564:, and when Natives were converted the question arose as to which were legitimate wives and which were concubines, and whether any of the marriages had been valid at all. The Franciscans knew that certain rites were observed for certain unions, and that in some cases, where separation or divorce was desired, it was necessary to obtain the consent of the authorities, while in other cases the consent of the interested parties sufficed. These customs, they argued, meant that there were valid marriages among the Indians. Others denied that this was the case. Bishop Zumárraga took part in all these discussions until the case was submitted to the Holy See. Pope Paul III decreed in the
206:
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one. Pope Paul III confirmed the bull on
January 15, 1535. The bishops found their authority much limited, and a series of assemblies followed in which Zumárraga with his customary prudence tried to arrive at an understanding with the regulars without openly clashing with them. Various modifications were adopted with the consent of the regulars on condition that these "should not impair the privileges of the regulars". The question therefore remained open. In 1535, Bishop Zumárraga received the title and powers of Apostolic Inquisitor of the diocese of Mexico from the
653:, on October 20, 1545. In virtue of the situation as explained to him, he modified the general tenor of the laws so that while still correcting the principal abuses, they would not bear too heavily on the Spaniards of the colony. Through the prudent intervention of Bishop Zumárraga and the compliance of Tello, Mexico was undoubtedly saved from a bloody civil struggle such as engulfed Peru on account of the enforcement of these same laws and from which the Indians emerged worse off than they were before.
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345:. It was clear that he must have had an open conflict with the civil officials of the colony, relying only on his spiritual prerogatives, which commanded no respect from these immoral and unprincipled men. Some members of other religious orders, perhaps envious of the influence of the Franciscans, upheld the persecution of the Indians. Bishop Zumárraga attempted to notify the Spanish court of the course of events, but the
470:, as Co-Consecrators. After another year in Spain working for favourable concessions for the Indians, he reached Mexico in October 1534, accompanied by a number of mechanics and six female teachers for the Indian girls. He no longer held the title of Protector of the Indians, as it was thought that the new
538:. The practice faced no opposition while the Franciscans were in charge of the missions, but as soon as members of other religious orders and some secular ecclesiastics arrived, doubt began to be cast upon the validity of these baptisms. To put an end to the dispute Bishop Zumárraga submitted the case to
589:
authority in all matters to the
Franciscans and other mendicant orders when they judged it necessary for the conversion of the Indians, except for acts requiring episcopal consecration. This provision affected regions where there was no bishop, or where it required two or more days of travel to reach
437:
had shaken the confidence of the
Spanish Court, and he set sail in May 1532 under orders to return to Spain. On his arrival he met his implacable enemy Delgadillo, who, though still under indictment, continued his calumnies. As a result of Delgadillo's charges, Charles V held back the Bull of Clement
529:
in 1531, forced the missionaries to adopt a special form for administering this sacrament. The catechumens were arranged in order, with children in front. Prayers were recited in common over all, salt, saliva, etc., applied to a few, and then water was poured on the head of each without using the
644:
The gravest difficulties confronted him. Those affected by the new laws were almost all the
Spaniards of the colony, many of them far advanced in years, who had passed through all the trying period of the conquest, and whom the new laws would leave in abject poverty. These had recourse to Bishop
338:
had defined neither the extent of his jurisdiction nor his duties as
Protector of the Indians. Moreover, he had not received official consecration as bishop, and was thus at a disadvantage when he attempted to exercise his authority. The Indians appealed to him as protector with all manner of
272:, and in 1527 was custodian of the convent of Abrojo. Shortly afterwards he was appointed one of the judges of the court for the examination of witches in the Basque province. From his writings it would appear that he looked upon witches merely as women possessed of hallucinations.
711:
Bishop
Zumarraga is also credited with chocolate becoming a popular drink among Europeans. A community of nuns in Oaxaca, after encountering a recipe of cocoa mixed with sugar, prepared it for the bishop. Prior to this, ground cocoa had not found a role in European diets.
598:, including that of delivering criminals to the secular courts. He never availed himself of the title and did not establish the tribunal, although he did indict and deliver to the secular courts a lord of Texcoco, known as Don
661:
The last years of Bishop Zumárraga's life were devoted to carrying out the numerous works he had undertaken for the welfare of his diocese. Among the chief of these should be mentioned: the school for Indian girls; the famous
333:
Although Zumárraga was appointed bishop on August 20, 1530, he was not consecrated until April 27, 1533. Zumárraga, as
Protector of the Indians, endeavored to defend them. His position was a critical one; the
349:
had established a successful censorship of all letters and communications from New Spain. Finally, a Basque ("Biscayne") sailor concealed a letter in a cake of wax which he immersed in a barrel of oil.
