1293:
1801:
106:
1829:
1817:
1785:
1170:
1841:
1305:
1436:
1451:, Istria and Fiume/Rijeka. In Trieste (and to a lesser extent in Istria), Italian was the predominant language in primary education. The Italian-speaking elite dominated the governments of Trieste and Istria under Austro-Hungarian rule, although they were increasingly challenged by Slovene and Croatian political movements. Before 1918, Trieste was the only self-governing Austro-Hungarian unit in which Italian speakers were the majority of the population.
489:
321:
873:
105:
1756:
German was the predominant language in secondary and higher education throughout the region until 1918, and the educated elite were fluent in German. Many
Austrian civil servants used German in daily life, especially in larger urban centres. Most of the German speakers would speak Italian, Slovene or
1482:, evolving into a Venetian dialect during the 18th century. According to contemporary estimates, three-quarters of the Italians in the county of Gorizia and Gradisca were native Friulian speakers—one-quarter of the county's population, and seven to eight percent of the population of the Julian March.
432:
in his administrative reorganization of Italy at the beginning of the first century AD. Ascoli (who was born in
Gorizia) coined his terms for linguistic and cultural reasons, saying that the languages spoken in the three areas were substantially similar. His goal was to stress to the ruling Austrian
2410:
It should be understood that
Italian language's division among regional dialects has always been very pronounced. Due to the lack of a central Italian state, a standard Italian language did not actually exist until the second half of the 19th century, nor there was, until then, an agreement among
1209:
was created, divided into two zones—one under Allied and the other under
Yugoslav military administration. Tensions continued, and in 1954 the territory was abolished and divided between Italy (which received the city of Trieste and its surroundings) and Yugoslavia, under the terms of the London
823:
His
Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in
440:
The term "Venezia Giulia" did not catch on immediately, and began to be used widely only in the first decade of the 20th century. It was used in official administrative acts by the
Italian government in 1922–1923 and after 1946, when it was included in the name of the new region of
1263:
between the two states: the port city of
Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north-west (Zone A) was given to Italy; a portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula (Zone B) was given to Yugoslavia. The treaty became effective on 11 October 1977. For the
1200:
ordered an increase in U.S. troops in their occupation zone (Zone A) and the reinforcement of air forces in northern Italy after
Yugoslav forces shot down two U.S. Army transport planes. An agreement on the border was chosen from four proposed solutions at the
1757:
Croatian on social and public occasions, depending on their political and ethnic preferences and location. Among the rural population, German was spoken by about 6,000 people in the Canale Valley. In the major urban areas (primarily
Trieste and Rijeka),
1151:). In May 1945, the Yugoslav Army entered Trieste; over the following days, virtually the entire Julian March was occupied by Yugoslav forces. Retaliation against real (and potential) political opponents occurred, primarily to the Italian population.
629:, established Venetian rule in the high and middle Adriatic around 1000. The Venetian presence was concentrated on the coast, replacing Byzantine rule and confirming the political and linguistic separation between coast and interior. The
1705:
Slovene-Italian bilingualism was present only in some north-west
Istrian coastal villages and the confined semi-urban areas around Gorizia and Trieste, while the vast majority of Slovene speakers had little (or no) knowledge of Italian;
1401:) of 421,444 people (43.1 percent); 327,230 (33.4 percent) spoke Slovene, and 152,500 (15.6 percent) spoke Croatian. About 30,000 people (3.1 percent) spoke German, 3,000 (0.3 percent) spoke Hungarian, and small clusters of
836:
for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been
1458:
population did not speak standard Italian as their native language, but two other closely related Romance languages: Friulian and Venetian. There was no attempt to introduce Venetian into education and administration.
