356:
Upon appeal by Ramírez, the Puerto Rico
Electoral Board subsequently supported the decision of the Mayaguez Board. Ramírez subsequently took the matter to the Puerto Rico Superior Court (Tribunal de Primera Instancia, Sala Superior de San Juan). As a result, the Superior Court declared unconstitutional Articles 2.003 y 2.023 of Puerto Rico's Electoral Law as they required U.S. citizenship as a condition to vote in Puerto Rico's elections. On November 18, 1997, Ramírez then took Mari Brás before the Puerto Rico Supreme Court alleging that if he had renounced his United States citizenship, then he also had renounced his right to vote in the local Puerto Rican elections. The Puerto Rican Supreme Court sided with Mari Brás, finding that "as a citizen of Puerto Rico" Mari Brás was eligible to vote.
375:. On April 23, 1998, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that the case was about "the much debated political question as to the status of Puerto Rico and its nationals in relation to the United States." It added that "While Plaintiff may well have strong political views with regard to Puerto Rican independence and the need for a citizenship separate and apart from the United States, this is not an issue for this Court to decide", and concluded that "the Plaintiff must seek another, more appropriate forum to express his political views." These actions and rulings continue to be a popular subject of debate.
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408:(1998), years after the U.S. State Department accepted his renunciation, Juan Mari Brás was notified on June 4, 1998, by the U.S. Department of State, that they were rescinding their acceptance, and refused to accept Mari Brás's renunciation, determining he could not renounce his United States citizenship as he did not request another national citizenship, and he was born and remains living and working in
397:
exercise one of the fundamental rights of citizenship, namely to travel freely throughout the world and when he wants to, return and reside in the United States." The court based this decision on the
Immigration and Nationality Act section 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38), which defines the term "United States", and evince that Puerto Rico is a part of the United States for such purposes.
31:
543:
347:. "He did this to test a technicality in United States citizenship laws.", according to writer Mary Hilaire Tavenner Brás believed that a person holding United States citizenship and who subsequently renounces his citizenship would be deported to his country of origin. As Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, Brás theorized the
434:
After renouncing his U.S. citizenship and over 10 years of litigation arguing he was a citizen of Puerto Rico, Mari Brás received the first certificate of Puerto Rican citizenship from the Puerto Rico
Department of State. He stated "I freed myself from the indignity of a false citizenship ... that of
400:
In light of the
Supreme Court's decision, on June 4, 1998, the U.S. State Department reversed its November 22, 1995 decision and declared that Mari Brás was still a U.S. citizen. The U.S. State Department argued that as Mari Brás had continued living in a U.S. territory, he was still a U.S. citizen.
355:
On 15 May 1996, Miriam J. Ramírez de Ferrer, a pro-statehood attorney, presented a formal complaint against Mari Brás before the
Mayaguez Electoral Board, where Mari Brás was registered to vote, so he could not vote as he was not a U.S. citizen. It was denied because the Board had no jurisdiction.
396:
in the case because the plaintiff wanted to retain one of the primary benefits of U.S. citizenship while claiming he was not a U.S. citizen. The Court described the plaintiff as a person, "claiming to renounce all rights and privileges of United States citizenship, Plaintiff wants to continue to
154:
who often took his son to political meetings and rallies. In 1943, when he was 18 years old, he founded a pro-independence movement called "Capítulo de
Agregados Pro Independencia", in his high school along with some of his friends, in Mayagüez. He was also the founder and director of the first
382:
demonstrated no intention of renouncing all ties to the United States, i.e., claiming to reject his United States citizenship, but nevertheless wishing to remain a resident of Puerto Rico. The
Plaintiff's response was to claim a fundamental distinction between United States and Puerto Rican
442:
exists and was recognized in the
Constitution of Puerto Rico. Since the summer of 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed the protocol to grant Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. Former Puerto Rico Supreme Court Associate Justice and former Secretary of State
455:
Mari Brás is not the only Puerto Rican citizen to renounce his U.S. citizenship. Since Mari Brás' application, a number of other Puerto Rican citizens have also presented the required application papers before U.S. authorities to renounce their U.S. citizenship. According to
512:, decreed five days of mourning and ordered that flags in all municipal building be flown at half mast. Mayor Rodríguez also announced that the city of Mayagüez would be collaborating with the Hostos School of Law in the funeral arrangements. Following
480:
Later in his life, Juan Mari Brás retired from active politics and no longer acted as president of the defunct Puerto Rican
Socialist Party. He did continue to make appearances at pro-independence activities and continued to teach law at the
207:, which at that time had complete control of the government of the island. Mari Brás and others who protested were expelled from the university; he was arrested, jailed, and let go three times in response to his revolutionary activities.
