2599:
218:
loanwords as well as different pronunciation of many words common for all
Papiamento varieties. Oftentimes, the Judeao-Papiamento versions of these words are closer to their Spanish or Portuguese counterparts, hinting at a possible process of
227:, they often use certain words from its lexifier languages almost unchanged. However, there is a difference in their choice of specific literary reference languages. Jewish speakers of Papiamento tend to prefer Portuguese and
2569:
2280:
2587:
2604:
2564:
2048:
1623:
2678:
2503:
2620:
2632:
1993:
2663:
2127:
2592:
2403:
1772:
1616:
822:
2463:
2183:
770:
Jacobs, Neil G. (2020). "Curaҫao
Sephardic Jewish Papiamentu in the Context of Jewish Languages". In Sutcliffe, Patricia C. (ed.).
683:
Jacobs, Neil G. (2020). "Curaҫao
Sephardic Jewish Papiamentu in the Context of Jewish Languages". In Sutcliffe, Patricia C. (ed.).
2275:
2026:
2673:
2322:
2171:
997:
2388:
2031:
1609:
972:
191:
Judeao-Papiamento is generally mutually intelligible with
Papiamento, the main language of most Curaçaoans, locally known as
2218:
1986:
987:
982:
2538:
2312:
2285:
2159:
1781:
1533:
196:
2295:
168:
2239:
1765:
2668:
243:
provides a table that shows some of the lexical contrasts between the speech of Jewish and non-Jewish Curaҫaoans.
207:, but some linguists argue the opposite, viewing it as a Spanish-based creole with a strong Portuguese influence.
2365:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2176:
2132:
2107:
1387:
1047:
780:
699:
2393:
2344:
2261:
2234:
2137:
2122:
1979:
815:
2488:
2213:
2208:
2198:
1572:
2554:
2290:
2244:
2154:
2036:
1876:
1632:
1402:
992:
977:
2269:
1758:
1566:
1087:
224:
2559:
2520:
1652:
1052:
957:
2653:
2498:
2193:
2166:
1855:
1849:
951:
946:
808:
1898:
1871:
1866:
1265:
1233:
2339:
1025:
16:
Ethnolect of
Papiamento spoken by the Sephardic Jewish community of Curaçao in the Dutch Caribbean
2528:
2327:
2228:
1892:
1841:
1379:
1280:
1128:
933:
2431:
1860:
102:
2421:
2398:
2354:
1657:
1576:
1562:
1109:
1062:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1015:
1007:
839:
1800:
1708:
1523:
1474:
1306:
8:
2658:
2142:
1960:
1795:
1739:
1698:
1688:
1513:
1067:
1057:
150:
1909:
1831:
1713:
1448:
1440:
1368:
1300:
1175:
1137:
1103:
1030:
2254:
1340:
2625:
2510:
2436:
2116:
1915:
1904:
1821:
1693:
1543:
1495:
1354:
746:
57:
1750:
659:
2413:
1723:
1503:
1460:
1455:
1444:
1423:
1412:
1361:
1185:
1150:
1113:
964:
941:
894:
831:
758:
204:
231:, whereas non-Jewish Curaçaoans typically use Spanish words in the same settings.
2493:
2426:
2147:
2041:
1932:
1718:
1703:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1286:
1204:
1165:
919:
914:
899:
873:
868:
863:
848:
228:
215:
180:
176:
153:
49:
2480:
2451:
2441:
2360:
2011:
2002:
1816:
1678:
1646:
1601:
1592:
1323:
1313:
1274:
1209:
909:
904:
220:
200:
165:
91:
762:
2647:
2332:
2249:
2096:
2089:
1554:
1470:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1293:
1223:
1196:
1098:
1093:
878:
772:
The
Polymath Intellectual: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Robert D. King
685:
The
Polymath Intellectual: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Robert D. King
240:
2458:
1826:
1347:
98:
214:) as spoken by the non-Jewish population of Curaҫao in having a number of
2203:
1971:
1539:
1333:
1215:
2068:
747:"A New Perspective on the Linguistic Profile of the Curaҫaoan Sephardim"
2468:
2188:
2082:
1950:
1662:
1466:
161:
68:
172:
30:
2061:
1392:
1241:
1190:
1170:
157:
128:
116:
2054:
2020:
1246:
800:
785:
730:(in Papiamento). Willemstad, Curaҫao: Drukkerij Scherpenheuvel N.V.
