Book of Judith - Knowledge

1883: 2259:" as the king of Assyria. While influential, Ptolemy's record is not perfect, and Ptolemy likely got Ashurbanipal confused with his brother, Šamaš-šuma-ukin, who ruled over Babylon, not Assyria. This would be a plausible explanation for the origin of the Greek name "Saosduchin". However, while Nebuchadnezzar and Ashurbanipal's campaigns show clear and direct parallels, the main incident of Judith's intervention has not been found in any record aside from this book. An additional difficulty with this theory is that the reasons for the name changes are difficult to understand, unless the text was transmitted without character names before they were by a later copyist or translator, who lived centuries later. Catholic apologist 1616: 2919: 38: 2202:. Many of these theologians are cited and quoted by Calmet in his own commentary on Judith, the "Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l'ancien et du nouveau testament". Calmet listed all of "the main objections that can be made against the truth of Judith's Story" and spent the rest of his commentary on the book addressing them, stating: "But all this did not bother Catholic writers. There were a large number of them who answered it expertly, and who undertook to show that there is nothing incompatible in this history, neither with Scripture, nor even with profane (secular) history". There were other Catholic writers who held this view as well, such as 1060: 1977: 1698: 1992:

either unknown to history or appear to be anachronistic, and many of the place names are also unknown. The Catholic Church has always considered the book to be a historical document, and it is included with the other historical books in the Old Testament of Catholic Bibles. For this reason, there have been various attempts by both scholars and clergy to understand the characters and events in the Book as either an allegorical representation of actual events, or a historical document that had been altered or translated improperly. The practice of changing names has been observed in documents from the

5113:"Die Judith der Bibel kann ich nicht brauchen. Dort ist Judith eine Wittwe, die den Holofernes durch List und Schlauheit in's Netz lockt; sie freut sich, als sie seinen Kopf im Sack hat und singt und jubelt vor und mit ganz Israel drei Monde lang. Das ist gemein; eine solche Natur ist ihres Erfolgs gar nicht würdig . Meine Judith wird durch ihre That paralysirt; sie erstarrt vor der Möglichkeit, einen Sohn des Holofernes zu gebären; es wird ihr klar, daß sie über die Gränzen hinaus gegangen ist, daß sie mindestens das Rechte aus unrechten Gründen gethan hat" (Tagebücher 2:1872) 1076: 63: 2127:

the time (which also fits with 2 Chronicles 33) and left the matters of the rest of the Israelites to the high priest. Others, such as Houbigant and Haydock, speculate that the events of the book occurred while Manasseh was still captive in Babylon. Whatever the case, it was a typical policy of the time for the Israelites to follow the high priest if the king could not or would not lead. Manasseh is thought by most scholars to have joined a widespread rebellion against Ashurbanipal that was led by his brother,

5388: 3014: 4730: 5260: 1041: 2158:, suspect that the ultimate goal of the western campaign was for the Assyrians to sack Egypt, because Holofernes appeared to be heading directly towards Egypt on his campaign through the west. If Calmet and others are correct in suspecting that Holofernes was intending to sack Egypt, this would give further evidence to the theory that the book is set during the reign of Ashurbanipal, who had previously sacked 1605:, is located. Chapters 8–16 then introduce Judith and depict her heroic actions to save her people. The first part, although at times tedious in its description of the military developments, develops important themes by alternating battles with reflections and rousing action with rest. In contrast, the second half is devoted mainly to Judith's strength of character and the beheading scene. 1914:, the king of Nineveh and Assyria. He is so proud that he wants to affirm his strength as a sort of divine power, although Holofernes, his Turtan (commanding general), goes beyond the king's orders when he calls on the western nations to "worship only Nebuchadnezzar, and ... invoke him as a god". Holofernes is ordered to take revenge on those who refused to ally themselves with Nebuchadnezzar. 2098:

would be 653 and 652 BC, years that correspond to revolts and military campaigns across Ashurbanipal's empire. The traditional Catholic view that the book dates to the reign of Manasseh corresponds to Ashurbanipal's reign, and Ashurbanipal's records name Manasseh as one of a number of vassals who assisted his campaign against Egypt. The profanation of the temple described in

3876:: Canonicity: "..."the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture" (Praef. in Lib.). It is true that no documents about the canon survive in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council, or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council" 2154:

Ashurbanipal's reign, it is possible that Assyrians did not record it because they were preoccupied with Šamaš-šuma-ukin's revolt, which was not crushed for years to come. Ashurbanipal's successful crushing of Šamaš-šuma-ukin's civil war also prevented the Assyrians from retaking Egypt, which gained independence from Assyria around 655 BC. Numerous theologians, including

2303:(359–338 BC), not on the basis of the character of the two rulers, but due to the presence of a "Holofernes" and a "Bagoas" in Ochus' army. This view also gained currency with scholarship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, due to discrepancies between Artaxerxes's reign and the events in the book of Judith, this theory has largely been abandoned. 2900:, included a paragraph in which Martin expressed confidence that "the Catholic Hope would triumph, and pious Judith would slay Holofernes". This was interpreted by the English Protestant authorities at the time as incitement to slay Queen Elizabeth I. It served as the grounds for the death sentence passed on printer 2214:

expressed a similar view regarding this. The scholars used specific examples from the text that line up with Manasseh's reign. As argued by Vigouroux, the two battles mentioned in the Septuagint version of the Book of Judith are a reference to the clash of the two empires in 658–657 and to Phraortes'

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The Holy Bible: Translated from the Latin Vulgate ... : the Old Testament, First Published by the English College, at Douay, A.D. 1609, and the New Testament, First Published by the English College, at Rheims, A.D. 1582. With Annotations, References, Historical and Chronological Index, &c.,

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or Manasses, a wealthy farmer. She sends her maid or "waitingwoman" to Uzziah to challenge his decision to capitulate to the Assyrians if God has not rescued the people of Bethulia within five days, and she uses her charm to become an intimate friend of Holofernes, but beheads him allowing Israel to

2720:, five and-a-half miles south of Shechem and five miles west of Agrabeh. The Wady Makfuriyeh is located on the northern slopes of which Akrabeh stands. The Wadi Mochmur as the Wady Makfuriyeh. This identification is supported by the Syriac, which translated the name of the river as "Nachol de-Peor". 2378:

Although there is no historically recorded "Bethulia", the book of Judith gives an extremely precise location for where the city is located, and there are several possible candidates of ancient towns in that area that are now ruins. It has widely been speculated that, based on location descriptions

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was in charge of the country at the time. However, it is generally assumed that the book takes place after Manasseh's return from captivity in Assyria and his subsequent repentance. Nicolaus Serarius, Giovanni Menochio and Thomas Worthington speculated that Manasseh was busy fortifying Jerusalem at

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I have no use for the biblical Judith. There, Judith is a widow who lures Holofernes into her web with wiles, when she has his head in her bag she sings and jubilates with all of Israel for three months. That is mean, such a nature is not worthy of her success . My Judith is paralyzed by her deed,

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Owing to her unwavering religious devotion, she is able to step outside of her widow's role, and dress and act in a sexually provocative manner while clearly remaining true to her ideals in the reader's mind, and her seduction and beheading of the wicked Holofernes while playing this role has been

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also confirms that "several princes of Palestine" supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin in the revolt against Ashurbanipal, which seemingly confirms Manasseh's involvement in the revolt. This would explain the reinforcement of the cities described in this book and why the Israelites and other western kingdoms

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Today, it is generally accepted that the Book of Judith is ahistorical. The fictional nature "is evident from its blending of history and fiction, beginning in the very first verse, and is too prevalent thereafter to be considered as the result of mere historical mistakes." The names of people are

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battled the Seleucid monarchs. However, because the Hebrew manuscripts mention kingdoms that had not existed for hundreds of years by the time of the Seleucids, it is unlikely that these were the original names in the text. Jeremy Corley argued that Judith was originally composed in Greek that was

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Like Judith, the Queen had to face the menace of a foreign king who had a tendency to destroy the temples of other religions. Both women were widows whose strategical and diplomatic skills helped in the defeat of the invader. Both stories seem to be set at a time when the temple had recently been

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Modern scholars argue in favor of a 2nd–1st century context for the Book of Judith, understanding it as a sort of roman à clef, i.e. a literary fiction whose characters stand for some real historical figure, generally contemporary to the author. In the case of the Book of Judith, Biblical scholar

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657, which would be during the reign of Ashurbanipal. This would be the twelfth year of Ashurbanipal's reign, which lines up with the book of Judith beginning in the twelfth year of "Nebuchadnezzar". If the rest of the book occurs in the seventeenth and eighteenth years of Ashurbanipal, the years

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specifically declare that "Nabuchodonosor" was "known as 'Saosduchin' to profane historians and succeeded 'Asarhaddan' in the kingdom of the Assyrians". This could only have been Ashurbanipal, as he was the successor of Esarhaddon, his father. It is unclear where the name "Saosduchin" came from,

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translation, he asserted his belief that the book was written "in Chaldean (Aramaic) words". Jerome's Latin translation was based on an Aramaic manuscript and was shorter because he omitted passages that he could not read or understand in the Aramaic that otherwise existed in the Septuagint. The

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identified Betomesthaim as a pseudonym for the city of Samaria. Torrey went further to identify the Hebrew basis for Betomesthaim as “Bayit Mizpah”, which means “house of outlook”. This is plausible, because "Samaria" is the Greek translation of the Hebrew name "Shomron", which means "watch" or

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subscribes to the theory, suggesting that it was called by a pseudonym because of the historical animosity between the Jews and Samaritans. The Jewish Encyclopedia claims that Shechem is the only location that meets all the requirements for Bethulia's location, further stating: "The identity of

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In medieval Christian art, the predominance of church patronage assured that Judith's patristic valences as "Mulier Sancta" and Virgin Mary prototype would prevail: from the 8th-century frescoes in Santa Maria Antigua in Rome through innumerable later bible miniatures. Gothic cathedrals often

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The character of Judith is larger than life, and she has won a place in Jewish and Christian lore, art, poetry and drama. Her name, which means "she will be praised" or "woman of Judea", suggests that she represents the heroic spirit of the Jewish people, and that same spirit, as well as her

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It is of further interest that Šamaš-šuma-ukin's civil war broke out in 652 BC, the eighteenth year of Ashurbanipal's reign. The book of Judith states that "Nebuchadnezzar" ravaged the western part of the empire in the eighteenth year of his reign. If the events of this book did occur during

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to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures". No such declaration has been found in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether Jerome was referring to the book's use during the council's discussion or spurious canons attributed to that council. Catholic

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was performed in Israel. Shamir examines the question why the story of Judith was excluded from the Jewish (Hebrew) Bible and thus banned from Jewish history. In putting her story on stage he tries to reintegrate Judith's story into Jewish history. English playwright

5263: 1585:, with whom she slowly ingratiates herself, promising him information on the Israelites. Gaining his trust, she is allowed access to his tent one night as he lies in a drunken stupor. She decapitates him, then takes his head back to her fearful countrymen. The 1279:

Carey A. Moore argued that the Greek text of Judith was a translation from a Hebrew original, and used many examples of conjectured translation errors, Hebraic idioms, and Hebraic syntax. The extant Hebrew manuscripts are very late and only date back to the

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A similar dynamic was created in the 16th century by the confessional strife of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Both Protestants and Catholics draped themselves in the protective mantle of Judith and cast their "heretical" enemies as Holofernes.