293:
about Puerto Rico being a colony of the United States and demanded the decolonization of the island. On March 24, 1976, the eldest of Mari Brás' children, Santiago Mari
Pesquera, was murdered while his father was preparing for a
1889:
310:
After losing his son and the election, Mari Bras continued to dedicate his time to campaigning for the independence of Puerto Rico. He was a prolific writer as well as a speaker before various audiences on the issue of the
911:, Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York. New York, N.Y. "Weekly News Update on the Americas." Issue 437. June 14, 1998. Quoted from: El Diario-La Prensa. New York, N.Y., April 30, 1998; retrieved July 18, 2012.
298:
on the Socialist Party ticket. Police investigations have hinted that Mari Pesquera was assassinated in reprisal for his father's political activism. The murder has never been officially solved. In 2009, thanks to the
351:
would have to deport him or any Puerto Rican who renounced his or her U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico. The U.S. State Department approved Mari Brás' renunciation of his U.S. citizenship on November 22, 1995.
387:
position asserted that renunciation of U.S. citizenship must entail renunciation of Puerto Rican citizenship as well. The court does decide to not enter to the merits of the citizenship issue; however the
451:
Hernández, which establishes United States citizenship and nationality as a prerequisite for Puerto Rican citizenship. Mari Bras' efforts generated vigorous public debate regarding the citizenship issue.
889:
Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York. New York, NY. "Weekly News Update on the Americas". Issue 437. June 14, 1998. (Quoted from: Agencia Informativa Pulsar, June 6, 1998; retrieved July 18,
489:
over a decade ago. He dedicated his later years to seeking unity among the varied pro-independence factions in Puerto Rico and appeared before the United Nations on the political status issue.
307:, that showed the FBI knew of a plan to assassinate Juan Marí Pesquera, and had not warned him. (They had known for two months and it was Mari Brás' son who was assassinated, in the end.)
472:
reported in its April 30, 1998 edition that "thirteen more pro-independence Puerto Ricans had renounced their citizenship at the U.S. embassy in the Dominican Republic on April 27 ".
226:, during this period he and his wife at the time, Paquita Pesquera Cantellops, had their first child: Santiago Mari Pesquera (born in 1952). In 1954, he went to study law and
273:, which he directed for three decades. On November 28, 1971, at the Pro-Independence Movement's eighth general assembly, the Pro-Independence Movement officially became the
401:
According to the State Department, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization law stipulates that anyone who wants to give up their U.S. citizenship must live in another country.
263:
On January 11, 1959, Mari Brás founded the Pro-Independence Movement, which grouped Puerto Rican independence followers who supported the Socialist philosophy. Along with
1083:
493:
1304:
195:, did not permit Albizu access to the campus. As a consequence, the students protested and went on strike. Mari Brás was one of the student leaders who chanted
1854:
1277:
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164:
1959:
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Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York. New York, N.Y. "Weekly News Update on the Americas." Issue 437. June 14, 1998. (Quoted from:
138:
activist in 1976. In 2009, documents revealed the FBI had known of a plot to assassinate Mari Brás but did not share the information with him.
504:
Mari Brás died in San Juan on September 10, 2010. He suffered lung cancer and had a fall in his house. After hearing of Mari Brás's death the
644:
Voices for Independence: In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice. Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
625:
1979:
1994:
948:
841:
824:
328:
517:
1874:
1057:
904:
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in an attempt to unify the various factions vying for Puerto Rican independence. Professionally he performed as a law professor at the
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1969:
1999:
1267:
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324:
111:
482:
1247:
231:
1078:
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683:
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2004:
1989:
367:, born in Puerto Rico and resident of Puerto Rico, who executed an oath of renunciation before a consular officer at the
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747:
521:
1974:
1385:
812:
2 F.Supp.2d 43, (D.D.C., 1998) (later affirmed by "Lozada Colón v. U.S. Dept. of State", 170 F.3d 191 (C.A.D.C., 1999))
463:
393:
295:
239:
151:
123:
795:
Puerto Rico Supreme Court. MIRIAM J. RAMIREZ DE FERRER vs. Juan Mari Brás. November 18, 1997; retrieved July 18, 2012.
