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of the gospel might always remain with you. And from those who were supposed to be acknowledged leaders (what they actually were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality) – those leaders contributed nothing to me. On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcised, just as Peter had been entrusted with the gospel for the circumcised (for he who worked through Peter making him an apostle to the circumcised also worked through me in sending me to the
Gentiles), and when James and Cephas and John, who were acknowledged pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, agreeing that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. They asked only one thing, that we remember the poor, which was actually what I was eager to do. We ourselves are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners; yet we know that a person is justified not by the
1006:
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1458:("church councils") with the intention "not to debate them, but to burn them". Such councils took place in 1488, 1490, 1494 and 1504. The councils outlawed religious and non-religious books and initiated their burning, sentenced a number of people to death, sent adherents into exile, and excommunicated them. In 1491, Zacharias the Jew was executed in Novgorod by the order of Ivan III.
2263:. The polemical note sounds in the verb "compel". The element of compulsion would enter because there were Gentiles who were making claims, or for whom claims were being made, to enter into what generations of Jews had always regarded as their exclusive privileges (in terms of the argument of Galatians, into the direct line of inheritance from
862:
950:
But even Titus, who was with me, was not compelled to be circumcised, though he was a Greek. But because of false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might enslave us – we did not submit to them even for a moment, so that the truth
972:
Paul warns the early
Galatian church that gentile Christians who submit to circumcision will be alienated from Christ: "Indeed I, Paul, say to you that if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. And I testify again to every man who becomes circumcised that he is a debtor to keep the
1638:
before he was ruled to be innocent of any wrongdoing and released without charge. While the conditions of his imprisonment were never harsh and he was allowed complete access to books, according to legend, Fray Luis started his first post-Inquisition
University of Salamanca lecture with the words,
3627:"The Coptic Christians in Egypt and the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians — two of the oldest surviving forms of Christianity — retain many of the features of early Christianity, including male circumcision. Circumcision is not prescribed in other forms of Christianity... Some Christian churches in
1048:
Later Paul more explicitly denounced the practice, rejecting and condemning those
Judaizers who promoted circumcision to Gentile Christians. He accused them of turning from the Spirit to the flesh: "Are you so foolish, that, whereas you began in the Spirit, you would now be made perfect by the
718:
The inclusion of
Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of some of the early Christians: the new Gentile converts were not required to be circumcised nor to observe the Mosaic Law. Circumcision in particular was regarded as a token of the membership of the
1044:
he also disputes the value of circumcision. Paul made his case to the
Christians at Rome that circumcision no longer meant the physical, but a spiritual practice. He also wrote: "Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God's commands is what counts."
1049:
flesh?" Paul warned that the advocates of circumcision as a condition of salvation were "false brothers". He accused the advocates of circumcision of wanting to make a good showing in the flesh, and of glorying or boasting of the flesh. Paul instead stressed a message of
789:
must first be circumcised (i.e. become Jewish through the ritual of a proselyte). Although such repressive and legalistic requirements may have made
Christianity a much less appealing religious choice for the vast majority of Gentiles, the evidence afforded in Paul's
711:(i.e. Greco-Roman sympathizers which made an allegiance to Judaism but refused to convert and therefore retained their Gentile (non-Jewish) status), hence they were uncircumcised and it was not required for them to follow any of the commandments of the
1265:
Christians must not judaize by resting on the
Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ. (Percival
2584:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of
1442:. The latter even decided to establish his own club in the mid-1480s. However, in the end Ivan III renounced his ideas of secularization and allied with the Orthodox Christian clergy. The struggle against the adherents was led by hegumen
1583:
Sometimes, accusations of being a
Judaizer led to the persecution of Catholics of Converso descent who were completely innocent of preaching or doing anything heretical by the Catholic Church. For example, while serving as professor of
896:. Paul opposed this position, concluding that Gentiles did not need to obey to the entire Law of Moses in order to become Christians. The conflict between Paul and his Judaizing opponents over this issue came to a head with the
955:
but through faith in Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by doing the works of the law, because no one will be justified by the works of the
984:
notes: "Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the
Gentiles, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required
794:
exhibits that initially a significant number of the Galatian Gentile converts appeared disposed to adopt these restrictions; indeed, Paul strenuously labors throughout the letter to dissuade them from doing so (cf.
1217:
It is absurd to profess Christ Jesus, and to Judaize. For Christianity did not embrace Judaism, but Judaism Christianity, that so every tongue which believeth might be gathered together to God. (Roberts-Donaldson
2579:
Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by
2198:, Galatians 2:14 ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου εἶπον τῷ Πέτρῳ ἔμπροσθεν πάντων Εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς ζῇς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς τί τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν.