704:
1083:
223:. When speakers of any Papiamento variety talk in the more formal
2446:
2075:
1318:
1251:
1180:
1146:
2600:
Foundation for the
Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
1683:
2370:
1155:
293:
2533:
774:. Dripping Springs, Texas: Agarita Press. pp. 103‒128.
687:. Dripping Springs, Texas: Agarita Press. pp. 103‒128.
179:. It is likely the only living Jewish ethnolect based on a
1780:
210:
Judeao-Papiamento differs from "general
Papiamento" (
728:
Ta asina? O ta asana? Abla, uzu i kustumber sefardĂ
195:. Papiamento is usually considered an originally
2645:
1631:
631:
624:
612:
605:
593:
586:
574:
567:
555:
548:
536:
529:
517:
510:
498:
491:
479:
472:
460:
453:
441:
434:
422:
415:
403:
396:
384:
377:
365:
358:
346:
339:
327:
320:
308:
301:
286:
279:
267:
260:
1987:
1766:
1617:
816:
2404:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
778:
697:
781:"A Jewish creole language in the Caribbean"
700:"A Jewish creole language in the Caribbean"
657:
2679:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium
2001:
1994:
1980:
1773:
1759:
1624:
1610:
823:
809:
725:
2646:
769:
744:
682:
2389:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1975:
1754:
1605:
804:
2664:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles
830:
234:
2588:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
13:
2539:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
186:
14:
2690:
1782:Portuguese-based creole languages
651:
58:Portuguese-based creole languages
197:Portuguese-based creole language
2605:Institute for Sephardic Studies
2394:Antisemitism in the Arab world
719:
691:
676:
1:
1573:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
738:
644:
199:that was subsequently partly
2555:American Sephardi Federation
2548:Major communal organizations
1944:Portuguese lexical influence
1633:Languages of the Netherlands
7:
2674:Jews and Judaism in Curaçao
2270:Western Europe and overseas
751:Journal of Jewish Languages
10:
2695:
2560:Sephardi Community Council
958:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
779:Shabashewitz, Dor (2023).
698:Shabashewitz, Dor (2023).
632:
625:
613:
606:
594:
587:
575:
568:
556:
549:
537:
530:
518:
511:
499:
492:
480:
473:
461:
454:
442:
435:
423:
416:
404:
397:
385:
378:
366:
359:
347:
340:
328:
321:
309:
302:
287:
280:
268:
261:
2613:
2580:
2565:World Sephardi Federation
2547:
2519:
2479:
2412:
2381:
2106:
2010:
1941:
1925:
1885:
1856:Cannanore Indo-Portuguese
1840:
1809:
1788:
1732:
1671:
1639:
1586:
1553:
1488:
1433:
1403:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
1378:
1264:
1232:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1076:
1006:
932:
887:
856:
847:
838:
763:10.1163/22134638-12340069
296:, round cornmeal pancake
126:
114:
109:
88:
46:
36:
26:
21:
1867:Daman and Diu Portuguese
562:live on others’ expense
2049:Expulsion from Portugal
1912:or Papiá Tugu (extinct)
1534:Portuguese-based Creole
726:Henriquez, May (1988).
664:Jewish Language Project
1872:Korlai Indo-Portuguese
1861:Cochin Indo-Portuguese
103:Papiamento orthography
42:"very few" (2021)
2399:Antisemitism in Islam
2117:Eastern Mediterranean
1877:Sri Lankan Portuguese
1577:village sign language
1563:Israeli Sign Language
745:Jacobs, Bart (2016).
