Joseph McCarthy - Knowledge

6923:, who studied the Venona decryptions extensively, challenged Herman's efforts to rehabilitate McCarthy, arguing that McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened anti-Communist consensus", thereby ultimately harming anti-Communist efforts more than helping them. Haynes concluded that, of the 159 people who were identified on lists used or referenced by McCarthy, evidence only substantially proved that nine of them had aided Soviet espionage efforts—while several hundred Soviet spies were actually known based on Venona and other evidence, most were never named by McCarthy. Haynes' own view was that a number of those accused on McCarthy's lists above, perhaps a majority, likely posed some form of possible security risk, but a significant minority of others likely did not, and several were indisputably no risk at all. 5634:. The appointment became controversial when it was learned that Matthews had recently written an article titled "Reds and Our Churches", which opened with the sentence, "The largest single group supporting the Communist apparatus in the United States is composed of Protestant Clergymen." A group of senators denounced this "shocking and unwarranted attack against the American clergy" and demanded that McCarthy dismiss Matthews. McCarthy initially refused to do this. As the controversy mounted, however, and the majority of his own subcommittee joined the call for Matthews's ouster, McCarthy finally yielded and accepted his resignation. For some McCarthy opponents, this was a signal defeat of the senator, showing he was not as invincible as he had formerly seemed. 6202: 5201:. Dirksen, and indeed all the candidates McCarthy supported, won their elections, and those he opposed lost. The elections, including many that McCarthy was not involved in, were an overall Republican sweep. Although his impact on the elections was unclear, McCarthy was credited as a key Republican campaigner. He was now regarded as one of the most powerful men in the Senate and was treated with new-found deference by his colleagues. In the 1952 Senate elections McCarthy was returned to his Senate seat with 54.2% of the vote, compared to Democrat Thomas Fairchild's 45.6%. As of 2020, McCarthy is the last Republican to win Wisconsin's Class 1 Senate seat. 5757:, with an estimated 20 million viewers. After hearing 32 witnesses and two million words of testimony, the committee concluded that McCarthy himself had not exercised any improper influence on Schine's behalf, but that Cohn had engaged in "unduly persistent or aggressive efforts". The committee also concluded that Army Secretary Robert Stevens and Army Counsel John Adams "made efforts to terminate or influence the investigation and hearings at Fort Monmouth", and that Adams "made vigorous and diligent efforts" to block subpoenas for members of the Army Loyalty and Screening Board "by means of personal appeal to certain members of the committee". 5493: 5144:. He said, "The use of homosexuals as a control mechanism over individuals recruited for espionage is a generally accepted technique which has been used at least on a limited basis for many years." As soon as the DCI said these words, his aide signaled to take the remainder of the DCI's testimony off the record. Political historian David Barrett uncovered Hillenkoetter's notes, which reveal the remainder of the statement: "While this agency will never employ homosexuals on its rolls, it might conceivably be necessary, and in the past has actually been valuable, to use known homosexuals as agents in the field. I am certain that if 5838: 6268:, accusing him of spreading "division and confusion" and saying, "Were the Junior Senator from Wisconsin in the pay of the Communists he could not have done a better job for them." On June 11, Flanders introduced a resolution to have McCarthy removed as chair of his committees. Although there were many in the Senate who believed that some sort of disciplinary action against McCarthy was warranted, there was no clear majority supporting this resolution. Some of the resistance was due to concern about usurping the Senate's rules regarding committee chairs and seniority. Flanders next introduced a resolution to 5870:

primary achievement has been in confusing the public mind, as between the internal and the external threats of Communism. We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men—not from men who feared to write, to speak, to associate and to defend causes that were, for the moment, unpopular.

5614:. Many VOA personnel were questioned in front of television cameras and a packed press gallery, with McCarthy lacing his questions with hostile innuendo and false accusations. A few VOA employees alleged Communist influence on the content of broadcasts, but none of the charges were substantiated. Morale at VOA was badly damaged, and one of its engineers committed suicide during McCarthy's investigation. Ed Kretzman, a policy advisor for the service, would later comment that it was VOA's "darkest hour when Senator McCarthy and his chief hatchet man, Roy Cohn, almost succeeded in muffling it." 437: 5826:, a progressive lawyers' association. In an impassioned defense of Fisher, Welch responded, "Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness ..." When McCarthy resumed his attack, Welch interrupted him: "Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, Sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" When McCarthy once again persisted, Welch cut him off and demanded the chairman "call the next witness". At that point, the gallery erupted in applause and a recess was called. 13431: 6434: 4509: 13645: 5341:. Marshall had been involved in American foreign policy with China, and McCarthy charged that Marshall was directly responsible for the loss of China to Communism. In the speech McCarthy also implied that Marshall was guilty of treason; declared that "if Marshall were merely stupid, the laws of probability would dictate that part of his decisions would serve this country's interest"; and most famously, accused him of being part of "a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history of man". 5527:

of McCarthy and he worked actively to diminish his power and influence. Still, he never directly confronted McCarthy or criticized him by name in any speech, thus perhaps prolonging McCarthy's power by giving the impression that even the President was afraid to criticize him directly. Oshinsky disputes this, stating that "Eisenhower was known as a harmonizer, a man who could get diverse factions to work toward a common goal. ... Leadership, he explained, meant patience and conciliation, not 'hitting people over the head.'"

6336: 4576:, then Chief of Naval Operations. However, his commander revealed that McCarthy had written this letter himself, probably while preparing award citations and commendation letters as an additional duty, and that he had signed his commander's name, after which Nimitz signed it during the process of just signing numerous other such letters. A "war wound"—a badly broken leg—that McCarthy made the subject of varying stories involving airplane crashes or anti-aircraft fire had in fact happened aboard ship during a raucous 4165: 6281: 5535:

of Communists being harbored within the government were soon disappointed. Eisenhower had never been an admirer of McCarthy, and their relationship became more hostile once Eisenhower was in office. In a November 1953 speech that was carried on national television, McCarthy began by praising the Eisenhower Administration for removing "1,456 Truman holdovers who were ... gotten rid of because of Communist connections and activities or perversion." He then went on to complain that

328: 4151: 51: 5796: 6319:, a McCarthy supporter, argued that the resolution was "not a censure resolution" because the word "condemn" rather than "censure" was used in the final draft. The word "censure" was then removed from the title of the resolution, though it is generally regarded and referred to as a censure of McCarthy, both by historians and in Senate documents. McCarthy himself said, "I wouldn't exactly call it a vote of confidence." He added, "I don't feel I've been lynched." 5186:. A Senate subcommittee later investigated this election and referred to it as "a despicable, back-street type of campaign", as well as recommending that the use of defamatory literature in a campaign be made grounds for expulsion from the Senate. The pamphlet was clearly labeled a composite. McCarthy said it was "wrong" to distribute it; though staffer Jean Kerr thought it was fine. After he lost the election by almost 40,000 votes, Tydings claimed foul play. 4972:. In that letter, Byrnes said State Department security investigations had resulted in "recommendation against permanent employment" for 284 persons, and that 79 of these had been removed from their jobs; this left 205 still on the State Department's payroll. In fact, by the time of McCarthy's speech only about 65 of the employees mentioned in the Byrnes letter were still with the State Department, and all of these had undergone further security checks. 13155: 4455:

possible, and he made the needs of children involved in contested divorces a priority. When it came to other cases argued before him, McCarthy compensated for his lack of experience as a jurist by demanding and relying heavily upon precise briefs from the contesting attorneys. The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed a low percentage of the cases he heard, but he was also censured in 1941 for having lost evidence in a

5897:, an African-American army clerk who was the target of one of McCarthy's investigations. The Murrow shows, together with the televised Army–McCarthy hearings of the same year, were the major causes of a nationwide popular opinion backlash against McCarthy, in part because for the first time his statements were being publicly challenged by noteworthy figures. To counter the negative publicity, McCarthy appeared on 11542: 5726: 4286:. He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer. These missions were generally safe, and after one where he was allowed to shoot as much ammunition as he wanted to, mainly at coconut trees, he acquired the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe". Some of his claims of heroism were later shown to be exaggerated or falsified, leading many of his critics to use "Tail-Gunner Joe" as a term of mockery. 6906:-decrypted Soviet messages, Soviet espionage data now opened to the West, and newly released transcripts of closed hearings before McCarthy's subcommittee—has partially vindicated McCarthy by showing that some of his identifications of Communists were correct and the scale of Soviet espionage activities in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s was larger than many scholars had suspected. In 5714:, a former aide to McCarthy and a friend of Cohn's, who was then serving in the army as a private. McCarthy claimed that the accusation was made in bad faith, in retaliation for his questioning of Zwicker the previous year. The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, usually chaired by McCarthy himself, was given the task of adjudicating these conflicting charges. Republican senator 5009:, Utah, a few days later, he cited a figure of 57, and in the Senate on February 20, 1950, he claimed 81. During a five-hour speech, McCarthy presented a case-by-case analysis of his 81 "loyalty risks" employed at the State Department. It is widely accepted that most of McCarthy's cases were selected from the so-called "Lee list", a report that had been compiled three years earlier for the 4905:

colleagues to his lack of antisemitism, Tye suggests that those aspects his critics denote as antisemitic are rather byproducts of McCarthy's absolute lack of a filter and his inability to avoid colleagues colored by hatred. Tye says, "He certainly knew how to hate, but he wasn't that kind of bigot." This perspective that McCarthy was not an antisemite is supported by other historians.

5084:

Tydings Report labeled McCarthy's charges a "fraud and a hoax," and described them as using incensing rhetoric—saying that the result of McCarthy's actions was to "confuse and divide the American people ... to a degree far beyond the hopes of the Communists themselves". Republicans were outraged by the Democratic response. They responded to the report's rhetoric in kind, with

11552: 5662:, had declined to answer questions about his political affiliations on a loyalty-review form. Peress's superiors were therefore ordered to discharge him from the army within 90 days. McCarthy subpoenaed Peress to appear before his subcommittee on January 30, 1954. Peress refused to answer McCarthy's questions, citing his rights under the 5544:." In the same speech, he criticized Eisenhower for not doing enough to secure the release of missing American pilots shot down over China during the Korean War. By the end of 1953, McCarthy had altered the "twenty years of treason" catchphrase he had coined for the preceding Democratic administrations and began referring to "twenty- 6347:

received with intentional and conspicuous displays of inattention. The press that had once recorded his every public statement now ignored him, and outside speaking engagements dwindled almost to nothing. Eisenhower, finally freed of McCarthy's political intimidation, quipped to his Cabinet that McCarthyism was now "McCarthywasm".

