Joseph Dalton Hooker

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before Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than "attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds". The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock, he replied that "Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown".

4650: 1618: 392: 3965: 3868: 297: 261: 897: 55: 1269: 1432: 1004: 784: 1116:. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types." 941:

in Tibet. A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last

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One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen. Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid

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An important Treasury Minute, dated 24 July, admits the justice of Dr. Hooker's remonstrance. It was very plain speaking to say that "the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr. Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint", and "they direct so decidedly

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the Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the

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Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands. He

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There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen. ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be

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with the prophecy that it would prove "another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible". This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The

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However, his third son, Brian, was a "great worry" to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an

690:, the Governor of the Falkland Islands. Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent', and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information [ 2166:

that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the Gardens Dr. Hooker's opinion should be followed, subject only to the consideration of expense, and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment".

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and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage embarked. After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the

483:. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the 3879: 1443:, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the 1690:, just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the 1112:, the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarcation between Arctic floras of America and 1595:

should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.

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wrote "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when

1084:; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria. 973:

and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England. With Thomson he distributed the

5767: 735:, now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome. Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the 503:, and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894. 1027:, and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the 496:

impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.

1321:, and Hooker showed interest. In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory, and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback. Their correspondence continued throughout the 1459:

in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.

869:, which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in 3910: 711:. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline. 6101: 1186:, whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: "All the school children are brought up to believe in him , and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools." 1520:. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century. 583:, who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens. The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited 6141: 3033:, pp. 208–211:Ch 3 is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton: see notes 61, 66, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95 686:, back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with 6131: 5774: 6126: 1563:, reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew. 1920:

Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles : for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs

2152:, p. 90 This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men. Owen's character was widely traduced after his treatment of 1193:: the "finger-tip of civilisation" where "the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food". 1568:

subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden.

666:, and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the 1340:, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to 2178:, p. 90 Richard Owen was Ayrton's main supporter, and "attacked Hooker right and left". No doubt he remembered Hooker's 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium. 727:, and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist, 3970: 1200:

are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft."

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in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's

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and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772. The expedition spent some time in

36: 1365:), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin. 2958: 2083: 1633:

My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship. What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature!

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in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the

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The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of

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After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament,

3544: 2206: 1830: 5171: 1396: 1361:, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's 2732: 934: 5760: 2984: 3366:

Capelotti, Peter Joseph; Forsberg, Magnus (2015). "The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: Leigh Smith's Eira expeditions, 1880 and 1881–1882".

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He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard

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His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of

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expedition. This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years' leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and

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in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.

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in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.

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Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of

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By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the

1000:

Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. in 1891.

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defended it. According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.

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on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty. He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to

1497:, published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the 4579: 2088: 1373: 3843: 6206: 1687: 1591:, who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of 1524:, begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham & Hooker'. 575:; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail. Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the 5413: 5199: 4048: 2200: 1587:

The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin's views and a member of the

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conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.

1501:(being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the 1381: 886: 4649: 3873: 6181: 6021: 6016: 5536: 5322: 5180: 5128: 3278: 6136: 6046: 5207: 5164: 4335: 4101: 1951:. Vol. Primum, Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII: Ranunculareas—Cornaceas. London: Reeve & Co. 1867. 1539:(Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by 1313:. Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the 6121: 5437: 3795: 3713: 3683: 3662: 3580: 3532: 3511: 2223: 5271: 5255: 771:

and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in

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Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000 ft to camp at

1008: 330: 3071: 1348:. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of 6066: 6051: 5429: 5330: 4684: 3129: 2627: 1676: 736: 417: 40: 1403:

meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of

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flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an

5715: 5608: 5247: 5157: 4200: 3863: 3601: 3490: 1993: 1420: 1322: 1056:: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer. His works on the voyage were completed with 3303: 759:, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the 445:

Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.

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called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.

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I cannot get over my surprise at the result, so confident did I feel about it, knowing who your competitors were.

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Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the

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and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".

1096:, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump. They published an account of their travels entitled 6166: 5815: 5279: 5223: 4328: 4041: 3960: 3884: 2598: 1895:

Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...

1035:(trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian 631: 511:

On 10 December 1911, after a short and apparently minor illness, Hooker died in his sleep at home, the Camp,

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seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:

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After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of

6201: 6106: 5784: 4960: 4936: 4678: 4369: 2937: 2916: 2903:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 714 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (13 or 20 November 1843)" 2902: 2078: 1738: 1722: 1498: 1440: 1132: 1020: 997: 764: 604: 3859: 6171: 5830: 5584: 5568: 4423: 4404: 4313: 1911: 1468: 966: 768: 4792: 3915: 5843: 5624: 5362: 4433: 4034: 3067: 2879: 2688: 2061: 1314: 1300: 1220:, the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges. 1128: 969:, a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the 767:. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin, 531: 435: 356:

His degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service. He joined the polar explorer

240: 202: 5889: 4768: 1894: 619:. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of 6151: 6091: 4832: 4574: 4266: 4123: 3889: 3805: 3781: 3749: 3730: 3011:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2345 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 20 (October 1858)" 2985:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1066 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (c. 4 March 1847)" 2959:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1058 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 (February 1847)" 2603: 2551: 1604: 720: 608: 538:. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by Matilda Smith. 403: 124: 3632: 2917:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)" 296: 5838: 5805: 5800: 5389: 5346: 4976: 4752: 4664: 4516: 4464: 4381: 2025: 1795: 1532: 1175:, and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October. 1093: 901: 858: 449: 396: 346: 326: 317:, Suffolk, England. He was the second son of Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker 301: 285: 5112: 3652: 2938:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844" 2325: 834:

on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under

5940: 5930: 5913: 4984: 4920: 4888: 4760: 4541: 4445: 4440: 4376: 4303: 3673: 3591: 3480: 1963:

Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol. Secundi

1835: 1617: 1415:

in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become

1350: 1333: 1012: 687: 376: 334: 109: 3765:

Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907

3522: 2355: 1447:, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the 383:. Hooker described the library as 'excellent', and developed a close friendship with Moody. 6036: 6031: 5848: 5477: 5064: 4896: 4808: 4474: 4241: 4130: 4005: 3375: 2831: 1813: 1164: 937:. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the 835: 756: 655: 592: 407: 391: 5752: 1310: 950:

found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.

