Joseph Merrick - Knowledge

765:. Although she probably never met him in person, she was responsible for raising funds and public sympathy for Merrick. She sent him photographs of herself and employed a basket weaver to go to his rooms and teach him the craft. Other people of high society did visit him, however, bringing gifts of photographs and books. He reciprocated with letters and handmade gifts of card models and baskets. Merrick enjoyed these visits and became confident enough to converse with people who passed his windows. A young man, Charles Taylor, the son of the engineer responsible for modifying Merrick's rooms, spent time with him, sometimes playing the violin. Occasionally, Merrick grew bold enough to leave his small living quarters and explore the hospital. When discovered, he was always hurried back to his quarters by the nurses, who feared he might frighten the patients. 519:. Merrick slept on an iron bed with a curtain drawn around to afford him some privacy. Observing Merrick asleep one morning, Norman learnt that he always slept sitting up, with his legs drawn up and his head resting on his knees. His enlarged head was too heavy to allow him to sleep lying down and, as Merrick put it, he would risk "waking with a broken neck". Norman decorated the shop with posters that Hitchcock had produced, depicting a monstrous half-man, half-elephant. A pamphlet was created, titled "The Autobiography of Joseph Carey Merrick", giving an outline of Merrick's life to date. This brief biography, whether written by Merrick or not, provided a generally accurate account of his life. It did contain an incorrect date of birth, but Merrick was always vague about when exactly he was born. 729:

or frightened by his appearance. His opinions about women were derived from his memories of his mother and what he read in books. Treves decided that Merrick would like to be introduced to a woman and it would help him feel normal. The doctor arranged for a friend of his named Mrs. Leila Maturin, "a young and pretty widow", to visit Merrick. She agreed and with fair warning about his appearance, she went to his rooms for an introduction. The meeting was short, as Merrick quickly became overcome with emotion. He later told Treves that Maturin had been the first woman ever to smile at him, and the first to shake his hand. She kept in contact with him and a letter written by Merrick to her, thanking her for the gift of a book and a brace of

47: 419:'s licence enabling him to earn money selling items from the haberdashery shop, door to door. This endeavour was unsuccessful because Merrick's facial deformities rendered his speech increasingly unintelligible, and prospective customers reacted with horror to his physical appearance. People refused to open the door to him, and they not only stared at him, but followed him out of curiosity. Merrick failed to make enough money as a hawker to support himself. On returning home one day in 1877, he was severely beaten by his father and he left home for good. 443:, Merrick was given a classification to determine his place of accommodation. The class system specified the department or ward in which a resident would reside, as well as the amounts of food received. Joseph was classified as Class One for able-bodied people. On 22 March 1880, only 12 weeks after entering the workhouse, Merrick signed himself out and spent two days looking for work. With no more success than before, he found himself with no option but to return to the workhouse. This time he stayed for four years. 717:

relationship, although Merrick never completely confided in him. He told Treves that he was an only child, and Treves had the impression that his mother, whose picture Merrick always carried with him, had abandoned him as a baby. Merrick was also reluctant to talk about his exhibition days, although he expressed gratitude towards his former managers. It did not take Treves long to realise that, contrary to his initial impressions, Merrick was not intellectually impaired.

366:, he began to develop swellings on his lips at the age of 21 months, followed by a bony lump on his forehead and a loosening and roughening of the skin. As he grew, a noticeable difference between the size of his left and right arms appeared, and both his feet became significantly enlarged. The Merrick family explained his symptoms as the result of Mary's being knocked over and frightened by a fairground elephant while she was pregnant with Joseph. The concept of 683: 713:. With the financial backing of the many donors, Gomm was able to make a convincing case to the committee for keeping Merrick in the hospital. It was decided that he would be allowed to stay there for the remainder of his life. He was moved from the attic to the basement, where he could occupy two rooms adjacent to a small courtyard. The rooms were adapted and furnished to suit Merrick, with a specially constructed bed and—at Treves's instruction—no mirrors. 1122:(2010), Norman's view gives an insight into the Victorian freak show's function as a survival mechanism for poor people with deformities, as well as the attitude of medical professionals of the time. Durbach cautions that the memoirs of both Treves and Norman must be understood as "narrative reconstructions ... that reflect personal and professional prejudices and cater to the demands and expectations of their very different audiences". 423: 746: 721: 476: 289: 562: 1147:, which revealed a large amount of new information about Merrick. Howell and Ford were able to provide a more detailed description of Merrick's life story, also proving that his name was actually Joseph, not John. They refuted some of the inaccuracies in Treves's account, showing that Merrick had not been abandoned by his mother, and that he had voluntarily chosen to exhibit himself to make a living. 733:, is the only surviving letter written by Merrick. This first experience of meeting a woman, though brief, instilled in Merrick a new sense of self-confidence. He met other women during his life at the hospital, and appeared taken with them all. Treves believed that Merrick's hope was to one day live at an institution for the blind, where he might meet a woman who could not see his deformities. 542:. He would then lead the assembled crowd into the shop, explaining that the Elephant Man was "not here to frighten you but to enlighten you". Pulling the curtain to one side, he allowed the onlookers—often visibly horrified—to observe Merrick up close, while describing the circumstances that had led to his present condition, including his mother's alleged incident with a fairground elephant. 619:

with Frederick Treves, the police closed down Norman's shop on Whitechapel Road, and Merrick's Leicester managers withdrew him from Norman's charge. In 1885, Merrick went on the road with Sam Roper's travelling fair. He befriended two other performers, known as "Roper's Midgets"—Bertram Dooley and Harry Bramley—who occasionally defended Merrick from public harassment.

1098:, in which he detailed what he knew of Merrick's life and his personal interactions with him. This account is the source of much of what is known about Merrick, but the book contained several inaccuracies. Merrick had never completely confided in Treves about his early life, so these details were consequently sketchy in Treves's 1102:. A more mysterious error is that concerning Merrick's first name; Treves, in his earlier journal articles as well as his book, persisted in calling him John Merrick. The reason for this is unknown, as Merrick clearly signed his name as "Joseph" in the examples of his handwriting that remain. In the handwritten manuscript for 1341:, which included a foreword written by a member of Joseph Merrick's family. The book looks into the early life of Merrick and his family in Vigor-Mungovin's home town of Leicester, with detailed information about Joseph's family and his ambition to be self-sufficient rather than survive on the charity of others. 574:

Tuckett back to the shop to ask if Merrick might be willing to go to the hospital for an examination. Norman and Merrick both agreed to the request. To allow him to travel the short distance without drawing undue attention, Merrick wore a disguise consisting of an oversized black cloak and a brown cap with a