5654:. McCarthy, newly married to Jean Kerr, cut short his honeymoon to open the investigation. He garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the army researchers, but after weeks of hearings, nothing came of his investigations. Unable to expose any signs of subversion, McCarthy focused instead on the case of 5018:

the "iron curtain" of State Department secrecy with the aid of "some good, loyal Americans in the State Department". In reciting the information from the Lee list cases, McCarthy consistently exaggerated, representing the hearsay of witnesses as facts and converting phrases such as "inclined towards Communism" to "a Communist".

6306:", and had characterized the committee "as the 'unwitting handmaiden', 'involuntary agent' and 'attorneys in fact' of the Communist Party", and had "acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity". 6346:

After his condemnation and censure, McCarthy continued to perform his senatorial duties for another two and a half years. His career as a major public figure, however, had been ruined. His colleagues in the Senate avoided him; his speeches on the Senate floor were delivered to a near-empty chamber or

6272:

McCarthy. The resolution was initially written without any reference to particular actions or misdeeds on McCarthy's part. As Flanders put it, "It was not his breaches of etiquette, or of rules or sometimes even of laws which is so disturbing," but rather his overall pattern of behavior. Ultimately a

6263:

gave a humor-laced speech on the Senate floor, questioning McCarthy's tactics in fighting communism, likening McCarthyism to "house-cleaning" with "much clatter and hullabaloo". He recommended that McCarthy turn his attention to the worldwide encroachment of Communism outside North America. In a June

5741:

The army consulted with an attorney familiar with McCarthy to determine the best approach to attacking him. Based on his recommendation, it decided not to pursue McCarthy on the issue of communists in government: "The attorney feels it is almost impossible to counter McCarthy effectively on the issue

5526:

With his victory in the 1952 presidential race, Eisenhower became the first Republican president in 20 years. The Republican Party also held a majority in the House of Representatives and the Senate. After being elected president, Eisenhower made it clear to those close to him that he did not approve

5152:

or a high satellite official were known to be a homosexual, no member of this committee or of the Congress would balk against our use of any technique to penetrate their operations ... after all, intelligence and espionage is, at best, an extremely dirty business." The senators reluctantly agreed the

4756:

wrote that McCarthy was a frequent patron at the White Horse Inn, a Milwaukee gay bar, and cited his involvement with young men. Greenspun named some of McCarthy's alleged lovers, including Charles E. Davis, an ex-Communist and "confessed homosexual" who claimed that he had been hired by McCarthy to

4614:

was bombed. He also claimed La Follette had made huge profits from his investments while he, McCarthy, had been away fighting for his country. In fact, McCarthy had invested in the stock market himself during the war, netting a profit of $ 42,000 in 1943 (equal to $ 739,523 today). Where McCarthy got

4439:

judge. McCarthy became the youngest circuit judge in the state's history by defeating incumbent Edgar V. Werner, who had been a judge for 24 years. In the campaign, McCarthy lied about Werner's age of 66, claiming that he was 73, and so allegedly too old and infirm to handle the duties of his office.

6544:

The cause of anti-communism, which united millions of Americans and which gained the support of Democrats, Republicans and independents, was undermined by Sen. Joe McCarthy ... McCarthy addressed a real problem: disloyal elements within the U.S. government. But his approach to this real problem

5954:

district attorney Harlan Kelley, an ardent McCarthy supporter who was investigating the leaders of the recall campaign on the grounds that they had violated Wisconsin's Corrupt Practices Act. Chicago newspapermen later tallied 335,000 names while another 50,000 were said to be hidden in Minneapolis,

5873:

This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent, or for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities. As a nation we have come

5383:

One of the strongest bases of anti-Communist sentiment in the United States was the Catholic community, which constituted over 20% of the national vote. McCarthy identified himself as Catholic, and although the great majority of Catholics were Democrats, as his fame as a leading anti-Communist grew,

5083:

From its beginning, the Tydings Committee was marked by intense partisan infighting. Its final report, written by the Democratic majority, concluded that the individuals on McCarthy's list were neither Communists nor pro-communist, and said the State Department had an effective security program. The

4921:

I have seen persons bent on murdering me, persons who murdered my companions, defended by a United States senator. … I charge that this action of Senator McCarthy’s became the basis for the Communist propaganda in western Germany, designed to discredit the American armed forces and American justice.

4871:

of American prisoners of war. McCarthy was critical of the convictions because the German soldiers' confessions were allegedly obtained through torture during the interrogations. He argued that the U.S. Army was engaged in a coverup of judicial misconduct, but never presented any evidence to support

4454:

McCarthy's judicial career attracted some controversy because of the speed with which he dispatched many of his cases as he worked to clear the heavily backlogged docket he had inherited from Werner. Wisconsin had strict divorce laws, but when McCarthy heard divorce cases, he expedited them whenever

6570:

of hundreds of actors, writers, and directors. HUAC was a House committee, and as such it had no formal connection to McCarthy, who served in the Senate, although the existence of the House Un-American Activities Committee thrived in part as a result of McCarthy's activities. HUAC was active for 37

5534:

but, as stated above, badly trailing a Republican ticket which otherwise swept the state of Wisconsin; all the other Republican winners, including Eisenhower himself, received at least 60% of the Wisconsin vote. Those who expected that party loyalty would cause McCarthy to tone down his accusations

4552:

at the time he resigned his commission in April 1945. He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer. These missions were generally safe, and after one where he was allowed to shoot as much ammunition as he wanted to, mainly at coconut trees, he acquired the nickname "Tail-Gunner

6412:

Anslinger decided to give McCarthy access to morphine in secret from a pharmacy in Washington, DC. The morphine was paid for by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, right up to McCarthy's death. Anslinger never publicly named McCarthy, and he threatened, with prison, a journalist who had uncovered the

6383:

He had always been a heavy drinker, and there were times in those seasons of discontent when he drank more than ever. But he was not always drunk. He went on the wagon (for him this meant beer instead of whiskey) for days and weeks at a time. The difficulty toward the end was that he couldn't hold

6291:

After two months of hearings and deliberations, the Watkins Committee recommended that McCarthy be censured on two of the 46 counts: his contempt of the Subcommittee on Rules and Administration, which had called him to testify in 1951 and 1952, and his abuse of General Zwicker in 1954. The Zwicker

5551:

As McCarthy became increasingly combative towards the Eisenhower Administration, Eisenhower faced repeated calls that he confront McCarthy directly. Eisenhower refused, saying privately "nothing would please him more than to get the publicity that would be generated by a public repudiation by the

5181:

in his race against four-term incumbent Millard Tydings, with whom McCarthy had been in conflict during the Tydings Committee hearings. In speeches supporting Butler, McCarthy accused Tydings of "protecting Communists" and "shielding traitors". McCarthy's staff was heavily involved in the campaign

5017:

agent named Robert E. Lee, the House investigators had reviewed security clearance documents on State Department employees, and had determined that there were "incidents of inefficiencies" in the security reviews of 108 employees. McCarthy hid the source of his list, stating that he had penetrated

6745:

into a radio teleplay and broadcast on July 3, 1956. While the radio adaptation retains much of the story, it completely remakes the narrator and in fact gives him a line spoken in the original by Mr. Costello himself, thus changing the tone of the story considerably. In a 1977 interview Sturgeon

6350:

Still, McCarthy continued to rail against Communism and Socialism. He warned against attendance at summit conferences with "the Reds", saying that "you cannot offer friendship to tyrants and murderers ... without advancing the cause of tyranny and murder." He declared that "co-existence with

5760:

Of far greater importance to McCarthy than the committee's inconclusive final report was the negative effect that the extensive exposure had on his popularity. Many in the audience saw him as bullying, reckless, and dishonest, and the daily newspaper summaries of the hearings were also frequently

5601:

Senator McCarthy's zeal to uncover subversion and espionage led to disturbing excesses. His browbeating tactics destroyed careers of people who were not involved in the infiltration of our government. His freewheeling style caused both the Senate and the Subcommittee to revise the rules governing

5312:

has", calling McCarthy's actions an attempt to "sabotage the foreign policy of the United States" in a cold war and comparing it to shooting American soldiers in the back in a hot war. It was the Truman Administration's State Department that McCarthy accused of harboring 205 (or 57 or 81) "known

4904:

stating, "That's the way to do it," McCarthy's critics characterize him as driven by antisemitism. However, historian Larry Tye says that this is not the case. Based on accounts of his opposition to Soviet antisemitism, friendship with and employment of Jews, pro-Israel outlook, and testimony of

4830:

Senator McCarthy's first three years in the Senate were unremarkable. McCarthy was a popular speaker, invited by many different organizations, covering a wide range of topics. His aides and many in the Washington social circle described him as charming and friendly, and he was a popular guest at

5869:

No one familiar with the history of this country can deny that congressional committees are useful. It is necessary to investigate before legislating, but the line between investigating and persecuting is a very fine one, and the junior Senator from Wisconsin has stepped over it repeatedly. His

5617:

The subcommittee then turned to the overseas library program of the International Information Agency. Cohn toured Europe examining the card catalogs of the State Department libraries looking for works by authors he deemed inappropriate. McCarthy then recited the list of supposedly pro-communist

5123:

and to press his accusations that the government was failing to deal with Communism within its ranks. McCarthy also began investigations into homosexuals working in the foreign policy bureaucracy, who were considered prime candidates for blackmail by the Soviets. These accusations received wide

4238:

spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately, he was censured by the Senate in 1954 for refusing to cooperate with, and abusing members of, the committee established to investigate whether or not he should be

6518:. After assuming his seat, Proxmire did not pay the customary tribute to his predecessor and stated instead that McCarthy was a "disgrace to Wisconsin, to the Senate, and to America." As of 2024, McCarthy is the last Republican to have held, or won election to, Wisconsin's Class 1 Senate seat. 5511:, Eisenhower declared that while he agreed with McCarthy's goals, he disagreed with his methods. In draft versions of his speech, Eisenhower had also included a strong defense of his mentor, George Marshall, which was a direct rebuke of McCarthy's frequent attacks. However, under the advice of 5560:

With the beginning of his second term as senator in January 1953, McCarthy was made chairman of the Senate Committee on Government Operations. According to some reports, Republican leaders were growing wary of McCarthy's methods and gave him this relatively mundane panel rather than the

5040:

set up in February 1950 to conduct "a full and complete study and investigation as to whether persons who are disloyal to the United States are, or have been, employed by the Department of State". Many Democrats were incensed at McCarthy's attack on the State Department of a Democratic

5440:

Robert Kennedy was unusual among his Harvard friends for defending McCarthy when they discussed politics after graduation. He was chosen by McCarthy to be a counsel for his investigatory committee, but resigned after six months due to disagreements with McCarthy and Committee Counsel

5925:

of McCarthy in a front-page editorial that ran alongside a sample petition that readers could fill out and mail to the newspaper. A Republican and former McCarthy supporter, Gore cited the senator with subverting President Eisenhower's authority, disrespecting Wisconsin's own Gen.