297:), towards the end of August 1528, and reached Mexico on December 6. Thirteen days after, two of these judges, Alonso de Parada and Diego Maldonado, men of years and experience, died. Their companions,
430:, reached Mexico and, with them, an era of peace for both Zumárraga and the Indians. Matienzo and Delgadillo were sent to Spain as prisoners, but Nuño de Guzmán escaped, being then absent in Sinaloa.
680:; the impetus he gave to industries, agriculture, and manufactures, for which he brought trained mechanics and labourers from Spain; and the printing of many books. At the instance of the emperor,
633:" (a system of patents which permitted forced labor of the Indians); owners were compelled to live upon their own possessions; and in all newly discovered territory no grants could be made.
919:
553:, which declared that the friars had not sinned in administering baptism in this form, but decreed that in the future it should not be thus administered except in cases of urgent need.
629:, or employees of any description whatsoever; previous grants were reduced; Indians were taken from owners who had ill-treated them; all governors were deprived of the faculty to "
438:
VII, originally dated
September 2, 1530, that would have named Zumárraga bishop. Zumárraga, however, had little difficulty vindicating his good name, and was consecrated bishop at
645:
Zumárraga to intercede with Tello to obtain a suspension of the order until they could be heard before the
Spanish Court. The representatives of the colonists found the emperor,
634:
525:, the number of baptized Indians in Mexico in 1536 was five million. The multitude of Indians who asked for baptism, said to have greatly increased after the apparition of
1427:
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1367:
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Meanwhile, news reached Mexico that Cortés had been well received at the
Spanish court and was about to return to New Spain. Fearful of the consequences,
1253:
1224:
502:
1085:
708:, and Ciudad Real de Chiapas, as suffragans. The Bull of appointment was sent on July 8, 1548, but Bishop Zumárraga had died one month previously.
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retained power and continued their outrages. In the early part of 1530 they dragged a priest and a former servant of Cortés from a church,
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complaints. His own Franciscans, who had so long labored for the welfare of the Indians, pressed him to put an end to the excesses of the
406:
697:
1407:
205:
705:
613:". These laws conclusively and decisively prohibited the enslavement of the Indians, withdrew all grants from all corporations,
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39:
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for the post of first bishop of Mexico. Without having been consecrated and with only the title of bishop-elect and
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had gone to Spain and obtained from the Junta of Valladolid (1541–1542) the approbation of the celebrated "
374:
970:"Evangelical Catholicism in Early Colonial Mexico: An Analysis of Bishop Juan de Zumárraga's Doctrina Cristiana"
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were excommunicated for a year. On July 15, 1530, Cortés, now titled Captain General of New Spain, reached
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would refrain from the abuses of prior regimes. On November 14, 1535, with the arrival of the first
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president Nuño de Guzmán left Mexico City on December 22, 1529, and began his famous expedition to
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284:
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Chichimecatecuhtli, accused of having "reverted to idolatry" and of offering human sacrifices.
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Meantime the calumnies spread by the enemies of Zumárraga and the partisans of the first
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Another difficulty arose regarding marriage. The pre-Columbian religions had permitted
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Fray Juan de Zumárraga. Documentos Inéditos publicados con una introducción y notas
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410:
335:
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269:
880:
1177:
1042:
732:, David Carrasco, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, vol. 3, pp. 380-81.
310:
137:
16:
15/16th-century Spanish Franciscan prelate; first bishop and Inquisitor of Mexico
1301:
1240:
692:, appointing Bishop Zumárraga first archbishop and designating the dioceses of
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572:
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began to be received, and on December 20, 1527, Zumárraga was recommended by
568:
that the converted Indians should keep the first woman wed as their wife.
358:
1092:
275:
By this time more detailed accounts of the importance of the conquest of
158:
1113:
846:
Campa, Arthur L. "The Churchmen and the Indian Languages of New Spain,"
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547:
439:
232:
221:
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943:
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separated (February 11, 1546) the See of Mexico from the metropolitan
676:; the foundation of various hospitals, especially those of Mexico and
1316:
576:
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382:
329:
Juan de Zumárraga, the first archbishop and inquisitor of Mexico City
314:
162:
325:
47:
1341:
1096:
985:
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862:
Carreño, Alberto María. "The Books of Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga,"
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626:
557:
539:
1207:
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1077:
920:"The Contribution of Bishop Juan De Zumárraga to Mexican Culture"
872:. Don fray Juan de Zumárraga: Primer Obispo e arzobispo de México
650:
618:
378:
366:
362:
224:
218:
313:. Their administration was one of the most disastrous epochs in
843:. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 1948.