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Some persons remarked on Merrick's strong Christian faith (Treves is also said to have been a Christian), and that his strong character and courage in the face of disabilities earned him admiration. Merrick's life story has become the subject of several works of dramatic art, based on the accounts of

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Ever since Joseph Merrick's days as a novelty exhibit on Whitechapel Road, his condition has remained a source of curiosity for medical professionals. His appearance at the meeting of the Pathological Society of London in 1884 drew interest from the doctors present, but gained neither the answers nor

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His remains are kept in a glass case in a private room at the university, and can be viewed by medical students and professionals by appointment " allow medical students to view and understand the physical deformities resulting from Joseph Merrick's condition." Although the university intends to keep

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Treves observed that Merrick was very sensitive and showed his emotions easily. At times, Merrick was bored and lonely, and demonstrated signs of depression. He had spent his entire adult life segregated from women, first in the workhouse and then as an exhibit. The women he met were either disgusted

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The problem of Merrick's unpleasant odour was mitigated through frequent bathing, and Treves gradually developed an understanding of his speech. A new set of photographs was taken. Francis Carr Gomm, the chairman of the hospital committee, had supported Treves in his decision to admit Merrick, but it

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that Merrick was "the most disgusting specimen of humanity that I had ever seen at no time had I met with such a degraded or perverted version of a human being as this lone figure displayed." The viewing lasted no more than 15 minutes, after which Treves returned to work. Later the same day, he sent

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in Leicestershire, was the daughter of William Potterton who was described as an agricultural labourer in the 1851 census of Thurmaston, Leicestershire. She was said to have some form of physical disability, and as a young woman worked as a domestic servant in Leicester before marrying Joseph Rockley

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newspaper, and later in his own memoirs, Norman denied this characterisation and said he provided his show attractions with a means to earn a living, adding that Merrick was still on display while residing at the London Hospital, but with no way of controlling how or when he was viewed. According to

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Four months later, in 1885, Treves brought the case before the meeting for a second time. By then, Tom Norman's shop on Whitechapel Road had been closed down and Merrick had moved on, so in Merrick's absence Treves made do with the photographs he had taken during his examinations. One of the doctors

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Merrick did not receive a burial; instead, almost all sections of his body were preserved for study, both skeleton and soft tissue. Treves dissected the body and took plaster casts of Merrick's head and limbs. He took skin samples and mounted the skeleton; the skin samples were later lost during the

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As the dampening of public enthusiasm for freak shows and human oddities continued, the police and magistrates became increasingly vigilant in closing down shows. The Elephant Man remained a horrifying spectacle for his viewers, but Roper grew nervous about the negative attention he was drawing from

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covering his face, and he rode in a cab hired by Treves. Although Treves stated that Merrick's outfit on this occasion included the black cloak and brown cap, there is evidence to suggest that Merrick acquired that particular costume a year later, while travelling with Sam Roper's Fair. If that were

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Merrick was now homeless on the streets of Leicester. His uncle, a barber named Charles Merrick, on hearing of his nephew's situation, sought him out and offered him accommodation in his home. Merrick continued to hawk around Leicester for the next two years but his efforts to earn a living met with

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In addition to his deformities, Merrick fell and damaged his left hip at some point during his childhood. The injury site became infected and left him permanently disabled. Although limited by his physical deformities, Merrick attended school and enjoyed a close relationship with his mother. She was

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A pamphlet titled "The Autobiography of Joseph Carey Merrick", produced c. 1884 to accompany his exhibition, states that he began to display anatomical signs at approximately five years of age, with "thick lumpy skin ... like that of an elephant, and almost the same colour". According to a

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He approached strangers for help, but his speech was unintelligible and his appearance repugnant. After drawing a crowd of curious onlookers, Merrick was helped by a policeman into an empty waiting room where he huddled in a corner, exhausted. Unable to make himself understood, his only identifying

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Merrick's condition gradually deteriorated during his four years at the London Hospital. He required a great deal of care from the nursing staff and spent much of his time in bed, or sitting in his quarters, with diminishing energy. His facial deformities continued to grow and his head became more

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appeared to be weakened, causing a loosening of the skin which, in some areas, hung away from the body. There were bone deformities in the right arm, both legs, and, most conspicuously, in the large skull. Despite having had corrective surgery to his mouth in 1882, Merrick's speech remained barely

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townhouse and meet his wife. At the hospital, Merrick spent his days reading and constructing models of buildings out of card. He entertained visits from Treves and his house surgeons. He rose each day in the afternoon and would leave his rooms to walk in the small adjacent courtyard, after dark.

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During this period in Victorian Britain, tastes were changing in regard to freak show exhibitions like Norman's, which were becoming a cause for public concern on the grounds of decency and because of the disruption caused by crowds gathering outside them. Shortly after Merrick's last examination

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samples from Selby in an unsuccessful attempt to diagnose Merrick's condition. During 2003, the filmmakers commissioned further diagnostic tests using DNA from Merrick's hair and bone, but the results of these tests proved inconclusive; therefore, the precise cause of Merrick's medical condition

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came to open them officially. The princess wished to meet the Elephant Man, so after a tour of the hospital, the royal party went to his rooms for an introduction. Princess Alexandra shook Merrick's hand and sat with him, an experience that left him overjoyed. She gave him a signed photograph of

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Merrick settled into his new life at the London Hospital. Treves visited him daily and spent a couple of hours with him every Sunday. Now that Merrick had found someone who understood his speech, he was delighted to carry on long conversations with the doctor. Treves and Merrick built a friendly

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Merrick reached London on 24 June 1886, safely back in his own country but with nowhere to go. He was not eligible to enter a workhouse in London for more than one night, and the only place that would accept him was the Leicester Union Workhouse (where he was to become a permanent resident), but

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Merrick left school aged 13, which was usual for the time. His home life was now "a perfect misery", and neither his father nor his stepmother demonstrated affection toward him. He ran away "two or three" times, but was taken back by his father each time. At 13, he found work rolling cigars in a

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in December 1886 and the report on Merrick's inquest. He pointed out inconsistencies between the accounts and disputed some of Treves's version of events; he noted, for example, that while Treves claimed Merrick knew nothing of his mother's appearance, Carr Gomm mentions that Merrick carried a

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comedian and proprietor that he knew. Torr came to visit Merrick at the workhouse and decided he could make money exhibiting him; although, to retain Merrick's novelty value, he would need to be put on display as a travelling exhibit. To this end, Torr organised a group of managers for his new

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on his face. The protrusion from his mouth had grown to 20–22 centimeters, severely inhibiting his speech and making it difficult to eat. The operation was performed in the Workhouse Infirmary under the direction of Dr Clement Frederick Bryan, during which a large part of the mass was removed.