5877:

The actions of the junior Senator from Wisconsin have caused alarm and dismay amongst our allies abroad, and given considerable comfort to our enemies. And whose fault is that? Not really his. He didn't create this situation of fear; he merely exploited it—and rather successfully.

4834:

McCarthy was active in labor-management issues, with a reputation as a moderate Republican. He fought against continuation of wartime price controls, especially on sugar. His advocacy in this area was associated by critics with a $ 20,000 personal loan McCarthy received from a

4618:

According to Jack Anderson and Ronald W. May, McCarthy's campaign funds, much of them from out of state, were ten times more than La Follette's and McCarthy's vote benefited from a Communist Party vendetta against La Follette. The suggestion that La Follette had been guilty of

5688:, gave him an honorable separation from the army. At McCarthy's encouragement, "Who promoted Peress?" became a rallying cry among many anti-communists and McCarthy supporters. In fact, and as McCarthy knew, Peress had been promoted automatically through the provisions of the 6359:, after reading a speech Brennan had given shortly beforehand in which he characterized McCarthy's anti-Communist investigations as "witch hunts". McCarthy's opposition failed to gain any traction, however, and he was the only senator to vote against Brennan's confirmation. 5539:

was still "on the payroll after eleven months of the Eisenhower administration," even though Davies had actually been dismissed three weeks earlier, and repeated an unsubstantiated accusation that Davies had tried to "put Communists and espionage agents in key spots in the

5098: 5307:

clashed often during the years both held office. McCarthy characterized Truman and the Democratic Party as soft on, or even in league with, Communists, and spoke of the Democrats' "twenty years of treason". Truman, in turn, once referred to McCarthy as "the best asset the

4305:

by a 61% – 37% margin. After three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame in February 1950, when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the

5445:. Joseph Kennedy had a national network of contacts and became a vocal supporter, building McCarthy's popularity among Catholics and making sizable contributions to McCarthy's campaigns. The Kennedy patriarch hoped that one of his sons would be president. Mindful of the 6780:

features an overzealous demagogue, Senator Fred Van Ackerman, based on McCarthy. Although the fictional senator is an ultra liberal who proposes surrender to the Soviet Union, his portrayal strongly resembles the popular perception of McCarthy's character and methods.

5938:

stipulates the number of signatures needed to force a recall election must exceed one-quarter the number of voters in the most recent gubernatorial election, requiring the anti-McCarthy movement to gather some 404,000 signatures in sixty days. With little support from

5127:

In Congress, there was little doubt that homosexuals did not belong in sensitive government positions. Since the late 1940s, the government had been dismissing about five homosexuals a month from civilian posts; by 1954, the number had grown twelve-fold. As historian

4831:

cocktail parties. He was far less well liked among fellow senators, however, who found him quick-tempered and prone to impatience and even rage. Outside of a small circle of colleagues, he was soon an isolated figure in the Senate, who was often widely criticized.

4587:, the incumbent. After he left the Marines in April 1945, five months before the end of the Pacific war in September 1945, McCarthy was reelected unopposed to his circuit court position. He then began a much more systematic campaign for the 1946 Republican Senate 10339: 5817:

with McCarthy's list of 130 Communists or subversives in defense plants "before the sun goes down". McCarthy stepped in and said that if Welch was so concerned about persons aiding the Communist Party, he should check on a man in his Boston law office named

11720: 5618:

authors before his subcommittee and the press. The State Department bowed to McCarthy and ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, fellow travelers, etc." Some libraries went as far as

11733:

I wrote this book at a time when I was worried about the way things were going in this country four years ago. Too many people were afraid of their shadows; there was a threat of book burning. Many of the books were being taken off the shelves at that

6362:

McCarthy's biographers agree that he was a changed man, for the worse, after the censure; declining both physically and emotionally, he became a "pale ghost of his former self", in the words of Fred J. Cook. It was reported that McCarthy suffered from

4623:

was deeply damaging, and McCarthy won the primary nomination 207,935 votes to 202,557. It was during this campaign that McCarthy started publicizing his war-time nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe," using the slogan, "Congress needs a tail-gunner." Journalist

4385:, Ireland. His father, Timothy McCarthy, was born in the United States, the son of an Irish father and a German mother. McCarthy dropped out of junior high school at age 14 to help his parents manage their farm. He entered Little Wolf High School, in 6351:

Communists is neither possible nor honorable nor desirable. Our long-term objective must be the eradication of Communism from the face of the earth." In one of his final acts in the Senate, McCarthy opposed President Eisenhower's nomination to the

5858:, which was broadcast on March 9, 1954. Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", the episode consisted largely of clips of McCarthy speaking. In these clips, McCarthy accuses the Democratic party of "twenty years of treason", describes the 5602:

future investigations, and prompted the courts to act to protect the Constitutional rights of witnesses at Congressional hearings. ... These hearings are a part of our national past that we can neither afford to forget nor permit to re-occur.

5384:

he became popular in Catholic communities across the country, with strong support from many leading Catholics, diocesan newspapers, and Catholic journals. At the same time, some Catholics opposed McCarthy, notably the anti-Communist author Father

5170:, baseless defamation, and mudslinging. Later, it would be embraced by McCarthy and some of his supporters. "McCarthyism is Americanism with its sleeves rolled," McCarthy said in a 1952 speech, and later that year, he published a book titled 6292:

count was dropped by the full Senate on the grounds that McCarthy's conduct was arguably "induced" by Zwicker's own behavior. In place of this count, a new one was drafted regarding McCarthy's statements about the Watkins Committee itself.

5765:

made an angry and prophetic remark to McCarthy. Upon being told by McCarthy that "You're not fooling anyone", Symington replied: "Senator, the American people have had a look at you now for six weeks; you're not fooling anyone, either." In

5088:

stating that Tydings was guilty of "the most brazen whitewash of treasonable conspiracy in our history". The full Senate voted three times on whether to accept the report, and each time the voting was precisely divided along party lines.

4916:

It beats the hell out of me why everyone tries so hard to show that the prosecution were insidious, underhanded, unethical, immoral and God knows what monsters, that unfairly convicted a group of whiskerless Sunday school boys. — Burton

7138: 4926:

It was later found that McCarthy had received "evidence" of the false torture claims from Rudolf Aschenauer, a prominent Neo-Nazi agitator who often served as a defense attorney for Nazi war criminals, such as Einsatzgruppen commander

6545:

was to cause untold grief to the country he claimed to love ... Worst of all, McCarthy besmirched the honorable cause of anti-communism. He discredited legitimate efforts to counter Soviet subversion of American institutions.

5622:

the newly-forbidden books. Shortly after this, in one of his public criticisms of McCarthy, President Eisenhower urged Americans: "Don't join the book burners. ... Don't be afraid to go in your library and read every book."

6310:

On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to "condemn" McCarthy on both counts by a vote of 67 to 22. The Democrats present unanimously favored condemnation and the Republicans were split evenly. The only senator not on record was

5515:

colleagues who were afraid that Eisenhower could lose Wisconsin if he alienated McCarthy supporters, he deleted this defense from later versions of his speech. The deletion was discovered by William H. Laurence, a reporter for

4572:, which the Marine Corps chain of command decided to approve in 1952 because of his political influence. McCarthy also publicized a letter of commendation which he claimed had been signed by his commanding officer and Admiral 9372:. Government Publishing Office, Thomas Library, Official Repository Library, Local, Bakersfield California, CSUB. 2009 . pp. 8', 79th Congress, 3rd Session, Date August 2, 1946, Congressional Records – House, p. 10749. 5658:, a New York dentist who had been drafted into the army in 1952 and promoted to major in November 1953. Shortly thereafter it came to the attention of the military bureaucracy that Peress, who was a member of the left-wing 5588:

This subcommittee would be the scene of some of McCarthy's most publicized exploits. When the records of the closed executive sessions of the subcommittee under McCarthy's chairmanship were made public in 2003–04, Senators

4947:. His words in the speech are a matter of some debate, as no audio recording was saved. However, it is generally agreed that he produced a piece of paper that he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the 5933:

Despite critics' claims that a recall attempt was foolhardy, the "Joe Must Go" movement caught fire and was backed by a diverse coalition including other Republican leaders, Democrats, businessmen, farmers and students.

7553:

Oshinsky explains this (p. 17) as resulting partially from the financial pressures of the Great Depression. He also notes (p. 28) that even during his judgeship, McCarthy was known to have gambled heavily after hours.

5874:

into our full inheritance at a tender age. We proclaim ourselves, as indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world, but we cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home.