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588:
384:
372:
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certificate from the Puerto Rico State Department. His son, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was assassinated by a suspected
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364:
1488:
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168:
1257:
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Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. November 18, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
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the country that invaded mine, which continues to keep the only country that I owe allegiance to as a colony."
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in 1946. After the demise of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, he and other former party leaders founded the
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183:
Independentista Youth". In 1948, the university's pro-independence student body invited nationalist leader
127:
107:
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1405:
466:" followed in Mari Brás's footsteps and renounced their U.S. citizenship as well. The New York City-based
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988:
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72:
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as "BERRIOS: DECISION ON MARI BRAS SHOWS P.R. STILL A COLONY", June 7, 1998); retrieved July 18, 2012.
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54:
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Mari Brás after receiving the first Certificate of Citizenship of Puerto Rico, September 14, 2007
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rejected Colón's petition for a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to approve a
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Profesor de la Facultad de Derecho Eugenio María de Hostos es reconocido como Jurista del Año.
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The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Secretary of Justice determined that
8:
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1543:
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1105:"Cinco días de duelo y banderas a media asta en Mayagüez por la muerte de Juan Mari Brás"
468:
243:
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97:
1390:
928:
Puerto Rico Herald. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Volume 2. Issue 10. (Originally published in
1824:
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559:
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questioned the legality of the certification, citing a law passed in 1997, authored by
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on December 2, 1927. His father, Santiago Mari Ramos, was an active participant in the
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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790:
1839:
1819:
1638:
1508:
1183:
1042:
Dennis Hevesi. The New York Times. September 11, 2010; retrieved July 18, 2012.
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219:
1146:
Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
1943:
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1748:
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1663:
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On December 10, 2008, he was recognized by the Puerto Rico chapter of the
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In rejecting the renunciation, the Department noted that the Plaintiff in
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771:, p. 51. Xlibris Corporation (Lorain, Ohio: Dutch Ink Publishing; 2010);
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235:
180:
83:
486:
1226:
135:
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in his hand. Both of these acts were considered as acts against the
130:(PSP). On October 25, 2006, he became the first person to receive a
1927:
269:
1010:. Volume 3. Number 48. November 23, 1999; retrieved July 18, 2012.
1221:
1211:
246:. During this time he also worked as a research assistant at the
122:(December 2, 1927 – September 10, 2010) was an advocate for
30:
763:
761:
155:
pro-independence political radio program "Gritos de la Patria".
1216:
1181:
758:
191:
campus as a guest speaker. The chancellor of the university,
967:"Juan Mari Bras, Voice for Separate Puerto Rico, Dies at 82"
925:
Berrios: Decision on Mari Brás Shows P.R. is Still a Colony.
589:"Juan Mari Brás, Voice for Separate Puerto Rico, Dies at 82"
496:
with the award of "Jurista del Año" ("Jurist of the Year").
1039:
Juan Mari Brás, Voice for Separate Puerto Rico, Dies at 82.
179:
fraternity. Mari Brás became the president of the party's "
175:. He also was a founding member of the Beta chapter of the
1068:. New York, N.Y. April 30, 1998; retrieved July 18, 2012.)
710:
708:
706:
704:
1003:
Supreme Court Denies Review Of Puerto Ricans' Citizenship
919:
917:
901:*12. US State Department Denies Puerto Rican Citizenship
218:
between 1949 and 1950. From 1951 until 1954 he lived in
831:, U.S. Department of State; retrieved January 15, 2010.
701:
420:
and is posted on the U.S. State Department's webpage.
914:
880:"US State Department Denies Puerto Rican Citizenship"
730:"FBI sabía de complot para asesinar a Juan Mari Bras"
531:
955:, U.S. Department of State; retrieved July 18, 2012.
769:
Puerto Rico 2006: Memoirs of a Writer in Puerto Rico
329:
Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law in Puerto Rico
1052:
US STATE DEPARTMENT DENIES PUERTO RICAN CITIZENSHIP
1278:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1021:Trabas al Dimitir a la Ciudadania Estadounidense.
646:. White Star Press (Pittsburg, California, U.S.)
1941:
390:U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
334:
803:
801:
786:
784:
1167:
1028:. December 31, 1997; retrieved July 18, 2012.
165:University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus
798:
781:
315:. Along with being a founding member of the
258:
792:97 DTS 135: Ramírez de Ferrer v. Mari Brás.