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He often said to me that he wished he could lie down to sleep 'like other people' ... he must, with some determination, have made the experiment ... Thus it came about that his death was due to the desire that had dominated his life—the pathetic but hopeless desire to be 'like other

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The Elephant Man exhibit was moderately successful, and made money primarily from the sales of the autobiographical pamphlet. Merrick was able to put his share of the profits aside, in the hope of earning enough money to one day buy a home of his own. The shop on Whitechapel Road was directly

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With Merrick admitted into the hospital, Treves now had time to conduct a more thorough examination. He discovered that Merrick's physical condition had deteriorated over the previous two years and that he had become impaired by his deformities. Treves also suspected that Merrick had a heart

821:'s cottage and spent the days walking in the estate's woods, collecting wild flowers. He befriended a young farm labourer who later recalled Merrick as an interesting and well-educated man. Treves called this "the one supreme holiday of life", although in fact there were three such trips. 241:. He eventually made his way back to the London Hospital, where he was allowed to stay for the rest of his life. Treves visited him daily, and the pair developed a close friendship. Merrick also received visits from some of the wealthy ladies and gentlemen of London society, including 209:

and began to develop abnormally before the age of five. His mother died when he was eleven, and his father soon remarried. Rejected by his father and stepmother, he left home and went to live with his uncle, Charles Merrick. In 1879, 17-year-old Merrick entered the Leicester Union

1106:, Treves began his account by writing "Joseph" and then crossed it out and replaced it with "John". Whatever the reason for the discrepancy, it continued throughout much of the 20th century; later biographers have perpetuated the error, having based their work on Treves's book. 977:, which are of particular importance in diagnosing von Recklinghausen Disease, but which were never observed on Merrick's body. For this reason, although the diagnosis was quite popular through most of the 20th century, other conjectural diagnoses were advanced, such as 628:

local authorities. Merrick's group of managers decided he should go on tour in continental Europe, with the hope that the authorities there would be more lenient. His management was assumed by an unknown man (possibly named Ferrari) and they left for the continent.

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Ladies and gentlemen ... I would like to introduce Mr Joseph Merrick, the Elephant Man. Before doing so I ask you please to prepare yourselves—Brace yourselves up to witness one who is probably the most remarkable human being ever to draw the breath of life.

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condition and had only a few years left to live. Merrick's general health improved over the next five months under the care of the hospital staff. Although some nurses were initially upset by his appearance, they were able to overcome this and take care of him.

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factory, but after three years, the deformity of his right hand had worsened to the extent that he no longer had the dexterity required for the job. Now unemployed, he spent his days wandering the streets, looking for work and avoiding his stepmother's taunts.

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I was taunted and sneered at so that I would not go home to my meals, and used to stay in the streets with a hungry belly rather than return for anything to eat, what few half-meals I did have, I was taunted with the remark—"That's more than you have earned."

796:' private box. According to Treves, Merrick was "awed" and "enthralled", and " spectacle left him speechless, so that if he were spoken to he took no heed." Merrick talked about the pantomime for weeks afterwards, reliving the story as if it had been real. 386:

on 29 May 1873, two and a half years after the death of her youngest son William. Joseph Rockley Merrick moved with his two surviving children to live with Mrs. Emma Wood Antill, a widow with children of her own. They married on 3 December 1874.

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painting of his mother with him, and he criticised Treves's assumption that Merrick's mother was "worthless and inhuman". However, Montagu also perpetuated some of the errors in Treves's work, including his use of the name "John" rather than "Joseph".

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On three occasions, Merrick left the hospital to go on holiday, spending a few weeks at a time in the countryside. By means of elaborate arrangements that allowed him to board a train unseen and have an entire carriage to himself, Merrick travelled to

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on 27 December 1930 which was, according to Howell & Ford (1992), "clearly based on a knowledge of the Merrick family circumstances". It included information about Merrick's mother's background, his early development and his attempts to gain

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during one of those visits. Treves had some photographs taken on one occasion, and provided Merrick with a set of copies which were later added to his autobiographical pamphlet. On 2 December 1884, Treves presented Merrick at a meeting of the

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enlarged. He died on 11 April 1890, while sleeping, at the age of 27. At around 3:00 p.m. Treves's house surgeon visited Merrick and found him lying dead across the bed. His body was formally identified by his uncle, Charles Merrick. An

586:". He measured Merrick's head circumference at the enlarged size of 36 inches (91 cm), his right wrist at 12 inches (30 cm) and one of his fingers at 5 inches (13 cm) in circumference. He noted that Merrick's skin was covered in 370:—that the emotional experiences of pregnant women could have lasting physical effects on their unborn children—was still common in 19th-century Britain. Merrick held this belief about the cause of his disability throughout his life. 599:

intelligible. His left arm and hand were neither enlarged nor deformed. His penis and scrotum were normal. Apart from his deformities and the lameness in his hip, Treves concluded that Merrick appeared to be in good general health.

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When Norman first encountered Merrick, he was dismayed by the extent of his deformities, fearing his appearance might be too horrific to be a successful novelty. Nevertheless, he exhibited Merrick in the back of an empty shop on

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withdrew his licence when it came up for renewal. With young children to provide for, Charles could no longer afford to support his nephew. In late December 1879, now 17 years old, Merrick entered the Leicester Union Workhouse.

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Merrick wanted to know about the "real world", and questioned Treves on a number of topics. On one occasion, he expressed a desire to see inside what he considered a "real" house and Treves obliged, taking him to visit his

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Joseph was apparently healthy at birth, and he had no outward anatomical signs or symptoms of any disorder for the first few years of his life. Named after his father, he was given the middle name Carey by his mother, a

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I think there's a slight advantage, because I'm so used to being very aware and having to control my body and my mouth. When I have to change my physicality or my voice I have, I feel, a great awareness to begin

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would be playing Merrick in a new two-part BBC drama, a decision that drew criticism from some quarters and instead of re-casting a disabled actor, the production was subsequently cancelled. In the 2019 sitcom

260:. In a 2003 study, DNA tests on his hair and bones were inconclusive because his skeleton had been bleached numerous times before going on display at the Royal London Hospital. Merrick's life was depicted in 3746: 3914: 2971: 707:, printed on 4 December 1886, outlining Merrick's case and asking readers for suggestions. The public response—in letters and donations—was significant, and the situation was even covered by the 2911: 3216: 864:. Knowing that Merrick had always slept sitting upright out of necessity, Treves concluded that Merrick must have "made the experiment", attempting to sleep lying down "like other people". 3883: 615:. Merrick eventually told Norman that he no longer wanted to be examined at the hospital. According to Norman, he said he was "stripped naked and felt like an animal in a cattle market". 940:

who was an authority on skin diseases. After hearing Treves's description of Merrick, and viewing the photographs, Crocker proposed that Merrick's condition might be a combination of

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The Elephant Man was no more successful in continental Europe than he had been in Britain, and similar action was taken by the authorities to move him out of their jurisdictions. In

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charge: music hall proprietor J. Ellis, travelling showman George Hitchcock, and fair owner Sam Roper. On 3 August 1884, Merrick departed the workhouse to start his new career.