10331: 11709: 7526:

partially because Marquette was under Catholic control and partially because he enrolled during the Great Depression, when few working-class or farm-bred students had the money to go out of state for college. See

5356:, who falsely claimed Rosenberg, who was Jewish, was a communist. Unlike other women targets of McCarthyism, Rosenberg emerged with her career and integrity intact. When the smear campaign fizzled out, journalist 3961: 6718:, whose title character was a clear imitation of McCarthy. A recording of the show became popular in the United States, and was reportedly played by President Eisenhower at cabinet meetings. The 1953 short story 6621:

writing to let Joe McCarthy know he was going to wear his red suit despite the Red Scare. Hope continued to offer McCarthy jokes as they were well received by most people, although he did receive some hate mail.

5472:, due to his friendship with the Kennedys and, reportedly, a $ 50,000 donation from Joseph Kennedy. Lodge lost despite Eisenhower winning the state in the presidential election. When a speaker at a February 1952 5570: 7608: 4892:

and G. David Schine, McCarthy frequently used anti-Jewish slurs. In this and McCarthy's other characteristics, such as the enthusiastic support he received from antisemitic politicians like Ku Klux Klansman

6408:

I wouldn't try to do anything about it, Commissioner ... It will be the worse for you ... and if it winds up in a public scandal and that should hurt this country, I wouldn't care The choice is yours.

6579:

From the start of his notoriety, McCarthy served as a favorite subject for political cartoonists. He was traditionally depicted in a negative light, normally pertaining to McCarthyism and his accusations.

5149: 3885: 13573: 13265: 113: 4810:

of the young man, which was the basis for Greenspun's story.) In 1953, he married Jean Fraser Kerr, a researcher in his office. In January 1957, McCarthy and his wife adopted an infant with the help of

5770:

of January 1954, 50% of those polled had a positive opinion of McCarthy. In June, that number had fallen to 34%. In the same polls, those with a negative opinion of McCarthy increased from 29% to 45%.

4958:

There is some dispute with whether or not McCarthy actually gave the number of people on the list as being "205" or "57". In a later telegram to President Truman, and when entering the speech into the

4752:, reportedly kneeing him in the groin. McCarthy, who admitted the assault, claimed he merely "slapped" Pearson. In 1952, using rumors collected by Pearson as well as other sources, Nevada publisher 4787:

Although some notable McCarthy biographers have rejected these rumors, others have suggested that he may have been blackmailed. During the early 1950s, McCarthy launched a series of attacks on the

5080:. They all had previously been the subject of charges of varying worth and validity. Owen Lattimore became a particular focus of McCarthy's, who at one point described him as a "top Russian spy". 7213: 4353:

McCarthy by a vote of 67–22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion. He continued to rally against communism and socialism until his death at the age of 48 at

7135: 6937: 8397: 5177:

McCarthy sought to discredit his critics and political opponents by accusing them of being Communists or communist sympathizers. In the 1950 Maryland Senate election, McCarthy campaigned for

5132:

would write, "Mixed in with the hysterics were some logic, though: homosexuals faced condemnation and discrimination, and most of them—wishing to conceal their orientation—were vulnerable to

10622: 4991:. With this background and due to the sensational nature of McCarthy's charge against the State Department, the Wheeling speech soon attracted a flood of press interest in McCarthy's claim. 17689: 4615:

the money to invest in the first place remains a mystery. La Follette's investments consisted of partial interest in a radio station, which earned him a profit of $ 47,000 over two years.

4468: 5182:

and collaborated in the production of a campaign tabloid that contained a composite photograph doctored to make it appear that Tydings was in intimate conversation with Communist leader

12127: 7335: 15155: 3548: 6299:

That McCarthy had "failed to co-operate with the Sub-committee on Rules and Administration", and "repeatedly abused the members who were trying to carry out assigned duties ..."

17744: 8058:

Special Senate Investigation on Charges Involving: Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens, John G. Adams, H. Struve Hensel and Senator Joe McCarthy, Roy M. Cohn and Francis P. Carr

5022: 2206: 5792:

He stated that McCarthy "has become a major liability to the cause of anti-communism", and accused him of "wild twisting of facts and near-facts repels authorities in the field".

11625: 10799:

CBS said it was the greatest spontaneous response in the history of broadcasting: 12,348 telephone calls and telegrams in the first few hours ... 11,567 of these supported Murrow.

4975:

At the time of McCarthy's speech, communism was a significant concern in the United States. This concern was exacerbated by the actions of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, the

17694: 13337: 6763:

anti-communist, is closely modeled on McCarthy, even to the varying numbers of Communists he asserts are employed by the federal government. He remains a major character in the

5371:, McCarthy charged that Truman and his advisors must have planned the dismissal during late-night sessions when "they've had time to get the President cheerful" on bourbon and 4951:. McCarthy is usually quoted to have said: "The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the 6302:

That McCarthy had charged "three members of the Select Committee with 'deliberate deception' and 'fraud' ... that the special Senate session ... was a 'lynch party

17709: 16490: 11959: 5523:

and featured on its front page the next day. Eisenhower was widely criticized for giving up his personal convictions, and the incident became the low point of his campaign.

11170: 5573:, and the mandate of this subcommittee was sufficiently flexible to allow McCarthy to use it for his own investigations of Communists in the government. McCarthy appointed 13563: 4964:, he used the number 57. The origin of the number 205 can be traced: in later debates on the Senate floor, McCarthy referred to a 1946 letter that then–Secretary of State 8957: 11655: 12082: 5905:, the "Russian espionage and propaganda organization". This response did not go over well with viewers, and the result was a further decline in McCarthy's popularity. 4310:. In succeeding years after his 1950 speech, McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department, the administration of President 11747: 11087: 10391: 4912:

Both willfully clueless and supremely self-confident, McCarthy impeded but did not derail a truly fair and balanced investigation of the Malmedy affair, — Steven Remy

12013: 5848:

Even before McCarthy's clash with Welch in the hearings, one of the most prominent attacks on McCarthy's methods was an episode of the television documentary series

4396:

from 1930 to 1935. McCarthy worked his way through college by coaching, boxing etc. He first studied electrical engineering for two years, then law, and received a

2647: 4908:

Tye cites three quotes from European historian Steven Remy, chief Malmedy prosecutor COL Burton Ellis JAG USA, and massacre victim and survivor Virgil P. Lary, Jr:

4298: 7600: 5005:

McCarthy himself was taken aback by the massive media response to the Wheeling speech, and he was accused of continually revising both his charges and figures. In

3531: 12836: 8212: 17654: 11986: 6228:" speech on June 1, 1950, calling for an end to the use of smear tactics, without mentioning McCarthy or anyone else by name. Only six other Republican senators— 5156:

McCarthy's methods also brought on the disapproval and opposition of many. Barely a month after McCarthy's Wheeling speech, the term "McCarthyism" was coined by

4629: 5673:, demanding that Peress be court-martialed. On that same day, Peress asked for his pending discharge from the army to be effected immediately, and the next day 13297: 13125: 12158: 7998:

Oshinsky describes the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe" as the result of McCarthy's wish to break the record for most live ammunition discharged in a single mission.

5562: 8749: 15341: 12530: 6327:, one of McCarthy's friends and fellow Republicans likened McCarthy's conduct, however, to that of "the kid who came to the party and peed in the lemonade." 3936: 10786: 8389: 7802: 5950:

Following the deadline of June 5, the final number of signatures was never determined because the petitions were sent out of state to avoid a subpoena from

5457:

for that office, Joseph Kennedy supported McCarthy as a national Catholic politician who might pave the way for a younger Kennedy's presidential candidacy.

4580:. Because of McCarthy's various lies about his military heroism, his "Tail-Gunner Joe" nickname was sarcastically used as a term of mockery by his critics. 17734: 17464: 17305: 17147: 17002: 16857: 16712: 14772: 13054: 5465: 4872:

the accusation. Shortly after this, a 1950 poll of the Senate press corps voted McCarthy "the worst U.S. senator" currently in office. McCarthy biographer

2176: 5565:—the committee normally involved with investigating Communists—thus putting McCarthy "where he can't do any harm", in the words of Senate Majority Leader 13330: 11932: 6942: 5484:

asked John Kennedy why he avoided criticizing McCarthy, Kennedy responded by saying, "Hell, half my voters in Massachusetts look on McCarthy as a hero".

5037: 17699: 14820: 7363: 7209: 4223:

from 1947 until his death at age 48 in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in the United States in which

2373: 16620: 10960: 7187: 5464:, who served in the Senate with McCarthy from 1953 until the latter's death in 1957, never attacked McCarthy. McCarthy did not campaign for Kennedy's 4591:

nomination, with support from Thomas Coleman, the Republican Party's political boss in Wisconsin. In this race, he was challenging three-term senator

5663: 4365:, acute, cause unknown". Doctors had not previously reported him to be in critical condition. Some biographers say this was caused or exacerbated by 4052: 3900: 8711: 5773:

An increasing number of Republicans and conservatives were coming to see McCarthy as a liability to the party and to anti-communism. Representative

4784:; Hoover's take was that "homosexuals are very bitter against Senator McCarthy for his attack upon those who are supposed to be in the Government." 4505:

in early 1942, and advised McCarthy: "Be a hero—join the Marines." When McCarthy seemed hesitant, Van Susteren asked, "You got shit in your blood?"

16475: 16002: 14752: 13556: 10626: 8075: 4640:, McCarthy won 61.2% to McMurray's 37.3%, and thus joined Alexander Wiley, whom he had challenged unsuccessfully two years earlier, in the Senate. 4062: 687: 521: 7081: 5862:

as "listed as 'a front for, and doing the work of', the Communist Party", and berates and harangues various witnesses, including General Zwicker.

17664: 14319: 13199: 13195: 12935: 10843: 5552:

President." On several occasions Eisenhower is reported to have said of McCarthy that he did not want to "get down in the gutter with that guy."