2024:. The large size of the Assyrian army and the large size of Median walls in the book have also been criticized, but both of these have been attested to elsewhere in the Bible and in secular historical records. The Assyrian army that besieged Jerusalem in 2446:

mosaic from the 6th century AD, shows a settlement named "Betylion" (Greek ΒΥΛΙΟΝ). Many believe this to be Bethulia, but this is unlikely because it is located much farther south. This Betylion is located on the Egyptian border with Gaza, in modern-day

2727:. Calmet speculated that "Balamon" was "the same city that they have already named several times, sometimes Belmaïm, and sometimes Belma, or Bélem, or Baalmeon". It is possible that "Balamon" is a different location that is to be identified with 2479:

all worked to explain bizarre geographical locations in the book as copyist or translation mistakes. For instance, Movers explained χαλλαίων ("challaion") as referring to χαλδαίων, or "Chaldean". A few more of these disputed locations include:

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It has also been called "an example of the ancient Jewish novel in the Greco-Roman period". Other scholars note that Judith fits within and even incorporates the genre of "salvation traditions" from the Old Testament, particularly the story of

1960:, he rules over Judith's city. When the city is besieged by the Assyrians and the water supply dries up, he agrees to the people's call to surrender if God has not rescued them within five days, a decision challenged as "rash" by Judith. 2032:

described the walls of Babylon to have been similar in size and extravagance to the walls of Ecbatana in the book of Judith. Herodotus's account was corroborated by similar accounts of the scale of the walls of Babylon by the historians

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The story revolves around Judith, a daring and beautiful widow, who is upset with her Jewish countrymen for not trusting God to deliver them from their foreign conquerors. She goes with her loyal maid to the camp of the enemy general,

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That midrash, whose heroine is portrayed as gorging the antagonist on cheese and wine before cutting off his head, may have formed the basis of the minor Jewish tradition to eat dairy products during Hanukkah. In that respect,

2792:). "The opening of the poem is lost (scholars estimate that 100 lines were lost) but the remainder of the poem, as can be seen, the poet reshaped the biblical source and set the poem's narrative to an Anglo–Saxon audience." 2648:(Judith 10:6). From the gates of the city, the valley below can be observed (Judith 10:10). Because of the geography described, it is theorized by many, including the Jewish Encyclopedia, to be a pseudonym for Shechem. 1730:: Judith summons a town meeting in Judith 8:10 in advance of her expedition and is acclaimed by such a meeting in Judith 13:12–13; Uzziah blesses Judith in advance in Judith 8:5 and afterwards in Judith 13:18–20. 2439:(Engannim), between the plains of Esdrelon and Dothan, where Haraiq el-Mallah, Khirbet Sheikh Shibel and el-Bârid lie close together. Such a site best fulfills all requirements for the location of Bethulia. 1899:

of the book. He is a dedicated soldier of his king, general-in-chief of his army, whom he wants to see exalted in all lands. He is given the task of destroying the rebels who did not support the king of

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shall not enter the assembly of the Lord; even to the tenth generation none of his descendants shall enter the assembly of the Lord forever", but in this case "a dispensation" would have been applied.

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The identification of "Nebuchadnezzar" with Ashurbanipal was so widespread that it was the only identification in English Catholic Bibles for several hundred years. The 1738 Challoner revision of the

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Latin text of Theodosius at "Theodosius de situ Terrae sanctae im ächten Text und der Breviarius de Hierosolyma vervollständigt", J. Gildemeister (editor), published by Adolph Marcus, Bonn (1882), p.

2576:(as well as in 7:3), and this identification was further supported by Calmet. Some have speculated that, because the two verses spell the name differently, that it is a different location, possibly 2847:

of the courage of local people against tyrannical rule from afar was given new urgency by the Assyrian nationality of Holofernes, which made him an inevitable symbol of the threatening Turks. The

2231:, who rebelled against Ashurbanipal on many occasions, eventually being killed at the Battle of the Ulai in 653 BC, around the time Catholic theologians place "Nebuchadnezzar's" western campaign. 1968:

Chapter 9 constitutes Judith's "extended prayer", "loudly proclaimed" in advance of her actions in the following chapters. This runs to 14 verses in English versions, 19 verses in the Vulgate.

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frozen by the thought that she might give birth to Holofernes' son; she knows that she has passed her boundaries, that she has, at the very least, done the right thing for the wrong reasons.

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by German composer Siegfried Matthus. The French composer Jean Guillou wrote his Judith-Symphonie for Mezzo and Orchestra in 1970, premiered in Paris in 1972 and published by Schott-Music.

3213:, a faithful reproduction in three acts; it premiered in spring 1919 at Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne. In 1981, the play "Judith among the Lepers" by the Israeli (Hebrew) playwright 2810:

In the epic, she is the brave warrior, forceful and active; in the homily she is an exemplar of pious chastity for cloistered nuns. In both cases, her narrative gained relevance from the

2206:, who went even farther, identifying the battle between "Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Assyrians" and "Arphaxad, the king of the Medes" as the battle that occurred between Ashurbanipal and 1350:

After disappearing from circulation among Jews for over a millennium, however, references to the Book of Judith and the figure of Judith herself resurfaced in the religious literature of

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15:4 – Along with Betomesthaim, other places presumably in the vicinity of Bethulia are mentioned: Choba and Kola. Choba could be identified with Hobah and Kola could be identified with

2210:. This battle occurred during the seventeenth year of Ashurbanipal's reign, and the book of Judith states that this battle occurred in the seventeenth year of "Nebuchadnezzar's" reign. 1942:

who had charge over Holofernes' personal affairs. His name is Persian for a eunuch. He brought in Judith to recline with Holofernes and was the first one who discovered his beheading.

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identified Egrebeh with Akrabeh, a ruined site in the mountains of Central Palestine, eleven miles southeast of Shechem. Chubi has been identified with Quzah, a village located near

1358:. The renewed interest took the form of "tales of the heroine, liturgical poems, commentaries on the Talmud, and passages in Jewish legal codes." Although the text does not mention 4379: 1597:

The Book of Judith can be split into two parts or "acts" of approximately equal length. Chapters 1–7 describe the rise of the threat to Israel, led by king Nebuchadnezzar and his

3539: 1552:, it has the intermediate authority of the Apocrypha of the Old Testament and is regarded as useful or edifying, but is not to be taken as a basis for establishing doctrine. 2162:

in 663 BC. The view that the book of Judith was written during the reigns of Manasseh and Ashurbanipal was held by a great number of Catholic scholars, including Calmet,

5666: 2114:) might refer to the chaos that resulted in people fleeing Jerusalem after Manasseh was taken captive by the Assyrians. The reinforcement of the cities as described in 1343:

or any early Rabbinic literature. Speculated reasons for its exclusion include the possible lateness of its composition, possible Greek origin, apparent support of the

6474: 5660: 5622: 4706:. Clanton discusses the theory that the Books of Susanna, Greek Esther, and Judith all may be linked in that they may have been "used, if not composed, to serve as 2028:

was said to have been 185,000 strong, a number several tens of thousands larger than the Assyrian army described in the book of Judith. Also, the Greek historian

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4:4 – Kona. Both Calmet and the Bibles of Complute believe that it simply refers to “villages”. Mark 8:27 says that they came to “the villages (κώμας, kômas) of

1252:, a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. However, due to the large number of Hebraisms in the text, it is generally agreed that the book was written in a 4972: 1928:

and warns the king of Assyria of the power of their God, the "God of heaven", but is mocked. He is protected by the people of Bethulia and becomes a Jew and is

42: 2328:, conquered all of the lands identified by the Biblical author in Judith. Under this theory, the story, although fictional, would be set in the time of Queen 2267:, a historical record with different names for people and places. Ashurbanipal is never referenced by name in the Bible, except perhaps for the corrupt form " 5615: 3246:

The admission of Achior the Ammonite to the House of Israel, "with all the succession of his kindred until this present day", occasions some discussion by

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literature and visual arts, all of these trends were continued, often in updated forms, and developed. The already well established notion of Judith as an

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8:4 – Balamon. The Septuagint states that Manasseh, Judith's husband, was buried in a field between Dothan and Balamon. This detail is not included in the

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counter-attack the Assyrians. Judith's maid, not named in the story, remains with her throughout the narrative and is given her freedom as the story ends.

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examined the Judith story and its aftermath, first in the scene "The Unforeseen Consequences of a Patriotic Act", as part of his collection of vignettes,

1446:, counted it among the apocrypha, (though he later changed his mind, quoted it as scripture, and said he merely expressed the views of the Jews), as did 4527: 2045:. The identity of the "Nebuchadnezzar" in the book has been debated for thousands of years and various rulers have been proposed by scholars, including 5680: 4351: 1544:. The canonicity of Judith is typically rejected by Protestants, who accept as the Old Testament only those books that are found in the Jewish canon. 5698: 5692: 4407: 2000:, which apparently contains references to an uncertain location referred to by the pseudonym of "Damascus". The writings of the Jewish historian 4425: 3327: 2780:(9th century). Thenceforth her presence in medieval European literature is robust: in homilies, biblical paraphrases, histories and poetry. An 2523:, called the "Choaspes" by the Greeks. Calmet claims that the copyists confused the Choaspes with the Hydaspes, and claims that the historian 1427: 2287:), which means his name might have never been recorded by Jewish historians, which could explain the lack of his name in the book of Judith. 1589:, having lost their leader, disperse, and Israel is saved. Though she is courted by many, Judith remains unmarried for the rest of her life. 1517:

speculates that Jerome was correct about the Council of Nicea establishing a canon and that the documents about this have been lost to time.

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Painting by Trophime Bigot (c. 1579–1650, also known as Master of the Candlelight), depicting Judith and Holofernes. The Walters Art Museum.

6159: 5193: 1497:, considered Judith sacred scripture both before and after councils that formally declared it part of the biblical canon. In a 405 letter, 2085:, a notoriously cruel and brutal Assyrian king whose reign was marked by various military campaigns and invasions. Ashurbanipal ruled the 1248:

It is not clear whether the Book of Judith was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek, as the oldest existing version is from the

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1:6. If the twelfth year of "Nebuchadnezzar" is to be identified as the twelfth year of Ashurbanipal, this Arioch would be identified as

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For hundreds of years, the most generally accepted view within the Catholic Church is that the book of Judith occurs during the reign of

1746:, generally tend to ascribe Judith to one of several contemporaneous literary genres, reading it as an extended parable in the form of a 1375: 1313: 7185: 5876: 3812: 5823: 3886: 2110::18–19), who reigned between c. 715 and 686 BC. And in that same verse, the return from the dispersion (often assumed to refer to the 1847:) – and she was, like the other heroic women of the Hebrew scriptural tradition, made into a typological prefiguration of the Virgin 5647: 5340: 4740: 4477:

Study note on 2 Chronicles 33:11, in ESV Archaeology Study Bible, ed. John Currid and David Chapman (Wheaton: Crossway, 2018), 643.