239:In one of her books,
2669:Languages of Curaçao
2504:Sephardi chief rabbi
2481:Religion and culture
2037:Expulsion from Spain
1801:Guinea-Bissau Creole
1413:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
1053:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
1942:Creoles with strong
1796:Cape Verdean Creole
1740:Dutch Sign Language
660:"Jewish Papiamentu"
252:General Papiamento
65:Upper Guinea Creole
1850:Bengali Portuguese
1441:Jewish Koine Greek
1301:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1048:Judaeo-Palestinian
888:Reading traditions
249:Judaeo-Papiamento
2641:
2640:
2437:Judaeo-Portuguese
1969:
1968:
1955:Judaeo-Papiamento
1899:Flores Portuguese
1748:
1747:
1599:
1598:
1593:extinct languages
1530:Judaeo-Papiamento
1484:
1483:
1424:Judaeo-Golpaygani
1355:Judaeo-Portuguese
1260:
1259:
1123:
1122:
928:
927:
642:
641:
581:road, way, where
235:Lexical contrasts
147:Jewish Papiamentu
143:Judaeo-Papiamento
140:
139:
74:Judaeo-Papiamento
22:Judaeo-Papiamento
2686:
2654:Jewish languages
2629:
2596:
2573:
2499:Rite and customs
2472:
2355:Crypto-Sephardim
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1893:Bidau Portuguese
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1510:Judaeo-Malayalam
1362:Judaeo-Aragonese
1341:Judaeo-Provençal
1287:Judaeo-Livornese
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
854:
853:
845:
844:
832:Jewish languages
825:
818:
811:
802:
801:
797:
795:
794:
775:
766:
732:
731:
723:
717:
716:
714:
713:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
658:Jacobs, Neil G.
655:
635:
628:
616:
609:
597:
590:
578:
571:
559:
552:
540:
533:
521:
514:
502:
495:
483:
476:
464:
457:
445:
438:
429:all of a sudden
426:
419:
407:
400:
388:
381:
369:
362:
350:
343:
331:
324:
312:
305:
290:
283:
271:
264:
255:English meaning
246:
245:
212:papiamentu komun
166:Sephardic Jewish
119:
94:
52:
19:
18:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2623:
2621:Philosephardism
2609:
2590:
2576:
2567:
2543:
2515:
2475:
2466:
2427:Sephardi Hebrew
2408:
2377:
2102:
2042:Alhambra Decree
2006:
2003:Sephardi Jewish
2000:
1970:
1965:
1943:
1937:
1921:
1886:Southeast Asian
1881:
1842:Indo-Portuguese
1836:
1805:
1784:
1779:
1749:
1744:
1728:
1667:
1635:
1630:
1600:
1595:
1582:
1549:
1520:Judaeo-Georgian
1480:
1429:
1374:
1256:
1228:
1210:Judaeo-Alsatian
1119:
1072:
1063:Judaeo-Tunisian
1043:Judaeo-Moroccan
1036:Judaeo-Baghdadi
1021:Judaeo-Egyptian
1016:Judaeo-Algerian
1002:
993:Lishanid Noshan
924:
883:
834:
829:
792:
790:
741:
736:
735:
724:
720:
711:
709:
696:
692:
681:
677:
668:
666:
656:
652:
647:
524:gore, puncture
334:great-grandson
237:
189:
187:Characteristics
181:creole language
177:Dutch Caribbean
154:Jewish language
115:
95:
90:
84:
62:Afro-Portuguese
53:
50:Language family
48:
39:
38:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2633:Sephardization
2630:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Black Panthers
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:Tetuani Ladino
2449:
2442:Judaeo-Spanish
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2382:Modern history
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1905:Papiá Kristang
1902:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1810:Gulf of Guinea
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1559:
1557:
1555:Sign languages
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:Judaeo-Marathi
1464:
1452:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:Judaeo-Kashani
1415:
1410:
1408:Judaeo-Shirazi
1405:
1400:
1398:Judaeo-Persian
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1380:Judaeo-Iranian
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1314:Judaeo-Spanish
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1294:Judaeo-Mantuan
1290:
1281:Judaeo-Italian
1278:
1275:Judaeo-Catalan
1270:
1268:
1266:Judaeo-Romance
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1234:Jewish English
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1162:
1160:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1091:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
954:
949:
944:
938:
936:
934:Judaeo-Aramaic
930:
929:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
858:
851:
842:
836:
835:
828:
827:
820:
813:
805:
799:
798:
776:
767:
740:
737:
734:
733:
718:
690:
675:
649:
648:
646:
643:
640:
639:
636:
629:
621:
620:
617:
610:
602:
601:
598:
591:
583:
582:
579:
572:
564:
563:
560:
553:
545:
544:
541:
534:
526:
525:
522:
515:
507:
506:
503:
500:fuera (djesei)
496:
488:
487:
484:
477:
469:
468:
465:
458:
450:
449:
446:
439:
431:
430:
427:
420:
412:
411:
408:
401:
393:
392:
389:
382:
374:
373:
370:
363:
355:
354:
351:
344:
336:
335:
332:
325:
317:
316:
313:
306:
298:
297:
291:
284:
276:
275:
272:
265:
257:
256:
253:
250:
236:
233:
221:decreolization
188:
185:
164:spoken by the
138:
137:
132:
124:
123:
120:
112:
111:
110:Language codes
107:
106:
96:
92:Writing system
89:
86:
85:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
56:
54:
47:
44:
43:
40:
37:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Belmonte Jews