5010: 4644: 2308: 12051: 10242: 4876:

has written that antisemitism may have factored into McCarthy's outspoken views on Malmedy. Although he had substantial Jewish support, notably

17714: 16561: 14070: 13879: 13323: 12118: 11484: 10256: 10130: 9546: 13089: 8501: 6647:

began depicting the Malarkey character with a bag over his head, concealing his features. The explanation was that Malarkey was hiding from a

17418: 17273: 17115: 16970: 16825: 16680: 13541: 13346: 13230: 11566: 7327: 6252:—agreed to join her in condemning McCarthy's tactics. McCarthy referred to Smith and her fellow senators as "Snow White and the six dwarfs". 2313: 8798:

Senator McCarthy was not anti-Semitic... But one thing he did not do was to actively perpetuate the old association of Jews with Bolshevism.

7883: 7658: 5742:

of kicking Communists out of Government, because he generally has some basis, no matter how slight, for his claim of Communist connection."

17704: 17649: 16551: 10216: 6708:

parodied McCarthy with the character "Commissioner Carstairs" in their soap opera spoof "Mary Backstayge, Noble Wife". That same year, the

6446: 5785:, a reporter with a long-standing reputation as a staunch anti-communist, wrote a five-part series of articles criticizing McCarthy in the 4067: 2335: 13077: 12506: 11056: 8286: 17674: 17614: 17609: 16525: 15412: 13549: 10416:(Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 30, 1954), 80. Online at books.google.com/books?id=Nh64jR1OzjUC&pg=RA245-PA80 10364: 8898: 7112: 6453:, acute, cause unknown"; previously doctors had not reported him to be in critical condition. It was hinted in the press that he died of 5329:. Marshall was a highly respected general and statesman, remembered today as the architect of victory and peace, the latter based on the 3403: 11633: 7910: 4799:, Dulles also compiled a "scandalous" intimate dossier on the Senator's personal life and used the homosexual stories to take him down. 17669: 17629: 16515: 12349: 6473: 5630:

as staff director of the subcommittee. One of the nation's foremost anti-communists, Matthews had formerly been staff director for the

4565: 4513: 3926: 3499: 2791: 2463: 2349: 765: 416: 395: 247: 5045:, was reported to have said, "Let me have him for three days in public hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate again." 2355: 17634: 16642: 16604: 11785: 4196: 9386:. Government Publishing Office, Thomas Library, Official Repository Library, Local, Bakersfield California, CSUB. 2009 . p. 10. 4863:

In an incident for which he would be widely criticized, McCarthy lobbied for the commutation of death sentences given to a group of

16556: 14589: 6400:, became aware of McCarthy's addiction in the 1950s, and demanded he stop using the drug. McCarthy refused. In Anslinger's memoir, 5504: 5322: 4881: 4072: 3795: 3725: 2368: 1714: 511: 10815: 9778: 7304: 17679: 15992: 14636: 10755: 10702: 8988: 7493: 4806:. (He was told that if the case went ahead he would be compelled to take the witness stand and to refute the charges made in the 4486:, despite the fact that his judicial office exempted him from military service. His college education qualified him for a direct 3890: 3578: 2657: 1654: 11854: 7631: 17624: 17604: 16485: 14757: 11876: 10590: 8949: 6555: 5947:, the roughly organized recall effort attracted national attention, particularly during the concurrent Army-McCarthy hearings. 5631: 3941: 2378: 574: 13065: 11515: 7583: 6315:, who was hospitalized for back surgery; Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted. Immediately after the vote, Senator 5689: 17729: 16480: 14415: 14102: 14080: 12699: 12481: 12411: 12223: 11996: 11969: 11942: 11833: 11659: 11439: 11340: 11228: 10735: 9522: 8566: 8127: 8036: 7983: 7866: 7839: 6668:

As his fame grew, McCarthy increasingly became the target of ridicule and parody. He was impersonated by nightclub and radio

4636:", which preferred McCarthy to the anti-communist Robert M. La Follette. In the general election against Democratic opponent 4583:

McCarthy campaigned for the Republican Senate nomination in Wisconsin while still on active duty in 1944 but was defeated by

466: 15503: 12074: 4955:

as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."

15322: 15247: 14907: 14507: 11083: 10387: 6832: 6764: 6469: 5454: 4633: 3616: 3538: 2672: 2436: 2283: 1982: 1040: 584: 12021: 11755: 11598: 5901:

on April 6, 1954, and made a number of charges against the popular Murrow, including the accusation that he colluded with

16520: 14927: 14060: 13465: 13375: 11682: 7523: 5667: 5190: 5041:

administration, and had hoped to use the hearings to discredit him. The Democratic chairman of the subcommittee, Senator

3435: 1030: 14169: 14097: 6480:, where more than 17,000 people filed through St. Mary's Church in order to pay him their last respects. Three senators— 16650: 16609: 15962: 15057: 14035: 13920: 13874: 13869: 13815: 13005: 12711:

The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946–1948

12526: 12271: 12244: 9682: 9017: 8373: 7920: 7893: 7812: 7668: 7641: 7272: 7247: 7056: 6352: 5314: 4610:

In his campaign, McCarthy attacked La Follette for not enlisting during the war, although La Follette had been 46 when

4558: 4554: 4107: 3862: 3852: 3606: 2441: 2291: 1942: 1764: 682: 375: 364: 17: 12844: 8208: 6273:"bill of particulars" listing 46 charges was added to the censure resolution. A special committee, chaired by Senator 4447:

wrote: "Pompous and condescending, he (Werner) was disliked by lawyers. His judgements had often been reversed by the

4326:

to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government. This included a concurrent "

17739: 17619: 15694: 15257: 14527: 14468: 13189: 13029: 12983: 12964: 12902: 12873: 12783: 12744: 12718: 12677: 12634: 12612: 12588: 12555: 12475: 12452: 12421: 12380: 12339: 12306: 12195: 11908: 11398: 11369: 11294: 11265: 11253: 11201: 11154: 11040: 11015: 10983: 10925: 10682: 10657: 10574: 10549: 10516: 10491: 10466: 10435: 10314: 10287: 10200: 10167: 10086: 10061: 10030: 10005: 9974: 9942: 9917: 9892: 9859: 9825: 9758: 9741: 9716: 9654: 9625: 9600: 9569: 9492: 9462: 9431: 9406: 9353: 9249: 9224: 9191: 9166: 9123: 9090: 9057: 8933: 8875: 8848: 8818: 8684: 8653: 8622: 8597: 8538: 8447: 8331: 8257: 8191: 8009: 7951: 7785: 7760: 7729: 7699: 7565: 7538: 7451: 7426: 7402: 7373: 7031: 7008: 6990: 6709: 5806:

The most famous incident in the hearings was an exchange between McCarthy and the army's chief legal representative,

5777:

noted, "There is a growing impatience with the Republican Party. McCarthyism has become a synonym for witch-hunting,

5674: 5647: 5512: 4948: 4545: 4501:

McCarthy's friend and campaign manager, attorney and judge Urban P. Van Susteren, had applied for active duty in the

4307: 3621: 3418: 2642: 2548: 1589: 1539: 424: 14265: 13122: 12150: 11898: 6617:

was one of the first comedians to make jokes about McCarthy. During his 1952 Christmas show, Hope made a joke about

4795:, who suspected McCarthy was using information supplied by Hoover, refused to cooperate. According to the historian 15397: 15392: 14887: 14850: 14579: 14025: 13176: 8741: 7471: 6727: 5611: 5326: 5287: 5252: 5227: 4952: 4728: 4693: 4668: 4628:

later stated that McCarthy "was elected to his first term in the Senate with support from the Communist-controlled

4429: 4290: 4213: 4084: 3775: 3611: 3467: 2583: 2568: 2468: 2446: 2196: 2156: 266: 260: 31: 15075: 14937: 14621: 6684:, and elsewhere. Several comedy songs lampooning the senator were released in 1954, including "Point of Order" by 4976: 4772:

some time ago, picked me up at the bar in the Wardman and took me home, and while I was half-drunk he committed

4768:

file also contains numerous allegations, including a 1952 letter from an Army lieutenant who said, "When I was in

17684: 16117: 15498: 15427: 15327: 15205: 14977: 14967: 14554: 13941: 12394: 10778: 6461:

argues that he effectively died by suicide. He was given a state funeral that was attended by 70 senators, and a

5014: 4401: 3956: 3563: 3350: 2593: 601: 327: 14892: 14779: 14767: 13430: 4293:

until 1944, McCarthy successfully ran for the U.S. Senate in 1946 as a Republican, narrowly defeating incumbent

17724: 17659: 15548: 15317: 14897: 14799: 14532: 13976: 13971: 11390: 6932: 5859: 5811: 5433:, though Kathleen later claimed that she looked at her baptismal certificate and that her actual godfather was 4079: 4012: 3800: 3558: 3494: 3026: 2385: 720: 15217: 14947: 14458: 14230: 13571: 12670:

Making Villains, Making Heroes: Joseph R. McCarthy, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Politics of American Memory

11903:. Vol. VII: The Complete Stories of Theodore Sturgeon. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. pp. 384–385. 6260: 2096: 17644: 16635: 16495: 15510: 15463: 15227: 15150: 14882: 12758:

Gauger, Michael. "Flickering Images: Live Television Coverage and Viewership of the Army-McCarthy Hearings".

6884: 6746:

commented that it was his concerns about the ongoing McCarthy Hearings that prompted him to write the story.

6669: 5750: 4502: 4354: 4189: 3990: 3688: 2588: 2553: 2278: 1922: 14942: 14651: 14574: 14245: 8227: 17719: 15528: 15488: 15458: 15407: 15267: 15185: 15181: 15052: 14982: 14747: 14564: 14330: 14225: 14157: 10373: 8365:

Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover that Transformed America

7183: 6269: 6210: 5944: 4839:

bottling executive, earning the Senator the derisive nickname "The Pepsi-Cola Kid". McCarthy supported the

4350: 3907: 3477: 2888: 554: 8141: 8139: 7158:

Garraty, John (1989). 1,001 Things Everyone Should Know About American History. New York: Doubleday. p. 24

17538: 17410: 17388: 17265: 17250: 17107: 16962: 16817: 16672: 16500: 15972: 15967: 15684: 15362: 15090: 14835: 14794: 14738: 14641: 14522: 14480: 14385: 13910: 13864: 10119: 8703: 6916:

similarly argued that evidence from the Venona documents shows significant penetration by Soviet agents.