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On examining Merrick at the hospital, Treves observed that he was "shy, confused, not a little frightened, and evidently much cowed". At this point, Treves assumed him to be an "

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exhibiting human curiosities. Without the need for a meeting, Norman agreed to take over Merrick's management, and Merrick travelled with Hitchcock to London in November 1884.

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On at least one occasion, Merrick was able to fulfill a long-held desire to visit the theatre. Treves, with the help of Madge Kendal, arranged for him to attend the Christmas

307:–1897) was the son of London-born weaver Barnabas Merrick (1791–1856) who moved to Leicester during the 1820s or 1830s, and his third wife Sarah Rockley. Mary Jane Potterton ( 2779: 860:, resulting from the weight of his head as he lay down. After performing an autopsy, Treves determined that Merrick had died of a dislocated neck, which likely severed his 698:

was clear by November that long-term care plans were needed. The London Hospital was not equipped or staffed to provide care for the incurable, which Merrick clearly was.

3906: 3182: 2843: 635:, Merrick was deserted by his new manager, who stole his £50 (equivalent to about £6,900 in 2023) savings. Abandoned and penniless, Merrick made his way by train to 3732: 1081:. In response to the appeal, a Leicester resident named Pat Selby was discovered to be the granddaughter of Merrick's uncle, George Potterton. A research team took 335:

on 21 December 1870 aged four and was buried on Christmas Day 1870; and Marion Eliza, born 28 September 1867, who had physical disabilities and died of

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Treves depicted Tom Norman, the showman who had exhibited Merrick on Whitechapel Road, as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his charge. In a letter to the

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his skeleton at its medical school, some contend that, as Merrick was a devout Christian, he should be given a Christian burial in his home city of Leicester.

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Treves first met Merrick that November, at a private viewing that took place before Norman opened the shop for the day. Treves later recalled in his 1923

3226: 2903: 230:. The shop was visited by surgeon Frederick Treves, who invited Merrick to be physically examined. Merrick was displayed by Treves at a meeting of the 3710: 3596: 3679: 701:

Carr Gomm contacted other institutions and hospitals more suited to caring for chronic cases, but none would accept Merrick. Gomm wrote a letter to

4293: 4106:"The Autobiography of Joseph Carey Merrick" – freak shop pamphlet printed c. 1884 to accompany the exhibition of the Elephant Man; printed in 2812: 218:

and proposed that he might be exhibited. Torr arranged for a group of men to manage Merrick, whom they named "the Elephant Man". After touring the

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include tumours of the nervous tissue and bones, small warty growths on the skin, and the presence of light brown pigmentation on the skin called

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little more success than before. Eventually, his disfigurement drew such negative attention from members of the public that the Commissioners for

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named Reginald Tuckett, who, like his colleagues, was intrigued by the Elephant Man's deformities. Tuckett suggested that his senior colleague

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Paul Spiring speculated that Merrick might have had a combination of Proteus syndrome and neurofibromatosis. This hypothesis was reported by

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wrongly indicates that she had four children. It was originally understood that John Thomas Merrick (born 21 April 1864)—who died of

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proof of his having had the previously conjectured syndrome. In fact, Proteus syndrome affects tissue other than nerves, and is a

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and an unnamed bone deformity, all caused by changes in the nervous system. Crocker wrote about Merrick's case in his 1888 book

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The showmen named Merrick the Elephant Man, and advertised him as "Half-a-Man and Half-an-Elephant". They showed him around the

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rather than a genetically transmitted disease. Cohen and Tibbles said Merrick showed the following signs of Proteus syndrome: "

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in 1884, after which Norman's shop was closed by the police. Merrick then joined Sam Roper's circus and was toured in Europe.

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Norman later recalled that Merrick had visited the hospital "two or three" times, and that Treves had given Merrick his

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had described in 1882. This conjecture has since been proved wrong; in fact, symptoms that are always present in this

4233: 4211: 4157: 849: 686: 555: 20: 550:, ideally situated for medical students and doctors to visit, curious to see Merrick. One such visitor was a young 1058:. The possibility that Merrick may have had both conditions formed the basis for a 2003 documentary film entitled 3824: 761:, Merrick's case attracted the notice of London's high society. One person who took a keen interest was actress 4320: 4045: 4023: 3621: 2751: 1307: 957: 608: 551: 231: 1255:

Merrick is portrayed by actor Joseph Drake in two episodes of the second series of BBC historical crime drama

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Vigor-Mungovin, Joanne (2016), Joseph: The Life, Times and Places of the Elephant Man, London: Mango Books,

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of long bones; and thickened skin and subcutaneous tissues, particularly of the hands and feet, including

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identified by Cohen in 1979, citing Merrick's lack of reported café au lait spots and the absence of any

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The police contacted Treves, who went to the train station and, on recognising Merrick, took him in a

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Norman gathered an audience by standing outside the shop and attracting passers-by with his showman's

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As Merrick was becoming a greater financial burden on his family, his father eventually secured him a

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In 1980, Michael Howell and Peter Ford presented the findings of their detailed archival research in

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and "seizures" on 19 March 1891, aged 23. William is buried with his mother, aunts and uncles in

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On 5 May 2019, author Jo Vigor-Mungovin discovered that Merrick's soft tissue was buried in the

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The exact cause of Merrick's deformities is unclear, but in 1986 it was conjectured that he had

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on 24 July of the same year—was the fourth child of Joseph and Mary Jane Merrick, but the

182:, was an English artist known for his severe physical deformities. He was first exhibited at a 3643: 2933: 2873: 1172: —poem used by Joseph Merrick to end his letters, adapted from "False Greatness" by 4284: 3799:"How The Real and Imagined History of the Elephant Man connects with the disabled experience" 3742: 3587: 916:

the wider attention that Treves had hoped for. The case received only a brief mention in the

885: 873: 547: 340: 116: 99: 300:, to Joseph Rockley Merrick and his wife Mary Jane (née Potterton). Joseph Rockley Merrick ( 4315: 4310: 3453: 3221: 1331: 1312: 1054: 773: 432: 199: 3768: 974: 8: 4161: 3288: 3148: 1583: 1323: 1045: 1001: 834: 793: 595: 367: 3907:"Year of the Rabbit review: Matt Berry in superb form as drunken and incompetent copper" 2844:"'Elephant man' was a devout believer and should have Christian burial, say campaigners" 459:

Merrick concluded that his only escape from the workhouse might be through the world of

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Measured by the soul: the life of Joseph Carey Merrick, also known as the Elephant Man

331:. The Merricks had two other children: William Arthur, born January 1866, who died of 4266: 4256: 4239: 4229: 4207: 4195: 4185: 4167: 4144: 4126: 4094: 4073: 4049: 4027: 4002: 3976: 3546: 3128: 2362: 1431: 1286: 1192: 978: 962: 674:, washed, fed and then put to bed in a small isolation room in the hospital's attic. 265: 3578: 3407: 3118: 3110: 2350: 1505: 1249: 1009: 997: 970: 941: 924: 869: 814: 806: 516: 480: 383: 257: 159: 4018:(2009), "Monstrosity, Masculinity, and Medicine: Reexamining 'the Elephant Man'", 3945: 3426: 1524: 343:

in Leicester; Marion is buried with her father in Belgrave Cemetery in Leicester.

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the case, Treves was remembering the clothing from a later meeting with Merrick.

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Contemporary visual art reference in the work of Australian art Cameron Hayes.

1494: 1252:, Merrick, played by Anthony Parker, appears briefly in an unspoken capacity. 4304: 4270: 4243: 4086: 4069: 4015: 3114: 1327: 1282: 1257: 1230: 1208: 1200: 1195:, was staged in 1979. The character based on Merrick was initially played by 1115: 1040: 937: 603: 492: 375: 332: 219: 3876:"Anger over casting of Stranger Things star Charlie Heaton as Elephant Mann" 3798: 3769:"Interview - Zak Ford-Williams - Taking on the Elephant Man - Able Magazine" 2354: 4171: 4122: 1274: 1017: 1013: 1005: 946:

Diseases of the Skin: their Description, Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment

810: 762: 575: 3132: 961:, incorrectly citing Merrick as an example of von Recklinghausen Disease ( 907: 856:

Merrick's death was ruled accidental and the certified cause of death was

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On 21 May 1887, two new buildings were completed at the hospital and the

379: 296:

Joseph Carey Merrick was born on 5 August 1862, at 50 Lee Street in

273: 195: 103: 1297:, and off the back of this production the play was published as a book. 682: 3980: 1188: 818: 769: 671: 667: 612: 531: 504: 500: 496: 468: 460: 347: 250: 227: 223: 183: 2755: 2695: 1234: 996:

and J. A. R. Tibbles put forward the hypothesis that Merrick had had

785: 703: 651:

in Essex. From there, he travelled by train to London and arrived at

587: 440: 297: 211: 206: 80: 2904:"'Elephant Man' skeleton deserves Christian burial, say campaigners" 422: 237:

In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his road manager and abandoned in

3879: 3617: 3157: 1588: 857: 632: 583: 464: 351: 336: 315: 246: 238: 215: 4042:

Articulating the Elephant Man: Joseph Merrick and His Interpreters

3938:"Laurent Petitgiraud, french composer and conductor: Elephant Man" 3217:"Two wrongs don't make a right — until someone joins them up" 1120:

The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture

872:, but the skeleton is included in the pathology collection of the 3675: 1025: 826: 745: 720: 648: 644: 447: 416: 324: 1337:

In November 2016, Joanne Vigor-Mungovin published a book called

358:

birth records indicate that he was in fact not related to them.

2874:"'Elephant Man' Joseph Merrick 'should be buried in Leicester'" 1330:

in the title role, it premiered on 7 February 2002 at the

1032: 730: 636: 594:

growths), the largest of which exuded an unpleasant smell. The

561: 539: 475: 288: 4020:

Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture

1245:

broadcast an adaptation of Pomerance's play, starring Anglim.

777:

herself, which became a prized possession, and she sent him a

640: 3099:(1986), "The Proteus syndrome: the Elephant Man diagnosed", 1326:, set to a French libretto by Eric Nonn. Starring contralto 1199:, and in subsequent productions by various actors including 591: 484: 1495:"Merrick, Joseph Carey [Elephant Man] (1862–1890)" 178:(5 August 1862 – 11 April 1890), often erroneously called 4289:

newspaper by Francis Carr-Gomm, regarding Joseph Merrick.

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During 2002, genealogical research for the film led to a

876:

in Whitechapel, which merged with the Medical College of

689:(pictured in 1884) was Merrick's close friend and doctor. 2934:"Elephant Man: Joseph Merrick's grave 'found by author'" 2780:"Scientists hope relative can help explain Elephant Man" 253:, concluded that Merrick had died of a dislocated neck. 4255:. England: Friends of Joseph Carey Merrick Publishing. 3545:. Friends of Joseph Carey Merrick. pp. 8, 9, 192. 3146:

Barry, Megan E. (13 June 2018), Rohena, Luis O. (ed.),

2752:"University of London: Queen Mary University of London" 888:. Merrick's mounted skeleton is not on public display. 833:, who had gained notoriety conducting inquests for the 426:

Merrick photographed in 1889, the year before his death

19:"The Elephant Man" redirects here. For other uses, see 4253:

Measured by the Soul: The Life of Joseph Carey Merrick

4141:

Measured By The Soul: The Life of Joseph Carey Merrick

3999:

Joseph: The Life, Times and Places of the Elephant Man

3969:

Joseph: The Life, Times and Places of the Elephant Man

1339:

Joseph: The Life, Times and Places of the Elephant Man

202:, subsequently becoming well known in London society. 3825:"The Real & Imagined History of the Elephant Man" 1890:"Elephant Man – The Complete Story of Joseph Merrick" 374:

a Sunday school teacher, and his father worked as an

3284:"Science uncovers handsome side of the Elephant Man" 1821: 1819: 222:, Merrick travelled to London to be exhibited in a 4040:Graham, Peter W.; Oehlschlaeger, Fritz H. (1992), 3395: 3147: 2778: 1493: 1430:(2016 ed.). London: Thomas Anker. p. 2. 1385: 1383: 565:Merrick wore a cap and hood for public discretion. 4251:Sitton, Jeanette; Stroshane, Mae Siu-Wai (2012). 4139:Sitton, Jeanette; Stroshane, Mae Siu-Wai (2012), 4093:(2nd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 11–12, 3539:Sitton, Jeanette; Stroshane, Mae Siu Wai (2012). 3245: 3243: 1289:as Joseph. This cast of this production included 1271:The Real and Imagined History of the Elephant Man 670:to the London Hospital. Merrick was admitted for 4302: 3577: 1855: 1816: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1552: 1468: 1456: 1444: 4250: 4143:, London: The Friends of Joseph Carey Merrick, 3709:, Telegraph Publishing Company, 28 March 1981, 3538: 3394:Toulmin, Vanessa; Harrison, B. (January 2008). 3393: 1492:Osborne, Peter; Harrison, B. (September 2004). 1491: 1407: 1395: 1380: 390: 245:. Although the official cause of his death was 3966: 3240: 3064: 1549:The National Archives: HO107/2087, f.666, p.12 1094:In 1923, Frederick Treves published a volume, 1035:, and other unspecified subcutaneous masses". 3510: 3508: 3506: 3277: 3275: 3075: 3073: 792:. Merrick sat with some nurses, concealed in 3406:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3094: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2676: 2674: 2637: 2635: 2562: 2560: 2535: 2533: 2496: 2494: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2464: 2462: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 1504:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1362:An article was published anonymously in the 749:Merrick built a card church as a replica of 724:The only surviving letter written by Merrick 483:where Merrick was exhibited. Today it sells 3904: 3387: 3341:"Unlocking the secrets of the Elephant Man" 3090: 3088: 2776: 2310: 2308: 2187: 2185: 2172: 2170: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2068: 2066: 1975: 1973: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1917: 1915: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1794: 1792: 1767: 1765: 1752: 1750: 1737: 1735: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1659:"The Autobiography of Joseph Carey Merrick" 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 659:Leicester was 98 miles (158 km) away. 643:, but was refused passage. He travelled to 4119:The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity 3571: 3520: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3375: 3272: 3070: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 1277:in the title role. The cast also featured 1273:premiered on 4 August 2017, starring 1131:The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity 639:, where he attempted to board a ferry for 378:at a cotton factory, as well as running a 45: 3658: 3307: 3281: 3205: 3139: 3122: 2998: 2986: 2715: 2703: 2686: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2557: 2545: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2491: 2474: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2392: 2380: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1703: 1691: 663:possession was Frederick Treves's card. 647:, and was able to board a ship bound for 405:The Autobiography of Joseph Carey Merrick 4228:. Oakville, Ont., Canada: Mosaic Press. 4163:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences 4091:Human genetics: a problem-based approach 3363: 3211: 3085: 2732: 2368: 2332: 2320: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2182: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2090: 2078: 2063: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1970: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1912: 1867: 1843: 1831: 1804: 1789: 1777: 1762: 1747: 1732: 1715: 1662: 1644: 1564: 1428:The Elephant Man and other Reminiscences 1269:to produce a play about Merrick's life. 1261:, first broadcast in 2013. In 2017, the 1104:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences 1096:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences 906: 744: 719: 681: 560: 474: 421: 287: 283: 214:. In 1884, he contacted a showman named 4220: 4194: 3935: 3733:"Moving performances but uneven impact" 3730: 3693: 3439: 3403:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3338: 2021: 1531: 1501:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 319:Merrick, then a warehouseman, in 1861. 123:City of London Cemetery and Crematorium 16:Man with severe deformities (1862–1890) 4303: 4285:Transcripts of the letters written to 4062:Howell, Michael; Ford, Peter (1992) , 2841: 2744: 2033: 1576: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1425: 757:As a result of Carr Gomm's letters to 454: 382:business. Mary Jane Merrick died from 158:Physical deformities due to suspected 3433: 3164:from the original on 16 November 2018 3145: 3058: 2349:(1354): 1188–1189, 11 December 1886, 1300:It was announced in August 2018 that 1191:-winning play by American playwright 4108:The True History of the Elephant Man 4085: 4065:The True History of the Elephant Man 3850:"Charlie Heaton is The Elephant Man" 2817:Joseph Carey Merrick Tribute Website 1349: 1225:, was released in 1980; directed by 1167:The mind's the standard of the man. 1144:The True History of the Elephant Man 902: 3996: 3796: 3749:from the original on 13 August 2017 3654:from the original on 21 March 2021. 1861: 1825: 1638: 1626: 1614: 1558: 1480: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1413: 1401: 1389: 1233:nominations. Merrick was played by 1219:. A biographical film, also titled 1152:'Tis true my form is something odd, 967:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen 463:. He wrote a speculative letter to 13: 4178: 3917:from the original on 21 March 2021 3886:from the original on 21 March 2021 3856:from the original on 21 March 2021 3822: 3713:from the original on 21 March 2021 3682:from the original on 21 March 2021 3624:from the original on 21 March 2021 3599:from the original on 21 March 2021 3559:from the original on 21 March 2021 3351:from the original on 21 March 2021 3339:Bomford, Andrew (29 August 2013). 3296:from the original on 21 March 2021 2974:from the original on 21 March 2021 2944:from the original on 21 March 2021 2914:from the original on 21 March 2021 2884:from the original on 21 March 2021 2854:from the original on 21 March 2021 1900:from the original on 21 March 2021 1596:from the original on 21 March 2021 1315:as a pretentious theatrical type. 1161:If I could reach from pole to pole 1044:in June 2001, British teacher and 677: 14: 4357: 4278: 3315:"Elephant man's descendant found" 3282:Highfield, Roger (22 July 2003), 3251:"Elephant man mystery unravelled" 2793:from the original on 17 June 2022 1318:Merrick's life is the subject of 1241:. In 1982, US television network 1158:I would not fail in pleasing you. 169:5 ft 2 in (157 cm) 26:For the Jamaican missionary, see 21:The Elephant Man (disambiguation) 4326:English people with disabilities 3960: 3929: 3898: 3868: 3842: 3816: 3790: 3761: 3731:Herbert, Kate (20 August 2017). 