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:Paradesi Jews
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:New Amsterdam
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
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2279:
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2263:
2260:
2256:
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2248:
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2238:
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2233:
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2231:
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2220:
2217:
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2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:New Christian
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:Maghrebi Jews
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
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1815:
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1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
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1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:Sign language
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
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1687:
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1677:
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1674:
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1664:
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1634:
1627:
1622:
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1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
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1594:
1590:
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1568:
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1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
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1491:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
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1436:
1432:
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1416:
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1406:
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1399:
1396:
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1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:Judaeo-Gascon
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
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1279:
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1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1224:Scots-Yiddish
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:Klezmer-loshn
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Indo-European
1126:
1115:
1111:
1110:Judaeo-Berber
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1068:Judaeo-Yemeni
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Judaeo-Syrian
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1008:Judaeo-Arabic
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
855:
852:
850:
846:
843:
841:
837:
833:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
806:
803:
788:
787:
782:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
742:
729:
722:
707:
706:
701:
694:
686:
679:
665:
661:
654:
650:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
565:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:enjoy, amuse
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:besides that
504:
501:
497:
494:
493:fora (djesei)
490:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:visit (noun)
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:visit (verb)
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:
319:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:out, outside
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
242:
241:May Henriquez
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
136:
133:
131:
130:
125:
121:
118:
113:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
87:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
64:
63:
61:
60:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
2459:Judeo-Gascon
2432:Judeo-Arabic
2422:Judeo-Berber
2353:
2268:
2240:Gibraltarian
2229:North Africa
2227:
2219:Thessalonian
2115:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2027:Roman Empire
2019:
1954:
1789:Upper Guinea
1672:Non-official
1658:West Frisian
1588:
1540:Judaeo-Malay
1529:
1454:
1422:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1334:Judaeo-Latin
1332:
1307:Judaeo-Roman
1299:
1292:
1285:
1273:
1214:
1195:
1154:
1097:
1088:Ethiosemitic
1031:Judaeo-Iraqi
1026:Judaeo-Fessi
988:Lishán Didán
983:Lishana Deni
963:
956:
791:. Retrieved
789:(in Yiddish)
784:
771:
754:
750:
727:
721:
710:. Retrieved
708:(in Yiddish)
703:
693:
684:
678:
667:. Retrieved
663:
653:
633:mata di rosa
626:mata di roza
614:laken, laker
600:cost (verb)
467:celebration
238:
211:
209:
192:
190:
146:
142:
141:
134:
127:
73:
2624: [
2591: [
2568: [
2467: [
2189:Palestinian
1832:Principense
1709:Minangkabau
1567:German Sign
1467:Judaeo-Urdu
1216:Lachoudisch
840:Afroasiatic
757:: 141–165.
