney 1937
1150:Hannan 2008
1126:Lerner 2001
1046:Lerner 2001
1034:Lerner 2001
1019:Lester 2010
934:Shaikh 2007
910:Hannan 2008
837:A.G.N. 1935
782:Finney 1937
751:Hannan 2008
577:. Blakiston
436:considered
97:Nationality
1720:Categories
1674:January 1,
1646:January 1,
1560:January 1,
1504:January 1,
1476:January 1,
1369:January 1,
1341:January 2,
1114:Rosen 2001
1070:Rosen 2001
922:James 1971
574:The Breast
311:Henry Holt
250:embryology
150:Edith Holt
129:Occupation
46:1867-11-01
1213:Löwy 2009
1189:Lowy 2011
1177:Löwy 2009
1099:Löwy 2009
1058:Löwy 2009
898:Löwy 2009
734:Citations
438:malignant
424:curettage
389:that the
351:Baltimore
282:pathology
246:histology
234:Wisconsin
226:Wisconsin
222:Milwaukee
210:Baltimore
186:Signature
176:Relatives
77:Baltimore
58:Wisconsin
54:Milwaukee
1324:17856902
1279:20320104
495:career.
456:Teaching
168:Children
100:American
1315:1390300
1270:1561507
1222:Sources
985:June 1,
278:surgery
162:
154:
132:Surgeon
1665:
1637:
1609:
1581:
1551:
1523:
1495:
1467:
1422:
1390:
1360:
1322:
1312:
1277:
1267:
516:
472:London
442:benign
416:radium
408:X-rays
264:Career
145:Spouse
714:Notes
596:. s.n
156:(
152:
1676:2013
1663:ISBN
1648:2013
1635:ISBN
1620:2012
1607:ISBN
1592:2012
1579:ISBN
1562:2013
1549:ISBN
1534:2012
1521:ISBN
1506:2013
1493:ISBN
1478:2013
1465:ISBN
1450:2012
1420:ISBN
1401:2012
1388:ISBN
1371:2013
1358:ISBN
1343:2013
1320:PMID
1275:PMID
1238:2012
987:2020
700:2012
678:2012
660:2012
639:2012
621:2012
602:2012
583:2012
564:2012
545:2012
527:2012
514:ISBN
491:Time
336:Work
288:and
280:and
248:and
66:Died
60:U.S.
40:Born
1310:PMC
1302:doi
1298:105
1265:PMC
349:in
208:in
1722::
1573:.
1442:26
1440:.
1436:.
1414:.
1382:.
1318:.
1308:.
1296:.
1290:.
1273:.
1257:33
1255:.
1249:.
1157:^
1106:^
1077:^
1026:^
995:^
978:.
974:.
844:^
827:^
804:^
789:^
770:^
741:^
382:.
332:.
292:.
224:,
158:m.
122:MD
113:BS
56:,
1691:.
1678:.
1650:.
1622:.
1594:.
1564:.
1536:.
1508:.
1480:.
1452:.
1428:.
1403:.
1373:.
1345:.
1326:.
1304::
1281:.
1240:.
989:.
960:.
876:.
702:.
680:.
662:.
641:.
623:.
604:.
585:.
566:.
547:.
529:.
171:2
124:)
120:(
115:)
111:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png){kind=small}