689:
199:
584:
438:
114:
655:
393:
20:
61:
of New Hope
Baptist Church, the first organized religious congregation for freed slaves in Waco. It was where Bledsoe reportedly sang his first concert at the age of 5. During his youth Bledsoe attended Central Texas Academy from 1905 to 1914. After graduating as valedictorian, he studied liberal arts and music at
662:
Jules
Bledsoe was gay, but during his lifetime his personal life and sexual orientation were not directly acknowledged or discussed in the newspapers and other media. Bledsoe's manager, Adriaan Frederik "Freddy" Huygens, a member of the rich and influential Huygens family of the Netherlands, was also
708:
When
Bledsoe died in July 1943, his aunt Naomi Cobb had his body brought to Waco, Texas for the funeral and burial. A spray of red roses from Huygens covered the casket. Heartbroken, Huygens decided to leave the Hollywood house he had shared with Bledsoe; he wrote to Naomi Cobb, “I cannot bear being
60:
in 1897 or 1898, the only child of Henry L. and Jessie Cobb
Bledsoe. When his parents separated in 1899, Julius went with his mother to live with the Cobb family. His grandmother, mother, and aunts taught him to sing and play the piano. His grandfather, Stephen Cobb, in 1866 was the founding pastor
678:
Bachelor hosts, I have noticed, often give the best parties. The one given by Mr. F. Huygens, who is Dutch, young, very rich and has a lovely house in
Lowndes-square, was one of the most successful. There was such a crowd that the late comers sat on the stairs to listen to Jules Bledsoe, the negro
598:
he published an essay titled "Has the Negro a Place in the
Theatre?" His conclusion is that "It is up to the few of us that have gotten past the sentinels at the gate, to fling the gates wide open for our successors." Bledsoe believed that Black artistic talent must be proven "by the excellence of
726:
are held in the
Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, which is one of the research centers of the New York Public Library. These papers consist of correspondence, contracts, musical compositions, legal documents, financial records,
717:
Bledsoe died in
Hollywood, California, on July 14, 1943 following a cerebral hemorrhage. At his funeral at New Hope Baptist Church in Waco, Texas, he was eulogized by J. J. Rhoades, the President of Bishop College, and A. J. Armstrong, the President of Baylor University. Bledsoe is buried in
206:
Bledsoe performed in many major operas and was in high demand due to his impressive vocal range and his ability to speak and sing in 8 languages: English, French, Italian, German, Russian, Spanish, Yiddish, and Dutch. In 1926 Bledsoe was a soloist at concerts in
104:
but reevaluated his goals after his mother died. He decided to pursue a career as a professional musician instead, and began voice study with Claude
Warford. Later he also studied under Lazar Samoiloff, Luigi Parisotti in Rome, and Mme. Bakkers in Paris.
508:, with Bledsoe starring in the title role. He got rave reviews, and returned to the United States intent on playing the role at home, even if it was Gruenberg's and not his own adaptation. But in the early 1930s nearly all American opera houses were
696:
In London, Bledsoe and
Huygens lived together at 21 Lowndes Square and 25 De Walden Street. In New York City, they lived together at 147 East 56th Street (in the parlor floor apartment) from 1934 to 1936. In March 1940, Bledsoe and Huygens moved to
536:). It was a history-making show, enthusiastically praised in both the white and Black press. In the winter of 1934, Bledsoe reprised the role with the Cosmopolitan Opera Company at the New York Hippodrome, to excellent reviews.
528:. His performance was praised in the white press and panned in the Black press. The role remained Tibbett's. Barred from singing at The Met because of his race, Bledsoe starred instead in an all-Black production of Gruenberg's
551:
in Amsterdam in 1937. He also wrote several other songs, including "Does I Luv You," "Poor Monah," "Grandmother's Melodies," "Beside a New-Made Grave," "The Farewell," "Good Old British Blue," and "Ode to America." He set
922:
907:
727:
programs, broadsides, and news clippings documenting Bledsoe's professional career, particularly in Europe. The Bledsoe-Miller Community Center, a recreation facility in Waco, is jointly named for Bledsoe and
2679:
121:
Opportunities for Black singers, especially Black male singers, were nearly non-existent on the concert or operatic stage in the early 1920s. Most of the few who found any success did so by traveling to
705:
record, the house was at 6930 Camrose Drive in Hollywood, rented by Adrian F. Huygens, age 40, of the Netherlands. Mr. Bledsoe is not listed. They later lived at 6642 Emmet Terrace in Hollywood.