8: 5957: 5825: 5592: 5485: 5461: 5136: 5040: 5024: 4872: 4784: 4569: 4074: 3987: 3641: 1660: 1404: 1389: 1273: 1160: 1156: 882: 874: 728: 704: 365: 4912: 3964: 3867: 3724: 3379: 2835: 2464: 2116:. Apparently, they met in Trafalgar Square, but without quoting source). The voyages of 5858: 5731: 5648: 5600: 4880: 4598: 4506: 4469: 4452: 4340: 4089: 3626: 3611: 3391: 3134: 3099: 2868: 2254: 1853: 1844: 1807: 1757: 1734: 1377: 1081: 1007:

An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim (Mezzotint by

350: 4416: 3973:– Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3739: 479:

Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir

5656: 5576: 4952: 4674: 4261: 4155: 4135: 4108: 3956: 3934: 3904: 3813: 3791: 3787:

Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker

3709: 3679: 3658: 3597: 3576: 3528: 3507: 3486: 3395: 3091: 2670: 2219: 2131: 2124: 2015: 1989: 1774: 1710: 1647:

Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary,

1600: 1487: 1318: 1032: 906: 635: 616: 569: 562: 516: 488: 369: 4864: 3708:(2 ed.). Lower Hutt: Geoscience Society of New Zealand. pp. 101–103, 210. 3103: 1753: 5878: 5640: 5544: 5215: 5096: 5088: 4904: 4548: 4496: 4481: 4286: 4180: 3951: 3911:

Hooker's letters from the Royal Horticultural Society's Digital Collections website

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When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the

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at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time,

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British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.

5863: 5552: 5528: 5120: 4968: 4620: 4296: 4207: 4185: 4175: 4118: 4057: 3826: 3785: 3753: 3615: 3570: 3501: 2695: 1983: 1961: 1946: 1819: 1345: 1172: 1053: 643: 552: 338: 260: 4700: 3836: 3472:

The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with original omissions restored

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Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita

896: 5873: 5680: 5405: 5104: 5072: 4944: 4856: 4848: 4630: 4428: 4411: 4281: 4271: 4195: 4190: 4160: 3930: 3553: 3207:

Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project (full text not yet available).

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where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35

627: 500: 375:. On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of 277: 196: 3387: 3087: 1516:(1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of 1344:(showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the 349:

and went on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with an

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and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and

6010: 5795: 5672: 5664: 5632: 5560: 5509: 5453: 5314: 5184: 5056: 5048: 4992: 4928: 4840: 4824: 4816: 4800: 4613: 4608: 4536: 4501: 4486: 4364: 4352: 4291: 4170: 3995: 3107: 2678: 1871:. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London. 1778: 1691: 1656: 1648: 1540: 1444: 1412: 1305: 1217: 1183: 1148: 970: 918: 763:. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for 318: 184: 3817: 1354:

recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.

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year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator

54: 5974: 5947: 5397: 5370: 5354: 5338: 5298: 5239: 4744: 4731: 4586: 4318: 4308: 4254: 4249: 4096: 3095: 2593: 2526:"Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands: 18 August to 23 November 1841" 1664: 1592: 1577: 1556: 1476: 1456: 1452: 1431: 1152: 1124: 947: 930: 878: 873:. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the 740: 480: 190: 178: 172: 2483:"Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross" 1486:

and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by

5920: 5868: 5820: 5501: 5306: 5231: 5008: 5000: 4491: 4276: 4226: 4147: 1448: 1245: 1197: 962: 535: 512: 233: 97: 3940: 1945: 1918: 925:. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3 626:

From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the

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Horticulture – Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning

2872: 2117: 1770: 1337: 854: 847: 792: 600: 342: 314: 78: 3921: 1212:: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a 953:

Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in

707:, and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and 333:. From the age of seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at the 4084: 3524:

Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science

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Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker. Including;

1609: 1552: 1232: 1113: 1003: 975: 804: 760: 748: 612: 524: 361: 3542:

Endersby, J (24 May 2008). "Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)".

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Hooker J.D. (1879). "The distribution of the North American flora".

2819: 2012:]. trans. Frances Harriet Hooker. London: Longmans Green. 1873 . 499:

In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on

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England and Wales Death Index, December Quarter of 1955 as seen on

2005:

A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts

1483: 1341: 1205: 1168: 1109: 994: 861:. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative 843: 839: 783: 772: 588: 273: 4026: 2136:) coincided at several points; for example, they both visited the 1092:

Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of

6102:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

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was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the

1400: 1244:

The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the

1213: 1120: 831: 584: 1131:

at 14,500 ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond

803:

On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long

3054:

Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.

2392:

England 1901 census Piece RG13/886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on

2380:

England 1891 census Piece RG12/554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on

2112:

Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the

1985:

The Flora of British India: Volume V, Chenopodiaceæ to Orchideæ

1588: 1480: 1408: 1223:

His overview of North American flora contained these elements:

1140: 958: 954: 870: 866: 838:, who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to 812: 808: 651: 647: 223: 2422: 778: 6142:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

2156:, and Hooker was "impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper". 1749:

1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India

1077: 922: 890: 744: 620: 280:'s closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the 3036: 2652:

Desmond, Ray (January 1993). "Sir Joseph Hooker and India".

2410: 5782: 3755:

Joseph Dalton Hooker: Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator

3643:

Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I.

3625:

Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton; Ball, John; Maw, George (1878).

3445: 3165: 2733:"Herbarium Indiae orientalis: IndExs ExsiccataID=121645696" 2594:"Letter of Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 October 1845" 1209: 827: 823: 751:

in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of

639: 520: 468: 2799: 2763: 2405: 2393: 2381: 1471:. Their botanical observations and the publication of the 288:, and was awarded the highest honours of British science. 6132:

Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India

3880:"Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin" 3141: 3024: 2775: 2556:

Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia

2543: 2360:

Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia

2330:

Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia

1982: 692: 2505: 1675:, and additional papers laid before the House of Lords. 3503:

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector

2084:

European and American voyages of scientific exploration

1103: 719:

In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the

6127:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

3741:

Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal

3403: 3247: 3222: 2787: 2302: 2300: 1621:

Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton

1603:, whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by 1475:(1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the 1254:

The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.