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261:
166:
141:
341:
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265:
179:
145:
958:
746:(ALA ed.). New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 136.
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Washington DC: Academy of American Franciscan History 1979.
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introduction of the first printing press into the New World
571:
A third important difficulty concerned the position of the
801:
Catholic Hierarchy: "Archbishop Juan de Zumárraga, O.F.M."
291:, left Spain with the first civil officials, magistrates (
256:
Zumárraga was born in 1468 or 1469 of a noble family, in
885:. Washington DC: Academy of American Franciscan History.
912:
Zumárraga and His Family: Letters to Vizcaya 1536–1548.
320:
305:, assumed their authority, which was also shared by
1254:
Image of the Virgin Mary Mother of God of Guadalupe
1225:
List of churches dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe
251:
1020:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
796:
794:
792:
489:While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of
963:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 266.
1359:
893:The Mexican Inquisition of the Sixteenth Century
882:Zumárraga and the Mexican Inquisition, 1536-1543
874:. 2nd edition. 4 vols. Mexico City: Porrúa 1947.
217:, OFM (1468 – June 3, 1548) was a Spanish
1428:Spanish Roman Catholic bishops in North America
896:. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.
789:
243:by a European, printed in Mexico City in 1539.
585:to Charles V, in which he transferred his own
389:. At Easter the interdict was lifted, but the
1413:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Mexico
1129:
575:(non-order affiliated) and their privileges.
381:his servant. Zumárraga placed the city under
1023:(2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. p. 525.
730:Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
728:John F. Chuchiak IV, "Juan de Zumárraga" in
1368:Roman Catholic archbishops of Mexico (city)
317:and one of great difficulty for Zumárraga.
309:, who had come from his territories in the
1136:
1122:
1016:
773:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Juan de Zumarraga"
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46:
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841:El IV Centenario de Don Juan de Zumárraga
516:
961:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
324:
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1360:
959:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1996) .
741:
621:, and from those who were or had been
420:In December of the same year, the new
1117:
967:
917:
156:June 3, 1548 (aged 79–80)
849:Hispanic American Historical Review
744:The Library: An Illustrated History
641:, reached Mexico on March 8, 1544.
13:
832:
239:, the first book published in the
14:
1444:
1220:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
385:, and the Franciscans retired to
231:. He was also the region's first
1408:1528 establishments in New Spain
1340:
1191:
817:, p. 57, Lannoo Uitgeverij, 2008
637:, commissioned to carry out the
579:on May 9, 1522, issued the bull
252:Origins and arrival in New Spain
178:
1270:Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666
503:Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala
1310:The Saint Who Forged a Country
890:Greenleaf, Richard E. (1969).
879:Greenleaf, Richard E. (1961).
806:
735:
722:
656:
523:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
1:
1423:Basque Roman Catholic priests
1017:Kinsbruner, Jay, ed. (2008).
742:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009).
715:
413:, who later became the first
403:Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal
246:
7:
1433:People from Durango, Biscay
870:García Icazbalceta, Joaquín
815:The Temptation of Chocolate
803:retrieved November 11, 2015
635:Francisco Tello de Sandoval
499:Francisco Marroquín Hurtado
495:Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca
10:
1449:
968:Jones, William B. (1967).
452:Francisco Zamora de Orello
397:. The Crown appointed new
321:"Protector of the Indians"
287:, he, accompanied by Fray
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1403:Politicians from Morelos
1213:El Tepeyac National Park
855:Carreño, Alberto María.
551:Altitudo divini consilii
285:Protector of the Indians
542:, and on June 1, 1537,
407:Bishop of Santo Domingo
1347:Catholicism portal
1322:Marcos Cipac de Aquino
1043:Catholic Church titles
910:Greenleaf, Richard E.
517:Evangelization efforts
482:, the rule of the new
444:Diego Ribera de Toledo
442:on April 27, 1533, by
330:
299:Juan Ortiz de Matienzo
120:Diego Ribera de Toledo
1398:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1183:Don Juan de Zumárraga
1145:Our Lady of Guadalupe
918:Hanke, Lewis (1949).