3724: 3636: 3610: 3532: 3332: 3261:from the original on 9 July 2020 3175: 2956: 2926: 2896: 2866: 2777:Cahal Milmo (21 November 2002). 2739:Graham & Oehschlaeger (1992) 1320:Joseph Merrick, The Elephant Man 1165:I would be measured by the soul; 882:School of Medicine and Dentistry 190:", and then went to live at the 3997:Vigor-Mungovin, Joanne (2016), 3990: 3967:Vigor-Mungovin, Joanne (2016). 3701:"'Elephant Man' on ABC Theater" 2835: 2805: 2770: 2693:"Death Of 'The Elephant Man'", 1679: 1543: 1364:Illustrated Leicester Chronicle 1356: 1163:Or grasp the ocean with a span, 928:declined to mention it at all. 446:Around 1882, Merrick underwent 364:Illustrated Leicester Chronicle 4046:Johns Hopkins University Press 4024:University of California Press 3905:O'Grady, Sean (10 June 2019). 3666:"Bowie in 'Elephant Man' role" 3583:"'Sweeney Todd' is named best" 2842:Farley, Harry (10 June 2016). 1584:"New research on Elephant man" 1419: 1154:But blaming me is blaming God; 958:British Journal of Dermatology 609:Pathological Society of London 439:One of 1,180 residents in the 232:Pathological Society of London 1: 1344: 1062:, which was produced for the 1060:The Curse of The Elephant Man 983:polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 829:was held on 27 April by 799: 495:, including in Leicester and 308: 301: 52: 4113: 4014: 3971:. Ernakulam, Kerala, India: 3514: 3485: 3473: 3427:UK public library membership 3065:Korf & Rubenstein (2005) 1525:UK public library membership 1374: 1263:Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne 965:), which German pathologist 558:should pay Merrick a visit. 391:Employment and the workhouse 292:Merrick photographed in 1888 249:, Treves, who performed the 243:Alexandra, Princess of Wales 7: 4346:Accidental deaths in London 4166:, London: Cassell and Co., 4156: 4138: 4061: 4039: 3797:Zak, Ford-Williams (2023). 3526: 3497: 3446:National Fairground Archive 3381: 3369: 3079: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2754:. lon.ac.uk. Archived from 2738: 2726: 2709: 2680: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2551: 2539: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2485: 2468: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2386: 2374: 2326: 2314: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2176: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2084: 2072: 2058: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1964: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1876: 1849: 1837: 1810: 1798: 1783: 1771: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1570: 1537: 1068:Natural History New Zealand 932:present at the meeting was 28:Joseph Merrick (missionary) 10: 4362: 2699:, p. 6, 16 April 1890 1426:Treves, Frederick (1923). 1265:, commissioned playwright 1156:Could I create myself anew 1077:appeal to trace Merrick's 121:Soft tissue buried at the 25: 18: 4341:British circus performers 3440:Toulmin, Vanessa (2007), 3397:"Norman, Tom (1860–1930)" 3183:"List of Current Fellows" 1332:State Opera House, Prague 1089: 988:In a 1986 article in the 911:Joseph Merrick's skeleton 878:St Bartholomew's Hospital 790:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 622: 461:human novelty exhibitions 165: 154: 146: 138: 128: 111: 88: 62: 44: 37: 4068:(3rd ed.), London: 3527:Howell & Ford (1992) 3498:Howell & Ford (1992) 3382:Howell & Ford (1992) 3370:Howell & Ford (1992) 3115:10.1136/bmj.293.6548.683 3080:Howell & Ford (1992) 3053:Howell & Ford (1992) 3041:Howell & Ford (1992) 3029:Howell & Ford (1992) 3017:Howell & Ford (1992) 3005:Howell & Ford (1992) 2993:Howell & Ford (1992) 2813:"Joseph's Autobiography" 2727:Howell & Ford (1992) 2710:Howell & Ford (1992) 2681:Howell & Ford (1992) 2666:Howell & Ford (1992) 2654:Howell & Ford (1992) 2642:Howell & Ford (1992) 2627:Howell & Ford (1992) 2615:Howell & Ford (1992) 2603:Howell & Ford (1992) 2591:Howell & Ford (1992) 2579:Howell & Ford (1992) 2567:Howell & Ford (1992) 2552:Howell & Ford (1992) 2540:Howell & Ford (1992) 2525:Howell & Ford (1992) 2513:Howell & Ford (1992) 2501:Howell & Ford (1992) 2486:Howell & Ford (1992) 2469:Howell & Ford (1992) 2454:Howell & Ford (1992) 2442:Howell & Ford (1992) 2430:Howell & Ford (1992) 2418:Howell & Ford (1992) 2406:Howell & Ford (1992) 2387:Howell & Ford (1992) 2375:Howell & Ford (1992) 2327:Howell & Ford (1992) 2315:Howell & Ford (1992) 2300:Howell & Ford (1992) 2288:Howell & Ford (1992) 2276:Howell & Ford (1992) 2264:Howell & Ford (1992) 2252:Howell & Ford (1992) 2240:Howell & Ford (1992) 2228:Howell & Ford (1992) 2216:Howell & Ford (1992) 2204:Howell & Ford (1992) 2192:Howell & Ford (1992) 2177:Howell & Ford (1992) 2162:Howell & Ford (1992) 2150:Howell & Ford (1992) 2138:Howell & Ford (1992) 2126:Howell & Ford (1992) 2114:Howell & Ford (1992) 2102:Howell & Ford (1992) 2085:Howell & Ford (1992) 2073:Howell & Ford (1992) 2028:Howell & Ford (1992) 2016:Howell & Ford (1992) 2004:Howell & Ford (1992) 1992:Howell & Ford (1992) 1980:Howell & Ford (1992) 1965:Howell & Ford (1992) 1946:Howell & Ford (1992) 1934:Howell & Ford (1992) 1922:Howell & Ford (1992) 1877:Howell & Ford (1992) 1850:Howell & Ford (1992) 1838:Howell & Ford (1992) 1811:Howell & Ford (1992) 1799:Howell & Ford (1992) 1784:Howell & Ford (1992) 1772:Howell & Ford (1992) 1757:Howell & Ford (1992) 1742:Howell & Ford (1992) 1727:Howell & Ford (1992) 1710:Howell & Ford (1992) 1698:Howell & Ford (1992) 1686:Howell & Ford (1992) 1674:Howell & Ford (1992) 1571:Howell & Ford (1992) 1538:Howell & Ford (1992) 1311:, Merrick was played by 1237:and Frederick Treves by 1064:Discovery Health Channel 955:wrote an article in the 653:Liverpool Street station 4001:, London: Mango Books, 3852:. BBC. 22 August 2019. 3648:unfinishedhistories.com 3450:University of Sheffield 3102:British Medical Journal 2355:10.1136/bmj.2.1354.1171 2342:British Medical Journal 1322:, an opera by composer 990:British Medical Journal 951:In 1909, dermatologist 934:Henry Radcliffe Crocker 919:British Medical Journal 897:City of London Cemetery 710:British Medical Journal 226:shop rented by showman 115:Skeleton on display in 4226:Words for Elephant Man 3936:Petitgirard, Laurent. 3412:10.1093/ref:odnb/73081 3154:eMedicine.medscape.com 2339:"The "Elephant-Man"", 1510:10.1093/ref:odnb/37759 1169: 1052:, a correspondent for 985:(Albright's disease). 953:Frederick Parkes Weber 912: 845: 754: 725: 690: 566: 527: 488: 427: 400: 293: 186:under the stage name " 4321:People from Leicester 1862:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1826:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1639:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1627:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1615:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1559:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1475:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1463:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1451:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1414:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1402:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1390:Vigor-Mungovin (2016) 1150: 910: 886:Queen Mary University 874:Royal London Hospital 840: 748: 723: 685: 564: 522: 478: 425: 395: 341:Welford Road Cemetery 327:, after the preacher 291: 284:Early life and family 117:Royal London Hospital 3222:The Sunday Telegraph 1592:. 28 February 2003. 1229:, it received eight 1181:Treves and Montagu. 1079:maternal family line 1055:The Sunday Telegraph 1020:of the large skull; 880:in 1995 to form the 362:1930 article in the 205:Merrick was born in 200:Sir Frederick Treves 176:Joseph Carey Merrick 67:Joseph Carey Merrick 4336:Sideshow performers 3803:www.dailymotion.com 3588:New York Daily News 3289:The Daily Telegraph 3193:on 13 November 2013 1894:thehumanmarvels.com 1324:Laurent Petitgirard 1086:remains uncertain. 1046:Chartered Biologist 1002:congenital disorder 835:Whitechapel murders 817:. He stayed at the 794:Lady Burdett-Coutts 596:subcutaneous tissue 455:Life as a curiosity 368:maternal impression 4331:English Christians 4196:Drimmer, Frederick 4110:, pp. 173–175 3773:ablemagazine.co.uk 3644:"The Elephant Man" 3593:Mortimer Zuckerman 3456:on 10 October 2010 3321:, 20 November 2002 3187:Society of Biology 3149:"Proteus Syndrome" 2970:. 29 August 2013. 2848:Christianity Today 2823:on 21 October 2007 1308:Year of the Rabbit 975:café au lait spots 913: 862:vertebral arteries 831:Wynne Edwin Baxter 755: 726: 691: 567: 509:East End of London 489: 428: 294: 4262:978-1-300-45725-1 4158:Treves, Frederick 4150:978-1-300-45725-1 4132:978-0-87690-037-6 4100:978-0-632-04425-2 4089:(14 April 2000), 4079:978-0-14-016515-9 4055:978-0-8018-4357-0 4044:, Baltimore, MD: 4033:978-0-520-25768-9 4008:978-1-911273-05-9 3618:"David Schofield" 3552:978-1-300-45725-1 3425:(Subscription or 3109:(6548): 683–685, 3095:Tibbles, J.A.R.; 2758:on 4 October 2013 1896:. 21 April 2008. 1523:(Subscription or 1350:Explanatory notes 1287:Zak Ford-Williams 1248:In the 2001 film 1193:Bernard Pomerance 1010:sporadic disorder 979:Maffucci syndrome 963:neurofibromatosis 903:Medical condition 774:Princess of Wales 433:Hackney Carriages 266:Bernard Pomerance 173: 172: 147:Years active 106:, London, England 4353: 4274: 4247: 4222:Sherman, Kenneth 4217: 4200:The Elephant Man 4174: 4153: 4135: 4103: 4082: 4058: 4036: 4022:, Berkeley, CA: 4011: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3948:on 26 April 2016 3944:. 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1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1688:, pp. 32, 42, 50 1683: 1677: 1671: 1660: 1657: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1497: 1489: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1368: 1360: 1291:Annabelle Davies 1222:The Elephant Man 1184:The Elephant Man 1176: 998:Proteus syndrome 971:genetic disorder 942:pachydermatocele 870:Second World War 852: 850:Frederick Treves 813:, the estate of 807:Northamptonshire 687:Frederick Treves 556:Frederick Treves 534: 517:Whitechapel Road 481:Whitechapel Road 407: 384:bronchopneumonia 314:–1873), born at 313: 310: 306: 303: 278:The Elephant Man 258:Proteus syndrome 198:, after meeting 188:the Elephant Man 160:Proteus syndrome 132:The Elephant Man 129:Other names 95: 76: 74: 57: 54: 49: 35: 34: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4301: 4300: 4281: 4263: 4236: 4214: 4181: 4179:Further reading 4151: 4133: 4115:Montagu, Ashley 4101: 4080: 4056: 4034: 4009: 3993: 3988: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3942:petitgirard.com 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3911:The Independent 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3829:Nick Hern Books 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3791: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3581:(1 June 1979), 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3457: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3144: 3140: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2962: 2961: 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Durham, NC: 3738:The Herald-Sun 3723: 3692: 3657: 3635: 3609: 3570: 3551: 3531: 3519: 3515:Montagu (1971) 3502: 3490: 3486:Durbach (2009) 3478: 3474:Durbach (2009) 3466: 3432: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3331: 3306: 3271: 3239: 3204: 3174: 3138: 3084: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2955: 2940:. 5 May 2019. 2925: 2895: 2865: 2834: 2804: 2769: 2743: 2731: 2714: 2702: 2685: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2556: 2544: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2490: 2473: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2181: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2089: 2077: 2062: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1969: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1911: 1881: 1866: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1815: 1803: 1788: 1776: 1761: 1746: 1731: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1661: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1542: 1530: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1443: 1437:978-1493725380 1436: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 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New York: 4199: 4162: 4140: 4123:E. P. Dutton 4121:, New York: 4118: 4107: 4090: 4063: 4041: 4019: 3998: 3991:Bibliography 3968: 3962: 3952:18 September 3950:. Retrieved 3946:the original 3941: 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3910: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3828: 3818: 3806:. Retrieved 3802: 3792: 3783: 3776:. Retrieved 3772: 3763: 3753:18 September 3751:. Retrieved 3736: 3726: 3715:, retrieved 3704: 3695: 3684:, retrieved 3669: 3660: 3647: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3612: 3601:, retrieved 3586: 3573: 3561:. Retrieved 3541: 3534: 3522: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3458:, retrieved 3454:the original 3445: 3435: 3415:. Retrieved 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3344: 3334: 3323:, retrieved 3318: 3309: 3298:, retrieved 3287: 3263:, retrieved 3254: 3231:, retrieved 3227:the original 3220: 3207: 3195:. Retrieved 3191:the original 3186: 3177: 3166:, retrieved 3153: 3141: 3106: 3100: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976:. Retrieved 2967: 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2937: 2928: 2916:. Retrieved 2908:The Guardian 2907: 2898: 2886:. Retrieved 2877: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2847: 2837: 2825:. Retrieved 2821:the original 2816: 2807: 2795:. Retrieved 2784: 2772: 2760:. Retrieved 2756:the original 2746: 2734: 2705: 2694: 2688: 2661: 2649: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2547: 2520: 2508: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2382: 2370: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2322: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2080: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1941: 1929: 1902:. Retrieved 1893: 1884: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1806: 1779: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1598:. Retrieved 1587: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1545: 1533: 1513:. 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