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Not all students can afford to attend juku, but school and university test scores rise in direct proportion to spending on juku. The average fee is $ 160 a month for elementary school and $ 175 a month for junior high school, but the best ones are several times that amount. Japan spent $ 10.9 billion
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Juku also play a social role, and children in Japan say they like going to juku because they are able to make new friends. Many children ask to be sent because their friends attend. Some children seem to like juku because of the closer personal contact they have with their teachers and, for students
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In many ways, juku compensate for the formal education system's inability or unwillingness to address particular individual problems. "In a 2008 government survey, two-thirds of parents attributed the growing role of juku to shortcomings in public education," such as the abolition of
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on tutoring and cram schools in 1991 alone, including $ 9 billion on juku for students in the ninth grade or below "almost double the figure spent ." With poor students therefore at risk of falling behind, the social and
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Juku offer a more personalized service "and many encourage individual inquisitiveness when the public system treats everyone alike. 'The juku are succeeding in ways that the schools are not,' an OECD report says."
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165:) are private, fee-paying schools that offer supplementary classes often in preparation for key school and university entrance exams. The term is primarily used to characterize such schools in
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approach to education, at least in public schools through ninth grade, is why Japan's powerful teachers' union does not support the juku institution.
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While new media have been introduced into juku as instructional and delivery methods, traditional teaching is increasingly shifting to individual
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in crowded spaces like Tokyo in particular, the relief jukus can provide from small homes, family, television, Internet, and other distractions.
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attended after-class instruction, rising to nearly all university-bound high schoolers. The fees are around ¥260,000 ($ 3,300) annually.
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schooling (which therefore reduces the number of hours available to cover course material) and the reduction of curricular content (see
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Juku attendance rose from the 1970s through the mid-1980s; participation rates increased at every grade level throughout the
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at heart. Shares in five juku chains are traded publicly, and 25 others were as of 1992 ready to issue stock as well.
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To some observers, juku represent an attempt by parents to exercise a meaningful measure of choice in
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For some, "the schools are also seen as reinforcing a tradition of rote learning over ingenuity."
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Because of the commercial nature of most juku, some critics argue that they have
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Many other children, particularly younger children, attend nonacademic juku for
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Academic juku offer instruction in the five required subjects:
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As of 2011, almost one in five children in their first year of
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in Japan and the threat this decline poses to their industry.
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years. This phenomenon was a source of great concern to the
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There are two types of juku, academic and nonacademic.
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Academic juku can be roughly divided into categories.
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568:"How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram"
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612:Academic pressure in East Asian culture
527:"中央教育審議会初等中等教育分科会教育課程部会教育課程企画特別部会（第２回）"
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572:The New York Times
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606:Categories
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106:April 2012
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359:childhood
331:education
321:Criticism
284:(shodō),
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153:Japanese
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290:soroban
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