423:
214:, where he earned his bachelor's degree at
16:Founder of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party
1174:
1160:
339:On July 11, 1994, Mari Brás renounced his
303:documents were obtained by news stations,
242:. He finally obtained his law degree from
29:
1098:
1096:
1268:Hostosian National Independence Movement
958:
681:
657:
518:Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria
361:Lozada Colón v. U.S. Department of State
325:Hostosian National Independence Movement
167:and in 1946 became a founding member of
112:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1248:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
626:"Biografía de Juan Mari Brás (Spanish)"
232:George Washington University Law School
126:from the United States who founded the
1960:Deaths from lung cancer in Puerto Rico
1942:
1911:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
1855:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1305:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1102:
1093:
964:
719:Legacy.comRetrieved 27 September 2013.
608:"Juan Mari Brás: patriota mayagüezano"
586:
1880:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1155:
1140:Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law
965:Hevesi, Dennis (September 11, 2010).
587:Hevesi, Dennis (September 11, 2010).
483:Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law
404:Based on the federal court ruling in
277:(PSP). A political organization with
1188:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1103:Vargas, Maelo (September 10, 2010),
1995:Puerto Rican independence activists
987:. September 2, 2002. Archived from
809:Lozada Colón v. U.S. Dept. of State
499:
267:he founded the political newspaper
253:
238:thanks to his involvement with the
158:
13:
748:"Revelan complot contra Mari Bras"
618:
414:Colón vs. U.S. Department of State
394:Certificate of Loss of Nationality
319:, he also was a co-founder of the
240:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
2016:
1980:People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
1128:
605:
485:which he cofounded in his native
406:Colón v. U.S. Department of State
385:United States Department of State
373:Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
1970:Washington College of Law alumni
1182:
945:Renunciation of U.S. Citizenship
822:Renunciation of U.S. Citizenship
553:
541:
522:Cementerio Municipal de Mayagüez
520:, Mari Brás was laid to rest at
210:Mari Brás was forced to move to
2000:Florida Southern College alumni
1258:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1072:
1045:
1031:
1013:
995:
977:
937:
893:
873:
834:
815:
494:American Association of Jurists
321:Puerto Rican Independence Party
313:political status of Puerto Rico
289:. In 1973, he spoke before the
236:for being a suspected communist
205:Government of the United States
199:slogans and who marched with a
173:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1794:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1426:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1263:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
740:
722:
675:
636:
599:
580:
475:
141:
1:
1815:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
1729:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1489:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1341:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
684:"Biografía de Juan Mari Brás"
573:
506:mayor of the city of Mayagüez
335:U.S. citizenship renunciation
169:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1875:Truman assassination attempt
1253:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
363:(1998), the plaintiff was a
317:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
275:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
163:In 1944, he enrolled in the
128:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
108:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
7:
1865:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1474:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
527:
285:leanings influenced by the
146:Juan Mari Brás was born in
10:
2021:
2005:American University alumni
1990:Puerto Rican party leaders
1243:Union Party of Puerto Rico
427:
301:Freedom of Information Act
1975:Puerto Rican nationalists
1919:
1898:
1807:
1597:
1569:María de Lourdes Santiago
1564:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1439:
1406:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1313:
1286:
1235:
1194:
865:Cite uses generic title (
341:United States citizenship
259:Pro-Independence Movement
124:Puerto Rican independence
103:
89:
79:
61:
40:
28:
21:
1401:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1371:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1361:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
716:Juan Mari Bras Obituary.
510:José Guillermo Rodríguez
440:Puerto Rican citizenship
430:Puerto Rican citizenship
424:Puerto Rican citizenship
349:U.S. Department of State
216:Florida Southern College
132:Puerto Rican citizenship
94:Florida Southern College
73:Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
1985:Puerto Rican socialists
1885:Cerro Maravilla murders
1830:Levantamiento de Ciales
1789:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1709:Tomás López de Victoria
1694:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1684:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1504:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1366:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1356:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1351:Eugenio María de Hostos
1321:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1236:Political organizations
767:Mary Hilaire Tavenner.
682:Ruiz Marrero, Carmelo.
343:at the U.S. Embassy in
1784:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1679:Isabel Freire de Matos
1669:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1619:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1449:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1376:José Gualberto Padilla
1314:19th century activists
1294:Cadets of the Republic
1287:Militant organizations
842:"404 - Page Not Found"
642:Zwickel, Jean Willey.
1744:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1724:Francisco Matos Paoli
1689:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1649:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1584:Carlos Alberto Torres
1484:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1440:20th and 21st century
1381:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1195:Indigenous resistance
991:on September 2, 2002.