1396:
department of statistics. According to the 1910–1911 Austrian census, the Austrian Littoral (which would be annexed by Italy from 1920 to 1924) had a population of 978,385. Italian was the everyday language
2411:
scholars on this language's features. As a result, only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. See for example the
1686:
were spoken throughout the region. The Slovene linguistic community in the Julian March was divided into as many as 11 dialects (seven larger and four smaller dialects), belonging to three of the
1485:
Venetian dialects were concentrated in Trieste, Rijeka and Istria, and the Istro-Venetian dialect was the predominant language of the west Istrian coast. In many small west Istrian towns, such as
1132:
and interior Istria. The Nazis tried to repress the Yugoslav guerrillas with reprisals against the civilian population; entire villages were burned down, and thousands of people were interned in
2455:
Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia: an Italian association dedicated to the study of the history of resistance war in Friuli and Julian March
2285:
807:: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Julian March. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor
1189:
was drawn in June 1945, dividing the region into two militarily administered zones. Zone B was under Yugoslav administration and excluded the cities of Pula, Gorizia, Trieste, the
1690:
into which Slovene is divided. Most Slovenes were fluent in standard Slovene, with the exception of some northern Istrian villages (where primary education was in Italian and the
917: Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 which passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties; definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 by the Osimo treaty
3744:
1800:
1462:
Friulian was spoken in the south-western lowlands of the county of Gorizia and Gradisca (except for the Monfalcone-Grado area, where Venetian was spoken), and in the town of
2483:
1109:
and the Alps. Most of the lowlands were occupied by the winter of 1943, but Yugoslav resistance remained active throughout the region and withdrew to the mountains.
1128:
German administration, that year. Many areas, (especially north and north-east of Gorizia) were controlled by the partisan resistance, which was also active on the
2165:, Wien, Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag fĂĽr Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali,
1193:
Valley and most of the Karst Plateau, which were under joint British-American administration. During this period, many Italians left the Yugoslav-occupied area.
340:" in "Julian March" refers to a medieval European designation for a borderland or frontier district, more specifically, a buffer zone between different realms.
1906:
Adriatic routes to and from Venice were based on Dalmatian and Istrian harbours, which were more easily accessible for vessels than their Italian counterparts.
332:
The term "Julian March" is a partial translation of the Italian name "Venezia Giulia" (or "Julian Venetia"), coined by the Italian Jewish historical linguist
1576:
In addition to these two large language groups, two smaller Romance communities existed in Istria. In the south-west, on the coastal strip between Pula and
1533:. Although Istro-Venetian was strongest in urban areas, clusters of Venetian-speaking peasants also existed. This was especially true for the area around
2179:
Die Protokolle des Ă–sterreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi
2163:
Die Protokolle des Ă–sterreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi
2476:
1390:
elite. This is illustrated by the 1855 ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire compiled by Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen and issued by the Austrian
1603:
was spoken in the north-eastern and southern parts of Gorizia and Gradisca (by about 60 percent of the population), in northern Istria and in the
1624:
1375:
1569:) was widely spoken, although it was the native language of only about half the city's population. In Rijeka-Fiume, a form of Venetian known as
970:
in eastern Tarvisio, which had been part of Carniola). The annexed areas included many partially or fully Slovene or Croat areas. The island of
753:
Habsburg rule abolished political borders which had divided the area for almost 1,000 years. The territories were initially assigned to the new
1672:
1623:). It was also the primary language of one-fourth to one-third of the population of Trieste. Smaller Slovene-speaking communities lived in the
1030:
persecution, "centralising, oppressive and dedicated to the forcible Italianisation of the minorities", caused the emigration of about 105,000
1308:
Ethnolinguistic map of Istria based on the 1880 census. Italian areas are shown in blue, Slovene areas in green and Croat areas in aquamarine.