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general Holofernes, and is concluded as Holofernes' worldwide campaign has converged at the mountain pass where Judith's village,

7050: 6958: 6953: 5838: 4037: 2996:. Also, Michelangelo depicts the scene in multiple aspects in one of the Pendentives, or four spandrels on the ceiling of the 6968: 5005: 4973:

https://biblehub.com/topical/c/chusi.htm#:~:text=ku'-si,%20(Chous):%20A%20place%20only%20named%20in%20Judith%207:18,%20as

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or modern place names, there are others which are considered fictional or whose location is not otherwise known. Theologians

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rejected "Nebuchadnezzar's" order for conscription, because many of the vassal rulers of the west supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin.

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was shocking to viewers and is said to have targeted themes of female sexuality that had previously been more or less taboo.

2139:, which were subjects of Assyria and are mentioned in the Book of Judith as victims of Ashurbanipal's Western campaign. The 6659: 5686: 5843: 4938: 4836: 6765: 5942: 1925: 1612:

pattern in both "acts", in which the order of events is reversed at a central moment in the narrative (i.e., abcc'b'a').

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death in battle in 653, after which Ashurbanipal continued his military actions with a large campaign starting with the

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https://bibleportal.com/encyclopedia/cyclopedia-of-biblical-theological-and-ecclesiastical-literature/Mochmur-the-Brook

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Kevin R. Brine, et al., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies Across the Disciplines, p. 30 (Open Book Publishers 2010).

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Time and Times and Half a Time: Historical Consciousness in the Jewish Literature of the Persian and Hellenistic Eras

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The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity

3440: 3400: 3022: 2937: 5833: 3798: 3344: 3078: 1390:. The textual reliability of the Book of Judith was also taken for granted, to the extent that biblical commentator 1304:

carefully modeled after Hebrew and pointed out "Septuagintalisms" in the vocabulary and phrasing of the Greek text.

6846: 6723: 6574: 6152: 5727: 2936:. The account of Judith's beheading of Holofernes has been treated by several painters and sculptors, most notably 1851:. Her gender made her a natural example of the biblical paradox of "strength in weakness"; she is thus paired with 1560: 984: 5818: 4949: 4797: 4541: 1284:. The two surviving Hebrew manuscripts of Judith are translated from the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate. 7165: 7106: 6055: 5743: 5492: 4543:

Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l'ancien et du nouveau testament by Antoine Augustin Calmet, page 338

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that the Book of Judith was ever considered authoritative or a candidate for canonicity by any Jewish group. The

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identified "Judah" as one of the vassal kingdoms in Šamaš-šuma-ukin's rebel coalition against Ashurbanipal. The

1506: 1217:. The Roman Catholic Church has historically maintained that the book is an authentic history from the reign of 5869: 5154: 3601: 2005: 7096: 4566: 4294: 4188: 1908:, until Israel also becomes a target of his military campaign. Judith's courage and charm occasion his death. 7170: 7060: 1705: 1347:(to which the early rabbinate was opposed), and perhaps the brash and seductive character of Judith herself. 5140: 4869: 4184: 4168: 3205:. A full hour in length, it was one of the earliest feature films made in the United States. English writer 2918: 2187: 2089:

from Nineveh in 668 to 627 BC. The Challoner Douay-Rheims Bible states that the events of the book begin in

7055: 5735: 5333: 4899: 4579: 4567:"Discours sur l'histoire universelle: Dessein général de l'ouvrage by Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, 1627 - 1704" 4211: 3581:, Continuum International, 2010, p. 160 (Protestant Canon) and p. 209 (Judith not among Dead Sea Scrolls), 2387:

to Jerusalem, lying in the path of the enemy, at the head of an important pass and is a few hours south of

4633: 3842:"Philip Schaff: NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome - Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 2814:

invasions of the period. Within the next three centuries Judith would be treated by such major figures as

2415:); at the foot of the mountain there was an important spring, and other springs were in the neighborhood ( 1870:, the heroine of the book, introduced in chapter 8. A God-fearing woman, she is the daughter of Merari, a 37: 7139: 6569: 6145: 5423: 4774: 3971:"Judith: Defender of Israel Preserver of the Temple" In A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith 3955: 2913: 2239: 1615: 1205:, which is why some Protestant scholars now consider the book non-historical. Instead, the book may be a 979: 1214: 7175: 6743: 2807:. The two conceptual poles represented by these works will inform much of Judith's subsequent history. 2360:

author of Judith would desire to honor the great (Pharisee) Queen who tried to keep both Sadducees and

2341: 2167: 1976: 6861: 4231:, FS: Treatise on Law, Q: Of the Reason for the Judicial Precepts, Article 3, accessed 3 November 2022 4200: 4133: 3334:, which though committed to the historicity of the book, admits and lists "very serious difficulties." 2664: 2211: 2141: 1804:

period on, Judith was invoked in a wide variety of texts as a multi-faceted allegorical figure. As a "

1548:

viewed the book as an allegory, but listed it as the first of the eight writings in his Apocrypha. In

7190: 7180: 6775: 6754: 6748: 5862: 5212: 4983: 4337: 3932:

The Book of Judith: Greek Text with an English Translation (Volume 7 of Jewish Apocryphal Literature)

2175: 2146: 1541: 1529: 5086: 4895: 4323: 4101: 3183:

The story of Judith has been a favourite of latter-day playwrights; it was brought alive in 1892 by

2432: 2424: 1536:(1442) and eventually dogmatically defined as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church in 1546 in the 1520:

Regardless of Judith's status at Nicaea, the book was also accepted as scripture by the councils of

1059: 6770: 6738: 6733: 6469: 6430: 5251: 3707:"The Stromata Book II, chapter 7: The Utility of Fear. Objections Answered - Clement of Alexandria" 3070: 2977: 2897: 1697: 1540:. The Eastern Orthodox Church also accepts Judith as inspired scripture; this was confirmed in the 866: 4847: 3361: 3082: 7160: 7076: 6948: 6805: 6666: 6406: 5326: 3375: 3112: 2957: 2901: 2468: 2155: 2118:

4:5 matches up with the reinforcement that happened in response to the Assyrians under Manasseh.

1020: 31: 2655:. Some translations refer to "the people of Bethulia and Betomesthaim" as a unit, which "faces ( 2128: 1355: 6932: 6815: 6800: 6790: 6382: 5797: 5718: 5712: 5276: 5030: 4696:

The Good, the Bold, and the Beautiful: The Story of Susanna and Its Renaissance Interpretations

4215: 4154: 3392:

The Anchor Bible - Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore

3066: 2317: 2058: 1848: 1292: 844: 17: 5224: 3551: 3281:

refers to a character called Bagoas, who was entrusted with the task of guarding his mistress.

7195: 6881: 6820: 6810: 6718: 5952: 5221: 5178: 4745: 4733: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the 3870: 3188: 2973: 2923: 2885: 2867: 2676: 2524: 2400: 2199: 2123: 2008:. Elsewhere in the Bible there are also names of rulers that are unknown to history, such as 1782: 1455: 1423: 1181: 762: 278: 5022: 3543: 7081: 7001: 6713: 6626: 6536: 6302: 6189: 5947: 5907: 5235: 5153: 4786: 4393: 3841: 3088: 2464: 2300: 2191: 2111: 1993: 1466: 1370:

of Hanukkah as the story of Hanukkah takes place during the time of the Hasmonean dynasty.

1195: 946: 743: 458: 4665:(Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Studies 14), Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2012. 4619: 3739: 3460: 2804: 2284: 8: 7023: 6988: 6785: 6464: 6247: 6217: 6060: 5986: 5957: 5217: 5172: 4927: 3864: 3679:"Letter to the Corinthians, chapter 55: Examples of Such Love - Pope St. Clement of Rome" 2863: 2852: 2848: 2392: 2086: 1586: 1533: 1327:

While the author was likely Jewish, there is no evidence aside from its inclusion in the

1222: 1210: 1141: 1075: 900: 640: 591: 521: 143: 5234: 5204: 5122: 2423:, or Dothan, now Tell Dothân, to Belthem, or Belma, no doubt the same as the Belamon of 6915: 6830: 6636: 6631: 6593: 6516: 6479: 6459: 6389: 6116: 6065: 6050: 5981: 5962: 5912: 5902: 5792: 5631: 5551: 5511: 5484: 5301: 5280: 4939:

https://wiki.bibleportal.com/index.php?title=Cyamon&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile

4837:

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D12

4808: 4254: 3719: 3197: 3103: 2815: 2743: 2634: 2313: 2235: 2195: 2163: 2054: 1747: 1609: 1494: 1490: 1470: 1451: 1426:, read and used the Book of Judith, some of the oldest Christian canons, including the 1296: 1273: 1221:

and that the names in the book were changed at a later date for an unknown reason. The

1133: 1013: 926: 895: 233: 178: 4911: 3459:(2010). "Holofernes's Canopy in the Septuagint". In Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti and 7116: 6925: 6920: 6693: 6603: 6546: 6367: 6357: 6207: 6121: 6025: 5567: 5377: 5069: 5059: 5034: 5023: 5001: 4699: 4679: 4431: 4085: 4014: 3974: 3935: 3631: 3597: 3555: 3544: 3470: 3436: 3396: 3307: 3184: 3148: 3122: 3077:

H.391, oratorio for soloists, chorus, 2 flutes, strings, and continuo (? mid-1670s).

2945: 2751: 2611: 2550: 2476: 2203: 2183: 2171: 1997: 1875: 1829: 1743: 1474: 1431: 1344: 1218: 1201:

The surviving manuscripts of Greek translations appear to contain several historical

955: 821: 811: 581: 511: 338: 328: 123: 47: 4513: 4365: 1235:. If this is the case, it would explain why other names seem anachronistic as well. 7101: 6996: 6978: 6910: 6898: 6856: 6795: 6780: 6671: 6559: 6352: 6297: 6277: 6257: 6030: 5922: 5917: 5885: 5583: 5559: 5527: 4884: 4468:, in Andrews University Seminary Studies, (Spring 1997, Vol. 35, No. 1), pp. 21–32. 4105: 3252: 3165: 3157: 3117: 3054: 3006: 2871: 2830:

featured Judith, most impressively in the series of 40 stained glass panels at the

2823: 2543: 2472: 2329: 2248: 2136: 2070: 2001: 1984: 1821: 1809: 1537: 1411: 1340: 1261: 1253: 1111: 1099: 969: 806: 738: 689: 650: 606: 397: 323: 254: 51: 4171:

in the New American Bible Revised Edition and footnote b at the same verse in the

3784: 2875: 2383:. Shechem is a large city in the hill-country of Samaria, on the direct road from 6893: 6871: 6825: 6372: 6332: 6307: 6237: 6212: 6197: 5590: 5476: 5455: 4298: 4283: 4228: 4172: 3919: 3904: 3757: 3727: 3582: 3517: 3456: 3430: 3390: 3195:

was first performed in New York, 1905, and was the basis for the 1914 production

3170: 3138: 3126: 3108: 3050: 2989: 2949: 2831: 2796: 2777: 2747: 2561:. This is also how Johannes Van Der Ploeg translated the passage from the Syriac 2345: 2179: 2107: 2009: 1871: 1755: 1521: 1498: 1482: 1415: 1288: 1257: 1153: 1107: 1052: 826: 786: 748: 714: 630: 586: 571: 343: 303: 264: 209: 133: 103: 3827: 2264: 562: 7129: 7111: 7045: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6654: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6401: 6362: 6312: 6292: 6262: 6242: 6227: 6222: 6202: 6168: 6081: 6020: 5575: 5310: 4798:

https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=KSpRAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA404&hl=en

3257: 3247: 3206: 3202: 3143: 2997: 2985: 2981: 2930: 2874:

composed poems on Judith's triumph over Holofernes. Croatian poet and humanist

2633:, located about three miles east of Shechem, and is located at the foot of the 2619: 2337: 2296: 2244: 2216: 2050: 2021: 2013: 1771: 1525: 1462: 1351: 1332: 1087: 891: 886: 881: 816: 753: 733: 655: 635: 620: 615: 576: 501: 478: 333: 244: 219: 199: 189: 113: 5387: 4760: 3706: 3464: 3416: 2712:

7:18 – Egrebeh, which is near Chubi, beside the Wadi Mochmur. Both Calmet and

1231:

and argues that the name was changed because of the feud between the Jews and

7154: 6876: 6685: 6554: 6420: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6317: 6287: 6185: 6091: 5446: 5289: 5239: 4734: 4122: 3769: 3692: 3678: 3219: 3042: 3037: 2965: 2781: 2698:(as well as in 4:4), and this identification was further supported by Calmet. 2668: 2630: 2626: 2520: 2489: 2448: 2353: 2290: 2159: 2094: 1545: 1166: 1117: 964: 856: 801: 796: 791: 771: 724: 699: 545: 438: 421: 318: 313: 308: 288: 5073: 4051: 3134: 2855:

chose Judith as one of the five subjects of her poetry on biblical figures.