2259:"To judaize" was a quite familiar expression, in the sense "to live like a Jew", "to adopt a distinctively Jewish way of life"-with reference to Gentiles taking up Jewish customs like observance of the
830:
for his seemingly ambivalent reaction to the Judaizers, embracing them publicly in places where their preaching was popular while holding the private opinion that their doctrines were erroneous (cf.
814:
Paul was severely critical of the Judaizers within the early church and harshly reprimanded them for their doctrines and behavior. Paul saw the Judaizers as being both dangerous to the spread of the
892:
That Gentile Christians should obey the Law of Moses was the assumption of some Jewish Christians in the early church, as represented by the group of Pharisees who had converted to Christianity in
1036:, whose mother was a Jewish Christian but whose father was a Greek, Paul personally circumcised him "because of the Jews" that were in town. Some believe that he appeared to praise its value in
2286:
Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion, 2004, p. 33: "From Paul's perspective, by withdrawing from Gentile table fellowship, Peter was sending a message to the Gentile believers of
3631:
oppose the practice, viewing it as a pagan ritual, while others, including the Nomiya church in Kenya, require circumcision for membership and participants in focus group discussions in
1675:
into Spain and the Spanish realms occurred during the Union of Crowns of Spain and Portugal, 1580–1640, when both kingdoms and their overseas empires were held by the same monarch. The
1469:
groups as having a Judaizing character; the accuracy of this label – which was influenced by the early Christian polemics against Judaizers – has been disputed. The most famous of the
2629:
portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as
2588:
prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.
3503:)'—in other words, '... to live in accordance with Jewish customs'. In the Latin Bible the term occurs only at Gal. 2: 14, where it virtually transliterates the Greek
911:
that Gentile converts to Christianity did not have to go through circumcision to be saved; but in addressing the second question as to whether or not they should obey the
1282:
were "of the circumcision", although this in all likelihood is simply stating that they were Jewish Christians (as opposed to Gentile Christians), and that they observed
1559:, not only to Gentile Christians but also to Christians of Jewish extraction. Under the Spanish Inquisition, the penalty to a converted Jew for "Judaizing" was usually
1127:
The division between the Jews who followed the Mosaic Law and were circumcised and the Gentiles who were uncircumcised was highlighted in his Epistle to the Galatians:
3748:. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Española, Lingüística General y Teoría de la Literatura; Rovira Soler, José Carlos. Universidad de Alicante 2014
3615:. Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Filología Española, Lingüística General y Teoría de la Literatura; Rovira Soler, José Carlos. Universidad de Alicante 2014
1306:, when the Jewish-Christian community at Jerusalem was dispersed by the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War. The Romans also dispersed the Jewish leadership in
1454:
of Novgorod. After uncovering adherents in Novgorod around 1487, Gennady wrote a series of letters to other churchmen over several years calling on them to convene
736:
2267:). To safeguard the character of these privileges it was evidently seen as necessary to ensure that such claimants conformed fully to the traditional notes of the
1244:(about 140) distinguishes two kinds of Jewish Christians: those who observe the Law of Moses but do not require its observance of others—with these he would hold
560:
is derived, is derived from its various historical uses. Its biblical meaning is inferred and is not clearly defined beyond its obvious relationship to the word "
3819:
621:
2375:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
3551:
1975 "The term Judaizante was applied to Jewish apostates to Catholicism who practiced Judaism secretly. In some instances the term was synonymous with Jew."
1430:
invited some of Zacharias's prominent adherents to visit Moscow. The Judaizers enjoyed the support of high-ranking officials, of statesmen, of merchants, of
1551:. Thus, in spite of Paul's agreement at the Council of Jerusalem, Gentile Christianity came to understand that any Torah Laws (with the exception of the
1093:
785:, the Judaizers were a group of Jewish Christians who insisted that their co-religionists should follow the Mosaic Law and that Gentile converts to
3300:: "Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this 'on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters.'"
2608:
652:
both suggest that the meeting was called to debate whether male Gentiles who were converting to become followers of Jesus were required to become
2060:
Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29".
1880:
1234:.) Whereas Paul acknowledged that the Law of Moses and its observance were good when used correctly ("the law is good, if one uses it lawfully",
1696:
1576:
who practiced some traditions from Judaism secretly and sometimes to Jews who had not converted, in Spain and the New World at the time of the
756:
228:
39:
414:
3275:
1238:), the Epistle of Barnabas condemns most Jewish practices, claiming that Jews had grossly misunderstood and misapplied the Law of Moses.
1227:
3563:"The first activity of the Mexican Inquisition against Jews and Judaizantes came in 1523 with the ordinance against heretics and Jews."
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attacking circumcision, saying in chapter five: "Behold, I Paul say unto you, if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing."
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under Louis H. Gray's entry "Judaizing" section 8 "Recrudescent forms" subsection C "Karaimites" on page 612 in Volume 7 of "
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Paul, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", criticised the practice of circumcision, perhaps as an entrance into the
826:) contain considerable material disputing the view of this faction and condemning its practitioners. Paul publicly condemned
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2442:
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3417:"Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews", William Whiston, A.M., Ed., John E. Beardsley. 1895. Book II, Whiston Section 461
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and John, who were acknowledged pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the
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505:
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whole law. You have become estranged from Christ, you who attempt to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace." (
942:, in which he condemned those who insisted that circumcision had to be followed for justification as "false believers" (
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for example, says: "The clear implication is that gentiles are being compelled to live according to Jewish customs."
407:
203:
1112:, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts; an objection is drawn from the discrepancy between
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Churches all continue to practice male circumcision. In Torah-submissive Christian groups which include the
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Christian groups following Jewish practices never completely vanished, although they had been designated as
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His attitude towards circumcision varies between his outright hostility to what he calls "mutilation" in
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for Gentiles from the harsh edicts of the Law, a New Covenant that didn't require circumcision (see also
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3650:; there was never, however, a prohibition of circumcision, and it is practiced by Coptic Christians."
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for compelling Gentile converts to early Christianity to "judaize". This episode is known as the
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282:
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1614:. But, despite being a devout and believing Christian, Fray Luis was descended from a family of
1197:...when the Syrians thought they had ruined the Jews, they had the Judaizers in suspicion also (
993:), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem (
537:
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2128:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"
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1627:
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1508:
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691:. Gentiles who wished to join the early Christian movement, which at the time comprised mostly
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1330:. These setbacks however didn't necessarily mean an end to Jewish Christianity, any more than
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regarding the "Law as a curse" and the futility of relying solely upon the Law for attaining
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61:
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1914): Acts of the Apostles: Objections Against the Authenticity
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1938:
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Massacre of 258, (when he killed all Christian bishops, presbyters, and deacons, including
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1248:—and those who believe the Mosaic law to be obligatory on all, whom he considers heretics (
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1230:, it was widely circulated among Christians in the first two centuries and is part of the
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and the incident at Antioch. It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about
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2284:
Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE,
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Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE
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656:; the rite of circumcision was considered execrable and repulsive during the period of
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468:
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3079:"Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus"
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1299:(347 – 407) deal with the relationship between Christians, Jews and Judaizers.
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1206:
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444:
324:
253:
153:
3455:"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
2415:
1482:
1092:. However, such apparent discrepancies have led to a degree of skepticism about the
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727:) insisted that Gentile converts had to be circumcised as well. Paul insisted that
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The influence of the Judaizers in the church diminished significantly after the
704:
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Augustine's Commentary on Galatians: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Notes
3228:
2545:
2374:
1823:
1672:
1668:
1520:
1494:
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1435:
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703:, and more. During the time period there were also "partial converts", such as
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375:
83:
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Sobre las construcciones narrativas del "judío judaizante" ante la Inquisición
3651:
3613:
Sobre las construcciones narrativas del “judío judaizante” ante la Inquisición
3254:
2290:. The message to Antiochene Gentile Christians was that they were to judaize."
2083:
872:, c. 78 AD: "we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by
3793:
3775:
3759:
3639:
mentioned similar beliefs that Christians should practice circumcision since
3499:
p124 footnote "5 Literally, 'who were compelling Gentiles to Judaize (Latin:
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3089:
3021:
2764:
2689:
2600:
2549:
2242:
2135:
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1392:– "who thought to make the Gentiles live in accordance with Jewish customs."
1323:
1241:
1033:
782:
752:
657:
521:
448:
3646:"The decision that Christians need not practice circumcision is recorded in
2605:
Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies
723:, and the most traditionalist faction of Jewish Christians (i.e., converted
3628:
3434:"St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Magnesians (Roberts-Donaldson translation)"
3236:
2958:
2407:
2215:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians".
1992:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians".
1762:
1747:
1737:
1634:
and a Judaiser. Fray Luis was accordingly imprisoned for four years by the
1622:
in Catholic universities and seminaries, caused false accusations from the
1593:
1523:
have managed to stake out territory for themselves in the Protestant camp.
1062:
1029:
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712:
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495:
475:
73:
3516:
S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms", under Караимиты
2954:
2107:
1353:
2953:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185.
2614:
2443:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"
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2027:
1793:
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This behavior was particularly persecuted from 1300 to 1800 during the
1478:
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708:
696:
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Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background
213:
123:
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and were strenuously opposed and criticized for their behavior by the
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Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) .
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from Caffa led a sect of Judaizers in Russia. In 1480, Grand Prince
3531:
Gray, Louis Herbert (1914). "Judaizing". In Hastings, James (ed.).
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Conversos and this, as well as his vocal advocacy for teaching the
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On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the
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opposed to the submission under the Mosaic Law that constituted a
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1485:(1886–1938) who successfully settled in the Holy Land from 1904.
1438:, heir to the throne) and of Ivan's favorite deacon and diplomat
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440:
382:
299:
3707:
Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)
3636:
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Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)
3400:"Flavius Josephus. The Wars Of The Jews. Book II, chapter 8.14"
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2821:
2659:
2513:
2139:
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1926:
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errors. Many of his letters included in the New Testament (the
815:
329:
630:
is generally dated to 48 AD, roughly 15 to 25 years after the
2770:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
1728:
A list of notable contemporary groups of Judaizers includes:
1596:
912:
743:, therefore the Mosaic Law was not binding for the Gentiles.
732:
56:
2732:(Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21.
1667:) accused of continuing to observe the Jewish religion, as
885:
697:
submission to adult male circumcision for the uncircumcised
561:
436:
695:, were expected to convert to Judaism, which likely meant
614:
Biblical law in Christianity § History and background
451:
as still binding on all Christians. They tried to enforce
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2540:
2658:. Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Vol. 66.
868:, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of
3602:. Tel Aviv : University Publishing Projects, 2000.
2558:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature"
2853:
1689:
List of Christian denominations § Judeo-Christian
3537:. Vol. 7. T and T Clark, Edinburgh. p. 612.
2302:"Supersessionism and Early Christian Self-Definition"
3661:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05.
3148:
2257:"how is it that you compel the Gentiles to judaize?"
1813:
3291:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
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3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
2947:"'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'"
2498:
2496:
2494:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
524:. The Christian debate over judaizing began in the
3709:. Bogota: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2008.
3072:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
1388:, describes Paul's opposition in Galatia as those
1213:letter to the Magnesians 10:3 written around 100:
3716:. Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects, 2000.
3589:.Bogota: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2008.
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3007:
3005:
1606:both wrote and translated many immortal works of
1222:Judaizing teachers are strongly condemned in the
3791:
3574:The Golden Age: Poems of the Spanish Renaissance
3561:Zumárraga and the Mexican Inquisition, 1536-1543
3214:
3125:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2868:
2491:
1911:
1892:
3159:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation
3084:. In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.).
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2712:
2509:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1881:Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism
1139:(for he who worked through Peter making him an
3820:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
3722:Jewish Influence on Christian Reform Movements
3049:
2599:
2368:
2366:
2364:
1697:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
1539:, using as a basis the many references in the
989:). Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy (
880:and from whatever has been strangled and from
757:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
3624:Customary in some Coptic and other churches:
3549:The inquisitors and the Jews in the New World
2982:
2951:The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays
2937:
2935:
2879:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
2436:
2434:
2432:
1922:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1040:, yet later in Romans 2 we see his point. In
408:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2795:
2746:
2656:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays
2121:
2119:
2117:
2034:
1980:
1978:
1682:
1143:also worked through me in sending me to the
1135:, just as Peter had been entrusted with the
2725:
2652:"Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism"
2361:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1286:and thus likely the rest of Torah as well.
1000:
3152:
2502:
2429:
1226:. (Although it did not become part of the
1120:. Some believe that Paul wrote the entire
777:Religious male circumcision § Judaism
415:
401:
3618:
3276:Romans.11:13;1Timothy.2:7;2Timothy.1:11 9
3076:
2912:
2617:, along with any others who revealed the
2299:
2114:
1175:
1075:Pauline passages supporting antinomianism
919:encouraged the Gentiles to "abstain from
3674:"The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"
3436:. Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02
3011:
2729:A Concise History of the Catholic Church
2059:
1955:
1352:
1004:
860:
699:, following the dietary restrictions of
538:Protestant views of the Ten Commandments
2810:
2763:
2646:
1065:with God, which essentially provides a
3792:
3719:
3682:Catholic Near East Welfare Association
2372:
2166:
927:, and from things strangled, and from
597:
3086:Language, Religion and the Human Mind
2440:
2125:
1643:The term "Judaizers" was used by the
494:), when Paul publicly challenged the
3739:Sábado Secreto. Periodico Judaizante
3643:and the Bible teaches the practice."
3530:
2941:
2896:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001
2207:
1984:
1939:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001
1647:and the inquisitions established in
1261:of around 365 decreed 59 laws, #29:
1155:, agreeing that we should go to the
938:Paul addresses this question in his
900:. According to the account given in
3534:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
3527:Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
2383:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2271:. This Paul regarded as compulsion.
2134:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.).
1679:are modern day Hispanic Judaizers.
1639:"As I was saying the other day..."
1314:. Traditionally it is believed the
13:
3576:, W.W. Norton, New York. Page 101.
3192:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Judaizers"
3102:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012
3014:"Gentile Sons and Seed of Abraham"
14:
3861:
3753:
3077:Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017).
1515:. Nevertheless, various sects of
1461:At various times since then, the
204:Split of Christianity and Judaism
3835:Mosaic law in Christian theology
2672:10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.7
2173:Wilfrid Laurier University Press
1830:
1816:
1488:
1406:
917:James the Just, brother of Jesus
746:
381:
369:
38:
3840:New Testament words and phrases
3714:Sobre el concepto de judaizante
3666:
3605:
3600:Sobre el concepto de judaizante
3592:
3579:
3566:
3554:
3541:
3519:
3510:
3489:
3468:
3447:
3426:
3410:
3392:
3381:
3369:
3358:
3347:
3336:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3280:
3269:
3217:"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"
3208:
3184:
2842:
2640:
2635:, that was aimed at elongation.
2593:
2534:
2350:
2338:
2319:
1526:
1079:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
1042:1 Corinthians 9:20–23
664:and was especially adversed in
618:Christianity in the 1st century
516:, and many believe it has been
3845:People in the Pauline epistles
3825:Early Christianity and Judaism
3476:Christianity: An Introduction.
2392:Johns Hopkins University Press
2300:Donaldson, Terence L. (2016).
2293:
2276:
2227:Society of Biblical Literature
2218:Journal of Biblical Literature
2201:
2189:
2160:
2004:Society of Biblical Literature
1995:Journal of Biblical Literature
1465:has described several related
1446:and his followers (иосифляне,
1:
3720:Newman, Louis Israel (2012).
3698:
3478:Blackwell Publishing (2006).
2817:Christianity: An Introduction
2373:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001).
2130:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.).
1511:because of its exposition of
1390:qui gentes cogebant iudaizare
474:The term is derived from the
455:upon the Gentile converts to
3830:Judaism in the New Testament
3221:Anatomy of the New Testament
3018:Paul and the Gentile Problem
2726:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004).
2465:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4
2441:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980).
1473:'s Judaizing sects were the
1193:(66-73), written around 75:
1133:gospel for the uncircumcised
818:and propagators of grievous
773:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
534:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
16:Faction of Jewish Christians
7:
3805:Bible-related controversies
1856:Catholic Church and Judaism
1809:
1570:was applied both to Jewish
907:, it was determined by the
687:, Christianity was part of
676:, which instead valued the
588:Young's Literal Translation
10:
3866:
3705:Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo.
3012:Thiessen, Matthew (2016).
2621:, were the butt of ribald
1686:
1492:
1415:
1380:occurs at Galatians 2:14.
1180:"Judaizer" occurs once in
1141:apostle to the circumcised
1137:gospel for the circumcised
921:things sacrificed to idols
750:
611:
601:
584:English Bible translations
582:, which is seldom used in
443:origins, who regarded the
3776:Gentiles and Circumcision
3744:Universidad de Alicante.
3611:Universidad de Alicante.
3585:Ricardo Escobar Quevedo.
2132:The Early Christian World
2084:10.1163/15685365-12341488
1876:Protestantism and Judaism
1683:Contemporary Christianity
1411:
1189:2.18.2, referring to the
1032:of Jesus. In the case of
547:
149:Hebrew Christian movement
3800:1st-century Christianity
3741:. OCLC Number: 174068030
2882:(3rd Revised ed.).
2345:Anchor Bible Dictionary,
2167:Murray, Michele (2004).
1925:(3rd Revised ed.).
1886:
1846:Christianity and Judaism
1501:Epistle to the Galatians
1450:or Josephinians) and by
1304:destruction of Jerusalem
1295:("against the Jews") of
1228:Christian Biblical canon
1153:right hand of fellowship
1122:Epistle to the Galatians
1001:Circumcision controversy
940:Epistle to the Galatians
792:Epistle to the Galatians
552:The meaning of the verb
526:lifetime of the apostles
266:Jewish–Christian gospels
229:Circumcision controversy
3850:Schisms in Christianity
3572:Edith Grossman (2006),
3094:Oxford University Press
3026:Oxford University Press
2888:Oxford University Press
1931:Oxford University Press
1743:Black Hebrew Israelites
1590:University of Salamanca
1537:Portuguese Inquisitions
1463:Russian Orthodox Church
1418:Heresy of the Judaizers
1386:Commentary on Galatians
1104:, Davidson, Mayerhoff,
1018:National Gallery of Art
769:New Perspective on Paul
608:History of Christianity
567:Anchor Bible Dictionary
506:Most Christians believe
463:, who employed many of
388:Christianity portal
283:Gospel of the Nazarenes
273:Gospel of the Ebionites
219:Christian anti-semitism
3810:Christian anti-Judaism
3457:. CCEL.org. 2005-06-01
3237:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17
2775:Grand Rapids, Michigan
2552:; Friedenwald, Aaron;
1789:Seventh-day Adventists
1725:are observed as well.
1671:. Entry of Portuguese
1513:justification by grace
1509:Protestant Reformation
1479:Karaimizing-Subbotniks
1365:
1278:4.5.3-4: the first 15
1268:
1220:
1205:It occurs once in the
1203:
1191:First Jewish–Roman War
1176:Extra-biblical sources
1173:
1147:), and when James and
1071:Justification by faith
1025:
970:
889:
666:Classical civilization
556:, from which the noun
431:were a faction of the
3815:Christian terminology
3761:Catholic Encyclopedia
3641:Jesus was circumcised
3321:1 Cor. 7:19
3168:Yale University Press
2518:Yale University Press
2400:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
2332:(Ιουδαϊζω); see also
2126:Klutz, Todd (2002) .
1376:where the Greek verb
1362:Cathedral of Chartres
1358:Circumcision of Jesus
1356:
1284:biblical circumcision
1276:History of the Church
1263:
1215:
1195:
1129:
1008:
982:Catholic Encyclopedia
948:
864:
840:1 Corinthians 9:20–23
836:1 Corinthians 7:17–21
739:) was sufficient for
737:Faith or Faithfulness
689:Second Temple Judaism
662:Eastern Mediterranean
586:(an exception is the
340:Expounding of the Law
278:Gospel of the Hebrews
3712:Márquez Villanueva.
3598:Márquez Villanueva.
3474:McGrath, Alister E.
3231:. pp. 187–226.
3170:. pp. 157–160.
3028:. pp. 105–115.
2961:. pp. 314–330.
2890:. pp. 1243–45.
2828:. pp. 174–175.
2781:. pp. 162–165.
2347:Vol. 3. “Judaizing.”
2171:. Waterloo, Canada:
2146:. pp. 178–190.
1799:Szekler Sabbatarians
1784:Sacred Name Movement
1769:Jews of San Nicandro
1733:Assemblies of Yahweh
1601:Renaissance humanism
1586:Biblical scholarship
1503:strongly influenced
1372:is used once in the
1316:Jerusalem Christians
1280:Bishops of Jerusalem
1251:Dialogue with Trypho
898:Council of Jerusalem
632:crucifixion of Jesus
628:Council of Jerusalem
530:Council of Jerusalem
520:and replaced by the
518:completely abrogated
335:Council of Jerusalem
3769:Jewish Encyclopedia
3547:Seymour B. Liebman
3529:" HardPress. 2013.
3423:, Tufts University.
3298:McGarvey on Acts 16
2812:McGrath, Alister E.
2586:Antiochus Epiphanes
2568:Kopelman Foundation
2563:Jewish Encyclopedia
2196:Greek New Testament
1861:Jewish Christianity
1838:Christianity portal
1693:Abrahamic religions
1657:Cartagena de Indias
1645:Spanish Inquisition
1636:Spanish Inquisition
1578:Spanish Inquisition
1507:at the time of the
1467:Spiritual Christian
1360:, sculpture in the
1346:), meant an end to
1344:Cyprian of Carthage
1289:The eight homilies
1259:Council of Laodicea
1224:Epistle of Barnabas
1094:reliability of Acts
598:In the Early Church
500:incident at Antioch
488:Greek New Testament
453:Jewish circumcision
89:Simeon of Jerusalem
32:Jewish Christianity
3782:2006-06-13 at the
3657:2007-08-08 at the
3406:on April 28, 2005.
2874:Livingstone, E. A.
2666:. pp. 30–32.
2520:. pp. 10–11.
1917:Livingstone, E. A.
1758:Christian Identity
1715:Ethiopian Orthodox
1452:Archbishop Gennady
1366:
1348:Roman Christianity
1310:in 135 during the
1026:
987:1 Corinthians 9:20
890:
761:Early Christianity
721:Abrahamic covenant
604:Early Christianity
457:early Christianity
376:Judaism portal
3375:For example, see
3246:978-1-5064-5711-6
3196:www.newadvent.org
3177:978-0-300-19051-9
3154:Fredriksen, Paula
3111:978-0-19-063664-7
3096:. pp. 1–30.
3035:978-0-19-027175-6
2968:978-3-16-149518-2
2943:Dunn, James D. G.
2905:978-0-19-280290-3
2788:978-0-8028-3167-5
2681:978-90-04-15309-7
2527:978-0-300-19051-9
2504:Fredriksen, Paula
2209:Dunn, James D. G.
2063:Novum Testamentum
1986:Dunn, James D. G.
1948:978-0-19-280290-3
1871:Messianic Judaism
1851:Christian Zionism
1779:Messianic Judaism
1753:British Israelism
1711:Eritrean Orthodox
1566:The Spanish word
1432:Yelena Stefanovna
1424:Zacharias the Jew
1340:Antipope Novatian
1320:Jewish–Roman wars
1312:Bar Kokhba Revolt
1232:Apostolic Fathers
1207:Apostolic Fathers
1086:Philippians 3:2–3
832:Philippians 3:2–3
809:Galatians 6:12–15
765:The Law of Christ
685:Paul's conversion
528:, notably at the
508:that much of the
478:word Ἰουδαΐζειν (
433:Jewish Christians
425:
424:
254:Gospel of Matthew
154:Messianic Judaism
3857:
3735:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3670:
3664:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3424:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3402:. Archived from
3396:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3223:(8th ed.).
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3150:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3083:
3074:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3009:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2939:
2910:
2909:
2866:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2808:
2793:
2792:
2761:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2664:Brill Publishers
2644:
2638:
2637:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2574:
2542:Kohler, Kaufmann
2538:
2532:
2531:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2475:. Archived from
2438:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2379:
2370:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:Galatians 2:14:
2213:Reinhartz, Adele
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2076:Brill Publishers
2057:
2032:
2031:
1990:Reinhartz, Adele
1982:
1953:
1952:
1909:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1723:Saturday Sabbath
1630:of being both a
1612:Spanish language
1608:Christian poetry
1561:death by burning
1553:Ten Commandments
1541:Pauline epistles
1292:Adversus Judaeos
1171:
1159:and they to the
1022:Washington, D.C.
1014:The Apostle Paul
968:
962:Galatians 2:3–10
953:works of the law
909:Great Commission
824:Pauline epistles
805:Galatians 5:6–12
693:Jewish followers
542:Christian ethics
467:to refute their
417:
410:
403:
386:
385:
374:
373:
372:
350:Quartodecimanism
325:Aramaic of Jesus
305:Book of Elchasai
259:Epistle of James
209:Paul and Judaism
69:John the Baptist
42:
19:
18:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3790:
3789:
3784:Wayback Machine
3756:
3751:
3732:
3724:. Varda Books.
3701:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3659:Wayback Machine
3623:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3494:
3490:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3415:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3247:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3151:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3081:
3075:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3010:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2940:
2913:
2906:
2876:, eds. (2005).
2867:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2826:Wiley-Blackwell
2809:
2796:
2789:
2779:Wm. B. Eerdmans
2762:
2747:
2740:
2724:
2713:
2682:
2648:Goodman, Martin
2645:
2641:
2611:. p. 149.
2598:
2594:
2572:
2570:
2546:Hirsch, Emil G.
2539:
2535:
2528:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2439:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2282:Michele Murray
2281:
2277:
2269:covenant people
2235:10.2307/3267745
2211:(Autumn 1993).
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2124:
2115:
2058:
2035:
2012:10.2307/3267745
1988:(Autumn 1993).
1983:
1956:
1949:
1933:. p. 912.
1919:, eds. (2005).
1910:
1893:
1889:
1866:Judeo-Christian
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1699:
1685:
1642:
1620:Hebrew language
1529:
1497:
1491:
1444:Joseph Volotsky
1440:Fyodor Kuritsyn
1420:
1414:
1409:
1368:The Latin verb
1318:waited out the
1297:John Chrysostom
1209:collection, in
1178:
1172:
1169:Galatians 2:7–9
1167:
1003:
975:Galatians 5:2–4
969:
960:
801:Galatians 5:2–4
779:
749:
705:gate proselytes
624:
610:
602:Main articles:
600:
550:
421:
392:
380:
370:
368:
360:
359:
320:
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310:
309:
244:
243:
234:
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199:
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189:
188:
174:
173:
164:
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134:
133:
114:
113:
104:
103:
79:Twelve Apostles
62:in Christianity
52:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3788:
3787:
3773:
3765:
3755:
3754:External links
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3731:978-1590451601
3730:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3652:"circumcision"
3644:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
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1471:Russian Empire
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2479:on 8 May 2020
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2175:. p. 3.
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1270:According to
1267:
1266:Translation).
1262:
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1247:
1243:
1242:Justin Martyr
1239:
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1218:Translation).
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933:Acts 15:19–29
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870:Acts 15:19–29
867:
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856:Titus 1:10–16
853:
852:Romans 5:1–11
849:
848:Romans 3:9–28
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783:New Testament
778:
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753:Antinomianism
747:New Testament
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142:Recent groups
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33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3768:
3760:
3745:
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3721:
3713:
3706:
3685:. Retrieved
3677:
3668:
3629:South Africa
3620:
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3533:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:Eric Plumer
3491:
3475:
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3449:
3438:. Retrieved
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:the original
3394:
3383:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3293:
3282:
3271:
3220:
3210:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3158:
3115:. Retrieved
3085:
3039:. Retrieved
3017:
2972:. Retrieved
2959:Mohr Siebeck
2950:
2878:
2870:Cross, F. L.
2844:
2816:
2769:
2728:
2655:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2613:Circumcised
2612:
2604:
2595:
2578:
2571:. Retrieved
2561:
2536:
2508:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:the original
2452:
2446:
2419:. Retrieved
2387:
2381:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2283:
2278:
2256:
2254:
2222:
2216:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2168:
2162:
2131:
2067:
2061:
1999:
1993:
1921:
1913:Cross, F. L.
1763:Hebrew Roots
1748:Bnei Menashe
1738:Bene Ephraim
1727:
1719:dietary laws
1700:
1641:
1604:Luis de León
1582:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1530:
1527:Inquisitions
1498:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1422:Skhariya or
1421:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1221:
1216:
1204:
1196:
1184:
1179:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1118:Gal. 1:17–19
1114:Acts 9:19–28
1090:Romans 3:1–2
1083:
1063:New Covenant
1047:
1038:Romans 3:1–2
1030:New Covenant
1027:
1013:
981:
979:
971:
949:
937:
891:
813:
787:Christianity
780:
717:
682:
680:positively.
636:26 and 36 AD
625:
579:
575:
573:
565:
557:
553:
551:
510:Old Covenant
504:
479:
473:
465:his epistles
461:Apostle Paul
428:
426:
178:
159:Hebrew Roots
3771:: Judaizers
3763:: Judaizers
3486:, page 174.
3287:Acts 16:1–3
3225:Minneapolis
3117:30 November
3041:30 November
2974:30 November
2619:glans penis
2459:: 121–124.
2394:: 375–405.
2327:Koine Greek
2078:: 373–391.
2006:: 459–477.
1677:Bnei Anusim
1669:Crypto-Jews
1649:Mexico City
1594:Augustinian
1547:, known as
1401:5th century
1161:circumcised
991:Acts 16:1–3
929:fornication
923:, and from
878:fornication
709:God-fearers
654:circumcised
578:comes from
476:Koine Greek
471:positions.
224:Constantine
172:Pejoratives
74:Simon Peter
3794:Categories
3699:References
3687:31 October
3505:ioudaizein
3461:2011-09-16
3440:2011-09-16
3255:1082543536
3201:2018-03-20
2698:2006049637
2615:barbarians
1794:Subbotniks
1687:See also:
1624:Dominicans
1568:Judaizante
1493:See also:
1475:Karaimites
1448:iosiflyane
1378:ioudaizein
1332:Valerian's
1211:Ignatius's
1186:Jewish War
995:Acts 21:26
751:See also:
735:(see also
713:Mosaic Law
668:both from
634:, between
612:See also:
514:superseded
480:Ioudaizein
441:non-Jewish
435:, both of
295:Clementine
214:Marcionism
124:Elcesaites
3678:cnewa.org
3501:iudaizare
3421:Tufts.edu
3365:Gal. 3:13
3263:242771713
2849:Acts 15:1
2706:161369763
2690:1871-6636
2627:Greek art
2573:3 January
2483:3 January
2421:3 January
2325:from the
2243:0021-9231
2144:Routledge
2100:0048-1009
2092:1568-5365
2020:0021-9231
1804:Yehowists
1707:Ethiopian
1661:Conversos
1610:into the
1573:conversos
1545:salvation
1434:(wife of
1397:heretical
1382:Augustine
1370:iudaizare
1328:Decapolis
1308:Jerusalem
1246:communion
1236:1 Tim 1:8
1182:Josephus'
1051:salvation
1010:Rembrandt
894:Acts 15:5
876:and from
820:doctrinal
741:salvation
725:Pharisees
647:Galatians
592:Galatians
574:The word
512:has been
484:used once
469:doctrinal
429:Judaizers
355:Shekhinah
197:Adversity
184:Legalists
179:Judaizers
129:Nazarenes
119:Ebionites
3780:Archived
3655:Archived
3388:Gal. 5:2
3354:Gal 6:12
3343:Gal. 2:4
3332:Gal. 3:3
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3090:New York
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2457:Elsevier
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1717:church,
1665:Marranos
1628:heresies
1557:anathema
1549:legalism
1519:such as
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1166:—
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1145:Gentiles
1102:De Wette
1053:through
997:sqq.)."
959:—
678:foreskin
576:Judaizer
558:Judaizer
242:Writings
24:a series
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3648:Acts 15
2473:6994325
2448:Urology
2288:Antioch
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2261:sabbath
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