145:
on Easter Sunday, April 20, 1924. Over the course of his career he traveled throughout the United States and Europe performing, acting, and writing. In 1927, when he was hired for the musical
418:
in the role of the Ethiopian king, Amonasro. It was a performance that crossed the color line for first time in American opera. In 1933, Bledsoe also sang the role of Amonasro with
1580:
701:
so that Bledsoe could pursue the next phase of his career in film. Their shared home is described in Clarence Rhambo’s self-published biography of Bledsoe. According to the
369:
revival of the show), is somewhat melodramatic in the manner of early twentieth-century acting. Bledsoe rolls all his Rs, as a baritone might when singing solos in an
722:, a city-owned cemetery in Waco, Texas. His papers, including sheet music, photographs, and correspondence, are housed in The Texas Collection at Baylor University.
381:" in that same style, which demonstrates that it was not unique to his performance of "Ol' Man River." Bledsoe was also filmed singing "Ol' Man River" in the sound
636:
1149:
225:
1189:
2624:
2417:"And now Pathetone presents Jules Bledsoe, the Celebrated International Actor-Baritone, the Original creator of 'Ole Man River,' in 'Dear Old Southland'"
532:
in the summer of 1934 by the all-Black but short-lived Aeolian Opera Company, which staged it just blocks away from The Met at the Mecca Temple (now the
2639:
2629:
558:
1349:
2283:
839:
466:, from which he excised the word "nigger." He could not secure the opera rights to the play, however; O'Neill had already given them to composer
688:
487:
2659:
2649:
486:, as well as nearly 30 pages of his operatic score tucked away and not indexed in a box labeled "Sheet Music" among Bledsoe's papers at the
198:
2634:
175:
1492:
2644:
2694:
2619:
494:. Johnson notes that "Bledsoe's version was performed, though how often or where is uncertain." In 1934, Gruenberg's adaptation of
2511:
2442:
1867:
2674:
1729:
509:
1907:
2654:
2581:
815:
583:
1040:
437:
76:
in May 1918. (Bishop College also awarded Bledsoe an honorary Doctorate later in his career.) After graduation, he moved to
2664:
593:
2684:
2258:
Bledsoe, Jules. "Has the Negro a Place in the Theatre?" (1928). In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.; Jarrett, Gene Andrew (eds.).
1437:"Certificate of Incorporation, The Garrison Apartments, Inc., September 24, 1929, Department of State, State of New York"
1083:
80:, where he served in the Civilian Chaplain Service, worked as a secretary, and promoted musical entertainment for the
2543:
2267:
2043:
2018:
2139:
2062:
1841:
434:. He reprised the role in November 1934 with the Cosmopolitan Opera Association, also at the New York Hippodrome.
1084:"Bledsoe, Baritone of 'Show Boat,' 44. Negro Singer Who Made a Hit of 'Ol' Man River' in 1927, Dies in Hollywood"
765:
2669:
2377:
2330:
2244:
2197:
2124:
1933:
1893:
1801:
1754:
1714:
1638:
1565:
1518:
1422:
1375:
1335:
1288:
1215:
1175:
1109:
1066:
885:
179:
85:
591:
Early in his career, Bledsoe recognized his own role as a Black trailblazer in theatre and music. In 1928 in
556:’s poem “Pagan Prayer” to music and performed it to widespread acclaim. In 1939 he wrote a full opera called
548:
77:
2689:
1436:
2567:
2498:
539:
Bledsoe was also a composer. For voice, violin, and orchestra, he composed a set of four songs called
719:
702:
496:
89:
141:
a decade later. With Hurok's sponsorship, Bledsoe made his professional singing debut in New York's
804:
White, Walter, "The Negro Renaissance" (1926). In Gates, Henry Louis; Jarrett, Gene Andrew (eds.).
378:
274:
2467:
1229:
2557:
Racing the Great White Way: Black Performance, Eugene O’Neill, and the Transformation of Broadway
2036:
Racing the Great White Way: Black Performance, Eugene O'Neill, and the Transformation of Broadway
491:
264:
142:
2563:
698:
624:
544:
2556:
1995:
1971:
113:
2352:
2305:
2219:
2172:
2099:
1776:
1689:
1613:
1540:
1397:
1310:
1263:
642:
563:
423:
350:
324:
283:
268:
255:
star who could “pick the heart right out of anybody.” In 1927, Bledsoe shared the stage with
247:
155:
951:
654:
2614:
2609:
568:
533:
479:
303:
291:
709:
in this house any longer, where every object speaks of him, and where I would suffocate.”
8:
580:, which he had purchased in 1929 and named "Jessie's Manna Farm" in honor of his mother.
427:
392:
170:
101:
2260:
The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892-1938
2140:"A Pioneering Black Singer's Compositions, Long Forgotten, May Finally Have an Audience"
807:
The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892-1938
404:
In 1932, Bledsoe appeared with the Cleveland Stadium Opera Company in its production of
2371:
2324:
2277:
2238:
2191:
2118:
1991:
1927:
1887:
1795:
1748:
1708:
1632:
1559:
1512:
1416:
1369:
1329:
1282:
1209:
1169:
1103:
1060:
1019:
879:
833:
778:
741:
629:
573:
517:
220:
212:
126:
to establish a professional career. Bledsoe was an exception. He was able to sign with
93:
45:
37:
471:
202:
Recital Flyer, Maison Gaveau, Paris, 25 June 1931. Personal Direction, A. S. Huygens.
2576:
2539:
2263:
2039:
2014:
821:
811:
577:
483:
462:
457:
308:
278:
216:
187:
1987:
1983:
1011:
521:
419:
346:
317:
242:
230:
70:
330:. Bledsoe's only recording of "Ol' Man River" is today occasionally played on the
1780:
1124:
810:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press (published 2007). pp. 231–232.
520:
in 1933-1934, the title role, Brutus Jones, went to the legendary white baritone
467:
334:
138:
81:
66:
2356:
2309:
2262:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (published 2007). pp. 526–527.
2223:
2176:
2103:
1693:
1617:
1544:
1401:
1314:
1267:
1467:
553:
405:
260:
256:
238:
62:
2492:
2416:
1816:
1768:
2603:
2344:
2297:
2211:
2164:
2091:
1681:
1605:
1532:
1389:
1302:
1255:
859:
805:
608:
446:
415:
366:
354:
127:
41:
2590:
825:
2594:
728:
669:
453:
342:
505:
321:
320:" made the song a popular American classic. He recreated the role in the
313:
299:
234:
100:, working as a freelance musician. In 1920 he began to study medicine at
57:
19:
2391:
1656:
151:, he announced that he changed his first name from "Julius" to "Jules."
2572:
2038:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 111–112.
1023:
999:
374:
478:
in French) concealed in an undated travel journal among his papers in
2680:
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
679:
singer and creator of “Ole Man River’ in the American production of
525:
431:
147:
135:
131:
1908:"Jules Bledsoe Is First Negro in U S. to Sing King's Role in 'Aida'"
1015:
663:
his lover and life-partner. They met in 1931. Huygens was living in
382:
370:
316:). It became Bledsoe's best known role, and his interpretation of "
117:
Debut Recital Program, Aeolian Hall, New York City, April 20, 1924.
97:
44:, and one of the first Black artists to gain regular employment on
33:
2009:
O'Neill, Eugene (1988). Bogard, Travis; Bryer, Jackson R. (eds.).
1682:"Julius Bledsoe in First Straight Acting Part at the Provincetown"
501:
362:
2585:
1817:"Jules Bledsoe (1898-1943) bar. "Water Boy" trad. Polydor 1938"
664:
208:
159:
123:
607:
Between 1929 and 1930, Bledsoe appeared in three musical film
1868:"For the First Time in This Country! A Negro in Grand Opera"
410:
1441:
Certificate of Incorporation, The Garrison Apartments, Inc
692:
Telegram from Freddy Huygens to Jules Bledsoe, 11 Oct 1938
658:
Jules Bledsoe (right) with his life-partner Freddy Huygens
96:. After discharge from ROTC in December 1918, he moved to
414:. He was called up with only 24 hour's notice to replace
358:
331:
925:
Accession #2755, The Texas Collection, Baylor University
910:
Accession #2086, The Texas Collection, Baylor University
474:
discovered Bledsoe's operatic scenario for it (retitled
277:
in 1927. Bledsoe also performed the title character in
154:
In New York City, early in his career, Bledsoe lived on
341:. His rendition of the song, in comparison to those by
166:
The Colonial Parkway Apartments at 409 Edgecombe Avenue
1842:"First-Time Buyers Guide to American Negro Spirituals"
1730:"Jules Bledsoe, an outstanding and versatile baritone"
56:
Jules Bledsoe was born Julius Lorenzo Cobb Bledsoe in
2013:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 371.
572:. Most of his composing was done on his farm in the
290:
Bledsoe was the first to perform the role of Joe in
32:(December 29, 1897 – July 14, 1943) was an American
1972:"Brutus Jones's Remains: The Case of Jules Bledsoe"
1472:
New York Public Library, Archives & Manuscripts
1390:"Beldsoe's Music Resounds In Real Life Court Drama"
646:, although his name did not appear in the credits.
761:
759:
430:and with the Royal Dutch-Italian Opera Company in
2212:"Estate of Jules Bledsoe Becomes Summering Place"
2601:
756:
488:Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
2298:"Bledsoe in Talkie at The Alhambra Next Week"
1000:"Jules Bledsoe: The Original 'Ol' Man River'"
766:Ten Thing you should know about Jules Bledsoe
2282:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
1150:"Jules Bledsoe Engaged For 'Show Boat' Cast"
918:
916:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
40:, the first major Black opera singer in the
2538:, 3rd edition, W. W. Norton & Company.
2008:
1579:de Lerma, Dominique-René (March 15, 2013).
452:In 1930, Bledsoe created an original, more
176:The Garrison Apartments, 435 Convent Avenue
51:
2625:20th-century African-American male singers
1769:"'Deep River' Singers Get New Engagements"
1533:"Chronology of 1926 in Words and Pictures"
1190:"Jules Bledsoe Gives Party For His Sister"
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
860:"Singer's fame 'just keeps rolling along'"
182:'s original shareholders and Board members
2640:African-American male classical composers
1041:"Jules Bledsoe, Famed Negro Singer, Dies"
913:
892:
2630:20th-century American male opera singers
2137:
1814:
1578:
1350:"Jules Bledsoe Loses Automobile License"
687:
653:
599:the many, rather than that of the few."
582:
436:
391:
197:
112:
18:
2536:The Music of Black Americans: A History
2257:
2033:
1969:
928:
768:by John Troesser. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
2602:
1965:
1963:
1585:Oxford African American Studies Center
1010:(1/2): 27, 28, 35, 37–39, 44, 47, 49.
734:
587:Publicity brochure cover, date unknown
215:and also created the role of Tizan in
2086:
2084:
2057:
2055:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1650:
1648:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1129:Afrocentric Voices in Classical Music
1122:
1078:
1076:
997:
993:
803:
396:Jules Bledsoe as Amonasro in Verdi's
2660:American male musical theatre actors
2650:African-American classical composers
1727:
1606:"Bledsoe to Return to Concert Stage"
1035:
1033:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
958:. Texas State Historical Association
858:Ryan, Terri Jo (February 16, 2013).
857:
853:
851:
849:
623:. He spent 1940 and 1941 working in
594:Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life
2635:African-American male opera singers
724:The Jules Bledsoe papers, 1931-1939
712:
178:, where in 1929 he was one of this
13:
2512:"The Texas Collection: Highlights"
2081:
2052:
2011:Selected Letters of Eugene O'Neill
1940:
1654:
1645:
1455:
1073:
699:Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
193:
14:
2706:
2645:American male classical composers
2549:
2138:Reinhart, Brian (June 22, 2021).
1815:Sterkens, Jozef (June 21, 2014).
1688:. December 29, 1926. p. 11.
1539:. December 29, 1926. p. 10.
1468:"Jules Bledsoe papers, 1931-1939"
1123:Jones, Randye (January 4, 2022).
1030:
970:
949:
846:
627:, and played the part of Kalu in
373:. A 2007 compact disc of vintage
186:Later in his career, he lived in
2695:Virginia Union University alumni
1775:. December 18, 1926. p. 6.
1045:Los Angeles Evening Citizen News
649:
634:He is believed to have acted in
2620:20th-century American composers
2504:
2486:
2460:
2435:
2409:
2384:
2345:"Alhambra [Display Ad]"
2337:
2290:
2251:
2204:
2171:. October 9, 1937. p. 19.
2157:
2131:
2027:
2002:
1900:
1860:
1834:
1808:
1761:
1728:Boyd, Herb (January 27, 2022).
1721:
1674:
1598:
1572:
1525:
1499:. November 11, 1932. p. 27
1485:
1429:
1396:. October 11, 1933. p. 3.
1382:
1342:
1295:
1248:
1222:
1196:. September 14, 1929. p. 7
1182:
1142:
1116:
2675:Classical musicians from Texas
2165:"Noted Singer, Tiller of Soil"
1996:10.5325/eugeoneirevi.36.1.0001
1988:10.5325/eugeoneirevi.36.1.0001
1612:. January 9, 1929. p. 9.
1156:. November 12, 1927. p. 6
1004:The Black Perspective in Music
952:"BLEDSOE, JULIUS LORENZO COBB"
797:
771:
543:, which he performed with the
180:cooperative apartment building
84:. He was also a member of the
1:
2304:. March 12, 1930. p. 8.
2092:"Singer, Jules Bledsoe, Dies"
1356:. October 29, 1932. p. 2
1262:. April 30, 1930. p. 6.
749:
549:Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
233:-themed opera set in 1835 in
130:musical agent and impresario
78:Harper's Ferry, West Virginia
2655:American classical composers
2468:"United States Census, 1940"
2218:. July 9, 1930. p. 10.
2098:. July 24, 1943. p. 5.
2063:"Episode 115: Jules Bledsoe"
1982:(1): 7–8, 11–13, 15–23, 27.
1230:"United States Census, 1930"
923:Smith-Cobb Family Collection
779:"United States Census, 1900"
7:
2665:American operatic baritones
2584:in The Texas Collection on
2516:Baylor University Libraries
2351:. May 7, 1930. p. 10.
1309:. July 9, 1930. p. 6.
1125:"Jules Bledsoe (1897-1943)"
1090:. July 16, 1943. p. 17
998:Geary, Lynnette G. (1989).
30:Julius Lorenzo Cobb Bledsoe
10:
2711:
2685:Musicians from Waco, Texas
2568:Internet Broadway Database
2560:(2023) by Katie N. Johnson
2376:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2329:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2243:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2196:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2123:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2034:Johnson, Katie N. (2023).
1970:Johnson, Katie N. (2015).
1932:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1914:. July 11, 1932. p. 6
1892:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1874:. July 16, 1932. p. 1
1800:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1753:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1713:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1637:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1564:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1517:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1493:"Jules Bledsoe A Linguist"
1421:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1374:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1334:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1287:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1214:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1174:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1108:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1065:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1047:. July 15, 1943. p. 8
884:: CS1 maint: url-status (
377:includes Bledsoe singing "
248:New York Morning Telegraph
162:. His addresses included:
36:, a leading figure in the
667:, and a reporter for the
375:American Negro Spirituals
306:(based on the 1926 novel
108:
90:Virginia Union University
24:Jules Bledsoe (1897-1943)
2494:Jules Bledsoe Collection
2067:CounterMelodyPodcast.com
379:Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
357:(on the 1988 three-disc
275:Pulitzer Prize for Drama
190:at 147 East 56th Street
52:Early life and education
2534:Eileen Southern (ed.),
2501:. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
2349:New York Amsterdam News
2302:New York Amsterdam News
2216:New York Amsterdam News
2169:New York Amsterdam News
2096:New York Amsterdam News
1734:New York Amsterdam News
1686:New York Amsterdam News
1610:New York Amsterdam News
1537:New York Amsterdam News
1394:New York Amsterdam News
1307:New York Amsterdam News
1260:New York Amsterdam News
673:wrote on July 27, 1931:
602:
516:ran in New York at the
512:, and when Gruenberg's
492:New York Public Library
456:operatic adaptation of
251:praised Bledsoe as the
211:under the direction of
693:
686:
659:
588:
449:
401:
294:'s 1927 production of
263:, and Frank Wilson in
203:
118:
26:
2670:Bishop College alumni
1976:Eugene O'Neill Review
956:The Handbook of Texas
691:
675:
657:
637:Safari, Western Union
586:
564:Harriet Beecher Stowe
440:
424:Chicago Opera Company
395:
201:
116:
22:
16:American opera singer
2392:"Dear Old Southland"
1443:. September 24, 1929
908:Jules Bledsoe Papers
534:New York City Center
480:The Texas Collection
304:Oscar Hammerstein II
245:. A critic from the
2582:Jules Bledsoe photo
864:Waco Tribune-Herald
735:Partial filmography
470:. Literary scholar
428:New York Hippodrome
339:A Night on the Town
171:St. Nicholas Avenue
134:, who would manage
102:Columbia University
2690:Singers from Texas
2069:. 13 November 2021
1998:– via JSTOR.
1026:– via JSTOR.
742:Drums of the Congo
720:Greenwood Cemetery
694:
660:
630:Drums of the Congo
621:Dear Old Southland
589:
574:Catskill Mountains
518:Metropolitan Opera
500:toured abroad, in
450:
445:, 1934. Poster by
402:
270:In Abraham’s Bosom
221:Laurence Stallings
213:Serge Koussevitsky
204:
119:
98:Brooklyn, New York
94:Richmond, Virginia
38:Harlem Renaissance
27:
1912:The Montreal Star
950:Geary, Lynnette.
817:978-0-691-12651-7
684:
578:Roxbury, New York
569:Uncle Tom's Cabin
530:The Emperor Jones
524:, who sang it in
514:The Emperor Jones
497:The Emperor Jones
484:Baylor University
463:The Emperor Jones
443:The Emperor Jones
385:to the 1929 film
351:1951 film version
279:Modest Mussorgsky
217:W. Franke Harling
2702:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2447:Encyclopedia.com
2443:"Huygens Family"
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:TexasMonthly.com
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1967:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1655:Sawyer, Amanda.
1652:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1497:The Buffalo News
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1354:The New York Age
1346:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1194:The New York Age
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1154:The New York Age
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1028:
1027:
995:
968:
967:
965:
963:
947:
926:
920:
911:
905:
890:
889:
883:
875:
873:
871:
855:
844:
843:
837:
829:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
783:FamilySearch.org
775:
769:
763:
713:Legacy and death
677:
547:in 1936 and the
522:Lawrence Tibbett
476:L'Empereur Jones
472:Katie N. Johnson
420:Alfredo Salmaggi
347:William Warfield
292:Florenz Ziegfeld
273:, which won the
243:Imperial Theatre
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2600:
2599:
2552:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2007:
2003:
1968:
1941:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1661:WacoHistory.org
1657:"Jules Bledsoe"
1653:
1646:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1581:"Jules Bledsoe"
1577:
1573:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1236:. April 4, 1930
1228:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1016:10.2307/1214742
996:
971:
961:
959:
948:
929:
921:
914:
906:
893:
877:
876:
869:
867:
856:
847:
831:
830:
818:
802:
798:
788:
786:
777:
776:
772:
764:
757:
752:
737:
715:
652:
613:Old Man Trouble
605:
468:Louis Gruenberg
335:musical theatre
196:
194:Opera and music
139:Marian Anderson
111:
74:magna cum laude
67:Marshall, Texas
54:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2550:External links
2548:
2547:
2546:
2529:
2528:
2503:
2485:
2474:. May 24, 1940
2459:
2434:
2408:
2383:
2336:
2289:
2268:
2250:
2203:
2156:
2130:
2080:
2051:
2044:
2026:
2019:
2001:
1939:
1899:
1859:
1833:
1807:
1760:
1720:
1673:
1644:
1597:
1571:
1524:
1484:
1454:
1428:
1381:
1341:
1294:
1247:
1221:
1181:
1141:
1115:
1088:New York Times
1072:
1029:
969:
927:
912:
891:
845:
816:
796:
785:. June 4, 1900
770:
754:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
736:
733:
714:
711:
651:
648:
643:Santa Fe Trail
604:
601:
554:Countee Cullen
458:Eugene O'Neill
406:Giuseppe Verdi
400:. Paris, 1937.
261:Abbie Mitchell
257:Rose McClendon
239:Arthur Hopkins
237:, produced by
195:
192:
184:
183:
173:
167:
110:
107:
69:, earning his
63:Bishop College
53:
50:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2707:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2591:Jules Bledsoe
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:Jules Bledsoe
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:Jules Bledsoe
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:0-393-97141-4
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2269:9780691126524
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2045:9780472055784
2041:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2020:9780274733248
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:The Billboard
1770:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
957:
953:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
924:
919:
917:
909:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
887:
881:
866:. pp. 1D
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
841:
835:
827:
823:
819:
813:
809:
808:
800:
784:
780:
774:
767:
762:
760:
755:
744:
743:
739:
738:
732:
730:
725:
721:
710:
706:
704:
700:
690:
685:
682:
674:
672:
671:
666:
656:
650:Personal life
647:
645:
644:
639:
638:
633:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
597:
595:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
546:
542:
541:African Suite
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
448:
447:Willy Sluiter
444:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Mostyn Thomas
413:
412:
407:
399:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Harold Prince
364:
360:
356:
355:Bruce Hubbard
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
318:Ol' Man River
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
285:
284:Boris Godunov
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
191:
189:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
128:New York City
125:
115:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
59:
49:
47:
43:
42:United States
39:
35:
31:
21:
2595:Find a Grave
2555:
2535:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:Ancestry.com
2471:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2360:. Retrieved
2348:
2339:
2313:. Retrieved
2301:
2292:
2259:
2253:
2227:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2180:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2133:
2107:. Retrieved
2095:
2071:. Retrieved
2066:
2035:
2029:
2010:
2004:
1979:
1975:
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:The Gazette
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1784:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1697:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1621:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1548:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1405:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1318:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1271:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:Ancestry.com
1233:
1224:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1158:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1007:
1003:
960:. Retrieved
955:
868:. Retrieved
863:
806:
799:
787:. Retrieved
782:
773:
740:
729:Doris Miller
723:
716:
707:
695:
680:
676:
670:Daily Sketch
668:
661:
641:
635:
628:
620:
617:On the Levee
616:
612:
606:
592:
590:
567:
557:
545:BBC Symphony
540:
538:
529:
513:
495:
475:
461:
454:Afro-centric
451:
442:
409:
403:
397:
386:
361:album), and
343:Paul Robeson
338:
326:
307:
295:
289:
282:
269:
252:
246:
224:
205:
188:East Midtown
185:
153:
146:
143:Aeolian Hall
120:
73:
55:
29:
28:
2615:1943 deaths
2610:1898 births
962:13 February
703:1940 Census
562:, based on
506:Netherlands
363:Michel Bell
322:part-talkie
314:Edna Ferber
300:Jerome Kern
235:New Orleans
58:Waco, Texas
2604:Categories
2427:August 13,
2401:August 13,
2362:August 13,
2315:August 13,
2229:August 13,
1846:Amazon.com
1786:August 13,
1781:1031816517
1699:August 13,
1623:August 13,
1550:August 13,
750:References
576:, outside
510:segregated
325:1929 film
265:Paul Green
253:Deep River
226:Deep River
156:Sugar Hill
2452:August 3,
2372:cite news
2357:226234098
2325:cite news
2310:226361528
2278:cite book
2239:cite news
2224:226169989
2192:cite news
2177:226077823
2119:cite news
2104:226168778
1928:cite news
1888:cite news
1796:cite news
1749:cite news
1709:cite news
1694:226266278
1633:cite news
1618:226278702
1560:cite news
1545:226327982
1513:cite news
1417:cite news
1402:226197277
1370:cite news
1330:cite news
1315:226166923
1303:"Society"
1283:cite news
1268:226355894
1256:"Society"
1210:cite news
1170:cite news
1104:cite news
1094:August 7,
1061:cite news
1051:August 3,
880:cite news
834:cite book
681:Show Boat
625:Hollywood
566:'s novel
526:blackface
460:'s play,
432:Amsterdam
387:Show Boat
337:program,
327:Show Boat
309:Show Boat
296:Show Boat
148:Show Boat
136:contralto
132:Sol Hurok
2521:July 27,
2478:July 29,
2353:ProQuest
2306:ProQuest
2220:ProQuest
2182:July 27,
2173:ProQuest
2149:July 28,
2109:July 27,
2100:ProQuest
2073:July 29,
1918:July 29,
1878:July 29,
1852:July 30,
1826:July 30,
1777:ProQuest
1739:July 28,
1690:ProQuest
1666:July 29,
1614:ProQuest
1590:July 28,
1541:ProQuest
1503:July 26,
1477:July 27,
1447:July 25,
1407:July 27,
1398:ProQuest
1360:July 27,
1320:July 27,
1311:ProQuest
1273:July 27,
1264:ProQuest
1240:July 25,
1200:July 27,
1160:July 27,
1134:July 29,
870:July 29,
826:77476415
789:July 25,
504:and the
383:prologue
371:oratorio
365:(in the
349:(in the
46:Broadway
34:baritone
2566:at the
2499:YouTube
2421:YouTube
1821:YouTube
1024:1214742
559:Bondage
502:England
490:of the
426:at the
241:at the
2586:Flickr
2542:
2423:. 1932
2355:
2308:
2266:
2222:
2175:
2102:
2042:
2017:
1994:
1848:. 2007
1779:
1692:
1616:
1543:
1400:
1313:
1266:
1022:
824:
814:
745:(1942)
665:London
619:, and
609:Shorts
441:Opera
231:voodoo
209:Boston
160:Harlem
124:Europe
109:Career
1992:JSTOR
1020:JSTOR
2577:IMDb
2540:ISBN
2523:2024
2480:2024
2454:2024
2429:2024
2403:2024
2396:IMDb
2378:link
2364:2024
2331:link
2317:2024
2284:link
2264:ISBN
2245:link
2231:2024
2198:link
2184:2024
2151:2024
2125:link
2111:2024
2075:2024
2040:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1934:link
1920:2024
1894:link
1880:2024
1854:2024
1828:2024
1802:link
1788:2024
1755:link
1741:2024
1715:link
1701:2024
1668:2024
1639:link
1625:2024
1592:2024
1566:link
1552:2024
1519:link
1505:2024
1479:2024
1449:2024
1423:link
1409:2024
1376:link
1362:2024
1336:link
1322:2024
1289:link
1275:2024
1242:2024
1216:link
1202:2024
1176:link
1162:2024
1136:2024
1110:link
1096:2024
1067:link
1053:2024
964:2015
886:link
872:2024
840:link
822:OCLC
812:ISBN
791:2024
640:and
603:Film
411:Aida
398:Aida
302:and
229:, a
219:and
169:880
86:ROTC
82:YMCA
71:B.A.
2593:at
2575:at
2497:on
1984:doi
1012:doi
482:at
422:'s
408:'s
359:EMI
353:),
332:NPR
312:by
298:by
287:.
281:'s
267:’s
223:'s
158:in
92:in
88:at
65:in
2606::
2514:.
2470:.
2445:.
2419:.
2394:.
2374:}}
2370:{{
2347:.
2327:}}
2323:{{
2300:.
2280:}}
2276:{{
2241:}}
2237:{{
2214:.
2194:}}
2190:{{
2167:.
2142:.
2121:}}
2117:{{
2094:.
2083:^
2065:.
2054:^
1990:.
1980:36
1978:.
1974:.
1942:^
1930:}}
1926:{{
1910:.
1890:}}
1886:{{
1870:.
1844:.
1819:.
1798:}}
1794:{{
1771:.
1751:}}
1747:{{
1732:.
1711:}}
1707:{{
1684:.
1659:.
1647:^
1635:}}
1631:{{
1608:.
1583:.
1562:}}
1558:{{
1535:.
1515:}}
1511:{{
1495:.
1470:.
1457:^
1439:.
1419:}}
1415:{{
1392:.
1372:}}
1368:{{
1352:.
1332:}}
1328:{{
1305:.
1285:}}
1281:{{
1258:.
1232:.
1212:}}
1208:{{
1192:.
1172:}}
1168:{{
1152:.
1127:.
1106:}}
1102:{{
1086:.
1075:^
1063:}}
1059:{{
1043:.
1032:^
1018:.
1008:17
1006:.
1002:.
972:^
954:.
930:^
915:^
894:^
882:}}
878:{{
862:.
848:^
836:}}
832:{{
820:.
781:.
758:^
731:.
615:,
611::
389:.
345:,
259:,
48:.
2525:.
2482:.
2456:.
2431:.
2405:.
2380:)
2366:.
2333:)
2319:.
2286:)
2272:.
2247:)
2233:.
2200:)
2186:.
2153:.
2127:)
2113:.
2077:.
2048:.
2023:.
1986::
1936:)
1922:.
1896:)
1882:.
1856:.
1830:.
1804:)
1790:.
1757:)
1743:.
1717:)
1703:.
1670:.
1641:)
1627:.
1594:.
1568:)
1554:.
1521:)
1507:.
1481:.
1451:.
1425:)
1411:.
1378:)
1364:.
1338:)
1324:.
1291:)
1277:.
1244:.
1218:)
1204:.
1178:)
1164:.
1138:.
1112:)
1098:.
1069:)
1055:.
1014::
966:.
888:)
874:.
842:)
828:.
793:.
683:.
632:.
596:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