690:Archdiocese of Mexico
665:Colegio de Santa Cruz
596:Archbishop of Seville
527:Our Lady of Guadalupe
328:
27:Don Juan de Zumárraga
1296:Miracle of the roses
1262:Huei tlamahuiçoltica
859:. Mexico City: 1941.
839:Bayle, Constantino.
582:Exponi nobis fecisti
491:Juan López de Zárate
1393:Spanish Franciscans
1278:Maravilla Americana
1247:Stradanus engraving
594:, Álvaro Manrique,
511:Bishop of Michoacán
415:Bishop of Michoacán
1418:Franciscan bishops
1158:Villa de Guadalupe
1154:Marian apparitions
1082:Title last held by
1066:Alonso de Montúfar
852:11 (1931) 542-550/
813:Mercier, Jacques.
688:, and erected the
600:Carlos Ometochtzin
592:Inquisitor General
560:and the taking of
521:According to Fray
480:Antonio de Mendoza
468:Bishop of Drivasto
426:, the ensemble of
331:
241:Western Hemisphere
101:Alonso de Montúfar
1388:Spanish explorers
1355:
1354:
1112:
1111:
1063:Succeeded by
1030:978-0-684-31270-5
903:978-0-8263-0130-7
777:www.newadvent.org
448:Bishop of Segovia
409:, and the lawyer
268:. He entered the
215:Juan de Zumárraga
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1273:(1666 testimony)
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866:5 (1949)283-285.
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605:Meanwhile, Fray
507:Vasco de Quiroga
411:Vasco de Quiroga
369:. The remaining
336:Spanish monarchy
303:Diego Delgadillo
270:Franciscan Order
229:Bishop of Mexico
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126:Personal details
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40:Bishop of Mexico
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227:and the first
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1373:Encomenderos
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1265:(1649 tract)
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1091:
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974:The Americas
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863:
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611:Nuevas Leyes
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264:province in
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201:Coat of arms
191:Denomination
113:Consecration
84:June 3, 1548
1383:1548 deaths
1378:1468 births
1313:(1942 film)
1305:(1917 film)
1281:(1756 book)
1257:(1648 book)
1234:Historicity
1093:Encomendero
657:Later years
546:issued the
235:. He wrote
174:Nationality
159:Mexico City
89:Predecessor
58:Mexico City
1362:Categories
1173:Juan Diego
1101:1535–1544
1060:1528–1548
782:2018-02-12
716:References
670:Tlatelolco
631:encomendar
562:concubines
440:Valladolid
233:inquisitor
222:Franciscan
81:Term ended
1317:Tonantzin
1106:Escheated
1078:Escheated
1050:New title
1010:143635646
994:0003-1615
952:143353644
706:Guatemala
698:Michoacán
678:Vera Cruz
647:Charles V
627:governors
607:Las Casas
587:Apostolic
577:Adrian VI
423:Audiencia
395:Vera Cruz
383:interdict
375:quartered
359:Michoacán
355:Audiencia
315:New Spain
281:Charles V
247:Biography
163:New Spain
97:Successor
73:Installed
1097:Ocuituco
702:Tlaxcala
639:New Laws
623:Viceroys
566:Altitudo
558:polygyny
513:(1539).
497:(1537);
379:tortured
377:him and
118:by
55:Province
1302:Tepeyac
1289:Related
651:Mechlin
619:secular
486:ended.
484:oidores
476:viceroy
472:oidores
450:, with
428:oidores
399:oidores
391:oidores
387:Texcoco
371:oidores
367:Sinaloa
363:Jalisco
347:oidores
342:oidores
294:oidores
260:in the
258:Durango
225:prelate
185:Spanish
138:Durango
103:, O. P.
1243:(1548)
1201:Places
1166:People
1160:(1531)
1074:Vacant
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672:; the
536:chrism
462:, and
460:Brefny
365:, and
262:Biscay
219:Basque
167:Mexico
142:Biscay
108:Orders
67:Mexico
32:O.F.M.
1006:S2CID
998:JSTOR
948:S2CID
940:JSTOR
649:, at
435:oidor
266:Spain
146:Spain
1025:ISBN
990:ISSN
898:ISBN
820:ISBN
748:ISBN
617:and
548:bull
540:Rome
532:oils
301:and
153:Died
134:1468
131:Born
92:None
1156:in
1095:of
982:doi
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668:in
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458:of
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169:)
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