2553:.” It is possible that among those villages were the Old Testament sites of 7134: 7034: 6963: 6865: 6327: 6322: 6282: 6252: 6232: 6180: 6126: 3492:"Studies in the Greek Bible: Essays in Honor of Francis T. Gignac (Review)" 3214: 3058: 3017: 3001: 2993: 2969: 2800: 2789: 2695: 2573: 2508: 2306: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2252: 2082: 2046: 2004:

also frequently differ from the Biblical record regarding the names of the

1929: 1336: 1317: 1114: 1083: 1003: 781: 776: 694: 670: 645: 625: 468: 448: 298: 293: 70: 4258: 3045:, is a setting of a text from the Book of Judith. The story also inspired 2332:, the only Jewish regnant queen, who reigned over Judea from 76 to 67 BC. 2219:(653 BC) in the eighteenth year of his reign. The King of the "Elymeans" ( 7017: 6613: 6531: 6526: 6440: 6435: 6267: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 5545: 5407: 5247: 4923: 4812: 4605: 4591: 4466:

The Role of Assyria in the Ancient Near East During the Reign of Manasseh

4271: 4150: 3666:

The Torah: With Ramban's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated

3174:

was performed in Berlin. He deliberately departs from the biblical text:

3093: 2838: 2652: 2558: 2428: 2388: 2384: 2062: 2042: 1859:– both deeds saved the Covenant People from a militarily superior enemy. 1628:

A. Campaign against disobedient nations; the people surrender (1:1–2:13)

1598: 1549: 1511: 1399: 1391: 1281: 1202: 1048: 941: 936: 876: 871: 679: 407: 6851: 4580:

https://www.ekathimerini.com/opinion/237865/ashurbanipal-king-of-memory/

4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 7006: 5973: 5372: 4707: 2941: 2705:

notes that "some scholars have felt that this name is a corruption for

2684: 2562: 2535: 2443: 2260: 2256: 2090: 2025: 1891: 1801: 1794: 1751: 1582: 1556: 1514: 1478: 1447: 1419: 1328: 1249: 1232: 1129: 1103: 1063: 161: 4528:"Cambridge Ancient History Vol.3 (assyrian Empire) - Internet Archive" 3916:

From Ancient Writings to Sacred Texts: The Old Testament and Apocrypha

3491: 2403:

writes: "The city was situated on a mountain overlooking the plain of

6521: 6137: 6045: 5171: 5167: 3987: 3863: 3046: 3013: 2953: 2746:

also lists a place called Bebai, however this is not included in the

2728: 2660: 2496: 2379:

in the book, that the most plausible historical site for Bethulia is

2361: 2357: 2268: 2207: 2076: 2029: 2017: 1980: 1840: 1726:

Similarly, parallels within Part II are noted in comments within the

1667:

A'. Campaign against Bethulia; the people want to surrender (7:6–32)

1379: 1300: 1149: 931: 5025:

Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England

4858: 4410:

the Whole Revised and Diligently Compared with the Latin Vulgate ...

4291: 3724:

Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text

7028: 6598: 6585: 6564: 6511: 6506: 6040: 6035: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5854: 5402: 5267: 3062: 2843: 2691: 2641: 2615: 2569: 2554: 2516: 2408: 2373: 2321: 2220: 2103: 2066: 1825: 1813: 1739: 1602: 1395: 1359: 1145: 974: 921: 916: 2754:, an identification supported by the Syriac Trivandrum manuscript. 1679:

B. Judith plans to save Israel (8:9–10:8), including her extended

1442:, when he produced his Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible, the 7040: 6905: 6012: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5318: 3304:

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 1

2896:, written in 1578 at Douai by the English Roman Catholic scholar 2785: 2724: 2717: 2706: 2672: 2531: 2504: 2452: 2420: 2404: 2380: 2349: 2228: 2132: 2038: 1924:

leader at Nebuchadnezzar's court; in chapter 5 he summarises the

1901: 1896: 1856: 1836: 1817: 1763: 1486: 1443: 1367: 1363: 1287:

The Hebrew versions name important figures directly, such as the

1268: 1228: 1206: 1137: 1040: 361: 5056:

Judith : sexual warrior, women and power in Western culture

4352:"Strabo, Geography - H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., Ed" 4011:

The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version

2451:. It is more likely that the name "Betylion" refers to the Arab 1719:

B'. Judith plans the destruction of Israel's enemy (13:12–16:20)

1354:

who escaped Christian persecution after the capitulation of the

7011: 6888: 6272: 5802: 4848:

https://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/belmaim.html

3799:"The Argvment of the Booke of Ivdith - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible" 3345:"THE ARGVMENT OF THE BOOKE OF IVDITH - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible" 2961: 2880: 2811: 2735: 2591: 2577: 2539: 2500: 2485: 2348:. The territory of Judean occupation includes the territory of 2325: 2299:, but some of them attempted an improbable identification with 2034: 1939: 1775: 1636: 1439: 1435: 1383: 684: 387: 6172: 5894: 4071:, 3rd edition (NY: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 32 AP. 2904:

who had printed Martin's tract and who was executed in 1584.

2819: 2739: 2584: 2512: 2458: 2436: 2352:, something which was possible in Maccabean times only after 1921: 1905: 1852: 1832: 1790: 1387: 1265: 1121: 86: 4998:

The Norton Anthology of English Literature - The Middle Ages

4394:"Book of Judith - McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia" 2667:

refers to the "Plain of Esdraelon" as the plain between the

2419:). Moreover it lay within investing lines which ran through 2131:. Contemporary sources make reference to the many allies of 5139:

Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland, eds. (1901).

3274: 3261: 2645: 1844: 1786: 1767: 1648:

E'. Achior is received in the village of Bethulia (6:14–15)

4634:"Saving Judith and Tobit by Jimmy Akin - Catholic Answers" 4556:

Les Livres Saints et La Critique Rationaliste, iv, 4th ed.

4452:"THE BOOKE OF IVDITH Chap. IIII - 1610 Douay Rheims Bible" 4104:; in most versions, her genealogy in Judith 8:1 omits her 3546:

The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies Across the Disciplines

3466:

The Sword of Judith. Judith Studies across the Disciplines

2291:

Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Artaxerxes III Ochus

1398:(Syriac version) of Judith in support of his rendering of 1194:), meaning "praised" or "Jewess", is the feminine form of 5238:; Malcom, Matthew; Talbert, Andrew; Watts, Peter (2010). 4606:"Haydock Biblical Commentary, Book of Judith - Chapter 1" 4108:

ancestry, although some manuscripts, the Vulgate and the

2629:" mentioned in Genesis 33:18. This is the modern city of 1774:

4–5), who seduced and inebriated the Canaanite commander

4787:

https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/J/judith-book-of.html

3356: 3354: 3187:, who worked in Eastern Europe. The American playwright 2888:

wrote a Latin epic on the Biblical character of Judith (

2776:

The first extant commentary on The Book of Judith is by

2625:

4:4 – The valley of Salem. It could be identified with "

2307:

Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Tigranes the Great

1855:

and her beheading of Holofernes paralleled with that of

1140:

widow, Judith, who uses her beauty and charm to kill an

5151: 5020: 4380:"Babylon - Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities" 3969:

Christiansen, Ellen Juhl (2009). Xeravits, Géza (ed.).

2503:

are mentioned, as well as the Hydaspes (Jadason in the

2463:

Whilst a number of the places referred to are familiar

4678:, William Whiston trans., p. 452 (Kregel Pubs. 1999); 3901:

Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible

3813:"The Book of Saint Basil on the Spirit - Chapter VIII" 3754:

The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500

2530:

2:21 – the plain of Bectileth, three days' march from

1781:

There are also thematic connections to the revenge of

1714:

C'. Judith and her maid return to Bethulia (13.10b–11)

1619:

Judit and her maid, Artemisia Gentileschi, Italy, 1619

1608:

The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies a clear

1505:, he claims that the Book of Judith was "found by the 1272:

Aramaic manuscript used by Jerome has long since been

4366:"Babylon - McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia" 3887:"The First Ecumenical Council on the Book of Judith?" 3351: 2929:

The subject is one of the most commonly shown in the

2534:. Calmet identified this as the "Bagadania plain" in 2435:). These data point to a site on the heights west of 2279:

4:10 or the anonymous title "The King of Assyria" in

2243:

although it is possible that it was derived from the

4250: 4248: 4013:(4th ed.). Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 31–36. 3756:, Catholic University of America Press, 2012, p. 95 3435:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. 19 April 2021. 3226:. Barker later expanded the scene into a short play 2701:

7:3 – Cyalon or Cynamon, also facing Esdraelon. The

2396:

Bethulia with Shechem is thus beyond all question".

2312:

Gabriele Boccaccini, identified Nebuchadnezzar with

2263:

argues the possibility that the book of Judith is a

1188: 1173: 5053: 3628:

A Different Light: The Hanukkah Book of Celebration

3615:

Hanukkah: The Family Guide to Spiritual Celebration

3538: 5000:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 109. 2890:Bartholomaei Tortoletti Iuditha uindex e uindicata 2878:also wrote an epic on Judith's story in 1501, the 2356:reconquered those territories. Thus, the presumed 2295:The identity of Nebuchadnezzar was unknown to the 2077:Identification of Nebuchadnezzar with Ashurbanipal 5182:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4749:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4663:A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith 4245: 4049: 4008: 7152: 5244:Bibledex - A video about every book in the Bible 5098: 4914:, updated 24 June 2004, accessed 12 October 2022 4885:https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/shalem.html 4592:"Douay-Rheims Bible, Book of Judith - Chapter 1" 4277: 3514:The Catholic Study Bible: The New American Bible 3137:. Operatic treatments exist by Russian composer 2484:1:5 – the territory of Ragae, possible Rages or 1686:C. Judith and her maid leave Bethulia (10:9–10) 4084:, pp. 125–126 (Sheffield Academic Press 1996), 3918:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, p. 29, 2519:. However, Calmet identified this river as the 1778:before hammering a tent-peg into his forehead. 1339:does not contain it; it is not found among the 4645: 4643: 1366:variant of the Judith story to be read on the 6153: 5870: 5334: 5209:The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women 2764:chastity, have endeared her to Christianity. 2411:, and commanding narrow passes to the south ( 2135:(governed by Šamaš-šuma-ukin), including the 1632:B. Israel is "greatly terrified" (2:14–3:10) 1021: 30:"Judith" redirects here. For other uses, see 5092: 4950:ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE – CYAMON (JOKNEAM) 3968: 3773:, c. 350 AD, translated by Edward H. Gifford 3542:(2010). Kevin R. Brine; et al. (eds.). 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 2907: 2758: 1645:E. Achior is expelled by Assyrians (6:10–13) 1555:Judith is also referred to in chapter 28 of 1158: 5147:. Vol. II E to K. New York: Macmillan. 5138: 5089:. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2015-08-06. 4873: 4640: 4417: 4218:1899 American Edition, based on the Vulgate 4151:"Judith Cutting Off the Head of Holofernes" 3857: 3855: 2768:rich fodder for artists of various genres. 2507:). Hydaspes is also the Greek name for the 1689:D. Judith beheads Holofernes (10:11–13:10a) 1501:declared it part of the canon. In Jerome's 1314:Development of the Christian biblical canon 6160: 6146: 5877: 5863: 5341: 5327: 4995: 4722: 3956:"Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I–III" 3861: 3489: 3209:in 1919 tried his hand at dramaturgy with 2459:Place names specific to the Book of Judith 1904:in his resistance against Cheleud and the 1653:D'. Achior talks with the people (6:16–21) 1642:D. Holofernes talks with Achior (5:1–6.9) 1227:identifies the real name of "Bethulia" as 1028: 1014: 4290:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), 4034:Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc. 3788:, c. 385 AD, Translated by Frank Williams 3737:Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (Jerome), 3521: 3516:, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 222, 1932:on hearing what Judith has accomplished. 1663:B'. Israel is "greatly terrified" (7:4–5) 1264:, rather than Greek. When Jerome did his 1152:from total destruction. The name Judith ( 5160:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 4761:"Catholic Encyclopedia - Book of Judith" 4739:Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1907). " 3852: 3828:Letter to Exsuperius, bishop of Toulouse 3740:Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings 3668:, Vol. VII, p. 524 (Mesorah Pubs. 2008) 3626:Noam Zion & Barbara Spectre (eds.). 3596:, pp. 73–74 (T&T Clark Int'l 2003); 3573: 3571: 3012: 3004:included Judith with a place setting in 2917: 2862:In 16th-century France, writers such as 2610:, depending on the manuscript. Possibly 1975: 1971: 1881: 1696: 1680: 1614: 1074: 1058: 1039: 36: 4738: 4514:"Ashurbanipal, Encyclopedia Britannica" 3512:Senior, Donald & Collins, John J., 3455: 3417:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Book of Judith" 3030: 2675:. As such, historian and archaeologist 2367: 1808:", she personified the Church and many 1658:C'. Holofernes prepares for war (7:1–3) 14: 7153: 6167: 4653:, p. 81 (Univ. of Chicago Press 1909). 4423: 4324:"Judith and Esther - Catholic Answers" 4229:Summa Theologiae by St. Thomas Aquinas 3929: 3362:"Jewish Encyclopedia - Book of Judith" 2431:, "which lies over against Esdrelon" ( 1952:, governor of Bethulia; together with 1723:A'. Conclusion about Judith (16.1–25) 6141: 5858: 5322: 5029:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 4058:(in Italian) – via Santi Beati. 3594:The Book of Esther in Modern Research 3577:Flint, Peter & VanderKam, James, 3568: 3388: 2714:Charles William Meredith van de Velde 2618:, both of which are mentioned in the 2336:rededicated, which is the case after 2223:), called "Arioch", is referenced in 1592: 1378:appears to have viewed Judith as the 1238: 5884: 5166: 5058:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4698:, p. 41 (T&T Clark Int'l 2006), 3874:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3301: 2694:writes the name of this location as 2663:opposite the plain near Dothan. The 2572:writes the name of this location as 2102:4:3 might have been that under king 1243: 7092:Other books referenced in the Bible 7051:New Testament manuscript categories 5943:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 4815:: Judith 1, accessed 8 October 2022 4710:for the reign of Salome Alexandra." 4338:"Babylon, Ishtar Gate - Livius.org" 3260::3 prescribes that "An Ammonite or 2640:4:6 and several later references – 1754:literary work from the days of the 1362:, it became customary for a Hebrew 1159: 1157: 1144:general who has besieged her city, 1045:Judith with the Head of Holophernes 43:Judith with the Head of Holophernes 24: 6622:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 5640:Judith with the Head of Holofernes 5610:Judith with the Head of Holofernes 5348: 5132: 4676:The New Complete Works of Josephus 4651:Artaxerxes III Ochus and His Reign 4110:New American Bible Revised Edition 2364:united against the common menace. 1963: 1862: 1728:New American Bible Revised Edition 1675:A. Introduction of Judith (8:1–8) 1565:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 1438:(3rd century), do not include it. 1405: 1295:, and place the events during the 1148:. With this act, she saves nearby 27:Deuterocanonical (apocryphal) book 25: 7207: 7186:Biblical women in ancient warfare 5752:Judith and the Head of Holofernes 5187: 4859:https://bibleatlas.org/ibleam.htm 4743:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4259:Judith 12: Notes & Commentary 3973:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 75. 3862:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 3550:. Open Book Publishers. pp. 3097:, as did the Portuguese composer 3023:Judith and the Head of Holofernes 2750:. Bebai could be identified with 1733: 5386: 5258: 5176:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5152:Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). 5116: 5107: 5080: 5047: 5021:Robin, Larsen and Levin (2007). 5014: 4989: 4977: 4966: 4955: 4943: 4932: 4917: 4904: 4728: 4272:Judith 8: Notes & Commentary 4123:Brenton's Septuagint Translation 4050:Gianfranco Ravasi (2009-02-05). 3770:Catechetical Lectures, iv. 33–37 3085:have composed a cantate Judith. 2788:(their epics appear both in the 2771: 1386:, the heroine of the holiday of 61: 7107:Biblical and Quranic narratives 6056:Additions to the Book of Esther 5744:Judith at the Gates of Bethulia 5493:Judith: A Parting from the Body 4889: 4878: 4863: 4852: 4841: 4830: 4818: 4802: 4791: 4780: 4767: 4753: 4713: 4688: 4668: 4656: 4626: 4612: 4598: 4584: 4573: 4559: 4550: 4534: 4520: 4506: 4480: 4471: 4458: 4444: 4430:. Westminster John Knox Press. 4424:Bright, John (10 August 2017). 4400: 4386: 4372: 4358: 4344: 4330: 4316: 4304: 4264: 4234: 4221: 4205: 4194: 4178: 4161: 4143: 4127: 4115: 4095: 4074: 4062: 4043: 4027: 4009:Michael D. Coogan, ed. (2010). 3962: 3948: 3923: 3908: 3893: 3879: 3834: 3819: 3805: 3791: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3731: 3713: 3699: 3685: 3671: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3620: 3607: 3586: 3506: 3483: 3267: 3240: 1800:In the Christian West from the 1575: 1394:quoted several passages from a 4069:The New Oxford Annotated Bible 3903:, Baker Academic, 2005, p. 98 3655:Zion & Spectre, at p. 241. 3449: 3423: 3409: 3382: 3376:"Prologue to Judith by Jerome" 3368: 3337: 3320: 3295: 3079:Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre 1126:excluded from the Hebrew canon 13: 1: 6127:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 5196:Full text (also available in 3934:. Brill Archive. p. 49. 3930:Enslin, Morton Scott (1972). 3743:, translated by Philip Schaff 3630:. Devora Publishing. p. 241. 3617:. Jewish Lights Publishing. . 3613:Joel Lurie Grishaver (2001). 3288: 3075:Judith sive Bethulia liberata 2922:Judith Slaying Holofernes by 2542:as being "at the foot of the 1828:(the opposite of Holofernes' 1789:on Shechem after the rape of 1706:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 1322: 1307: 5461:(Ælfric of Eynsham, c. 1000) 5054:Stocker, Margarita. (1998). 4996:Greenblatt, Stephen (2012). 4900:New Revised Standard Version 3490:Greenspoon, Leonard (2010). 3099:Francisco António de Almeida 3020:'s explicit 1901 version of 2892:, 1628). The Catholic tract 2795:At the same time she is the 7: 5648:Judith Beheading Holofernes 5424:Judith beheading Holofernes 5266:public domain audiobook at 4292:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3133:, in 1925 to a libretto by 3121:(KV 118), to a libretto by 3091:wrote an oratorio in 1693, 2914:Judith beheading Holofernes 2884:. Italian poet and scholar 2587:mentioned in Genesis 14:15. 2251:, who wrote in Greek that " 2240:Haydock Biblical Commentary 1742:, such as Biblical scholar 1570: 1430:(1st/2nd century), that of 1189: 1174: 1069:Judith Beheading Holofernes 10: 7212: 7087:English Bible translations 6475:Song of the Three Children 5675:Judith and Her Maidservant 5651:(Caravaggio, c. 1598–1599) 5452:(Old English, c. 975–1025) 4952:, accessed 13 October 2022 4910:Encyclopaedia Britannica, 4620:"Ptolemy's Canon - Livius" 4274:, accessed 16 October 2022 4261:, accessed 31 October 2022 4040:, accessed 2 November 2022 4038:Footnote a at Judith 13:12 3726:, Brill, 2012, pp. 25–26, 3693:"On Monogamy - Tertullian" 3035:The famous 40-voice motet 2911: 2782:Old English poetic version 2690:7:3 - Belbaim. The Syriac 2594:. The Septuagint calls it 2583:4:4 – Choba. Probably the 2568:4:4 – Belmain. The Syriac 2371: 2188:Charles François Houbigant 1938:, or Vagao (Vulgate), the 1702:Judith Returns to Bethulia 1639:prepares for war (4:1–15) 1542:Synod of Jerusalem in 1672 1311: 29: 7125: 7069: 6987: 6941: 6839: 6684: 6647: 6612: 6583: 6545: 6490: 6397: 6381: 6179: 6074: 6010: 5971: 5892: 5839:American Standard Version 5811: 5785: 5762: 5655:Judith Slaying Holofernes 5602: 5538: 5503: 5468: 5439: 5432: 5416: 5395: 5384: 5365: 5356: 5307: 5297:R.Catholic & Orthodox 5294: 5286: 5275: 5155:"The Heroic Judith" 5099:Eric. R. Kandel. (2012). 4813:Haydock Commentary Online 4440:– via Google Books. 3395:. Yale University Press. 2908:In painting and sculpture 2759:Later artistic renditions 2703:Encyclopedia of the Bible 2627:Shalem, a city of Shechem 2176:Giovanni Stefano Menochio 2147:Cambridge Ancient History 1874:, and widow of a certain 1469:of the Church, including 520: 510: 500: 477: 467: 457: 447: 437: 406: 396: 386: 263: 253: 243: 218: 208: 198: 188: 142: 132: 122: 112: 102: 5252:University of Nottingham 5123:Arnold Bennett: "Judith" 4777:. Accessed 28 June 2019. 3469:. Open Book Publishers. 3389:Moore, Carey A. (1985). 3306:. Open Book Publishers. 3273:Haydock also notes that 3233: 3071:Marc-Antoine Charpentier 2978:Jan Sanders van Hemessen 2687:(Dothian in the Vulgate) 2665:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2527:made this exact mistake. 2316:(140–56 BC), a powerful 2217:Battle of the Ulai River 6949:Intertestamental period 5229:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4874:Cheyne & Black 1901 4492:Encyclopædia Britannica 3782:Epiphanius of Salamis, 3592:Sidnie White Crawford, 3302:Khan, Geoffrey (2020). 3147:, by Austrian composer 3107:was written in 1716 by 2958:Lucas Cranach the Elder 2784:is found together with 2469:Antoine Augustin Calmet 2417:Judith 6:11; 7:3, 7, 12 2212:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 2156:Antoine Augustin Calmet 2142:Encyclopædia Britannica 1213:, or perhaps the first 32:Judith (disambiguation) 7166:Deuterocanonical books 6933:Apocalyptic literature 6570:Paralipomena of Baruch 5798:Deuterocanonical books 5531:(Italian-French, 1959) 5213:Jewish Women's Archive 5173:"Book of Judith" 4155:The Walters Art Museum 3865:"Book of Judith" 3720:Gallagher, Edmon Louis 3326:See, for example, the 3256:, where he notes that 3181: 3129:composed an oratorio, 3067:Jacob Pavlovitch Adler 3027: 2926: 2651:4:6 – Betomesthaim or 2538:that was described by 2059:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 2006:high priests of Israel 1988: 1887: 1708: 1620: 1293:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 1091: 1080:Judith and Holophernes 1072: 1056: 980:Paralipomena of Baruch 55: 7097:Additional Scriptures 7061:New Testament uncials 5953:Apocalypse of Abraham 5844:World English Version 5771:Judith and Holofernes 5736:Judith and Holofernes 5728:Judith and Holofernes 5520:Judith and Holofernes 5496:(Howard Barker, 1992) 5179:Catholic Encyclopedia 5145:Encyclopaedia Biblica 4746:Catholic Encyclopedia 4649:Noah Calvin Hirschy, 4546:. Pierre Emery. 1712. 3899:Vanhoozer, Kevin J., 3871:Catholic Encyclopedia 3330:Catholic Encyclopedia 3189:Thomas Bailey Aldrich 3176: 3083:Sébastien de Brossard 3016: 2974:Artemisia Gentileschi 2924:Artemisia Gentileschi 2921: 2894:A Treatise of Schisme 2886:Bartolomeo Tortoletti 2868:Gabrielle de Coignard 2742:. In this verse, the 2677:Charles Cutler Torrey 2525:Quintus Curtius Rufus 2413:Judith 4:6–7; 6:11–13 2401:Catholic Encyclopedia 2372:Further information: 2200:Bernard de Montfaucon 2124:High Priest of Israel 1979: 1972:Historicity of Judith 1885: 1700: 1618: 1456:Epiphanius of Salamis 1424:Clement of Alexandria 1102:book included in the 1078: 1062: 1043: 40: 7171:Ancient Hebrew texts 7082:Bible version debate 7056:New Testament papyri 7002:Samaritan Pentateuch 6627:Testament of Abraham 6565:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 5948:Testament of Abraham 5908:Life of Adam and Eve 5774:(Donatello, c. 1457) 5218:Toy, Crawford Howell 5211:31 December 1999 at 4827:: King James Version 3767:Cyril of Jerusalem, 3752:Hartmann, Wilfried, 3664:R. Nosson Scherman, 3089:Alessandro Scarlatti 3041:by English composer 3031:In music and theatre 2368:Location of Bethulia 2301:Artaxerxes III Ochus 2122:4:6 claims that the 2112:Babylonian captivity 1994:Second Temple period 1561:considered canonical 1392:Nachmanides (Ramban) 1356:Caliphate of Córdoba 975:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 7024:Muratorian fragment 6959:New Testament canon 6954:Old Testament canon 6847:Chapters and verses 6465:Additions to Daniel 6431:Additions to Esther 6061:Additions to Daniel 5987:Ascension of Isaiah 5958:Assumption of Moses 5433:Portrayals in media 4928:World English Bible 4719:See Clanton, p. 41. 4516:. 13 February 2024. 4427:A History of Israel 3540:Deborah Levine Gera 3118:La Betulia Liberata 2864:Guillaume Du Bartas 2853:Lucrezia Tornabuoni 2849:Italian Renaissance 2797:subject of a homily 2683:4:6 – A plain near 2393:Jewish Encyclopedia 2087:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1756:Seleucid oppression 1671:Part II (8:1–16:25) 1434:(2nd century), and 1224:Jewish Encyclopedia 901:Additions to Daniel 867:Additions to Esther 6637:Testament of Jacob 6632:Testament of Isaac 6517:Prayer of Manasseh 6480:Bel and the Dragon 6460:Letter of Jeremiah 6117:Letter of Aristeas 6066:Prayer of Manasseh 5982:Letter of Jeremiah 5963:Joseph and Aseneth 5913:Testament of Qahat 5903:Genesis Apocryphon 5834:King James Version 5824:Vulgata Clementina 5793:Biblical apocrypha 5579:(Serov, 1861–1863) 5563:(Metastasio, 1734) 5552:Juditha triumphans 5512:Judith of Bethulia 5302:Books of the Bible 5222:Torrey, Charles C. 5194:The Book of Judith 5101:The Age of Insight 4912:Plain of Esdraelon 4674:Flavius Josephus, 4297:2017-11-22 at the 4167:See footnote a at 4056:Famiglia Cristiana 4054:[Judith]. 3432:Septuagint: Judith 3198:Judith of Bethulia 3193:Judith of Bethulia 3104:Juditha triumphans 3028: 2927: 2834:in Paris (1240s). 2816:Heinrich Frauenlob 2744:Codex Alexandrinus 2429:Kyamon, or Chelmon 2320:who, according to 2314:Tigranes the Great 2247:by the astronomer 2236:Douay Rheims Bible 2196:Pierre Daniel Huet 2168:Thomas Worthington 2164:George Leo Haydock 2055:Tigranes the Great 1989: 1888: 1748:historical fiction 1738:Most contemporary 1709: 1704:, 1860 woodcut by 1621: 1593:Literary structure 1503:Prologue to Judith 1495:Hilary of Poitiers 1491:Bede the Venerable 1452:Cyril of Jerusalem 1297:Hellenistic period 1239:Historical context 1092: 1073: 1057: 927:Prayer of Manasseh 896:Letter of Jeremiah 56: 7176:Historical novels 7148: 7147: 7117:Textual criticism 6680: 6679: 6604:Psalms of Solomon 6547:Orthodox Tewahedo 6135: 6134: 6122:Sibylline Oracles 6026:Psalms of Solomon 5893:Apocrypha in the 5852: 5851: 5781: 5780: 5739:(Goya, 1819–1823) 5643:(Titian, c. 1570) 5635:(Giorgione, 1504) 5488:(Giraudoux, 1931) 5317: 5316: 5308:Succeeded by 5304: 5298: 5205:Judith: Apocrypha 5007:978-0-393-91247-0 4020:978-0-19-528961-9 3825:Pope Innocent I, 3476:978-1-906924-15-7 3461:Henrike Lähnemann 3224:The Possibilities 3185:Abraham Goldfaden 3149:Emil von Reznicek 3123:Pietro Metastasio 3115:composed in 1771 2946:Sandro Botticelli 2551:Caesarea Philippi 2495:1:6 – the rivers 2477:Franz Karl Movers 2344:and defeated the 2204:Fulcran Vigouroux 2192:Nicolaus Serarius 2184:Robert Bellarmine 2172:Richard Challoner 1998:Damascus Document 1926:history of Israel 1744:Gianfranco Ravasi 1624:Part I (1:1–7:23) 1475:Basil of Caesarea 1461:Many influential 1345:Hasmonean dynasty 1244:Original language 1211:theological novel 1185: 1170: 1038: 1037: 998: 997: 992: 991: 956:Orthodox Tewahedo 882:Wisdom of Solomon 834: 833: 540: 539: 534: 533: 530: 529: 487: 486: 416: 415: 352: 351: 273: 272: 228: 227: 152: 151: 48:Cristofano Allori 16:(Redirected from 7203: 7191:Historical books 7181:Jewish apocrypha 6997:Dead Sea Scrolls 6979:Dating the Bible 6857:Historical books 6494:Eastern Orthodox 6407:Eastern Orthodox 6395: 6394: 6388: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6031:Testament of Job 5923:Book of Jubilees 5918:Visions of Amram 5886:Jewish apocrypha 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5829:Wycliffe Version 5731:(Boulogne, 1626) 5560:Betulia liberata 5528:Head of a Tyrant 5515:(American, 1914) 5437: 5436: 5390: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5300: 5296: 5287:Preceded by 5273: 5272: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5183: 5175: 5163: 5157: 5148: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5028: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4893: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4806: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4694:Dan W. Clanton, 4692: 4686: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4281: 4275: 4270:Haydock, G. L., 4268: 4262: 4252: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4182: 4176: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4099: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4006: 3985: 3984: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3927: 3921: 3914:Nigosian, S.A., 3912: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3785:Panarion viii. 6 3780: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3549: 3536: 3519: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3457:Schmitz, Barbara 3453: 3447: 3446: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3299: 3282: 3271: 3265: 3253:Summa Theologica 3244: 3166:Friedrich Hebbel 3007:The Dinner Party 2872:Anne de Marquets 2824:Geoffrey Chaucer 2544:Taurus Mountains 2473:Wilhelm Gesenius 2427:, and thence to 2330:Salome Alexandra 2249:Claudius Ptolemy 2137:Kingdom of Judah 2071:Darius the Great 2002:Flavius Josephus 1985:Girolamo Mocetto 1538:Council of Trent 1432:Melito of Sardis 1412:early Christians 1341:Dead Sea Scrolls 1254:Semitic language 1215:historical novel 1192: 1180: 1177: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1136:. It tells of a 1128:and assigned by 1112:Eastern Orthodox 1100:deuterocanonical 1030: 1023: 1016: 851: 850: 847: 845:Deuterocanonical 721: 720: 717: 673: 609: 565: 556: 555: 550: 498: 497: 435: 434: 428: 384: 383: 375: 374: 370: 366: 241: 240: 186: 185: 175: 174: 170: 166: 100: 99: 95: 91: 81: 80: 75: 65: 58: 57: 52:Royal Collection 21: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7121: 7065: 6983: 6974:Christian canon 6937: 6872:Prophetic books 6835: 6766:2 Thessalonians 6761:1 Thessalonians 6676: 6643: 6608: 6579: 6541: 6500: 6486: 6414: 6386: 6385: 6377: 6188: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6136: 6131: 6075:Other apocrypha 6070: 6006: 5967: 5888: 5883: 5853: 5848: 5807: 5777: 5758: 5747:(Ziegler, 1847) 5598: 5587:(Matthus, 1985) 5555:(Vivaldi, 1716) 5534: 5523:(Italian, 1929) 5499: 5464: 5428: 5412: 5391: 5382: 5361: 5352: 5347: 5313: 5299: 5292: 5259: 5236:O'Loughlin, Tom 5225:JUDITH, BOOK OF 5190: 5135: 5133:Further reading 5130: 5129: 5125:, Gutenberg Ed. 