6864: 6563: 6533: 6530: 6496:

attended the funeral in Wisconsin. McCarthy was survived by his wife, Jean, and their daughter, Tierney.

6397: 5541: 5406: 4596: 4549: 4000: 3971: 3730: 3720: 3705: 3693: 3543: 3462: 2860: 2330: 12692:

Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies

12216:

Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies

12043: 6909:

Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies

6503:, voters in both parties turned away from McCarthy's legacy. The Republican primary was won by Governor 5530:

McCarthy won reelection in 1952 with 54% of the vote, defeating former Wisconsin State Attorney General

16337: 15558: 15543: 15533: 15387: 14987: 14475: 14278: 14045: 8136: 8082: 7073: 5719: 5701: 4980: 4939:

McCarthy experienced a meteoric rise in national profile beginning on February 9, 1950, when he gave a

4816: 4483: 4342: 4267: 3983: 3790: 3678: 3526: 3440: 3260: 3176: 2965: 2752: 2667: 2563: 2525: 2431: 501: 451: 351: 12923: 12837:"Judge Joe: How the youngest judge in Wisconsin's history became the country's most notorious senator" 12770:

Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Audience ratings show that few people watched the hearings.

10840: 8209:"Judge Joe: How The Youngest Judge In Wisconsin's History Became The Country's Most Notorious Senator" 16566: 16442: 16387: 16207: 15195: 14902: 14463: 14075: 13992: 13400: 13223: 6806: 6225: 6201: 5935: 5754: 5492: 5481: 5426: 4745: 4592: 4294: 4022: 3951: 3931: 3842: 2846: 2818: 2598: 2515: 2296: 2116: 1887: 990: 740: 730: 93: 10220: 6730:

as "the all-time great story about Senator Joseph McCarthy, who he was and how he did what he did."

17584: 16628: 16192: 15759: 15022: 14912: 14666: 14210: 13086: 13049: 12413:

Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951

9485:

Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951

8559:

Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned

8493: 6751: 6277:, was appointed to study and evaluate the resolution. This committee opened hearings on August 31. 5410: 4435:

In 1939, McCarthy had better success when he ran for the nonpartisan elected post of 10th District

4182: 3966: 3643: 3588: 3408: 3385: 3362: 3134: 3046: 2318: 2216: 2086: 1283: 645: 635: 506: 471: 154: 15932: 11576: 10956: 8821:, S. 112. (Reprint der Originalausgabe erschienen bei Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York 1959.) 5837: 4349:

that same year, McCarthy's support and popularity faded. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to

15422: 15367: 15352: 15292: 15100: 15080: 14840: 14517: 14122: 13140: 11471: 11286: 6589: 5787: 5189:

In addition to the Tydings–Butler race, McCarthy campaigned for several other Republicans in the

4944: 4491: 4487: 4448: 4436: 4252: 4121: 4057: 3755: 3715: 3573: 3445: 2902: 2787: 2613: 2126: 1426: 755: 559: 539: 14325: 12767: 12659: 11467: 9592: 9586: 9514:

The confidante : the untold story of the woman who helped win WWII and shape modern America

7943: 7937: 7752: 7746: 7691: 7685: 6632: 6367:

and was frequently hospitalized for alcohol abuse. Numerous eyewitnesses, including Senate aide

5405:, himself a fervent anti-Communist, and he was also a frequent guest at the Kennedy compound in 16655: 16212: 15716: 15110: 14784: 14260: 14020: 14015: 13808: 13074: 12622: 12510: 11060: 8294: 8069: 8053: 6907: 6853: 5951: 5879: 5823: 5734: 5434: 5414: 4858: 4577: 4378: 4263: 3946: 3658: 3626: 3322: 3315: 2825: 2619: 2573: 2478: 2303: 1599: 1534: 1446: 875: 750: 745: 672: 650: 625: 219: 16422: 11825: 11332: 11326: 11257: 11146: 11008: 11001: 10917: 10911: 10725: 10541: 10458: 10452: 10361: 10279: 10192: 10053: 10047: 9997: 9991: 9966: 9960: 9884: 9877: 9817: 9708: 9702: 9454: 9448: 9216: 8902: 8323: 8317: 8183: 8177: 8160: 8117: 8103: 8026: 7856: 7829: 7418: 7412: 7104: 5337:

in 1953. McCarthy made a lengthy speech on Marshall, later published in 1951 as a book titled

17639: 16447: 15731: 15726: 15493: 15382: 15337: 15297: 15232: 15176: 15095: 14877: 14691: 14569: 14487: 14395: 14360: 14270: 14215: 14112: 13953: 13395: 13180: 13063:"Papa" Prell's radio broadcast on "Tail Gunner Joe", including taped segments from the trial. 12976:

Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954

12353: 12298: 11629: 11431: 11218: 9851: 9845: 9115: 9082: 8840: 8676: 8670: 8645: 8639: 8589: 8583: 8530: 8524: 8423: 7973: 6438: 6285: 6274: 6249: 5536: 5469: 5402: 5390: 4600: 4529: 4472: 4283: 4271: 4231: 4128: 4093: 3867: 3857: 3653: 3482: 3472: 3430: 3120: 3078: 2916: 2867: 2853: 2766: 2707: 2520: 2483: 2426: 2325: 2256: 2226: 2186: 2146: 2066: 1927: 802: 697: 481: 476: 12187: 12181: 10306:

Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism

7394: 6499:

In the summer of 1957, a special election was held in order to fill McCarthy's seat. In the

6384:

the stuff. He went to pieces on his second or third drink, and he did not snap back quickly.

436: 17599: 17594: 17589: 16750: 15987: 15754: 15609: 15563: 15478: 15473: 15272: 15171: 15120: 15115: 15007: 14962: 14917: 14855: 14686: 14661: 14611: 14539: 14453: 14303: 13905: 13884: 13460: 13370: 13214: 13206: 13096: 12955:

See It Now Confronts McCarthyism: Television Documentary and the Politics of Representation

8054:"Testimony of Hon. Joseph R. McCarthy, a United States Senator from the State of Wisconsin" 6680: 6651:

hen, a clear reference to the controversy over the Malarkey character. In 1953, playwright

6599:

published "The Fireman", an allegory on suppression of ideas. This served as the basis for

6507:, who called for a clean break from McCarthy's approach; he defeated former Representative 6504: 6462: 6217: 5918: 5883: 5819: 5814: 5659: 5508: 5496: 5183: 5178: 5137: 5069: 4960: 4840: 4393: 4216: 4169: 3995: 3832: 3780: 3553: 3148: 2797: 2697: 2692: 2652: 2363: 2166: 2106: 2076: 2037: 1689: 1604: 1090: 920: 564: 544: 311: 65: 11777: 10600: 8465:

The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government

4843:

over Truman's veto, angering labor unions in Wisconsin but solidifying his business base.

8: 17511: 17361: 17214: 17076: 16949: 16877: 16732: 16432: 16347: 16342: 16242: 16105: 15902: 15786: 15701: 15589: 15442: 15437: 15417: 15402: 15312: 15307: 15212: 15145: 15135: 15047: 15042: 15032: 14932: 14872: 14845: 14671: 14656: 14626: 14604: 14390: 14380: 14107: 14030: 14000: 13984: 13599: 13589: 9787: 9280:

William N. Eskridge, "Privacy Jurisprudence and the Apartheid of the Closet, 1946–1961,"

6982: 6567: 6477: 6433: 5626:

Soon after receiving the chair to the Subcommittee on Investigations, McCarthy appointed

5531: 5385: 5257: 4508: 4444: 4334:

was prohibited by law at the time, it was also perceived to increase a person's risk for

4155: 4005: 3812: 3583: 3339: 3267: 3253: 3092: 3051: 3010: 3003: 2895: 2738: 2608: 2603: 2578: 2246: 2136: 1827: 1802: 1659: 1609: 1481: 1333: 935: 845: 613: 456: 15287: 15200: 13315: 12527:"Transcripts, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations" 9773: 5930:

and ignoring the plight of Wisconsin dairy farmers faced with price-slashing surpluses.

5124:

publicity, increased his approval rating, and gained him a powerful national following.

5032:

In response to McCarthy's charges, the Senate voted unanimously to investigate, and the

17556: 17484: 17352: 17325: 17223: 17205: 17178: 17085: 17067: 17040: 16931: 16904: 16804: 16795: 16586: 16382: 16367: 16292: 16272: 16267: 16252: 16099: 15847: 15599: 15483: 15237: 15140: 15125: 15037: 15027: 15002: 14997: 14762: 14716: 14631: 14616: 14559: 14375: 14298: 14174: 14065: 14055: 13619: 13365: 12953: 12916: 12798: 12793: 12751: 12328: 11425: 10892: 10880: 10811: 10332:"Irving Peress, dentist who was subject of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's hearings, dies at 97" 9540: 8980: 8789: 6871: 6772: 6749:

A more serious fictional portrayal of McCarthy played a central role in the 1959 novel

6701: 6662: 6508: 6393: 6356: 6339: 5927: 5677: 5643: 5518: 5353: 4698: 4637: 4564:

He later falsely claimed participation in 32 aerial missions in order to qualify for a

4432:

in 1936. During his years as an attorney, McCarthy made money on the side by gambling.

4421: 4358: 4319: 4114: 3921: 3827: 3765: 3750: 3710: 3638: 3413: 3345: 3328: 3155: 3141: 2944: 2687: 2682: 2632: 2458: 1797: 1679: 1288: 1203: 950: 945: 890: 870: 807: 735: 640: 618: 591: 236: 16282: 16111: 10751: 10698: 8272:

McCarthy, The Man, the Senator, the Ism (Boston, Beacon Press, 1952) pp. 101–105.