512:gora, gwera
462:selebrashon
424:di ripiento
2659:Papiamento
2648:Categories
2172:Macedonian
2160:Alexandria
2108:Dispersion
2083:Megorashim
2062:Degredados
2032:Golden Age
1961:Saramaccan
1951:Papiamento
1926:East Asian
1822:Annobonese
1699:Limburgish
1689:Indonesian
1663:Papiamento
1649:(national)
1524:Kartvelian
1475:Indo-Aryan
1393:Judaeo-Tat
793:2023-06-22
739:Literature
712:2023-06-22
669:2023-05-29
645:References
448:celebrate
417:di repente
410:dignitary
405:dignatario
398:dignitario
391:disappear
201:relexified
193:Papiamentu
162:Papiamento
151:endangered
69:Papiamento
2414:Languages
2361:Amazonian
2345:Livornese
2323:Hamburger
2167:Hungarian
2133:Bulgarian
2055:Conversos
1918:(extinct)
1910:Mardijker
1901:(extinct)
1895:(extinct)
1863:(extinct)
1852:(extinct)
1714:Ripuarian
1704:Low Saxon
1591:indicate
1514:Dravidian
1369:Zarphatic
1242:Yeshivish
1191:Udmurtish
1186:Ukrainish
1171:Galitzish
895:Ashkenazi
638:rosebush
619:bedsheet
550:granmèrsi
379:desparesé
225:registers
169:community
158:ethnolect
129:Glottolog
117:ISO 639-3
2521:Politics
2301:Suriname
2276:American
2262:Tunisian
2250:Moroccan
2235:Algerian
2194:Romanian
2177:Monastir
2155:Egyptian
2148:Splicani
2138:Croatian
2123:Albanian
2076:Marranos
2069:Lançados
2021:Sepharad
1933:Macanese
1916:Portugis
1694:Javanese
1679:Ambonese
1640:Official
1496:Krymchak
1449:Hellenic
1247:Yinglish
1151:dialects
1138:Germanic
1104:Cushitic
998:Betanure
965:Galilean
952:Talmudic
942:Biblical
920:Tiberian
915:Yemenite
900:Sephardi
874:Medieval
869:Mishnaic
864:Biblical
786:Forverts
705:Forverts
486:misdeed
386:disparsé
329:bisañetu
149:, is an
2581:Studies
2511:Haredim
2489:Cuisine
2464:Bagitto
2447:Haketia
2340:Italian
2313:English
2296:Curaçao
2281:Antwerp
2255:Tetuani
2214:Rhodian
2199:Serbian
2184:Ottoman
2143:Ragusan
2128:Bosnian
2012:Origins
1817:Angolar
1724:Yiddish
1653:English
1589:Italics
1544:Malayic
1456:Knaanic
1445:Yevanic
1388:Bukhori
1324:Tetuani
1319:Haketia
1252:Heblish
1205:Western
1181:Poylish
1176:Litvish
1166:Eastern
1147:Yiddish
978:Hulaulá
973:Barzani
910:Italian
905:Mizrahi
576:kaminda
557:gremesĂ
455:festeho
443:selebrá
436:festehá
367:bishita
360:bizjita
348:bishitá
341:bizjitá
322:bisñetu
281:arepita
205:Spanish
175:in the
173:Curaçao
156:and an
31:Curaçao
2371:Xuetas
2328:Indian
2318:French
2245:Libyan
2204:Syrian
2005:topics
1719:Romani
1684:Arabic
1504:Turkic
1500:Karaim
1489:Others
1461:Slavic
1434:Others
1156:argots
1114:Berber
1077:Others
947:Targum
879:Modern
849:Hebrew
569:kamina
229:French
216:Hebrew
2628:]
2614:Other
2595:]
2572:]
2494:Music
2471:]
2291:Aruba
2286:Dutch
2209:Greek
1827:Forro
1647:Dutch
1099:Qwara
1094:Kayla
1084:Geʽez
607:lanso
595:kosta
588:kusta
315:bath
294:arepa
262:afora
145:, or
99:Latin
2534:Shas
857:Eras
538:gosa
531:goza
519:bora
481:vupá
474:fopá
310:baño
303:bañu
288:repa
135:None
759:doi
269:afĂł
203:by
171:of
160:of
2650::
2626:es
2593:es
2570:he
2469:it
1498:,
1469:,
1443:,
783:.
753:.
749:.
702:.
662:.
183:.
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
1957:)
1953:(
1774:e
1767:t
1760:v
1625:e
1618:t
1611:v
1579:)
1575:(
1569:)
1565:(
1546:)
1542:(
1536:)
1532:(
1526:)
1522:(
1516:)
1512:(
1506:)
1502:(
1477:)
1473:(
1463:)
1459:(
1451:)
1447:(
1159:)
1153:/
1149:(
1116:)
1112:(
1106:)
1102:(
1096:/
1090:)
1086:(
824:e
817:t
810:v
796:.
765:.
761::
755:4
715:.
672:.
122:–
105:)
101:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.