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5066: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4693: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4413:J. Duffy. 1865. 4406: 4405: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4299:Wayback Machine 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4191:in the Vulgate) 4183: 4179: 4173:Jerusalem Bible 4166: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4140:in the Vulgate) 4132: 4128: 4121:Judith 8:10 in 4120: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4048: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4007: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3928: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3860: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3781: 3777: 3766: 3762: 3751: 3747: 3736: 3732: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3591: 3587: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3537: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3272: 3268: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3139:Alexander Serov 3127:Arthur Honegger 3109:Antonio Vivaldi 3051:Antonio Vivaldi 3033: 2990:Francesco Cairo 2950:Andrea Mantegna 2916: 2910: 2832:Sainte-Chapelle 2778:Hrabanus Maurus 2774: 2761: 2748:Codex Vaticanus 2461: 2376: 2370: 2318:King of Armenia 2309: 2293: 2180:Sixtus of Siena 2129:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 2108:2 Chronicles 33 2079: 2010:Darius the Mede 1974: 1966: 1964:Judith's prayer 1865: 1863:Main characters 1736: 1595: 1578: 1573: 1499:Pope Innocent I 1483:John Chrysostom 1416:Clement of Rome 1408: 1406:In Christianity 1382:counterpart to 1325: 1320: 1310: 1246: 1241: 1090:, Vatican City) 1053:Alte Pinakothek 1034: 994: 993: 848: 843: 836: 835: 718: 713: 706: 705: 704: 674: 669: 662: 661: 660: 610: 605: 598: 597: 596: 566: 561: 548: 536: 535: 426: 372: 368: 362: 354: 353: 348: 172: 168: 162: 154: 153: 97: 93: 87: 73: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Book of Judith 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7112:Synod of Hippo 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7046:Masoretic Text 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6882:Minor prophets 6879: 6877:Major prophets 6869: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6655:Pseudepigrapha 6651: 6649: 6648:Classification 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6594:Psalms 152–155 6590: 6588: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6462: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:1–2 Chronicles 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6087:Book of Judith 6084: 6082:Book of Sirach 6078: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6051:Psalms 152–155 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Book of Wisdom 6017: 6015: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701:, c. 1645–1650 5696: 5695:, c. 1640–1645 5690: 5689:, c. 1623–1625 5684: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625:, c. 1495/1500 5619: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5480:(Hebbel, 1840) 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5378:Nebuchadnezzar 5375: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5359:Book of Judith 5357: 5354: 5353: 5350:Book of Judith 5346: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5271: 5270: 5264:Book of Judith 5256: 5232: 5215: 5201: 5189: 5188:External links 5186: 5185: 5184: 5164: 5149: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5115: 5106: 5091: 5087:Place Settings 5079: 5064: 5046: 5040:978-1851097777 5039: 5013: 5006: 4988: 4976: 4965: 4954: 4942: 4931: 4916: 4903: 4888: 4877: 4862: 4851: 4840: 4829: 4817: 4809:Haydock, G. L. 4801: 4790: 4779: 4766: 4752: 4721: 4712: 4687: 4667: 4655: 4639: 4625: 4611: 4597: 4583: 4572: 4558: 4549: 4533: 4519: 4505: 4488:"Ashurbanipal" 4479: 4470: 4457: 4443: 4436: 4416: 4399: 4385: 4371: 4357: 4343: 4329: 4315: 4303: 4276: 4263: 4255:Haydock, G. L. 4244: 4233: 4220: 4204: 4193: 4177: 4160: 4142: 4126: 4114: 4094: 4073: 4061: 4042: 4026: 4019: 3986: 3980:978-3110279948 3979: 3961: 3947: 3941:978-9004035959 3940: 3922: 3907: 3892: 3878: 3851: 3833: 3818: 3804: 3790: 3775: 3760: 3745: 3730: 3712: 3698: 3684: 3670: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3619: 3606: 3585: 3567: 3561:978-1906924157 3560: 3520: 3505: 3496:Hebrew Studies 3482: 3475: 3448: 3441: 3422: 3408: 3401: 3381: 3367: 3350: 3336: 3319: 3313:978-1783746767 3312: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3266: 3258:Deuteronomy 23 3248:Thomas Aquinas 3238: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3207:Arnold Bennett 3203:D. W. Griffith 3073:has composed, 3032: 3029: 2998:Sistine Chapel 2986:Francisco Goya 2982:Trophime Bigot 2931:Power of Women 2912:Main article: 2909: 2906: 2902:William Carter 2898:Gregory Martin 2773: 2770: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2738:, or possibly 2732: 2721: 2710: 2699: 2688: 2681: 2649: 2638: 2623: 2620:book of Joshua 2588: 2581: 2566: 2547: 2528: 2493: 2460: 2457: 2369: 2366: 2338:Judas Maccabee 2308: 2305: 2297:Church Fathers 2292: 2289: 2245:Canon of Kings 2078: 2075: 2051:Artaxerxes III 2022:Book of Esther 2014:Book of Daniel 1996:, such as the 1973: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1912:Nebuchadnezzar 1864: 1861: 1735: 1734:Literary genre 1732: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1594: 1591: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1507:Nicene Council 1428:Bryennios List 1407: 1404: 1376:medieval Jewry 1333:Masoretic Text 1324: 1321: 1309: 1306: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1096:Book of Judith 1088:Sistine Chapel 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 959: 958: 952: 951: 950: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 911: 910: 906: 905: 904: 903: 898: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 849: 842: 841: 838: 837: 832: 831: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 766: 765: 763:Minor prophets 759: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 728: 727: 725:Major prophets 719: 712: 711: 708: 707: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 676: 675: 668: 667: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 641:1–2 Chronicles 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 612: 611: 604: 603: 600: 599: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 568: 567: 560: 559: 552: 551: 549:(Christianity) 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 526:Divre Hayyamim 524: 518: 517: 514: 508: 507: 504: 494: 493: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 475: 474: 471: 465: 464: 461: 455: 454: 451: 445: 444: 441: 431: 430: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 390: 380: 379: 373: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 261: 260: 257: 251: 250: 247: 237: 236: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 182: 181: 173: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 149: 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 106: 98: 85: 84: 77: 76: 67: 66: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7208: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729:2 Corinthians 6727: 6725: 6724:1 Corinthians 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6686:New Testament 6683: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:New Testament 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6575:Broader canon 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Song of Songs 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186:Old Testament 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Book of Tobit 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6011:Apocrypha in 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5972:Apocrypha in 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755:(Klimt, 1901) 5754: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679:Gentileschi, 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659:Gentileschi, 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:Craven, Toni 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5119: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5065:0-300-07365-8 5061: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4735:public domain 4725: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4704:0-567-02991-3 4701: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684:0-8254-2924-2 4681: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4576: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4437:9780664220686 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4311:Judith 9:1–19 4307: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4227:Aquinas, T., 4224: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4090:1-85075-566-3 4087: 4083: 4080:Ida Frolich, 4077: 4070: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3636:1-930143-31-1 3633: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3502:(1): 392–394. 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3442:9781990289064 3438: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3402:9780300139952 3398: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:Howard Barker 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3081:(EJG.30) and 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:Thomas Tallis 3040: 3039: 3038:Spem in alium 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966:Horace Vernet 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944:, as well as 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2876:Marko Marulić 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772:In literature 2769: 2765: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635:Jordan Valley 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521:Karkheh River 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2449:Sheikh Zuweid 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:John Hyrcanus 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Saosdouchinos 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906:king of Media 1903: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Mulier sancta 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1546:Martin Luther 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1168: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Old Testament 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 986: 985:Broader canon 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 961: 960: 957: 954: 953: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 913: 912: 909:Orthodox only 908: 907: 902: 899: 897: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 846: 840: 839: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 764: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 729: 726: 723: 