7497: 7300: 6449:

on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. His death certificate listed the cause of death as "

5810:. On June 9, 1954, the 30th day of the hearings, Welch challenged Roy Cohn to provide 17493: 17475: 17334: 17316: 17187: 17169: 17049: 17031: 16913: 16895: 16768: 16759: 16599: 16452: 16397: 16372: 16327: 16257: 16232: 16197: 16187: 16156: 16043: 15927: 15897: 15634: 15624: 15538: 15432: 15277: 14992: 14789: 14646: 14599: 14497: 14448: 14422: 14400: 14240: 14220: 14164: 14152: 13966: 13801: 13671: 13661: 13634: 13614: 13609: 13480: 13470: 13390: 13275: 13257: 13113: 13103: 13025: 13019: 13001: 12979: 12960: 12898: 12887: 12869: 12862: 12823: 12815: 12807: 12779: 12763: 12740: 12714: 12695: 12673: 12655: 12630: 12608: 12602: 12584: 12551: 12471: 12448: 12417: 12376: 12370: 12335: 12302: 12219: 12191: 11992: 11965: 11938: 11904: 11850: 11829: 11818: 11547: 11476: 11445: 11435: 11394: 11365: 11336: 11328:

A Justice for All: William J. Brennan Jr., and the Decisions That Transformed America

11290: 11261: 11246: 11224: 11197: 11150: 11139: 11036: 11011: 10979: 10921: 10896: 10884: 10731: 10678: 10653: 10570: 10545: 10534: 10512: 10487: 10462: 10431: 10310: 10304: 10283: 10272: 10196: 10185: 10163: 10082: 10057: 10026: 10001: 9970: 9938: 9913: 9888: 9855: 9821: 9810: 9754: 9737: 9712: 9678: 9650: 9621: 9596: 9565: 9528: 9518: 9488: 9458: 9427: 9402: 9349: 9245: 9220: 9209: 9187: 9162: 9119: 9108: 9086: 9075: 9053: 8929: 8871: 8844: 8833: 8814: 8680: 8649: 8618: 8593: 8562: 8534: 8443: 8369: 8327: 8253: 8187: 8123: 8032: 8005: 7979: 7947: 7916: 7889: 7862: 7835: 7808: 7781: 7756: 7725: 7695: 7664: 7637: 7561: 7534: 7447: 7422: 7398: 7369: 7268: 7243: 7052: 7027: 7021: 7004: 6986: 6723: 6588:

appeared less than two months after the senator's now famous February 1950 speech in

6493: 6485: 6457:(cirrhosis of the liver), an estimation that is now accepted by modern biographers. 6324: 5782: 5670: 5578: 5422: 5368: 5349: 5334: 5085: 5033: 5000: 4573: 4425: 4386: 3785: 3745: 3683: 2996: 2972: 2937: 2498: 2343: 1997: 1912: 1847: 1559: 1476: 1456: 1441: 1381: 1238: 1233: 1208: 1143: 1128: 1095: 1065: 1050: 995: 975: 960: 775: 677: 606: 491: 136: 16576: 16247: 13134: 9588:

God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950–1957

8870:. Heinemann Advanced History. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. p. 65. 6492:—had flown from Washington to Appleton on the plane that carried McCarthy's casket. 6413:

story. However, McCarthy's identity was known to Anslinger's agents, and journalist

4243:", coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar 17520: 17450: 17370: 17232: 17094: 16940: 16362: 16287: 16217: 16202: 16182: 16129: 15912: 15907: 15887: 15837: 15827: 15654: 15619: 15604: 15553: 15282: 15222: 15062: 14721: 14701: 14410: 14352: 14346: 14313: 14293: 14283: 14132: 13933: 13925: 13699: 13681: 13644: 13485: 13475: 13410: 13385: 13290: 13247: 13117: 13107: 13062: 12687: 12427: 12211: 11519: 10876: 10864: 8554: 7580: 7387: 7382: 6920: 6913: 6899: 6895: 6848: 6819: 6714: 6648: 6515: 6500: 6481: 6458: 6241: 6237: 5855: 5841: 5774: 5762: 5607: 5507:, the Eisenhower campaign toured Wisconsin with McCarthy. In a speech delivered in 5446: 5372: 5357: 5345: 5129: 4969: 4877: 4868: 4852: 4819: 4769: 4620: 4588: 4397: 4382: 4381:, the fifth of nine children. His mother, Bridget McCarthy (nee Tierney), was from 4315: 4017: 3978: 3770: 3514: 3356: 3106: 3099: 2958: 2930: 2909: 2832: 2811: 2759: 2637: 2558: 2510: 2493: 2405: 2027: 2007: 1992: 1952: 1872: 1724: 1569: 1524: 1406: 1391: 1060: 1020: 770: 657: 569: 315: 105: 9317:(Washington D.C.: Congressional Information Service); quoted in David M. Barrett, 8901:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. February 20, 1950. Archived from 6216:

Several members of the U.S. Senate had opposed McCarthy well before 1953. Senator

5321:, was the target of some of McCarthy's most vitriolic rhetoric. Marshall had been 5057: 4322:. He also used various charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or 4212:(November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a 17429: 17284: 17126: 16981: 16836: 16691: 16581: 16437: 16427: 16412: 16392: 16377: 16352: 16297: 16062: 16030: 15922: 15882: 15644: 15639: 15579: 15520: 15252: 15130: 14957: 14922: 14830: 14825: 14549: 14443: 14117: 14050: 14040: 14005: 13961: 13948: 13900: 13510: 13490: 13455: 13445: 13380: 13307: 13239: 13129: 13093: 13081: 13069: 12598: 12463: 11571: 11463: 10847: 10595: 10368: 9782: 8865: 8363: 8282: 7587: 7235: 7142: 7017: 6790: 6526: 6414: 6312: 5940: 5922: 5807: 5799: 5746: 5715: 5711: 5582: 5477: 5461: 5318: 5304: 5194: 5158: 5111: 5073: 5053: 5042: 5026: 4965: 4885: 4777: 4625: 4584: 4541: 4521: 4417: 4311: 4302: 3895: 3663: 3593: 3457: 3390: 3292: 3064: 2951: 2923: 2745: 2731: 2662: 2543: 2236: 2002: 1807: 1779: 1759: 1754: 1694: 1629: 1564: 1491: 1486: 1451: 1436: 1431: 1308: 1253: 1228: 1198: 1188: 1168: 1153: 1005: 925: 895: 885: 860: 840: 785: 667: 579: 486: 14544: 12509:. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Archived from 12183:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

10812:"Transcript – Senator Joseph R. McCarthy: Reply to Edward R. Murrow, See It Now" 9450:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8672:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8641:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8585:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8526:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8319:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

8179:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

7885:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

7660:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

7414:

Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator

17547: 17502: 17397: 17343: 17196: 17058: 17022: 16922: 16886: 16786: 16777: 16741: 16407: 16332: 16322: 16317: 16177: 15917: 15706: 15629: 15357: 15262: 15012: 14952: 14584: 14502: 14405: 14365: 14335: 14235: 14190: 13624: 13515: 13500: 13495: 13450: 11961:

Seeing the Bigger Picture: Understanding Politics Through Film & Television

11602: 11108: 10727:

Invasion of the Mind Snatchers: Television's Conquest of America in the Fifties

6903: 6756: 6674: 6601: 6376: 6335: 6316: 6206: 5894: 5627: 5566: 5401:, which had high visibility among Catholics. McCarthy became a close friend of 5398: 5309: 5198: 5065: 5061: 5049: 5006: 4928: 4781: 4753: 4346: 4327: 4244: 3817: 3735: 3648: 3598: 3218: 3113: 3071: 2702: 2505: 2047: 2017: 1947: 1937: 1902: 1882: 1644: 1634: 1594: 1549: 1544: 1466: 1411: 1401: 1358: 1353: 1338: 1328: 1223: 1148: 1100: 985: 955: 930: 910: 900: 835: 549: 496: 11686: 11680: 9532: 5606:

The subcommittee first investigated allegations of Communist influence in the

5480:, an angry Kennedy jumped up, denounced the speaker, and left the event. When 17578: 16571: 16417: 16312: 16277: 16262: 16222: 15764: 15594: 15332: 15242: 15105: 15085: 14972: 14733: 14711: 14676: 14255: 14250: 14205: 14127: 14087: 13836: 13767: 13762: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13594: 13525: 13505: 13420: 11683:"First Spark: Ray Bradbury Turns 90; The Universe and UCLA Academy Celebrate" 11449: 10888: 10111: 8290: 6837: 6823: 6795: 6652: 6643:

newspaper editor protested to the syndicate that provided the strip, creator

6627: 6554:

McCarthy's hearings are often incorrectly conflated with the hearings of the

6489: 6468:

was celebrated before more than 100 priests and 2,000 others at Washington's

5655: 5651: 5590: 5430: 5330: 5145: 5077: 4749: 4331: 4100: 3297: 3274: 3127: 3085: 2989: 2979: 2780: 2773: 2677: 1977: 1967: 1957: 1932: 1867: 1862: 1822: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1719: 1674: 1509: 1471: 1318: 1293: 1258: 1193: 1085: 1080: 1070: 1045: 1035: 1025: 965: 880: 830: 630: 596: 516: 13574:

United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

12731:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2022), the most recent major scholarly biography. 12267: 12240: 11480: 8233: 8060:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2888 – via 7854: 5352:. Their smear campaign attracted allies in anti-Semites and extremists like 17529: 17379: 17241: 16357: 16307: 16237: 16227: 16081: 16069: 16056: 15862: 15689: 15190: 14438: 14288: 14147: 14142: 14137: 13843: 13714: 13704: 13629: 12827: 11361: 11116: 9512: 9011: 8061: 7598: 7581:

Judge on Trial, McCarthy – A Documented Record, The Progressive, April 1954

6800: 6685: 6657: 6640: 6596: 6465: 6418: 6368: 6265: 6245: 5893:

ran another episode critical of McCarthy, this one focusing on the case of

5778: 5767: 5619: 5585:, heir to a hotel-chain fortune, on the recommendation of George Sokolsky. 4894: 4796: 4792: 4611: 4479: 4456: 4451:, and he was so inefficient that he had piled up a huge backlog of cases." 4279: 4235: 3822: 3760: 3509: 3395: 3302: 3232: 3169: 3031: 2881: 2874: 2839: 2625: 2042: 2032: 1897: 1892: 1877: 1852: 1837: 1817: 1769: 1709: 1704: 1684: 1649: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1574: 1529: 1461: 1421: 1416: 1376: 1343: 1323: 1183: 1138: 1055: 1000: 980: 970: 940: 385: 50: 13136:

The Redhunter: a novel based on the life and times of Senator Joe McCarthy

12390: 6280: 5795: 5642:

In autumn 1953, McCarthy's committee began its ill-fated inquiry into the

5429:. This claim has been acknowledged by Robert's wife and Kathleen's mother 17158: 17013: 16868: 16723: 16402: 16007: 15977: 15832: 15822: 15721: 15584: 15377: 14866: 14696: 14681: 14492: 14340: 14308: 14195: 14010: 13915: 13854: 13782: 13777: 13719: 13604: 13530: 13360: 13123:

Documents on McCarthyism at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

12044:"'Citizen' Woods: James Woods Rips Roy Cohn, the Press and His Own Image" 11421: 10127:

Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

7522:

Oshinsky states that McCarthy chose Marquette University rather than the

7265:

Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt

7240:

Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt

6974: 6947: 6827: 6785: 6777: 6742: 6705: 6689: 6618: 6610: 6233: 6229: 5681: 5106: 5048:

During the hearings, McCarthy made charges against nine specific people:

4988: 4940: 4758: 4533: 4467: 4275: 4240: 3740: 3568: 3287: 3204: 3190: 2393: 2022: 2012: 1962: 1917: 1857: 1812: 1774: 1749: 1664: 1584: 1554: 1519: 1396: 1386: 1303: 1298: 1263: 1243: 1218: 1213: 1158: 1133: 1075: 1015: 1010: 915: 905: 865: 855: 850: 825: 790: 760: 725: 692: 662: 10454:

Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History

7467: 7136:

We're Never Going to Get Our “Have You No Sense of Decency, Sir?” Moment

5581:

as an assistant counsel to the subcommittee. Later, McCarthy also hired

16161: 15872: 15842: 15796: 15711: 15679: 15671: 15614: 15302: 15017: 14706: 14594: 14200: 13772: 13709: 13520: 13015: 12811: 11312:

The New Isolationism: A Study in Politics and Foreign Policy since 1950

10115: 10101:

See "Transcripts, Executive Sessions ..." under Primary sources, below.

8418: 6876: 6860: 6697: 6644: 6639:

with an unmistakable physical resemblance to McCarthy. After a worried

6559: 6454: 6372: 5850: 5685: 5594: 5473: 5364: 5140:

was called to Congress to testify on homosexuals being employed at the

4984: 4899: 4366: 4323: 4256: 3504: 3041: 2398: 1972: 1907: 1669: 1639: 1579: 1514: 1278: 1173: 1163: 1123: 780: 14815: 10388:"U.S. Senate: The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954)" 6472:. Thousands of people viewed his body in Washington. He was buried in 4361:, on May 2, 1957. His death certificate listed the cause of death as " 16651: 16457: 16302: 16151: 16124: 15937: 15892: 15801: 15769: 15749: 15741: 15070: 14860: 13676: 13415: 13184: 13114:"Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Joseph McCarthy (September 29, 1952)" 12993: 9646: 8145: 8088: 7971: 6693: 6450: 6364: 5706:

Early in 1954, the U.S. Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel,

5418: 5133: 5120: 4873: 4864: 4807: 4569: 4517: 4405: 4362: 4335: 4228: 4220: 3197: 2488: 1987: 1842: 1313: 1268: 1105: 797: 702: 461: 399: 70: 13145: 12729:

A Genius for Confusion Joseph R. McCarthy and the Politics of Deceit

12662: 12604:

The American Inquisition, 1945–1960: A Profile of the "McCarthy Era"

12548:

Enough Rope: The inside story of the censure of Senator Joe McCarthy

12445:

America's Retreat from Victory, the Story of George Catlett Marshall

11820:

Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture

11708:

Asimov, Issac; Bradbury, Ray; Campbell, John W. (December 4, 1956).

8794:

Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-twentieth-century

8777:

In fact McCarthy was neither particularly anti-Semitic nor racist...

8773:

Troubling the Waters: Black-Jewish Relations in the American Century

6979:

The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower

5339:

America's Retreat From Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall

5333:

for post-war reconstruction of Europe, for which he was awarded the

4524:, commanding officer of Fifth Marine Reserve District, December 1952 16036: 15877: 15774: 15649: 15468: 15372: 14512: 14370: 13824: 13149: 11115:(2005), pp. 250–254, 274–279, 396–400; Reeves (1982), pp. 442–443; 8864:

Phillips, Steve (2001). "5". In Martin Collier, Erica Lewis (ed.).

8161:

Tapestry: The History and Consequences of America's Complex Culture

8119:

Tapestry: The History and Consequences of America's Complex Culture

6938:

List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

6883:

McCarthy is a secondary character in the Showtime television drama

6814:

episode that challenged McCarthy. In the German-French docu-drama

6760: 6614: 6581: 6389: 5730: 5710:, of improperly pressuring the army to give favorable treatment to 5707: 5574: 5450: 5442: 5167: 5163: 5102: 4889: 4812: 4537: 4248: 4224: 4047: 4029: 3308: 3239: 3225: 3211: 3183: 3036: 1832: 1729: 1699: 1348: 1273: 1178: 15156:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

12776:

Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy

11681:

A Bruin Birthday Tribute To Ray Bradbury Tweet (August 22, 2010).

8347:"Memorandum of understanding about McCarthy and a besieged army". 5555: 5021: 4548:

for 30 months (August 1942 – February 1945), and held the rank of

15982: 15867: 15857: 15806: 15347: 14092: 12895:

To Strike at a King: The Turning Point in the McCarthy Witch-Hunt

12014:"Peter Boyle, 71, Character Actor Played Psychotics and Monsters" 10752:"Transcript – See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" 10699:"Transcript – See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" 9792: 9618:

The Best Year of Their Lives: Kennedy, Johnson, And Nixon in 1948

7184:"Connecticut Cartoonists #5: The Philosopher of Okefenokee Swamp" 7166: 7164: 6804:. Archival footage of McCarthy himself was used in the 2005 film 6636: 6320: 6256: 4983:

the year before, and by the contemporary controversy surrounding

3913: 3333: 3246: 3162: 13104:"Longines Chronoscope with Sen. Joseph McCarthy (June 25, 1952)" 12372:

McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History

11626:"Not satisfied with U.S. history, some conservatives rewrite it" 11358:

The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy

10567:

The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy

9993:

McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History

9962:

McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History

9424:

The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy

9399:

The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy

8926:

The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy

7888:. The Free Press: A Division of Simon and Schuster. p. 33. 7328:"Joseph McCarthy, the controversial senator, dies at 48 in 1957" 6852:, deals largely with McCarthy and contains sound clips from the 6514:

Kohler was defeated in the special general election by Democrat

5884:"The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves." 5725: 5548:

years of treason" to include Eisenhower's first year in office.

5378: 4897:

and his tendency, according to friends, to refer to his copy of

16050: 15852: 15791: 14726: 12819: 11427:

Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs

7663:. The Free Press A Division of Simon and Schuster. p. 26. 6843: 6511:, who charged that President Eisenhower was soft on Communism. 5569:. However, the Committee on Government Operations included the 5375:. McCarthy declared, "The son of a bitch should be impeached." 5097: 4780:

conducted a perfunctory investigation of the Senator's alleged

4773: 4578:

celebration for sailors crossing the equator for the first time

4251:, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public 3847: 10841:

Joe Must Go: The Movement to Recall Senator Joseph R. McCarthy

9263: 9261: 7161: 7049:

Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds

5476:

dinner stated that he was glad that McCarthy had not attended

5348:

to smear Truman's nominee for Assistant Secretary of Defense,

16535: 16491:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

15997: 15780: 13859: 12799:"Ch. 11: Joseph R. McCarthy: Wisconsin's Briefcase Demagogue" 9370:

The Official United States Congressional Daily Digest Records

6221: 5646:. This began with McCarthy opening an investigation into the 5344:

In December 1950, McCarthy teamed with right-wing radio star

4836: 4803: 3837: 17690:

Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)

12497:

Edward R. Murrow & Fred W. Friendly (Producers) (1991).

11171:"Senate Report 104-137 – Resolution For Disciplinary Action" 16075: 15957: 13849: 13793: 12998:

Demagogue: The Life and Long Shadow of Senator Joe McCarthy

12501:(DVD (from 'See it Now' TV News show)). CBS News/Docudrama. 11057:"Senate Resolution 301: Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy" 10913:

Politics of Conscience: A Biography of Margaret Chase Smith

9258: 6209:, who introduced the resolution calling for McCarthy to be 5902: 4867:

soldiers convicted of war crimes for carrying out the 1944

10219:. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Archived from 8981:"McCarthy targets 'communists' in government Feb. 9, 1950" 7154: 7152: 6822:, McCarthy is portrayed by the British actor and comedian 6794:, a dramatization of McCarthy's life. He was portrayed by 6295:

The two counts on which the Senate ultimately voted were:

5802:(left) being questioned by Senator McCarthy, June 9, 1954. 16530: 16510: 16505: 13345: 13047: 11084:"The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954)" 10867:(October 1962). "Towards an Explanation of McCarthyism". 9332:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

9319:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

9299:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

9286:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

9269:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

9140:

CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy

8427:. Tripp describes McCarthy as "predominantly homosexual." 6613:) about the threat of book burning in the United States. 6549: 5908: 5298: 5141: 4788: 4765: 4599:

and son of the celebrated Wisconsin governor and senator

4247:

activities. Today, the term is used more broadly to mean

17745:

Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States

12884:

A conspiracy so immense : the world of Joe McCarthy

12330:

Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism

11719:. Narrated by Norman Rose. NBC Radio News. 27:10–27:30. 10484:

Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism

10023:

Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism

7051:. United States of America: University Press of Kansas. 7001:

Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective |

5197:

against Democratic incumbent and Senate Majority Leader

4791:, claiming it had been infiltrated by communist agents. 12352:. The United States Department of State. Archived from 11248: