441:
474:
2350:
25:
141:
6860:
5229:
694:
scholarship and communication, enabling Jews to participate in the greater epicenter of learning at the time, which meant that they could be active participants in secular scholarship and civilization. The widespread usage of Arabic not only unified the Jewish community located throughout the
Islamic Empire but also facilitated greater communication with other ethnic and religious groups, which led to important manuscripts of polemic, like the
373:
2241:
Yā abānā illedī fī al-samwāti, yaṯaqaddasu asmuka, ṯāṯī malakūṯuka, ṯakūnu mašyatuka kamā fī al-samā waʕalay al-ārṣi, ḥubzanāʔ al-ladī liluʕadi aʕṭinā al-yawma. Wāǧfir lanā mā ʕalaynū kamā naǧfiru naḥnu liman lanā ʕalayhi, walā ṯudḥilnāʔ al-ṯṯagāriba, lakin nagginā mina al-šširīri, lanna laka lamluka
561:
The Arabic spoken by Jewish communities in the Arab world differed slightly from the Arabic of their non-Jewish neighbours. These differences were partly due to the incorporation of some words from Hebrew and other languages and partly geographical, in a way that may reflect a history of migration.
693:
By around 800 CE, most Jews within the
Islamic Empire (90% of the world's Jews at the time) were native speakers of Arabic like the populations around them. This led to the transition of Judeo-Arabic from pre-Islamic to early Judeo-Arabic. The language quickly became the central language of Jewish
2245:
Our father, which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven, give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, for thine is the kingdom and the
2235:יא אבאנא אלדי פי אלסמואת, יתׄקדס אסמך, תׄאתׄי מלכותׄך, תׄכון משיתך כסא פי אלסמא ועלי אלארץ, חבזנא אלדי ללעד אעטנא אליום, ואעפר לנא מא עלינו כמא נעפר נחן לםן לנא עליה, ולא תׄדחלנא אלתׄגארב, לכן נגנא מן אלשריר, לאן לך למלך ואלקות ואלמגד אלי אלאבד
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
871:. Judeo-Arabic was viewed negatively in Israel as all Arabic was viewed as an "enemy language". Their distinct Arabic dialects in turn did not thrive in either country, and most of their descendants now speak
442:
475:
701:
During the 15th century, as Jews, especially in North Africa, gradually began to identify less with Arabs, Judeo-Arabic would undergo significant changes and become Later Judeo-Arabic.
942:
horizontally like the Hebrew script and also like the Hebrew script some letters contain final versions, used only when that letter is at the end of a word. It also uses the letters
895:
Most literature in Judeo-Arabic is of a Jewish nature and is intended for readership by Jewish audiences. There was also widespread translation of Jewish texts from languages like
633:
883:. This stands in stark contrast with the historical status of Judeo-Arabic: in the early Middle Ages, speakers of Judeo-Arabic far outnumbered the speakers of
2484:(Haim Blanc, Communal Dialects in Baghdad). This however may reflect not southward migration from Mosul on the part of the Jews, but rather the influence of
68:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
698:, being written or published in Arabic or Judeo-Arabic. By the 10th century Judeo-Arabic would transition from Early to Classical Judeo-Arabic.
6896:
848:
2833:
903:
into Judeo-Arabic, and translation of liturgical texts from
Aramaic and Hebrew into Judeo-Arabic. There is also Judeo-Arabic videos on
712:
so that they could be read by contemporaries elsewhere in the Jewish world, and by others who were literate in Hebrew. These include:
2763:
2641:
5265:
3634:
678:
Jews in Arabic, Muslim majority countries wrote—sometimes in their dialects, sometimes in a more classical style—in a mildly adapted
5391:
3760:
2303:
5316:
3685:
3008:
2788:
2768:
704:
Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish thought were originally written in medieval Judeo-Arabic, as were certain
5398:
3767:
2983:
2625:
662:
2998:
2993:
2546:"Jesus in Arabic, Jesus in Judeo-Arabic: The Origins of the Helene Version of the Jewish "Life of Jesus" (Toledot Yeshu)"
1668:
1343:
887:. There remain small populations of speakers in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Yemen, Israel and the United States.
390:
5859:
4228:
76:
586:
6889:
3544:
2374:
89:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
7108:
6506:
5403:
4875:
3772:
3398:
3058:
1860:
638:
6033:
5299:
4402:
3668:
2826:
1418:
816:
6481:
5258:
4850:
3627:
3583:
2366:
Multiglossia in Judeo-Arabic: With an
Edition, Translation and Grammatical Study of the Cairene Purim Scroll
284:
7123:
7113:
6882:
5798:
5349:
4167:
3718:
3413:
3003:
2988:
1764:
919:
744:
578:. Many Jews in Arab countries were bilingual in Judeo-Arabic and the local dialect of the Muslim majority.
7042:
3577:
3098:
2476:
in the speech of
Baghdadi Jews and Christians, as well as in Mosul and Syria, as against Muslim Baghdadi
1796:
1543:
1304:
803:
6442:
5921:
4811:
4290:
3063:
2968:
2103:
1535:
613:
513:
336:
98:
7128:
7118:
6195:
6185:
6162:
4564:
4554:
4531:
2962:
2957:
2819:
2773:
2258:
1947:
1900:
1794:
1636:
1634:
1493:
1451:
1416:
1383:
1187:
999:
879:
almost exclusively; thus resulting in the entire continuum of Judeo-Arabic dialects being considered
840:
824:
766:
575:
205:
7082:
2592:
2349:
910:
A collection of over 400,000 of Judeo-Arabic documents from the 6th-19th centuries was found in the
581:
Like other Jewish languages and dialects, Judeo-Arabic languages contain borrowings from Hebrew and
6863:
6771:
6253:
5251:
5232:
5140:
4622:
3620:
3276:
3244:
1986:
1351:
84:
3036:
6018:
5961:
5364:
4387:
4330:
3733:
3390:
3291:
3139:
2944:
2189:
1582:
1226:
1042:
690:
dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.
6320:
4689:
7017:
6966:
6126:
6086:
6011:
6006:
5770:
5306:
4495:
4455:
4380:
4375:
4139:
3675:
2798:
2293:
1189:
811:
Most communities also had a traditional translation of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic, known as a
668:
461:
428:
200:
954:
to mark long or short vowels respectively. The order of the letters varies between alphabets.
6956:
6925:
6852:
6685:
6637:
6447:
6429:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6219:
5954:
5926:
5916:
5720:
5344:
5221:
5054:
5006:
4816:
4798:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4588:
4323:
4295:
4285:
4089:
3713:
3587:
3573:
3120:
3073:
3053:
3046:
3031:
3026:
2850:
2780:
2298:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2018:
1732:
1700:
852:
648:
618:
608:
603:
598:
571:
509:
501:
497:
402:
325:
315:
190:
105:
6588:
6348:
6268:
5748:
4957:
4717:
4637:
4117:
3534:
3485:
3317:
939:
6961:
5389:
3758:
589:, as the authors clearly took the view that the business of a translator is to translate.
8:
7057:
6647:
6457:
6330:
6153:
5704:
5618:
5555:
5016:
4826:
4699:
4522:
4073:
3987:
3924:
3524:
3078:
3068:
2288:
1853:
880:
749:
628:
623:
550:
505:
347:
5546:
3915:
6815:
6501:
6417:
6214:
6139:
5878:
5864:
5184:
4870:
4786:
4583:
4508:
4247:
4233:
3459:
3451:
3379:
3311:
3186:
3148:
3114:
3041:
2573:
2451:
2268:
2194:
924:
643:
5884:
5681:
5663:
5456:
4253:
4050:
4032:
3825:
3351:
2743:
The Jewish
Baghdadi Dialect: Studies and Texts in the Judaeo-Arabic Dialect of Baghdad
6941:
6562:
6235:
6175:
5938:
5830:
5741:
5384:
4931:
4604:
4544:
4307:
4199:
4110:
3753:
3554:
3540:
3506:
3365:
2621:
2577:
2565:
2455:
2443:
2380:
2370:
1949:
1902:
1495:
1453:
900:
863:
in Arab countries were expelled or fled, without their property, mainly for mainland
195:
80:
6315:
5845:
5672:
4684:
4214:
4041:
2785:
2675:
37:
7007:
7002:
6951:
6946:
6920:
6583:
6381:
6362:
6325:
6204:
6134:
6077:
5989:
5835:
5820:
5765:
5727:
5431:
5374:
5334:
4952:
4750:
4731:
4694:
4573:
4503:
4446:
4358:
4204:
4189:
4134:
4096:
3800:
3743:
3703:
3514:
3471:
3466:
3455:
3434:
3423:
3372:
3196:
3161:
3124:
2975:
2952:
2905:
2842:
2557:
2435:
2150:
2065:
1266:
1133:
1112:
1098:
828:
771:
758:
721:
523:
244:
210:
163:
6725:
6062:
5094:
4431:
2439:
7052:
7032:
7012:
6766:
6695:
6632:
6626:
6495:
6370:
6310:
6170:
6114:
6099:
6094:
6067:
6057:
6001:
5974:
5949:
5850:
5807:
5789:
5379:
5359:
5294:
5135:
5064:
5001:
4995:
4864:
4739:
4679:
4539:
4483:
4468:
4463:
4436:
4426:
4370:
4343:
4318:
4219:
4176:
4158:
3748:
3728:
3663:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3297:
3215:
3176:
2930:
2925:
2910:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2859:
2792:
935:
872:
797:
709:
679:
527:
452:
419:
380:
263:
182:
2423:
7062:
7037:
6846:
6776:
6710:
6615:
6389:
6278:
6273:
6258:
6243:
6209:
5994:
5369:
5311:
5215:
5145:
5079:
4984:
4758:
4647:
4642:
4627:
4612:
4578:
4363:
3738:
3680:
3603:
3334:
3324:
3285:
3220:
2920:
2915:
2520:
256:
7102:
7077:
6997:
6987:
6808:
6803:
6789:
6735:
6670:
6652:
6538:
6523:
6517:
6486:
6305:
6300:
6285:
6248:
6109:
6104:
6028:
5984:
5840:
5814:
5339:
5326:
5177:
5172:
5158:
5104:
5039:
5021:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4855:
4674:
4669:
4654:
4617:
4478:
4473:
4397:
4353:
4209:
4183:
3708:
3695:
3565:
3481:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3304:
3234:
3207:
3109:
3104:
2889:
2569:
2447:
2384:
2337:
2050:
876:
860:
695:
683:
7087:
6971:
6781:
6740:
6680:
6660:
6620:
6533:
6528:
6295:
6290:
6180:
5903:
5889:
5593:
5503:
5476:
5150:
5109:
5049:
5029:
4989:
4902:
4897:
4664:
4659:
4549:
4272:
4258:
3962:
3872:
3845:
3358:
2545:
2135:
1725:
1621:
1485:
1336:
1035:
1001:
911:
856:
844:
777:
546:
537:
Many significant Jewish works, including a number of religious writings by
496:
international standard for language codes, Judeo-Arabic is classified as a
159:
146:
6606:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5610:
5601:
5591:
5583:
5573:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5519:
5511:
5501:
5493:
5484:
5474:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5447:
4975:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3960:
3952:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3888:
3880:
3870:
3862:
3853:
3843:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3816:
2561:
342:
330:
320:
310:
301:
7022:
6675:
6605:
6567:
6511:
6263:
5424:
5044:
4974:
4936:
4880:
4632:
3793:
3550:
3344:
3226:
2776:
2710:
2485:
1297:
716:
538:
531:
386:
140:
5564:
5510:
5483:
3933:
3879:
3852:
7047:
7027:
5825:
5734:
5600:
4194:
4103:
3969:
3477:
2342:
788:
567:
542:
489:
485:
239:
87:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
6874:
5690:
5636:
5627:
5582:
5575:
5528:
5521:
5492:
4059:
4005:
3996:
3951:
3944:
3897:
3890:
3861:
1939:
1251:
6730:
5099:
3403:
3252:
3201:
3181:
2752:(Routledge Curzon Arabic linguistics series): London, New York, 2002.
2364:
2308:
687:
672:
355:
294:
276:
5654:
5465:
4023:
3834:
2398:
7072:
6715:
6705:
5408:
5084:
5074:
3777:
3257:
2811:
2764:
Alan Corré's Judeo-Arabic
Literature site, via the Internet Archive
2318:
549:, were originally written in Judeo-Arabic, as this was the primary
6598:
5243:
4967:
3612:
3094:
708:
works and biblical commentaries. Later they were translated into
6750:
5414:
5119:
3783:
3329:
3262:
3191:
3157:
2806:
2313:
904:
896:
884:
705:
582:
493:
62:
7067:
6992:
6906:
6665:
6593:
5289:
5274:
5034:
4962:
3658:
3643:
2470:
1757:
1661:
868:
864:
782:
737:
732:
372:
1136:
6745:
6700:
6690:
5609:
5537:
5419:
5114:
5069:
5059:
3978:
3906:
3788:
3166:
2802:
1892:
1376:
1219:
1179:
1067:
994:
968:
563:
2153:
6720:
5089:
2618:
The Lost
Archive Traces of a Caliphate in a Cairo Synagogue
2011:
1979:
1789:
1575:
1528:
1443:
1408:
1269:
823:
sometimes came to mean "Judeo-Arabic" in the same way that
2068:
1115:
413:
2478:
2096:
1693:
1101:
562:
For example, the Judeo-Arabic of Egypt, including in the
2715:
The
Emergence and Linguistic Background of Judaeo-Arabic
934:
Judeo-Arabic orthography uses a modified version of the
149:, part of which is written in the Judeo-Arabic language
2729:
Studies in Middle Arabic and its Judaeo-Arabic variety
2620:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 451.
671:
Jews living in Arabia spoke a separate Judeo-Arabic
466:
433:
58:
938:called the Judeo-Arabic script. It is written from
2779:, a radio station broadcasting a daily program in
2499:Studies in Judaeo-Arabic Translations of the Bible
127:
741:(explanatory content, not the prayers themselves)
500:under the code jrb, encompassing four languages:
7100:
1500:, a retracted form of the th sound as in "that"
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
6890:
5259:
3628:
2827:
2750:Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic
807:, and many of his letters and shorter essays.
570:rather than that of Cairo (Blau). Similarly,
2233:
726:
2736:Dictionary of Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic Texts
6897:
6883:
5266:
5252:
3635:
3621:
2834:
2820:
735:(biblical commentary and translation) and
139:
2543:
2590:
6904:
2304:Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon
2246:power and the glory for ever and ever.
488:formerly spoken by Jews throughout the
391:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7101:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2642:"ראיון: כשבמאי ישראלי עושה סרט עיראקי"
2615:
2421:
923:would be released in 2013 entirely in
815:("explanation"): for more detail, see
6878:
5247:
3616:
2815:
663:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2841:
2722:A Grammar of Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2362:
763:Kitab al-Hidāya ilā Fara'id al-Qulūb
566:community, resembled the dialect of
406:
18:
5273:
3642:
2659:
2234:
727:
456:
423:
16:Jewish varieties of Arabic language
13:
6851:Languages between parentheses are
5220:Languages between parentheses are
2331:
2242:wālquqata wālmagida alay al-abdi.
556:
14:
7140:
2757:
2504:
2102:
2017:
1985:
1859:
1763:
1731:
1699:
1667:
1581:
1542:
1534:
1382:
1350:
1342:
1303:
1225:
1041:
675:called Pre-Islamic Judeo-Arabic.
585:. This feature is less marked in
6859:
6858:
5228:
5227:
2786:Jewish Language Research Website
2597:jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com
2348:
2149:
2064:
1265:
1132:
1111:
1097:
371:
23:
2805:into literary Judeo-Arabic, at
2696:
2634:
2609:
2424:"The Invention of Judeo-Arabic"
639:Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic
393: instead of Hebrew letters.
6855:of the language on their left.
5224:of the language on their left.
2795:(description and bibliography)
2591:Yudelson, Larry (2016-10-22).
2584:
2537:
2491:
2488:on the dialect of the Muslims.
2462:
2415:
2391:
2356:
2211:
929:
834:
817:Bible translations into Arabic
93:You may also add the template
1:
3584:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
2731:: Jerusalem 1988 (in English)
2440:10.1080/1369801X.2016.1218785
95:{{Translated|fr|Judéo-arabe}}
5350:Ancient South Arabian script
5317:Influence on other languages
3719:Ancient South Arabian script
3686:Influence on other languages
2724:: Jerusalem 1980 (in Hebrew)
2705:Communal Dialects in Baghdad
2221:Judeo-Arabic, Iraqi variant
745:David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas
414:
7:
7043:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
6607:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5592:
5584:
5574:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5520:
5512:
5502:
5494:
5485:
5475:
5467:
5458:
5449:
5390:
4976:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3961:
3953:
3943:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3889:
3881:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3844:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3759:
2422:Shohat, Ella (2017-02-17).
2324:
2252:
839:In the years following the
825:"Targum" was sometimes used
804:The Guide for the Perplexed
592:
467:
434:
10:
7145:
2969:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
2544:Goldstein, Miriam (2021).
2363:Hary, Benjamin H. (1992).
660:
656:
514:Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
337:Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
128:
57:Machine translation, like
6980:
6934:
6913:
6838:
6831:Islam and Arabic language
6824:
6759:
6646:
6576:
6555:
6480:
6398:
6380:
6341:
6234:
6194:
6161:
6152:
6125:
6085:
6076:
6050:
5937:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5758:
5712:
5703:
5440:
5325:
5282:
5207:
5200:Islam and Arabic language
5193:
5128:
5015:
4945:
4924:
4849:
4767:
4749:
4710:
4603:
4563:
4530:
4521:
4494:
4454:
4445:
4419:
4306:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4127:
4081:
4072:
3809:
3694:
3651:
3597:
3564:
3499:
3444:
3414:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
3389:
3275:
3243:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3087:
3017:
2943:
2898:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2593:"Recovering Judeo-Arabic"
2468:For example, "I said" is
2259:Arabic language in Israel
2202:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2049:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1144:depending on the dialect
1066:
1060:
1052:
1034:
1028:
1020:
993:
987:
979:
972:
967:
964:
959:
793:Commentary on the Mishnah
767:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
728:كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات
587:translations of the Bible
353:
292:
274:
269:
253:
232:
179:
169:
154:
138:
129:
126:
121:
38:the corresponding article
6772:Arabic script in Unicode
6507:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5867:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
5141:Arabic script in Unicode
4876:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4236:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2717:: OUP, last edition 1999
2232:
890:
6034:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4403:Western Egyptian Bedawi
3545:Portuguese-based Creole
2801:, a translation of the
2769:Judeo-Arabic Literature
2616:Rustow, Marina (2020).
2550:Jewish Quarterly Review
2479:
2471:
2369:. Brill. p. xiii.
754:Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
669:Early Islamic conquests
104:For more guidance, see
7109:Judeo-Arabic languages
7083:Southern Italian Koiné
7018:Judeo-Arabic languages
6967:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
6935:Contemporary languages
2190:Definite Article "al-"
682:rather than using the
574:is reminiscent of the
530:, particularly in the
379:This article contains
6957:Italian Sign Language
6926:Italian Sign Language
6638:Quranic Arabic Corpus
5345:Ancient North Arabian
5007:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3714:Ancient North Arabian
3588:village sign language
3574:Israeli Sign Language
2781:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
2676:"Judeo-Arabic script"
2562:10.1353/jqr.2021.0004
2338:Judeo-Arabic dialects
2299:Judeo-Algerian Arabic
2284:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
2279:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
2274:Baghdad Jewish Arabic
2264:Judeo-Berber language
853:Tunisian independence
841:1948 Arab–Israeli War
661:Further information:
572:Baghdad Jewish Arabic
510:Judeo-Egyptian Arabic
502:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
399:Judeo-Arabic dialects
326:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
316:Judeo-Egyptian Arabic
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
6981:Historical languages
6589:Sun and moon letters
5749:Pre-classical Arabic
4958:Sun and moon letters
4118:Pre-classical Arabic
3424:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
3064:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
881:endangered languages
7124:Languages of Israel
7114:Languages of Sicily
6443:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5922:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4812:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4291:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2294:Judeo-Syrian Arabic
2289:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
2217:
2165:Additional letters
750:Solomon ibn Gabirol
614:Judeo-Tripolitanian
551:vernacular language
506:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
348:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
175:240,000 (2022)
6914:Official languages
6816:MacArabic encoding
5185:MacArabic encoding
3452:Jewish Koine Greek
3312:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3059:Judaeo-Palestinian
2899:Reading traditions
2791:2017-07-24 at the
2269:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
2216:
1633:sound like "Bach"
925:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
686:, often including
553:of their authors.
522:can also refer to
85:interlanguage link
7096:
7095:
6872:
6871:
6847:extinct languages
6786:MS-DOS codepages
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6230:
6229:
6148:
6147:
6046:
6045:
5742:Old Hijazi Arabic
5241:
5240:
5216:extinct languages
5155:MS-DOS codepages
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4599:
4598:
4517:
4516:
4415:
4414:
4111:Old Hijazi Arabic
3610:
3609:
3604:extinct languages
3541:Judaeo-Papiamento
3495:
3494:
3435:Judaeo-Golpaygani
3366:Judaeo-Portuguese
3271:
3270:
3134:
3133:
2939:
2938:
2627:978-0-691-18952-9
2399:"jrb | ISO 639-3"
2346:(25th ed., 2022)
2250:
2249:
2209:
2208:
843:, the end of the
465:
435:ʿArabiya Yahūdiya
432:
415:‘Arabiya Yahūdiya
387:rendering support
367:
366:
307:Individual codes:
117:
116:
50:
46:
7136:
7129:Jewish languages
7119:Arabic languages
7003:Berber languages
6952:Regional Italian
6899:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6862:
6861:
6610:
6159:
6158:
6083:
6082:
6019:Western Algerian
5966:Eastern Algerian
5962:Algerian Saharan
5892:(Lesser Kabylia)
5795:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5728:Nabataean Arabic
5710:
5709:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5641:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5597:
5587:
5579:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5525:
5515:
5507:
5497:
5488:
5480:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5432:Maltese alphabet
5395:
5375:Algerian Braille
5365:Eastern numerals
5335:Nabataean script
5268:
5261:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5231:
5230:
4979:
4528:
4527:
4452:
4451:
4388:Western Algerian
4335:Eastern Algerian
4331:Algerian Saharan
4261:(Lesser Kabylia)
4164:
4163:
4155:
4154:
4097:Nabataean Arabic
4079:
4078:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3966:
3956:
3948:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3894:
3884:
3876:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3801:Maltese alphabet
3764:
3744:Algerian Braille
3734:Eastern numerals
3704:Nabataean script
3637:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3521:Judaeo-Malayalam
3373:Judaeo-Aragonese
3352:Judaeo-Provençal
3298:Judaeo-Livornese
3154:
3153:
3145:
3144:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2843:Jewish languages
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2748:Heath, Jeffrey,
2745:: Or Yehuda 1991
2741:Mansour, Jacob,
2738:: Jerusalem 2006
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2680:www.omniglot.com
2672:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:Jewish Languages
2517:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2403:iso639-3.sil.org
2395:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2335:
2237:
2236:
2224:Transliteration
2218:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1800:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1193:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1005:
991:
989:
983:
981:
973:Transliteration
957:
956:
920:Farewell Baghdad
829:Aramaic language
772:Chovot HaLevavot
765:, translated by
759:Bahya ibn Paquda
730:
729:
722:Emunoth ve-Deoth
576:dialect of Mosul
524:Classical Arabic
483:
482:
481:
480:
478:
470:
460:
458:
450:
449:
448:
447:
445:
437:
427:
425:
417:
412:
408:
375:
345:
339:
333:
323:
313:
305:– inclusive code
304:
297:
288:
287:
279:
259:
245:Classical Arabic
185:
164:Fertile Crescent
145:A page from the
143:
134:
133:
131:
119:
118:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7033:Maghrebi Arabic
6976:
6930:
6909:
6903:
6873:
6868:
6834:
6820:
6767:Arabic keyboard
6755:
6650:
6642:
6627:Mater lectionis
6621:Triliteral root
6572:
6543:
6484:
6476:
6394:
6376:
6337:
6226:
6190:
6144:
6121:
6072:
6042:
5933:
5913:Judeo-Maghrebi
5781:
5775:
5771:Modern Standard
5754:
5699:
5436:
5380:Maltese Braille
5360:Arabic numerals
5321:
5278:
5272:
5242:
5237:
5203:
5189:
5136:Arabic keyboard
5124:
5019:
5011:
4996:Mater lectionis
4990:Triliteral root
4941:
4912:
4853:
4845:
4763:
4745:
4706:
4595:
4559:
4513:
4490:
4441:
4411:
4302:
4282:Judeo-Maghrebi
4150:
4144:
4140:Modern Standard
4123:
4068:
3805:
3749:Maltese Braille
3729:Arabic numerals
3690:
3647:
3641:
3611:
3606:
3593:
3560:
3531:Judaeo-Georgian
3491:
3440:
3385:
3267:
3239:
3221:Judaeo-Alsatian
3130:
3083:
3074:Judaeo-Tunisian
3054:Judaeo-Moroccan
3047:Judaeo-Baghdadi
3032:Judaeo-Egyptian
3027:Judaeo-Algerian
3013:
3004:Lishanid Noshan
2935:
2894:
2845:
2840:
2793:Wayback Machine
2760:
2755:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2467:
2463:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2255:
2238:
2214:
2197:of the letters
2193:
2178:
2170:
2152:
2148:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2088:
2080:
2067:
2063:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2003:
1995:
1971:
1963:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1781:
1773:
1749:
1741:
1717:
1709:
1685:
1677:
1653:
1645:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1435:
1427:
1400:
1392:
1368:
1360:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1289:
1281:
1268:
1264:
1243:
1235:
1211:
1203:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1135:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1059:
1051:
1027:
1019:
1011:
986:
978:
961:
936:Hebrew alphabet
932:
893:
837:
798:Sefer Hamitzvot
710:medieval Hebrew
680:Hebrew alphabet
665:
659:
595:
559:
557:Characteristics
526:written in the
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:‘Aravít Yehudít
443:
440:
439:
438:
410:
396:
395:
394:
385:Without proper
376:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
319:
318:
309:
308:
306:
300:
293:
283:
282:
275:
264:Hebrew alphabet
260:
255:
249:
235:
228:
206:Central Semitic
186:
183:Language family
181:
172:
171:Native speakers
150:
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7038:Medieval Greek
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6849:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6784:
6779:
6777:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6774:
6769:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6711:Naskh (script)
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6491:
6489:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:Judeo-Tunisian
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6430:Judeo-Moroccan
6427:
6426:
6425:
6415:
6413:Judeo-Egyptian
6410:
6408:Judeo-Algerian
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6390:Bedouin Arabic
6386:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6002:Moroccan koiné
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5975:Tunisian koiné
5971:Eastern Hilal
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5955:Judeo-Algerian
5950:Algerian koiné
5946:Central Hilal
5943:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5927:Judeo-Tunisian
5924:
5919:
5917:Judeo-Moroccan
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5882:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5811:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5714:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5652:
5643:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5490:
5481:
5472:
5463:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Arabic Braille
5367:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5218:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5153:
5148:
5146:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Naskh (script)
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4860:
4858:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:Judeo-Tunisian
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4799:Judeo-Moroccan
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4782:Judeo-Egyptian
4779:
4777:Judeo-Algerian
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4759:Bedouin Arabic
4755:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4371:Moroccan koiné
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4344:Tunisian koiné
4340:Eastern Hilal
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4324:Judeo-Algerian
4319:Algerian koiné
4315:Central Hilal
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4296:Judeo-Tunisian
4293:
4288:
4286:Judeo-Moroccan
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4251:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4180:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Arabic Braille
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3570:
3568:
3566:Sign languages
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3528:
3518:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:Judaeo-Marathi
3475:
3463:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3429:Judaeo-Kashani
3426:
3421:
3419:Judaeo-Shirazi
3416:
3411:
3409:Judaeo-Persian
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3391:Judaeo-Iranian
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3325:Judaeo-Spanish
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3305:Judaeo-Mantuan
3301:
3292:Judaeo-Italian
3289:
3286:Judaeo-Catalan
3281:
3279:
3277:Judaeo-Romance
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3245:Jewish English
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2945:Judaeo-Aramaic
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2758:External links
2756:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2734:Blau, Joshua,
2732:
2727:Blau, Joshua,
2725:
2720:Blau, Joshua,
2718:
2708:
2707:: Harvard 1964
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2658:
2633:
2626:
2608:
2583:
2536:
2521:"Judeo-Arabic"
2503:
2490:
2461:
2434:(2): 153–200.
2414:
2390:
2375:
2355:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2147:as in "thank"
2138:
2133:
2125:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1954:, a retracted
1942:
1937:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1813:
1812:
1808:and sometimes
1792:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1549:
1548:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1348:and sometimes
1339:
1334:
1326:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1146:
1145:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1009:and sometimes
997:
992:
984:
975:
974:
971:
966:
963:
931:
928:
892:
889:
836:
833:
809:
808:
786:
775:
756:
747:
742:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
649:Judeo-Baghdadi
641:
636:
634:Judeo-Lebanese
631:
626:
621:
619:Judeo-Tunisian
616:
611:
609:Judeo-Moroccan
606:
604:Judeo-Egyptian
601:
599:Judeo-Algerian
594:
591:
558:
555:
389:, you may see
377:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
351:
350:
298:
290:
289:
280:
272:
271:
270:Language codes
267:
266:
261:
257:Writing system
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
238:
236:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
189:
187:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
156:
152:
151:
144:
136:
135:
124:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
102:
91:
69:
66:
55:
52:
45:(January 2024)
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7141:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Siculo-Arabic
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Tosk Albanian
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Ancient Greek
6986:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6905:Languages of
6900:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6865:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6736:Sini (script)
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Ruqʿah script
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6671:Hijazi script
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:Central Asian
6347:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Taʽizzi-Adeni
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5900:Traras-Msirda
5899:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Arabic script
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5234:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Sini (script)
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Ruqʿah script
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Hijazi script
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:Central Asian
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4269:Traras-Msirda
4268:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Arabic script
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:Judaeo-Gascon
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3235:Scots-Yiddish
3233:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:Klezmer-loshn
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Indo-European
3137:
3126:
3122:
3121:Judaeo-Berber
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3079:Judaeo-Yemeni
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Judaeo-Syrian
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:Judaeo-Arabic
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:Blanc, Haim,
2702:
2701:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:(1): 83–104.
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:Interventions
2425:
2418:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:90-04-09694-9
2372:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2146:
2143:, an English
2142:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2061:
2058:, an English
2057:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1263:as in "that"
1262:
1259:, an English
1258:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:, a guttural
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
985:
977:
976:
970:
958:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:right to left
937:
927:
926:
922:
921:
915:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:Modern Hebrew
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:Sephardi Jews
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
790:
787:
785:
784:
779:
776:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
757:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
739:
734:
724:
723:
718:
715:
714:
713:
711:
707:
702:
699:
697:
696:Toledot Yeshu
691:
689:
685:
684:Arabic script
681:
676:
674:
670:
664:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
528:Hebrew script
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:macrolanguage
495:
491:
487:
479:
469:
463:
454:
446:
436:
430:
421:
416:
404:
400:
392:
388:
384:
382:
374:
363:
360:
358:
357:
352:
349:
346: –
344:
338:
334: –
332:
327:
324: –
322:
317:
314: –
312:
303:
299:
296:
291:
286:
281:
278:
273:
268:
265:
262:
258:
252:
246:
243:
242:
241:
237:
231:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
188:
184:
178:
174:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
142:
137:
125:
120:
107:
103:
100:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
7088:Vulgar Latin
6972:Modern Greek
6842:
6782:Windows-1256
6741:Taliq script
6681:Jeli Thuluth
6661:Ajami script
6625:
6529:Pidgin madam
6516:
6494:
6458:Judeo-Yemeni
6400:Judeo-Arabic
6399:
6382:Sociological
6369:
6331:Judeo-Yemeni
6154:Mesopotamian
6029:Libyan koiné
5813:
5806:
5799:Pre-Hilalian
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5721:Proto-Arabic
5719:
5354:Zabūr script
5307:Romanization
5211:
5151:Windows-1256
5110:Taliq script
5050:Jeli Thuluth
5030:Ajami script
4994:
4898:Pidgin madam
4885:
4863:
4827:Judeo-Yemeni
4769:Judeo-Arabic
4768:
4751:Sociological
4738:
4700:Judeo-Yemeni
4523:Mesopotamian
4398:Libyan koiné
4182:
4175:
4168:Pre-Hilalian
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4090:Proto-Arabic
4088:
3723:Zabūr script
3676:Romanization
3599:
3551:Judaeo-Malay
3465:
3433:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3345:Judaeo-Latin
3343:
3318:Judaeo-Roman
3310:
3303:
3296:
3284:
3225:
3206:
3165:
3108:
3099:Ethiosemitic
3042:Judaeo-Iraqi
3037:Judaeo-Fessi
3018:
2999:Lishán Didán
2994:Lishana Deni
2974:
2967:
2799:Tafsir Rasag
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2711:Blau, Joshua
2704:
2697:Bibliography
2683:. Retrieved
2679:
2650:. Retrieved
2645:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:
2586:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2498:
2493:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2365:
2358:
2341:
2333:
2201: and
2144:
2140:
2101:
2059:
2055:
2016:
1984:
1955:
1944:
1908:
1897:
1858:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1762:
1730:
1698:
1666:
1630:
1626:
1580:
1541:
1533:
1490:
1448:
1413:
1381:
1349:
1341:
1302:
1260:
1256:
1224:
1195:
1184:
1128:
1124:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1040:
1010:
1006:
969:Semitic name
951:
947:
943:
933:
918:
916:
912:Cairo Geniza
909:
894:
845:Algerian War
838:
827:to mean the
820:
812:
810:
802:
796:
792:
781:
778:Judah Halevi
770:
762:
753:
736:
725:(originally
720:
703:
700:
692:
677:
666:
629:Judeo-Syrian
624:Judeo-Yemeni
580:
560:
547:Judah Halevi
536:
520:Judeo-Arabic
519:
518:
492:. Under the
457:ערבית יהודית
424:عربية يهودية
407:ערביה יהודיה
403:Judeo-Arabic
398:
397:
378:
361:
354:
216:Judeo-Arabic
215:
201:West Semitic
191:Afro-Asiatic
160:North Africa
147:Cairo Geniza
130:ערבית יהודית
122:Judeo-Arabic
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
7023:Koine Greek
6676:Jawi script
6648:Calligraphy
6577:Linguistics
6502:Gulf Pidgin
6418:Judeo-Iraqi
6359:Kashkadarya
6215:Judeo-Iraqi
6140:Palestinian
6051:Nile Valley
5713:Pre-Islamic
5425:Dagger alif
5045:Jawi script
5017:Calligraphy
4946:Linguistics
4871:Gulf Pidgin
4787:Judeo-Iraqi
4728:Kashkadarya
4584:Judeo-Iraqi
4509:Palestinian
4420:Nile Valley
4082:Pre-Islamic
3794:Dagger alif
3578:German Sign
3478:Judaeo-Urdu
3227:Lachoudisch
2851:Afroasiatic
2777:Kol Yisrael
2648:(in Hebrew)
2486:Gulf Arabic
2212:Sample Text
930:Orthography
835:Present day
819:. The term
717:Saadia Gaon
667:Before the
644:Judeo-Iraqi
539:Saadia Gaon
532:Middle Ages
512:(yhd), and
381:Hebrew text
234:Early forms
7103:Categories
7058:Phoenician
7048:Old Norman
7028:Late Latin
6563:Literature
6236:Peninsular
6176:Khuzestani
5906:(Mountain)
5826:Australian
5735:Old Arabic
5385:Diacritics
5312:Numerology
4932:Literature
4605:Peninsular
4545:Khuzestani
4275:(Mountain)
4195:Australian
4104:Old Arabic
3754:Diacritics
3681:Numerology
3535:Kartvelian
3486:Indo-Aryan
3404:Judaeo-Tat
2685:2024-01-28
2652:2024-01-25
2602:2024-01-28
2530:2024-01-25
2408:2022-11-13
2343:Ethnologue
917:The movie
789:Maimonides
568:Alexandria
543:Maimonides
490:Arab world
486:ethnolects
411:romanized:
240:Old Arabic
158:Jews from
6853:varieties
6845:indicate
6760:Technical
6731:Shahmukhi
6686:Kairouani
6584:Phonology
6363:Khorasani
6353:Bakhtiari
6205:Anatolian
6135:Jordanian
6115:Damascene
6078:Levantine
5990:Hassaniya
5831:Cottenera
5766:Classical
5705:Varieties
5283:Overviews
5222:varieties
5214:indicate
5129:Technical
5100:Shahmukhi
5055:Kairouani
4953:Phonology
4732:Khorasani
4722:Bakhtiari
4574:Anatolian
4504:Jordanian
4484:Damascene
4447:Levantine
4359:Hassaniya
4200:Cottenera
4135:Classical
4074:Varieties
3652:Overviews
3602:indicate
3525:Dravidian
3380:Zarphatic
3253:Yeshivish
3202:Udmurtish
3197:Ukrainish
3182:Galitzish
2906:Ashkenazi
2578:234166481
2570:1553-0604
2497:Avishur,
2456:151728939
2448:1369-801X
2385:231382751
2309:Arab Jews
1907:, a hard
688:consonant
673:ethnolect
462:romanized
429:romanized
356:Glottolog
295:ISO 639-3
277:ISO 639-2
155:Ethnicity
99:talk page
40:in French
7073:Siculian
6962:Arbëresh
6942:Sicilian
6864:Category
6716:Nastaliq
6706:Muhaqqaq
6696:Maghrebi
6556:Academic
6496:Bimbashi
6452:Tunisene
6423:Baghdadi
6371:Shirvani
6311:Hadhrami
6269:Bahraini
6220:Baghdadi
6171:Baghdadi
6110:Aleppine
6100:Lebanese
6095:Cilician
6068:Sudanese
6058:Egyptian
5939:Hilalian
5897:Western
5875:Eastern
5872:Village
5851:Żurrieqi
5815:Sicilian
5808:Andalusi
5790:Maghrebi
5759:Literary
5411:(tanwin)
5409:Nunation
5295:Alphabet
5290:Language
5277:language
5233:Category
5085:Nastaliq
5075:Muhaqqaq
5065:Maghrebi
4925:Academic
4865:Bimbashi
4821:Tunisene
4792:Baghdadi
4740:Shirvani
4680:Hadhrami
4638:Bahraini
4589:Baghdadi
4540:Baghdadi
4479:Aleppine
4469:Lebanese
4464:Cilician
4437:Sudanese
4427:Egyptian
4308:Hilalian
4266:Western
4244:Eastern
4241:Village
4220:Żurrieqi
4184:Sicilian
4177:Andalusi
4159:Maghrebi
4128:Literary
3780:(tanwin)
3778:Nunation
3664:Alphabet
3659:Language
3646:language
3507:Krymchak
3460:Hellenic
3258:Yinglish
3162:dialects
3149:Germanic
3115:Cushitic
3009:Betanure
2976:Galilean
2963:Talmudic
2953:Biblical
2931:Tiberian
2926:Yemenite
2911:Sephardi
2885:Medieval
2880:Mishnaic
2875:Biblical
2789:Archived
2325:Endnotes
2319:Garshuni
2253:See also
2227:English
2205:
2195:Ligature
1087:, as in
867:and for
849:Moroccan
706:halakhic
593:Dialects
477:(listen)
444:(listen)
162:and the
75:provide
7008:Elymian
6947:Italian
6921:Italian
6843:Italics
6751:Thuluth
6616:Grammar
6487:pidgins
6482:Creoles
6471:Sanʽani
6356:Bukhara
6316:Sanʽani
6279:Kuwaiti
6274:Emirati
6259:Dhofari
6244:Bahrani
6210:Cypriot
6198:(Qeltu)
6025:Sulaym
6012:Western
6007:Eastern
5885:Sfaxian
5881:(Sahel)
5836:Gozitan
5821:Maltese
5441:Letters
5415:Shaddah
5404:Harakat
5399:Tashkil
5327:Scripts
5300:History
5212:Italics
5120:Thuluth
4985:Grammar
4856:pidgins
4851:Creoles
4840:Sanʽani
4725:Bukhara
4685:Sanʽani
4648:Kuwaiti
4643:Emirati
4628:Dhofari
4613:Bahrani
4579:Cypriot
4567:(Qeltu)
4394:Sulaym
4381:Western
4376:Eastern
4254:Sfaxian
4250:(Sahel)
4205:Gozitan
4190:Maltese
3810:Letters
3784:Shaddah
3773:Harakat
3768:Tashkil
3696:Scripts
3669:History
3600:Italics
3555:Malayic
3467:Knaanic
3456:Yevanic
3399:Bukhori
3335:Tetuani
3330:Haketia
3263:Heblish
3216:Western
3192:Poylish
3187:Litvish
3177:Eastern
3158:Yiddish
2989:Hulaulá
2984:Barzani
2921:Italian
2916:Mizrahi
2807:Sefaria
2314:Haketia
2182:
2174:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2092:
2084:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2007:
1999:
1975:
1967:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1785:
1777:
1753:
1745:
1721:
1713:
1689:
1681:
1657:
1649:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1439:
1431:
1404:
1396:
1372:
1364:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1293:
1285:
1252:Dhaleth
1247:
1239:
1215:
1207:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1079:: hard
1063:
1055:
1031:
1023:
990:
982:
965:Arabic
962:Arabic
905:YouTube
897:Yiddish
885:Yiddish
857:Mizrahi
855:, most
731:), his
657:History
583:Aramaic
516:(yud).
508:(jye),
504:(aju),
494:ISO 639
464::
431::
196:Semitic
132:
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
7068:Sicani
7053:Norman
7013:Hebrew
6993:Arabic
6907:Sicily
6666:Diwani
6653:Script
6611:(case)
6608:ʾIʿrāb
6594:Tajwid
6539:Bongor
6518:Maridi
6468:Habban
6342:Others
6326:Tihami
6306:Yemeni
6301:Shihhi
6286:Hejazi
6254:Bedawi
6249:Bareqi
6105:Syrian
6063:Saʽidi
5995:Nemadi
5981:Maqil
5879:Sahili
5846:Żejtun
5782:spoken
5780:Modern
5275:Arabic
5035:Diwani
5022:Script
4980:(case)
4977:ʾIʿrāb
4963:Tajwid
4908:Bongor
4887:Maridi
4837:Habban
4711:Others
4695:Tihami
4675:Yemeni
4670:Shihhi
4655:Hejazi
4623:Bedawi
4618:Bareqi
4474:Syrian
4432:Saʽidi
4364:Nemadi
4350:Maqil
4248:Sahili
4215:Żejtun
4151:spoken
4149:Modern
3644:Arabic
3515:Turkic
3511:Karaim
3500:Others
3472:Slavic
3445:Others
3167:argots
3125:Berber
3088:Others
2958:Targum
2890:Modern
2860:Hebrew
2624:
2576:
2568:
2454:
2446:
2383:
2373:
2062:sound
1958:sound
1940:Dhadhe
1911:sound
1758:Samekh
1662:Lamedh
1220:Daleth
1198:sound
1129:vision
960:Judeo-
901:Ladino
873:French
869:Israel
865:France
847:, and
783:Kuzari
738:siddur
733:tafsir
484:) are
453:Hebrew
420:Arabic
211:Arabic
7063:Punic
6825:Other
6746:Tawqi
6701:Mashq
6691:Kufic
6599:Imāla
6568:Names
6534:Turku
6462:Adeni
6296:Omani
6291:Najdi
6196:North
6186:South
6181:Shawi
6163:Gilit
6127:South
6087:North
5985:Fessi
5904:Jebli
5890:Jijel
5865:Tunis
5860:Urban
5841:Qormi
5450:ʾAlif
5420:Hamza
5392:i‘jām
5194:Other
5115:Tawqi
5070:Mashq
5060:Kufic
4968:Imāla
4937:Names
4903:Turku
4831:Adeni
4665:Omani
4660:Najdi
4565:North
4555:South
4550:Shawi
4532:Gilit
4496:South
4456:North
4354:Fessi
4273:Jebli
4259:Jijel
4234:Tunis
4229:Urban
4210:Qormi
3819:ʾAlif
3789:Hamza
3761:i‘jām
3110:Qwara
3105:Kayla
3095:Geʽez
2803:Torah
2574:S2CID
2480:gilit
2472:qeltu
2452:S2CID
1893:Sadhe
1622:Kheth
1486:Theth
1180:Ghayn
1109:, or
1091:, or
1083:, or
1068:Gimel
891:Media
821:sharḥ
813:sharḥ
564:Cairo
59:DeepL
6721:Rasm
6524:Nubi
6512:Juba
6485:and
6465:Beda
6437:Wqal
6434:Kjal
6264:Gulf
5612:Ġayn
5603:ʿAyn
5090:Rasm
4893:Nubi
4881:Juba
4854:and
4834:Beda
4806:Wqal
4803:Kjal
4633:Gulf
3981:Ġayn
3972:ʿAyn
2868:Eras
2774:Reka
2646:הארץ
2622:ISBN
2566:ISSN
2444:ISSN
2381:OCLC
2371:ISBN
2136:Thaw
2051:Shin
2012:Resh
1629:, a
1576:Kaph
1529:Yodh
1444:Teth
1409:Heth
1377:Zayn
1093:Jack
1036:Beth
995:Alef
952:yodh
946:and
944:alef
899:and
859:and
851:and
545:and
362:None
73:must
71:You
6809:864
6804:720
6800:711
6797:710
6794:709
6790:708
6633:IPA
5693:Yāʾ
5684:Wāw
5675:Hāʾ
5666:Nūn
5657:Mīm
5648:Lām
5639:Kāf
5630:Qāf
5621:Fāʾ
5594:Ẓāʾ
5585:Ṭāʾ
5576:Ḍād
5567:Ṣād
5558:Šīn
5549:Sīn
5540:Zāy
5531:Rāʾ
5522:Ḏāl
5513:Dāl
5504:Ḫāʾ
5495:Ḥāʾ
5486:Ǧīm
5477:Ṯāʾ
5468:Tāʾ
5459:Bāʾ
5178:864
5173:720
5169:711
5166:710
5163:709
5159:708
5002:IPA
4062:Yāʾ
4053:Wāw
4044:Hāʾ
4035:Nūn
4026:Mīm
4017:Lām
4008:Kāf
3999:Qāf
3990:Fāʾ
3963:Ẓāʾ
3954:Ṭāʾ
3945:Ḍād
3936:Ṣād
3927:Šīn
3918:Sīn
3909:Zāy
3900:Rāʾ
3891:Ḏāl
3882:Dāl
3873:Ḫāʾ
3864:Ḥāʾ
3855:Ǧīm
3846:Ṯāʾ
3837:Tāʾ
3828:Bāʾ
2558:doi
2554:111
2436:doi
2340:at
2180:الـ
2118:or
2097:Taw
2033:or
1980:Qof
1829:or
1790:Ayn
1726:Nun
1694:Mem
1604:or
1540:or
1511:or
1468:or
1337:Waw
1319:or
1162:or
1127:in
1123:or
1089:get
1075:or
950:or
948:waw
875:or
780:'s
769:as
761:'s
752:'s
719:'s
343:jye
331:yud
321:aju
311:yhd
302:jrb
285:jrb
61:or
7105::
6651:·
5020:·
3509:,
3480:,
3454:,
2713:,
2678:.
2661:^
2644:.
2595:.
2572:.
2564:.
2552:.
2548:.
2523:.
2506:^
2450:.
2442:.
2432:19
2430:.
2426:.
2401:.
2379:.
2186:-
2145:th
2121:ת֒
2114:תׄ
2060:sh
2036:ש֒
1950:dˤ
1925:ץׄ
1922:,
1918:צׄ
1903:sˤ
1886:ص
1875:,
1854:Fe
1839:ףׄ
1836:,
1832:פׄ
1822:,
1810:ʿi
1804:,
1802:ʿa
1631:kh
1607:חׄ
1600:ךׄ
1597:,
1593:כׄ
1558:,
1514:יי
1496:ðˤ
1471:זׄ
1464:טׄ
1454:tˤ
1322:וו
1298:He
1261:th
1237:דׄ
1196:gh
1165:רׄ
1158:עׄ
1155:,
1151:גׄ
1125:si
1116:dʒ
1095::
1012:ʾI
914:.
907:.
831:.
801:,
795:,
791:'
541:,
534:.
459:,
455::
451:;
426:,
422::
418:;
409:,
405::
6898:e
6891:t
6884:v
5267:e
5260:t
5253:v
3636:e
3629:t
3622:v
3590:)
3586:(
3580:)
3576:(
3557:)
3553:(
3547:)
3543:(
3537:)
3533:(
3527:)
3523:(
3517:)
3513:(
3488:)
3484:(
3474:)
3470:(
3462:)
3458:(
3170:)
3164:/
3160:(
3127:)
3123:(
3117:)
3113:(
3107:/
3101:)
3097:(
2835:e
2828:t
2821:v
2688:.
2655:.
2630:.
2605:.
2580:.
2560::
2533:.
2501:.
2458:.
2438::
2411:.
2387:.
2203:ל
2199:א
2192:.
2172:ﭏ
2157:/
2154:θ
2151:/
2141:ṯ
2129:ث
2104:t
2090:ت
2082:ת
2072:/
2069:ʃ
2066:/
2056:š
2044:ش
2029:ש
2019:r
2005:ر
1997:ר
1987:q
1973:ق
1965:ק
1956:d
1952:/
1948:/
1945:ḍ
1933:ض
1909:s
1905:/
1901:/
1898:ṣ
1878:ץ
1871:צ
1861:f
1847:ف
1825:ף
1818:פ
1806:ʿ
1799:/
1797:ʕ
1795:/
1783:ع
1775:ע
1765:s
1751:س
1743:ס
1733:n
1719:ن
1711:נ
1701:m
1687:م
1679:מ
1669:l
1655:ل
1647:ל
1639:/
1637:x
1635:/
1627:ḫ
1615:خ
1583:k
1569:ك
1561:ך
1554:כ
1544:ī
1536:y
1522:ي
1507:י
1498:/
1494:/
1491:ẓ
1479:ظ
1456:/
1452:/
1449:ṭ
1437:ط
1429:ט
1421:/
1419:ħ
1417:/
1414:ḥ
1402:ح
1394:ח
1384:z
1370:ز
1362:ז
1352:ū
1344:w
1330:و
1315:ו
1305:h
1291:ه
1283:ה
1273:/
1270:ð
1267:/
1257:ḏ
1245:ذ
1227:d
1213:د
1205:ד
1192:/
1190:ɣ
1188:/
1185:ġ
1173:غ
1140:/
1137:ʒ
1134:/
1119:/
1113:/
1105:/
1102:ɡ
1099:/
1085:J
1081:G
1077:ǧ
1073:g
1061:ج
1053:ג
1043:b
1029:ب
1021:ב
1007:ā
1004:/
1002:ʔ
1000:/
988:ا
980:א
401:(
383:.
108:.
101:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