722: 716: 710: 709: 701: 700:Song of Songs 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 672: 666: 665: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 608: 602: 601: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 564: 558: 557: 554: 553: 547: 546:Old Testament 544: 543: 525: 523: 519: 515: 513: 512:Ezra–Nehemiah 509: 505: 503: 499: 496: 495: 491: 490: 482: 480: 476: 472: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 450: 446: 443:Shir Hashirim 442: 440: 439:Song of Songs 436: 433: 432: 429: 425: 420: 419: 411: 409: 405: 401: 399: 395: 391: 389: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 371: 365: 358: 357: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 284: 283: 280: 277: 276: 268: 266: 262: 258: 256: 252: 248: 246: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 231: 223: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 176: 171: 165: 158: 157: 147: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 127: 125: 121: 117: 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 96: 94:(Instruction) 90: 83: 82: 79: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 44: 39: 33: 19: 7196:Ashurbanipal 7035:Vetus Latina 7033: 7016: 6969:Jewish canon 6964:Antilegomena 6866:Poetic Books 6862:Wisdom books 6840:Subdivisions 6753: 6458: / 6425: 6383:Deuterocanon 6303:Lamentations 6283:Ecclesiastes 6190:(protocanon) 6181:Hebrew Bible 6086: 5769: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5706: 5674: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5609: 5591: 5582: 5574: 5571:(Arne, 1761) 5566: 5558: 5550: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5456: 5447: 5358: 5349: 5295: 5277:Deuterocanon 5243: 5228: 5208: 5177: 5162:. B. Herder. 5159: 5144: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5094: 5082: 5055: 5049: 5024: 5016: 4997: 4991: 4979: 4968: 4957: 4945: 4934: 4919: 4906: 4891: 4880: 4865: 4854: 4843: 4832: 4820: 4804: 4793: 4782: 4769: 4755: 4744: 4724: 4715: 4695: 4690: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4628: 4614: 4600: 4586: 4575: 4561: 4552: 4542: 4536: 4522: 4508: 4496:. Retrieved 4491: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4446: 4426: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4388: 4374: 4360: 4346: 4332: 4318: 4306: 4287: 4279: 4266: 4241:Judith 12:10 4236: 4223: 4216:Douay-Rheims 4207: 4201:Judith 14:10 4196: 4180: 4163: 4145: 4138:Judith 16:28 4134:Judith 16:23 4129: 4117: 4097: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4045: 4029: 4010: 3970: 3964: 3950: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3910: 3900: 3895: 3881: 3869: 3846:www.ccel.org 3845: 3836: 3826: 3821: 3807: 3793: 3783: 3778: 3768: 3763: 3753: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3723: 3715: 3701: 3687: 3673: 3665: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3593: 3588: 3578: 3545: 3513: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3465: 3451: 3431: 3425: 3411: 3391: 3384: 3370: 3339: 3329: 3322: 3303: 3297: 3278: 3269: 3251: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3215:Moshe Shamir 3210: 3201:by director 3196: 3192: 3182: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3130: 3116: 3102: 3092: 3087: 3074: 3059:Hubert Parry 3055:W. A. Mozart 3036: 3034: 3021: 3005: 3002:Judy Chicago 2994:Hermann-Paul 2970:Gustav Klimt 2933: 2928: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2861: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2809: 2794: 2790:Nowell Codex 2775: 2766: 2762: 2702: 2696:Abel-meholah 2656: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2574:Abel-meholah 2509:Jhelum River 2462: 2441: 2398: 2377: 2334: 2310: 2294: 2281:2 Chronicles 2273:2 Chronicles 2265:roman à clef 2255:" followed " 2233: 2224: 2152: 2140: 2119: 2115: 2099: 2083:Ashurbanipal 2080: 2047:Ashurbanipal 1990: 1967: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1890: 1889: 1867: 1866: 1805: 1799: 1780: 1760: 1737: 1725: 1722: 1701: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1607: 1596: 1579: 1576:Plot summary 1554: 1519: 1502: 1460: 1409: 1384:Queen Esther 1372: 1349: 1337:Hebrew Bible 1326: 1318:Jewish canon 1286: 1278: 1247: 1223: 1203:anachronisms 1200: 1187: 1172: 1095: 1093: 1084:Michelangelo 1079: 1068: 1044: 1004:Bible portal 894: / 861: 744:Lamentations 695:Ecclesiastes 469:Ecclesiastes 459:Lamentations 423: 363: 163: 88: 41: 7140:WikiProject 7018:Diatessaron 6989:Manuscripts 6942:Development 6744:Philippians 6614:Beta Israel 6532:4 Maccabees 6527:3 Maccabees 6441:2 Maccabees 6436:1 Maccabees 6218:Deuteronomy 6112:4 Maccabees 6107:3 Maccabees 6102:2 Maccabees 6097:1 Maccabees 5721:, 1620–1625 5715:, 1620–1622 5669:, 1620–1621 5663:, 1612–1613 5546:La Giuditta 5408:Betomasthem 5248:Brady Haran 4984:Judith 15:4 4825:Judith 2:21 4212:Judith 14:6 4112:include it. 3094:La Giuditta 2839:Renaissance 2801:Anglo-Saxon 2680:"watchman". 2653:Betomasthem 2565:manuscript. 2559:Baal-Hermon 2063:Cambyses II 2043:Cleitarchus 1930:circumcised 1599:sycophantic 1550:Anglicanism 1532:(397), and 1400:Deuteronomy 1352:crypto-Jews 1282:Middle Ages 1256:, probably 1130:Protestants 1049:Simon Vouet 942:4 Maccabees 937:3 Maccabees 877:2 Maccabees 872:1 Maccabees 592:Deuteronomy 144:Deuteronomy 7155:Categories 7077:Authorship 7007:Septuagint 6852:Pentateuch 6831:Revelation 6755:Laodiceans 6749:Colossians 6238:1–2 Samuel 5819:Septuagint 5623:Washington 5621:Mantegna, 5614:Mantegna, 5440:Literature 5373:Holofernes 5168:Pope, Hugh 4924:Judith 7:3 4896:Judith 4:6 4708:propaganda 4498:8 November 4464:Roy Gane, 4288:41. Judith 4284:Levine, A. 4189:Judith 5:9 4185:Judith 5:8 4169:Judith 3:8 4102:Judith 9:2 4052:"Giuditta" 3602:082646663X 3289:References 3153:Holofernes 3135:René Morax 2942:Caravaggio 2671:hills and 2646:gated city 2563:Trivandrum 2536:Cappadocia 2511:in modern 2444:Madaba Map 2433:Judith 7:3 2425:Judith 8:3 2261:Jimmy Akin 2257:Asaradinos 2026:2 Kings 19 1892:Holofernes 1795:Genesis 34 1752:propaganda 1583:Holofernes 1557:1 Meqabyan 1515:Jimmy Akin 1479:Tertullian 1448:Athanasius 1420:Tertullian 1414:, such as 1329:Septuagint 1323:In Judaism 1312:See also: 1308:Canonicity 1250:Septuagint 1233:Samaritans 1104:Septuagint 1064:Caravaggio 631:1–2 Samuel 607:Historical 563:Pentateuch 522:Chronicles 492:Historical 369:(Writings) 169:(Prophets) 6916:Johannine 6776:2 Timothy 6771:1 Timothy 6739:Ephesians 6734:Galatians 6522:Psalm 151 6390:apocrypha 6368:Zechariah 6358:Zephaniah 6243:1–2 Kings 6208:Leviticus 6046:Psalm 151 5763:Sculpture 5683:, c. 1615 5618:, c. 1495 5281:Apocrypha 4313:: Vulgate 3164:In 1840, 3101:in 1726; 3061:, and an 3047:oratorios 2954:Giorgione 2938:Donatello 2752:Abel-Maim 2729:Baal-meon 2661:Esdraelon 2612:Tel Hazor 2600:Arasousia 2497:Euphrates 2362:Pharisees 2346:Seleucids 2269:Asenappar 2208:Phraortes 2093:3347, or 2030:Herodotus 2020:from the 2018:Ahasuerus 2012:from the 1981:Engraving 1872:Simeonite 1841:Decadence 1822:Fortitude 1802:patristic 1683:(9:1–14) 1587:Assyrians 1559:, a book 1512:apologist 1471:Augustine 1410:Although 1380:Hasmonean 1364:midrashic 1301:Maccabees 1299:when the 1160:יְהוּדִית 1150:Jerusalem 1134:apocrypha 1115:Christian 1055:, Munich) 932:Psalm 151 822:Zechariah 812:Zephaniah 715:Prophetic 636:1–2 Kings 582:Leviticus 427:(Scrolls) 339:Zechariah 329:Zephaniah 269:Yekhezqel 259:Yirmeyahu 249:Yeshayahu 124:Leviticus 74:(Judaism) 54:, London) 7130:Category 7029:Peshitta 6926:Catholic 6921:Pastoral 6906:Epistles 6899:Synoptic 6786:Philemon 6599:2 Baruch 6586:Peshitta 6560:Jubilees 6512:2 Esdras 6507:1 Esdras 6402:Catholic 6353:Habakkuk 6298:Jeremiah 6278:Proverbs 6258:Nehemiah 6041:2 Esdras 6036:1 Esdras 6002:3 Baruch 5997:2 Baruch 5992:1 Baruch 5681:Florence 5667:Florence 5603:Painting 5594:(ballet) 5459:(homily) 5403:Bethulia 5268:LibriVox 5250:for the 5240:"Judith" 5170:(1910). 5074:37836745 4741:Bethulia 4301:, p. 638 4295:Archived 3831:, 405 AD 3277:'s poem 3168:'s play 3063:operetta 2844:exemplum 2692:Peshitta 2657:singular 2642:Bethulia 2616:En-hazor 2570:Peshitta 2555:Baal-gad 2517:Pakistan 2465:biblical 2409:Esdrelon 2374:Bethulia 2358:Sadducee 2322:Josephus 2238:and the 2221:Elamites 2104:Hezekiah 1922:Ammonite 1876:Manasseh 1826:Chastity 1814:Humility 1740:exegetes 1610:chiastic 1603:Bethulia 1571:Contents 1534:Florence 1530:Carthage 1396:Peshitta 1360:Hanukkah 1289:Seleucid 1219:Manasseh 1182:Tiberian 1146:Bethulia 1142:Assyrian 1108:Catholic 1106:and the 970:Jubilees 922:2 Esdras 917:1 Esdras 807:Habakkuk 739:Jeremiah 690:Proverbs 651:Nehemiah 506:Daniyyel 424:Megillot 398:Proverbs 392:Tehillim 324:Habakkuk 255:Jeremiah 224:Melakhim 204:Shofetim 194:Yehoshua 138:Bemidbar 108:Bereshit 50:, 1613 ( 7102:Studies 7070:Related 7041:Vulgate 6911:Pauline 6889:Gospels 6806:2 Peter 6801:1 Peter 6791:Hebrews 6694:Matthew 6584:Syriac 6470:Susanna 6373:Malachi 6333:Obadiah 6308:Ezekiel 6213:Numbers 6198:Genesis 6171:of the 6013:Ketuvim 5974:Nevi'im 5938:3 Enoch 5933:2 Enoch 5928:1 Enoch 5812:Sources 5786:Related 5711:Vouet, 5687:Detroit 5469:Theatre 5141:"Esora" 4926:in the 4870:"Esora" 4737:: 4569:. 1840. 4530:. 1925. 3463:(ed.). 3332:article 3262:Moabite 3250:in his 2799:by the 2786:Beowulf 2725:Vulgate 2718:Einabus 2707:Jokneam 2673:Samaria 2669:Galilee 2608:Assaron 2604:Aisoraa 2578:Belameh 2532:Nineveh 2505:Vulgate 2455:tribe. 2453:Bedouin 2421:Dothain 2405:Jezrael 2385:Jezreel 2381:Shechem 2350:Samaria 2342:Nicanor 2340:killed 2229:Teumman 2133:Chaldea 2095:Ante C. 2039:Ctesias 1902:Nineveh 1897:villain 1857:Goliath 1837:Tyranny 1818:Justice 1810:virtues 1764:Deborah 1750:, or a 1563:in the 1528:(393), 1524:(382), 1487:Ambrose 1467:doctors 1463:fathers 1444:Vulgate 1402:21:14. 1368:Shabbat 1335:of the 1269:Vulgate 1262:Aramaic 1229:Shechem 1207:parable 1190:Yŭhūḏīṯ 1175:Yəhūdīt 1132:to the 1120:of the 827:Malachi 787:Obadiah 749:Ezekiel 587:Numbers 572:Genesis 473:Qohelet 402:Mishlei 364:Ketuvim 344:Malachi 304:Obadiah 265:Ezekiel 214:Shemuel 164:Nevi'im 148:Devarim 134:Numbers 128:Wayiqra 104:Genesis 7135:Portal 7012:Targum 6821:3 John 6816:2 John 6811:1 John 6719:Romans 6672:Jewish 6497:Others 6456:Baruch 6451:Sirach 6446:Wisdom 6426:Judith 6411:Others 6363:Haggai 6313:Daniel 6293:Isaiah 6273:Psalms 6263:Esther 6228:Judges 6223:Joshua 6203:Exodus 5803:Salome 5719:Munich 5713:Vienna 5707:Judith 5699:Naples 5693:Cannes 5661:Naples 5632:Judith 5616:Dublin 5592:Judith 5584:Judith 5576:Judith 5568:Judith 5485:Judith 5477:Judith 5457:Judith 5450:(poem) 5448:Judith 5417:Events 5396:Places 5366:People 5311:Esther 5231:, 1906 5198:Arabic 5072: 5062: 5037: 5004: 4986:: NRSV 4702: 4682: 4494:. 2014 4434: 4106:tribal 4088: 4017: 3977: 3938: 3634: 3600: 3558: 3473: 3439: 3399: 3310: 3279:Amores 3228:Judith 3211:Judith 3171:Judith 3158:Judith 3155:, and 3144:Judith 3131:Judith 3113:Mozart 2962:Titian 2881:Judita 2822:, and 2812:Viking 2805:Ælfric 2803:abbot 2736:Keilah 2685:Dothan 2596:Aisora 2592:Aesora 2590:4:4 – 2540:Strabo 2501:Tigris 2488:, cf. 2486:Rhages 2391:. 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