1178:

His comments on his encounters include the following:

3259: 3210: 3177: 2751: 2713: 2570: 2493: 2038:

An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens

714: 368:

after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on

272:(30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British 3427: 3415: 3153: 2701: 1869:

Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage

985:

Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the

957:, he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to 699:

Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at

634:

to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the

546: 5179: 2297: 2201:"Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785–1865), botanist" 2060:is used to indicate this person as the author when 3482:Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places 3329:. No. 36783. London. 2 June 1902. p. 11. 2689:Letter number 1558: To J.D. Hooker. 10 March 1854. 2434: 2285: 2210:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 2199: 1785:was named after him following its 1880 discovery. 1651:. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of 1419:. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the 743:, searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of 4730: 3365: 2273: 1531:. He continued the compilation of his father Sir 6147:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 6008: 3810:The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Past and Present 3628:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas 3306:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 2416: 2349: 2347: 2140:, Australia (Sydney, at least), and New Zealand. 2022:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas 2002: 1098:Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas 1072:This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with 830:where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in 5895:Awards and achievements of Joseph Dalton Hooker 3072:"Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter" 2588: 2446: 2043: 1580:opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew 1546: 1529:A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire 429:Maria Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6. 6187:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 3874:Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive 3675:Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science 2474: 1966:(in Latin). London: Reeve & Company. 1876. 1794:There are number (at least 30) of plants with 1745:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1642:, p. 165, Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode 1388:spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and 6157:People educated at the High School of Glasgow 6117:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London 5768: 5165: 4716: 4042: 3624: 3147: 3138:, May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009. 2781: 2344: 1960: 1671:and others. It was laid before Parliament by 1426: 799:. Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849. 3696:A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany 3548:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3469: 3171: 2820:"Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains" 2319: 2317: 2315: 1940:Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia 1697: 1527:In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published 1435:Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew 4580:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 3198:, p. 161, Ch. XXXV The Ayrton Episode. 2858: 2817: 2089:Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker 1851:Sea Lion: New Zealand or Hooker's Sea Lion 1067: 921:, and north west along Nepal's passes into 779:Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851 623:and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets. 410:. They had three daughters and four sons: 5775: 5761: 5172: 5158: 4723: 4709: 4049: 4035: 3963: 3866: 3003: 2977: 2951: 2698:The Darwin Correspondence Online Database. 406:(1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor, 341:and the voyages of explorers like Captain 53: 3762: 3706:James Hector: explorer, scientist, leader 3520: 3183: 3130:Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum 3042: 2895: 2843: 2312: 1359:Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae 1087: 1052:he wrote about islands and their role in 386: 16:British botanist and explorer (1817–1911) 4231:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 4018: 3678:. Newark: University of Delaware Press. 3541: 3478: 3409: 3062: 3060: 2306: 1976:The student's flora of the British Isles 1861: 1833:, orchid species in Southern Taiwan.and 1616: 1571: 1430: 1267: 1002: 933:to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the 895: 782: 467:Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the 390: 295: 3980:Professional and academic associations 3804: 3780: 3748: 3568: 3545:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3499: 3341:"Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood" 3253: 3228: 3122: 2885: 2805: 2793: 2769: 2757: 2651: 2576: 2511: 2499: 2323: 2291: 2207:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2175: 2149: 1917: 1788: 1638:Hooker to Bentham, 2 February 1872, in 1357:In December 1859, Hooker published the 1328: 1263: 723:. This position included duties at the 474: 432:Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932) 139: 1851; died 1874) 6009: 5017:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 3948:Works by or about Joseph Dalton Hooker 3737: 3722: 3703: 3692: 3671: 3639: 3589: 3470:Barlow, Nora; Darwin, Charles (1958). 3433: 3421: 3265: 3216: 3195: 3030: 2719: 2707: 2682: 2549: 2523: 2428: 2353: 2279: 1639: 5893: 5756: 5153: 4704: 4030: 4017: 3824: 3650: 3159: 3066: 3057: 1151:. A journey of 29 hours took them to 865:who negotiated Hooker's admission to 519:offered a grave near Darwin's in the 515:, Berkshire. The Dean and Chapter of 3922:"Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)" 3610: 2861:Proceedings of the Royal Institution 2480: 2440: 1888:The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya 1493:His greatest botanical work was the 1108:This was undertaken with his friend 1104:Voyage to Western United States 1877 929:May, he travelled north west up the 6197:Victoria Medal of Honour recipients 6097:Companions of the Order of the Bath 6042:Alumni of the University of Glasgow 4458:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 4056: 3738:Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1887). 3485:. David & Charles. p. 96. 2739:. Botanische Staatssammlung München 2517: 1988:. London: L. Reeve & Co. 1890. 