612:Mayagüez sabe a mangó
568:List of Puerto Ricans
365:United States citizen
265:César Andreu Iglesias
248:Brookings Institution
224:Georgetown University
152:independence movement
148:Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
55:Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
1835:Río Piedras massacre
1539:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1519:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1454:Félix Benítez Rexach
1299:Boricua Popular Army
654:. March 1998, p. 98.
222:where he studied at
1906:Grito de Lares flag
1799:Olga Viscal Garriga
1774:Clemente Soto Vélez
1764:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1674:José Ferrer Canales
1609:Pedro Albizu Campos
1559:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1544:Antonio S. Pedreira
1529:Luis Lloréns Torres
1524:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1396:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1066:El Diario-La Prensa
754:. December 3, 2009.
736:. December 2, 2009.
469:El Diario-La Prensa
244:American University
185:Pedro Albizu Campos
98:American University
1965:COINTELPRO targets
1825:Intentona de Yauco
1779:Griselio Torresola
1734:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1629:Casimiro Berenguer
1579:Alejandrina Torres
1534:Oscar López Rivera
1499:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1416:Fernando Fernandez
1411:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1086:2011-07-19 at the
1060:2012-09-07 at the
1024:Julio Ghigliotty.
1008:Puerto Rico Herald
951:2013-04-20 at the
907:2012-09-07 at the
885:2012-09-07 at the
852:on April 20, 2013.
827:2013-04-20 at the
593:The New York Times
459:The New York Times
449:Kenneth McClintock
345:Caracas, Venezuela
65:September 10, 2010
1937:
1936:
1849:Ley de la Mordaza
1739:Germán Rieckehoff
1654:José Coll y Cuchí
1601:Nationalist Party
1514:Leopoldo Figueroa
1464:Americo Boschetti
931:The San Juan Star
777:978-1-4568-1003-0
669:www.peacehost.net
383:citizenship. The
296:gubernatorial run
234:but was expelled
228:political science
212:Lakeland, Florida
201:Puerto Rican flag
117:
116:
2012:
1391:Juan Ríus Rivera
1326:Mariana Bracetti
1186:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1153:
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956:
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935:
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897:
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871:
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863:
861:
853:
848:. Archived from
846:travel.state.gov
838:
832:
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779:
765:
756:
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738:
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688:juanmaribras.org
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665:"Juan Mari Brás"
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632:on June 4, 2007.
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500:Death and legacy
464:independentistas
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287:Cuban Revolution
279:Marxist-Leninist
254:Political career
159:Student activist
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51:December 2, 1927
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1624:Elías Beauchamp
1614:José S. Alegría
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652:0-9620448-0-6
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418:landmark case
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1749:Hiram Rosado
1719:René Marqués
1699:Irvin Flores
1664:Rosa Collazo
1599:Puerto Rican
1549:Pedro Pietri
1468:
1386:Manuel Rojas
1301:(Macheteros)
1207:Agüeybaná II
1145:
1115:, retrieved
1113:(in Spanish)
1110:Primera Hora
1108:
1079:
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1026:El Nuevo Día
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734:Primera Hora
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691:. Retrieved
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305:Primera Hora
268:
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181:Puerto Rican
162:
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118:
84:Puerto Rican
67:(2010-09-10)
1955:2010 deaths
1950:1927 births
1589:Iris Zavala
1574:Piri Thomas
1494:Juan Dalmau
1202:Agüeybaná I
560:Puerto Rico
476:Later years
410:Puerto Rico
283:nationalist
189:Río Piedras
142:Early years
80:Nationality
1944:Categories
574:References
47:1927-12-02
1479:Roy Brown
1442:activists
693:April 18,
548:Biography
416:became a
136:far-right
90:Education
1928:Claridad
1084:Archived
1058:Archived
949:Archived
905:Archived
883:Archived
858:cite web
825:Archived
528:See also
487:Mayagüez
270:Claridad
1899:Symbols
1845:Gag Law
1227:Urayoán
1222:Jumacao
1212:Arasibo
534:Portals
516:at the
187:to the
110:(PSP),
1808:Events
1217:Hayuya
890:2012.)
775:
650:
1920:Media
380:Colón
1119:2010
867:help
773:ISBN
695:2021
648:ISBN
514:Mass
281:and
62:Died
41:Born
371:in
359:In
230:at
171:'s
1946::
1107:,
1095:^
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969:.
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860:}}
856:{{
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49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