1510:Students Flora of the British Isles 795:, looking North West from Hooker's 747:, eventually discovering the first 506: 492:India Office, and lived to age 89. 463:Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950). 13: 3773: 3646:Vol. II. London: John Murray. 737:Geological Survey of Great Britain 715:Geological Survey of Great Britain 557:Hooker's first expedition, led by 414:William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942) 14: 6218: 6207:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal 6087:Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew 3971:Directors' Correspondence Project 3927:Missouri Botanical Garden Library 3864:National Portrait Gallery, London 3860:Portraits of Joseph Dalton Hooker 3853: 3838:"Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton" 3758:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 3631:. Macmillan and Company. p. 1902:Illustrations of Himalayan plants 1876:Handbook of the New Zealand flora 1522:The Handbook of the British flora 1421:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1395:Hooker acted as president of the 1163:and ten days by wagon across the 1031:. The floras were illustrated by 853:Hooker's expedition was based in 725:Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland 547:Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843 460:Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940) 4648: 3907:at the Cambridge Digital Library 3128:Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). " 1582:Photograph: Ernest Edwards, 1867 1473:Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya 1076:. They visited and collected in 965:in Assam. He was accompanied by 911:Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya 857:where he stayed with naturalist 696:] respecting its products'. 487:with a son (also 15) of Colonel 426:Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933) 381:Governor of the Falkland Islands 259: 6177:Presidents of the Royal Society 6112:British evolutionary biologists 6062:Botanists active in New Zealand 6057:Botanists active in Kew Gardens 6027:19th-century English scientists 4690:List of natural history dealers 4358:The Natural History of Selborne 3729:. S. K. Lahiri and Co. p. 3569:Freeman, Richard Broke (1978). 3527:. University of Chicago Press. 3447:International Plant Names Index 3439: 3359: 3333: 3318: 3296: 3271: 3240:In the Commons, 8 August 1872 ( 3234: 3201: 3048: 2930: 2909: 2852: 2811: 2725: 2664: 2645: 2620: 2582: 2398: 2169: 2159: 2143: 2106: 1760:, awarded by the German Emperor 1241:United States flora, in belts: 1025:Botany of the Antarctic Voyages 826:and then travelled overland to 152: 136: 6182:Recipients of the Copley Medal 6022:19th-century British explorers 6017:19th-century British botanists 4592:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 3996:President of the Royal Society 2386: 2374: 2247: 2192: 1729:President of the Royal Society 1717:American Philosophical Society 1417:President of the Royal Society 1323:development of Darwin's theory 815:. He received free passage on 441:Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1955) 337:, taking an early interest in 325:, and the famous botanist Sir 308: 1: 6137:Members of the Order of Merit 6047:Botanists active in Australia 3961:Biodiversity Heritage Library 3957:Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker 3931:Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker 3885:Darwin Correspondence Project 3828:The Hookers of Kew, 1785–1911 3693:Maiden, Joseph Henry (1892). 3654:One Hundred and One Botanists 3640:Huxley, Leonard, ed. (1918). 2628:"J D Hooker slide collection" 2599:Darwin Correspondence Project 2524:Hooker, J.D. (3 March 2018). 2259:Darwin Correspondence Project 2094: 1721:1877 Knight Commander of the 1623:Caracature, Vanity Fair, 1869 1182:After meeting and talking to 850:, arriving on 16 April 1848. 422:William Turner Thiselton-Dyer 6122:Fellows of the Royal Society 5986:Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck 3905:Darwin–Hooker Correspondence 3672:Jensen, John Vernon (1991). 3562:UK public library membership 3506:. Antique Collectors' Club. 3347:. 24 January 1916. p. 3 2737:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae 2533:Colenso Society (Supplement) 2417:Le Maout & Decaisne 1873 2241:UK public library membership 2185: 2044:Standard author abbreviation 2032:Handbook to the Ceylon flora 1547:Attacks on Hooker and on Kew 1370:historic debate on evolution 1336:'s famous letter arrived at 1294:, Hooker had read proofs of 1286:1860 Oxford evolution debate 523:but insisted that Hooker be 395:Frances Harriet Henslow, by 291: 282:Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew 241:Author abbrev. (botany) 7: 5968:Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn 5874:Professor Stephen D. Hopper 4348:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 3941:Hooker's Himalayan Journals 3812:. London: Herbert Jenkins. 3723:Sanyal, Ram Bramha (1896). 3657:. Purdue University Press. 3572:Charles Darwin, a companion 2782:Hooker, Ball & Maw 1878 2326:"HOOKER, Sir JOSEPH DALTON" 2079:Bentham & Hooker system 2072: 2010:Traité général de botanique 1934:A century of Indian orchids 1743:1885 Foreign member of the 1705:Fellow of the Royal Society 1512:and a monumental work, the 1282:Reaction to Darwin's theory 980:Herbarium Indiae orientalis 842:, up the Ganges by boat to 658:, and then moved on to the 300:Daguerreotype of Hooker by 100:, Berkshire, United Kingdom 10: 6223: 5816:Sir William Thiselton-Dyer 5806:Sir William Jackson Hooker 5785:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 4961:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 4937:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 4370:A History of British Birds 3763:Wollaston, A.F.R. (1921). 3699:. C. Potter, Govt Printer. 3462: 2024:. Macmillan, London. with 1739:Royal Geographical Society 1723:Order of the Star of India 1499:Order of the Star of India 1441:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1427:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1279: 1204:His views on the flora of 1147:for an excursion into the 1021:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 739:in 1846. He began work on 561:, consisted of two ships, 550: 331:Regius Professor of Botany 6067:British Geological Survey 6052:Botanists active in India 5981: 5972: 5964: 5954: 5945: 5937: 5927: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5791: 5699: 5585:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 5569:Charles Scott Sherrington 5520: 5381: 5290: 5191: 4739: 4685:Natural History Societies 4657: 4646: 4562: 4553:The Royal Natural History 4405:Ornithological Dictionary 4392: 4314:Johan Christian Fabricius 4240: 4146: 4073: 4064: 4024: 4002: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3590:Gordon, Sue, ed. (2005). 3388:10.1017/S0032247413000429 3304:"J.D. Hooker (1817–1911)" 3148:Bentham & Hooker 1876 3088:10.1017/S0018246X00016848 2632:British Geological Survey 1698:Honours and commemoration 877:to its junction with the 345:. He was educated at the 284:, succeeding his father, 258: 253: 249: 239: 229: 219: 212: 165: 115: 105: 86: 81:, Suffolk, United Kingdom 64: 52: 23: 5906:Awards and achievements 5854:Professor Patrick Brenan 5811:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker 5625:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 4531:The Naturalist's Library 4434:On the Origin of Species 3750:Turrill, William Bertram 3620:. R. & R. Nicholson. 3479:Brittain, Julia (2006). 3172:Barlow & Darwin 1958 2552:"MOODY, RICHARD CLEMENT" 2431:, pp. 101–103, 210. 2099: 1376:on 30 June 1860, Bishop 1374:Oxford University Museum 1363:On the Origin of Species 1315:transmutation of species 1167:. Thus they came to the 1068:Voyage to Palestine 1860 846:and overland by pony to 534:, a short distance from 438:(1867–1944) statistician 436:Reginald Hawthorn Hooker 358:Captain James Clark Ross 270:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker 5446:Benjamin Collins Brodie 5422:Marquess of Northampton 4905:Julius Robert von Mayer 4665:Natural history museums 4267:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3890:University of Cambridge 3844:Encyclopædia Britannica 3704:Nathan, Simon (2016) . 3596:. David & Charles. 3521:Endersby, Jim (2008a). 2694:15 October 2006 at the 2604:University of Cambridge 2461:Kew Guild Annual Report 2356:"ROSS, Sir JAMES CLARK" 1777:, was named after him. 1607:in 1869 was greeted in 1467:in 1855, together with 1272:Engraving of Hooker by 993:, was published by the 791:from the summit of the 721:University of Edinburgh 630:where they set down on 541: 404:Frances Harriet Henslow 125:Frances Harriet Henslow 6162:People from Halesworth 6077:British pteridologists 5801:William Townsend Aiton 5390:William Hyde Wollaston 4977:James Joseph Sylvester 4793:Michel Eugène Chevreul 4753:Alexander von Humboldt 4517:William Jackson Hooker 4465:Alexander von Humboldt 4382:Philosophie zoologique 4165:Pinax theatri botanici 3847:(11th ed.). 1911. 3554:10.1093/ref:odnb/33970 3076:The Historical Journal 2550:Tatham, David (n.d.). 2463:. 1915. Archived from 2406:http://ancestry.com.au 2394:http://ancestry.com.au 2382:http://ancestry.com.au 2255:"Joseph Dalton Hooker" 2216:10.1093/ref:odnb/13699 1709:1869 Companion of the 1688:Judge Advocate-General 1645: 1625: 1584: 1570: 1533:William Jackson Hooker 1495:Flora of British India 1463:He started the series 1436: 1277: 1088:Voyage to Morocco 1871 1016: 998:Trigonometrical Survey 914: 902:Rhododendron argenteum 859:Brian Houghton Hodgson 800: 450:William Samuel Symonds 399: 397:William Edward Kilburn 387:Marriages and children 327:William Jackson Hooker 305: 302:William Edward Kilburn 286:William Jackson Hooker 5941:Alfred Russel Wallace 5931:John Obadiah Westwood 5914:Charles Robert Darwin 5859:Professor Arthur Bell 5494:George Gabriel Stokes 5081:George Gabriel Stokes 4985:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 4921:Hermann von Helmholtz 4889:Henri Victor Regnault 4769:Johannes Peter Müller 4761:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 4603:The Study of Instinct 4542:Kunstformen der Natur 4446:The Malay Archipelago 4441:Alfred Russel Wallace 4377:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 3651:Isely, Duane (2002). 3500:Desmond, Ray (1999). 2354:Gurney, Alan (n.d.). 2324:Desmond, Ray (n.d.). 1862:Selected publications 1836:Sarcococca hookeriana 1715:1869 Election to the 1631: 1620: 1575: 1565: 1434: 1411:(which dominated the 1351:The Origin of Species 1334:Alfred Russel Wallace 1271: 1227:Polar area, from the 1058:Flora Novae-Zelandiae 1006: 899: 786: 733:Darwin correspondence 688:Richard Clement Moody 579:and was assistant to 532:St Anne's Church, Kew 456:. They had two sons: 452:and the widow of Sir 394: 377:Richard Clement Moody 335:University of Glasgow 321:and sister-in-law of 299: 110:University of Glasgow 6167:British phycologists 5849:Jack Heslop-Harrison 5839:Sir Edward Salisbury 5478:William Spottiswoode 5470:Joseph Dalton Hooker 5323:Earl of Macclesfield 5065:Stanislao Cannizzaro 5033:Joseph Dalton Hooker 4897:James Prescott Joule 4809:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 4522:Joseph Dalton Hooker 4475:The Birds of America 4019:Joseph Dalton Hooker 4006:William Spottiswoode 3939:Gutenberg e-text of 3916:Joseph Dalton Hooker 3767:. London: J. Murray. 3617:The Abbey Scientists 3474:. London: J. Murray. 3345:The Pittsburgh Press 3283:search.amphilsoc.org 3279:"APS Member History" 2991:on 15 September 2007 2890:Hooker and Darwinism 2888:, p. 74, Ch. 5 2818:Hooker J.D. (1877). 2454:"Miss Matilda Smith" 1978:. Macmillan, London. 1814:Grevillea hookeriana 1789:Taxa named in honour 1301:Voyage of the Beagle 1264:Darwin and evolution 1011:after a painting by 757:John Stevens Henslow 475:Sons Willy and Brian 420:(1854–1945) married 408:John Stevens Henslow 402:In 1851, he married 203:Darwin–Wallace Medal 28:Joseph Dalton Hooker 6192:Royal Medal winners 6082:British bryologists 6072:British mycologists 5958:Thomas Henry Huxley 5864:Sir Ghillean Prance 5593:William Henry Bragg 5486:Thomas Henry Huxley 5462:George Biddell Airy 5137:Marcellin Berthelot 5129:John William Strutt 5113:Albert von Kölliker 5041:Thomas Henry Huxley 5025:Franz Ernst Neumann 4873:Karl Ernst von Baer 4785:Henri Milne-Edwards 4570:Martinus Beijerinck 4113:De Natura Animalium 3988:George Biddell Airy 3825:Allan, Mea (1967). 3612:Hall, Alfred Rupert 3380:2015PoRec..51...16C 2965:on 23 December 2012 2836:1877Natur..16..539H 2808:, pp. 167–168. 2772:, pp. 110–113. 2677:, 1 November 1847, 2592:(28 October 1845). 2481:Ward, Paul (2001). 2051:author abbreviation 1826:Polygonatum hookeri 1405:Thomas Henry Huxley 1397:British Association 1390:Thomas Henry Huxley 1274:Charles Henry Jeens 1251:The Prairie region. 889:on the border with 875:Great Runjeet river 729:John Hutton Balfour 705:Antarctic Peninsula 678:they sailed to the 418:Harriet Anne Hooker 366:South Magnetic Pole 347:Glasgow High School 313:Hooker was born in 5831:Sir Geoffrey Evans 5732:Venki Ramakrishnan 5681:Sir Michael Atiyah 5649:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 5601:Henry Hallett Dale 5200:Viscount Brouncker 4881:Charles Wheatstone 4675:Parson-naturalists 4507:Philip Henry Gosse 4470:John James Audubon 4453:Henry Walter Bates 4341:Histoire Naturelle 4329:Historia Plantarum 4217:Avium Praecipuarum 4201:Historia animalium 4102:Historia Plantarum 4090:History of Animals 3918:'s work on orchids 3325:"Court Circular". 3135:American Scientist 3045:, p. 118–120. 1854:Phocarctos hookeri 1845:Notodiscus hookeri 1808:Banksia hookeriana 1758:Kingdom of Prussia 1626: 1585: 1437: 1407:, a member of the 1378:Samuel Wilberforce 1278: 1257:The Sierra Nevada. 1048:(1844–47). In the 1017: 987:Himalayan Journals 915: 863:Archibald Campbell 801: 797:Himalayan Journals 400: 364:expedition to the 339:plant distribution 306: 6202:Himalayan studies 6107:English botanists 6004: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5982:Succeeded by 5955:Succeeded by 5928:Succeeded by 5887: 5886: 5844:Sir George Taylor 5750: 5749: 5577:Ernest Rutherford 5208:Joseph Williamson 5147: 5146: 4953:James Dwight Dana 4732:Copley Medallists 4698: 4697: 4644: 4643: 4262:Marcello Malpighi 4156:Ulisse Aldrovandi 4136:De Materia Medica 4012: 4011: 4003:Succeeded by 3935:Project Gutenberg 3797:978-94-017-6758-3 3726:Hours with Nature 3715:978-1-877480-46-1 3685:978-0-87413-379-0 3664:978-1-55753-283-1 3582:978-0-208-01739-0 3560:(Subscription or 3534:978-0-226-20791-9 3513:978-1-85149-305-0 2671:Henry de la Beche 2514:, pp. 36–42. 2239:(Subscription or 2225:978-0-19-861412-8 2016:Emmanuel Le Maout 1923:. L. Reeve. 1858. 1831:Tainia hookeriana 1775:Chico, California 1711:Order of the Bath 1601:Acton Smee Ayrton 1488:Walter Hood Fitch 1319:natural selection 1311:Galápagos Islands 1127:they climbed the 1033:Walter Hood Fitch 907:Walter Hood Fitch 656:Van Diemen's Land 636:Kerguelen Islands 632:Possession Island 617:Cape of Good Hope 517:Westminster Abbey 267: 266: 214:Scientific career 6214: 6172:Plant collectors 5988: 5965:Preceded by 5938:Preceded by 5911:Preceded by 5903: 5902: 5891: 5890: 5879:Richard Deverell 5777: 5770: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5641:Patrick Blackett 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5545:Archibald Geikie 5540: 5532: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5264:Robert Southwell 5259: 5256:Earl of Pembroke 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5216:Christopher Wren 5211: 5203: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5132: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5097:Karl Weierstrass 5092: 5089:Edward Frankland 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4913:Friedrich Wöhler 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4652: 4625:The Dancing Bees 4549:Richard Lydekker 4497:Jean-Henri Fabre 4482:William Buckland 4287:Regnier de Graaf 4181:Andrea Cesalpino 4071: 4070: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4014: 3985:Preceded by 3977: 3976: 3967: 3952:Internet Archive 3901: 3899: 3897: 3870: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3821: 3801: 3768: 3759: 3745: 3734: 3719: 3700: 3689: 3668: 3647: 3636: 3621: 3607: 3586: 3565: 3557: 3538: 3517: 3496: 3475: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3106:. Archived from 3064: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2987:. Archived from 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2961:. 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B. 3802: 3796: 3782:Turrill, W. B. 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3760: 3746: 3735: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3648: 3637: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3587: 3581: 3566: 3539: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3374:(256): 16–23. 3358: 3332: 3317: 3295: 3270: 3268:, p. 146. 3258: 3256:, p. 125. 3246: 3233: 3231:, p. 124. 3221: 3219:, p. 173. 3209: 3200: 3188: 3184:Endersby 2008a 3176: 3174:, p. 105. 3164: 3162:, p. 163. 3152: 3140: 3121: 3082:(2): 313–330. 3056: 3047: 3043:Wollaston 1921 3035: 3023: 3002: 2976: 2950: 2929: 2908: 2894: 2878: 2867:(3): 155–170. 2851: 2810: 2798: 2796:, p. 165. 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2724: 2722:, p. 150. 2712: 2700: 2681: 2663: 2644: 2619: 2581: 2569: 2558:. David Tatham 2542: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2473: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2362:. David Tatham 2343: 2332:. David Tatham 2311: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2261:. 15 June 2015 2246: 2224: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2158: 2154:Gideon Mantell 2142: 2138:Falkland Isles 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2066:botanical name 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2018: 2000: 1994: 1979: 1972: 1970:George Bentham 1957: 1955:George Bentham 1942: 1936: 1930: 1929:& Hooker") 1914: 1912:Thomas Thomson 1904: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1790: 1787: 1768: 1767: 1765:Order of Merit 1761: 1754:Pour le Mérite 1750: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1635: 1561:British Museum 1548: 1545: 1518:George Bentham 1503:Order of Merit 1428: 1425: 1386:Robert FitzRoy 1296:Charles Darwin 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1229:Behring Strait 1202: 1201: 1198:New Englanders 1194: 1187: 1145:Salt Lake City 1105: 1102: 1089: 1086: 1074:Daniel Hanbury 1069: 1066: 1060:(1851–53) and 1009:William Walker 991:Charles Darwin 967:Thomas Thomson 946:, many of the 944:Richard Temple 780: 777: 753:Charles Darwin 716: 713: 668:Bay of Islands 628:Crozet Islands 551:Main article: 548: 545: 543: 540: 508: 505: 501:Stewart Island 476: 473: 465: 464: 461: 443: 442: 439: 433: 430: 427: 424: 415: 388: 385: 310: 307: 293: 290: 278:Charles Darwin 265: 264: 256: 255: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 210: 209: 207: 206: 200: 197:Order of Merit 194: 188: 182: 176: 169: 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 148: 144: 143: 132: 128: 123: 122: 119: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94:(aged 94) 88: 84: 83: 77: 66: 62: 61: 59:Hooker in 1897 58: 50: 49: 30: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6219: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:William Aiton 5794: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783:Directors of 5778: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5673:George Porter 5670: 5666: 5665:Andrew Huxley 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5633:Howard Florey 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5561:J. 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Thomson 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5537:Lord Rayleigh 5534: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5510:Joseph Lister 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:Edward Sabine 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5430:Earl of Rosse 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315:Martin Folkes 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185:Royal Society 5182: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057:Simon Newcomb 5054: 5050: 5049:George Salmon 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993:Arthur Cayley 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4929:Louis Pasteur 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4841:Adam Sedgwick 4838: 4834: 4833:Thomas Graham 4830: 4826: 4825:Louis Agassiz 4822: 4818: 4817:Robert Bunsen 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801:Charles Lyell 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:Léon Foucault 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614:On Aggression 4610: 4609:Konrad Lorenz 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4575:Abbott Thayer 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4537:Ernst Haeckel 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502:Louis Agassiz 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487:Charles Lyell 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:William Smith 4422: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4365:Thomas Bewick 4363: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4353:Gilbert White 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304:Georg Steller 4302: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4292:Carl Linnaeus 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4242:Enlightenment 4239: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Otto Brunfels 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3744:. W.H. Allen. 3743: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603:1-55870-747-6 3599: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575:. W. Dawson. 3574: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3492:1-55870-791-3 3488: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3452: Hook.f. 3448: 3442: 3436:, p. 13. 3435: 3430: 3424:, p. 84. 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 96. 3411: 3410:Brittain 2006 3406: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3305: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:(June 1979). 3069: 3063: 3061: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3012: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2760:, p. 91. 2759: 2754: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2710:, p. 34. 2709: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2579:, p. 85. 2578: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2502:, p. 18. 2501: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2443:, p. 49. 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307:Endersby 2008 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2177: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2052: 2049:The standard 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1995:0-913196-29-0 1991: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1848:(Reeve, 1854) 1847: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796:specific name 1793: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779:Hooker Island 1776: 1772: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1692:Royal Society 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Algernon West 1641: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1541:Matilda Smith 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477:rhododendrons 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451:in 1854, the 1450: 1446: 1445:Royal Society 1442: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Royal Society 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1306:Charles Lyell 1303: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1290:While on the 1287: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1184:Brigham Young 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Sierra Nevada 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:Wasatch Range 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Sierra Blanca 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 978:-like series 977: 972: 971:Bay of Bengal 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 948:rhododendrons 945: 940: 936: 935:Lachoong Pass 932: 931:Lachen Valley 924: 920: 919:Kangchenjunga 912: 908: 904: 903: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:'Mr Williams' 833: 829: 825: 821: 820: 814: 810: 806: 798: 794: 790: 785: 776: 774: 770: 769:William Nicol 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 712: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 694: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:St Paul Rocks 603:archipelago, 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573: 567: 566: 560: 554: 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 504: 502: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 472: 470: 462: 459: 458: 457: 455: 451: 446: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 423: 419: 416: 413: 412: 411: 409: 405: 398: 393: 384: 382: 378: 374: 373: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:Dawson Turner 316: 303: 298: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 262: 257: 252: 248: 244: 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185:Linnean Medal 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 126: 121: 120: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 99: 89: 85: 80: 67: 63: 56: 51: 46: 42: 38: 34: 22: 19: 5975:Clarke Medal 5973: 5948:Darwin Medal 5946: 5919: 5833: 5810: 5740:Adrian Smith 5700:21st century 5521:20th century 5469: 5398:Humphry Davy 5382:19th century 5371:Joseph Banks 5363:John Pringle 5355:James Burrow 5339:James Burrow 5299:Isaac Newton 5291:18th century 5240:Samuel Pepys 5224:John Hoskyns 5192:17th century 5032: 4745:Richard Owen 4634: 4624: 4612: 4602: 4590: 4587:Hugh B. Cott 4578: 4563:20th century 4552: 4540: 4530: 4521: 4473: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4415: 4403: 4393:19th century 4380: 4368: 4356: 4339: 4327: 4319:James Hutton 4309:Joseph Banks 4295: 4255:Micrographia 4253: 4250:Robert Hooke 4230: 4220: 4216: 4199: 4164: 4134: 4122: 4112: 4100: 4097:Theophrastus 4088: 3993: 3923: 3894:. Retrieved 3883: 3842: 3827: 3809: 3790:. Springer. 3786: 3764: 3754: 3740: 3725: 3705: 3695: 3674: 3653: 3642: 3627: 3616: 3592: 3571: 3543: 3523: 3502: 3481: 3471: 3451: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3371: 3368:Polar Record 3367: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3344: 3335: 3326: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3298: 3286:. Retrieved 3282: 3273: 3261: 3254:Turrill 1963 3249: 3236: 3229:Turrill 1963 3224: 3212: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3133: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3108:the original 3079: 3075: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014:. Retrieved 3005: 2993:. Retrieved 2989:the original 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2963:the original 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2911: 2897: 2889: 2886:Turrill 1963 2881: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2806:Turrill 1963 2801: 2794:Turrill 1963 2789: 2777: 2770:Turrill 1963 2765: 2758:Desmond 1999 2753: 2741:. Retrieved 2736: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2684: 2675:Lord Morpeth 2666: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2635:. Retrieved 2631: 2622: 2614: 2607:. Retrieved 2597: 2584: 2577:Desmond 1999 2572: 2560:. Retrieved 2555: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2519: 2512:Desmond 1999 2507: 2500:Desmond 1999 2495: 2486: 2476: 2465:the original 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2359: 2334:. Retrieved 2329: 2292:Turrill 1963 2287: 2275: 2263:. Retrieved 2258: 2249: 2229:. Retrieved 2205: 2194: 2176:Turrill 1963 2171: 2161: 2150:Turrill 1963 2145: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2108: 2037: 2031: 2021: 2009: 2004: 1984: 1975: 1974:1870; 1878: 1962: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1919: 1908:Flora indica 1907: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1857:(Gray, 1844) 1852: 1843: 1834: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1769: 1685: 1681: 1673:John Lubbock 1646: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1608: 1598: 1593:Joseph Banks 1586: 1581: 1578:Richard Owen 1566: 1557:Richard Owen 1550: 1535:'s project, 1528: 1526: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1494: 1492: 1472: 1465:Flora Indica 1464: 1462: 1457:Darwin Medal 1438: 1394: 1372:held at the 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1349: 1329:Freeman 1978 1327: 1304:provided by 1299: 1291: 1289: 1222: 1218:alpine flora 1203: 1177: 1125:Fort Garland 1118: 1107: 1097: 1091: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1028: 1024: 1018: 986: 984: 979: 952: 916: 910: 900: 879:Teesta River 852: 818: 802: 796: 789:Cholamo Lake 741:palaeobotany 718: 698: 691: 675: 671: 625: 597:Quail Island 576: 571: 564: 556: 529: 510: 498: 494: 484: 481:James Hector 478: 466: 447: 444: 401: 371: 355: 312: 304:, circa 1852 269: 268: 230:Institutions 213: 191:Darwin Medal 179:Copley Medal 173:Clarke Medal 92:(1911-12-10) 75:30 June 1817 18: 6037:1911 deaths 6032:1817 births 5921:Royal Medal 5617:Lord Adrian 5502:Lord Kelvin 5307:Hans Sloane 5280:Lord Somers 5232:Cyril Wyche 5009:Carl Ludwig 4734:(1851–1900) 4635:Shearwaters 4492:Mary Anning 4277:Hans Sloane 4227:John Gerard 4221:New Herball 4148:Renaissance 4131:Dioscorides 4067:naturalists 3892:. 1843–1882 3434:Maiden 1892 3422:Gordon 2005 3266:Huxley 1918 3217:Huxley 1918 3196:Huxley 1918 3114:19 February 3031:Jensen 1991 2720:Temple 1887 2708:Sanyal 1896 2660:(1): 27–49. 2654:The Linnean 2429:Nathan 2016 2280:Huxley 1918 2036:1904–1906: 2030:1898–1900: 1981:1872–1897: 1959:1862–1883: 1944:1862–1883: 1886:1849–1851: 1882:Niger flora 1874:1864–1867: 1867:1844–1859: 1842:land snail 1640:Huxley 1918 1449:Royal Medal 1276:(1827–1879) 1246:Mississippi 1161:Silver City 1157:Carson City 1137:Pike's Peak 1064:(1853–59). 1013:Frank Stone 963:Khasi Hills 793:Donkia Pass 536:Kew Gardens 513:Sunningdale 309:Early years 234:Kew Gardens 98:Sunningdale 6011:Categories 5347:James West 5181:Presidents 4065:Pioneering 4000:1878–1883 3564:required.) 3351:15 October 3160:Isely 2002 2943:8 February 2922:8 February 2539:(3): 1–76. 2243:required.) 2095:References 1803:hookeriana 1771:Hooker Oak 1677:Lord Derby 1338:Down House 1280:See also: 1191:Georgetown 1139:. Next to 855:Darjeeling 848:Darjeeling 787:Tibet and 644:liverworts 615:, and the 601:Cape Verde 343:James Cook 315:Halesworth 79:Halesworth 71:1817-06-30 5716:Lord Rees 5657:Lord Todd 4085:Aristotle 4077:antiquity 4075:Classical 3924:Botanicus 3896:22 August 3831:. Joseph. 3784:(2013) . 3396:129006829 3327:The Times 3068:Lucas, JR 2637:19 August 2609:22 August 2441:Hall 1966 2186:Citations 2125:HMS 2118:HMS 2026:John Ball 1756:from the 1610:The Times 1605:Gladstone 1553:Herbarium 1233:Greenland 1114:Greenland 1094:John Ball 1082:Palestine 976:exsiccata 822:, to the 817:HMS 805:Himalayan 761:Himalayas 749:coal ball 613:St Helena 570:HMS 563:HMS 471:in 1905. 370:HMS 362:Antarctic 353:in 1839. 292:Biography 254:Signature 5834:(acting) 5708:Lord May 4512:Asa Gray 4324:John Ray 3818:11867079 3808:(1959). 3752:(1963). 3614:(1966). 3288:26 April 3104:19198585 3096:11617072 3016:11 March 2692:Archived 2073:See also 1636:— 1484:Himalaya 1342:Asa Gray 1206:Colorado 1169:Yosemite 1110:Asa Gray 1100:(1878). 995:Calcutta 961:and the 844:Siliguri 840:Mirzapur 832:Calcutta 773:Keyworth 703:off the 609:Trindade 593:Santiago 589:Tenerife 527:before. 525:cremated 489:Haultain 274:botanist 5183:of the 3950:at the 3862:at the 3463:Sources 3376:Bibcode 3310:19 July 3242:Hansard 2995:8 March 2969:8 March 2873:2448770 2832:Bibcode 2743:24 June 2265:21 June 2231:21 June 2056:Hook.f. 1927:Bentham 1910:, with 1799:hookeri 1737:of the 1669:Bentham 1665:Tyndall 1479:of the 1401:Norwich 1399:at its 1368:At the 1214:prairie 1159:, then 1123:. From 1121:La Veta 676:Terror, 648:lichens 599:in the 585:Madeira 379:, then 245:Hook.f. 157: 149: 141: 133: 129: 5742:(2020) 5734:(2015) 5726:(2010) 5718:(2005) 5710:(2000) 5691:(1995) 5683:(1990) 5675:(1985) 5667:(1980) 5659:(1975) 5651:(1970) 5643:(1965) 5635:(1960) 5627:(1955) 5619:(1950) 5611:(1945) 5603:(1940) 5595:(1935) 5587:(1930) 5579:(1925) 5571:(1920) 5563:(1915) 5555:(1913) 5547:(1908) 5539:(1905) 5531:(1900) 5512:(1895) 5504:(1890) 5496:(1885) 5488:(1883) 5480:(1878) 5472:(1873) 5464:(1871) 5456:(1861) 5448:(1858) 5440:(1854) 5432:(1848) 5424:(1838) 5416:(1830) 5408:(1827) 5400:(1820) 5392:(1820) 5373:(1778) 5365:(1772) 5357:(1772) 5349:(1768) 5341:(1768) 5333:(1764) 5325:(1752) 5317:(1741) 5309:(1727) 5301:(1703) 5282:(1698) 5274:(1695) 5266:(1690) 5258:(1689) 5250:(1686) 5242:(1684) 5234:(1683) 5226:(1682) 5218:(1680) 5210:(1677) 5202:(1662) 5139:(1900) 5131:(1899) 5123:(1898) 5115:(1897) 5107:(1896) 5099:(1895) 5091:(1894) 5083:(1893) 5075:(1892) 5067:(1891) 5059:(1890) 5051:(1889) 5043:(1888) 5035:(1887) 5027:(1886) 5019:(1885) 5011:(1884) 5003:(1883) 4995:(1882) 4987:(1881) 4979:(1880) 4971:(1879) 4963:(1878) 4955:(1877) 4947:(1876) 4939:(1875) 4931:(1874) 4923:(1873) 4915:(1872) 4907:(1871) 4899:(1870) 4891:(1869) 4883:(1868) 4875:(1867) 4867:(1866) 4859:(1865) 4851:(1864) 4843:(1863) 4835:(1862) 4827:(1861) 4819:(1860) 4811:(1859) 4803:(1858) 4795:(1857) 4787:(1856) 4779:(1855) 4771:(1854) 4763:(1853) 4755:(1852) 4747:(1851) 4658:Topics 4109:Aelian 3816: 3794: 3712: 3682: 3661: 3600: 3579: 3558: 3531: 3510: 3489: 3400:p. 17. 3394: 3102: 3094: 2871: 2824:Nature 2562:8 June 2366:8 June 2336:8 June 2237: 2222: 2133:Terror 2127:Erebus 2120:Beagle 2114:Erebus 2062:citing 2020:1878: 1992: 1938:1859: 1932:1859: 1916:1858: 1906:1855: 1900:1855: 1892:1854: 1880:1849: 1661:Huxley 1653:Darwin 1589:X-Club 1481:Sikkim 1453:Copley 1409:X-Club 1292:Erebus 1141:Denver 1029:Beagle 959:Sylhet 955:Bhutan 939:Cho La 927: 883:Tonglu 871:Bengal 867:Sikkim 813:Labuan 809:Borneo 731:. 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