2261:
2469:
1558:
2125:
Veneto, including western part of modern Friuli, which had also become part of Austrian Empire since 1815, was included in the Kingdom of
2035:
1784:
796:) to Italy, did not directly affect the Littoral; however, a small community of Slavic speakers in northeastern Friuli (an area known as
261:, who sought to annex regions in which ethnic Italians made up most (or a substantial portion) of the population: the Austrian Littoral,
2246:
2364:
1182:
1019:
and Fiume (after 1924) were created. Tarvisio, Pontebba, Malborghetto Valbruna, and the westernmost part of the former Littoral around
1570:
1117:
863:
2333:
1281:
1248:
2077:
against Austria of 1866, Veneto and part of Friuli (i. e. Venezia Euganea in Ascoli's terms) were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
2834:
1143:
and weaker in the Julian March, where it was confined to intelligence and underground resistance in the larger towns (especially
935:
2058:
1181:
The Western allies adopted the term "Julian March" as the name for the territories which were contested between Italy and the
2098:
2017:
1940:
979:
850:
were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries, while making up about a third of the population in 1900.
557:
454:
2138:
3136:
2854:
1744:
was predominant in all other areas, frequently with strong Kajkavian and Venetian vocabulary influences. Italian-Croatian
1573:
emerged during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and became the native language of about half the city's population.
3759:
3649:
3392:
3340:
1273:
993:
1205:
that year. Yugoslavia acquired the northern part of the region east of Gorizia, most of Istria and the city of Fiume. A
3531:
3202:
2297:
1997:
1816:
1439:
Percentage of native Italian (including Venetian and Istriot) speakers in Istria, according to the 1910 Austrian census
754:
478:
742:. Austria gained most of the republic's territories, including the Adriatic coast, Istria and portions of present-day
289:
promised Italy territories largely inhabited by Italians (such as Trentino) in addition to those largely inhabited by
3643:
3251:
2074:
1950:
781:
800:) became part of the Kingdom of Italy. Otherwise, the Littoral lasted until the end of the Austrian Empire in 1918.
277:
promised the regions to Italy in the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in exchange for Italy's joining the
2492:
2385:
640:
470:
1541:
in north-central Istria, where Venetian spread during the mid-19th century (often in the form of a Venetian-Croat
3661:
2450:
Istituto Giuliano: an Italian association dedicated to the promotion of culture and tradition in the Julian March
2126:
2399:
Krisenherd Adria 1915–1955: Konstruktion und Artikulation des Nationalen im italienisch-jugoslawischen Grenzraum
1105:
began to occupy the region and encountered severe resistance from Yugoslav partisans, particularly in the lower
825:
393:
3739:
3637:
3541:
3485:
2643:
2202:
719:
1312:
Two major ethnolinguistic clusters were unified in the region. The western portion was inhabited primarily by
3526:
3460:
3259:
2991:
2914:
2765:
939:
3754:
1421:
were considered Italian; an estimated 60,000 or more "Italian" speakers (about 14 percent) spoke Friulian.
1202:
1164:
549:
1828:
3655:
3607:
3298:
2785:
1345:
20:
545:
3749:
3601:
3595:
3546:
3536:
2966:
2951:
2814:
2073:
In 1863 all of the Triveneto, as defined by Ascoli, was part of the Austrian Empire. After the Italian
1497:(Parenzo), the Venetian-speaking majority reached 90 percent of the population and 100 percent in
890:
504:(red line) and those actually obtained from Italy (green line). The black line marks the border of the
1292:
1081:, and spread by 1942 to the other Slovene areas which had been annexed by Italy twenty years earlier.
3764:
3713:
2996:
1691:
1260:
1206:
1160:
905:
808:
2321:
3619:
2971:
2824:
2760:
1687:
1236:
is used. After the divisions of 1947 and 1954, the term "Julian March" survived in the name of the
1133:
989:
882:
182:
1748:
was frequent in western Istria, on the Cres-Lošinj archipelago and in Rijeka, but rare elsewhere.
3707:
3382:
3274:
3236:
2731:
2661:
2265:
1589:
1402:
1121:
927:
923:
505:
501:
286:
3667:
3613:
3561:
3551:
3387:
3330:
3001:
2032:
1840:
1050:
723:
333:
209:
206:
1962:
1926:
3631:
3475:
3427:
3413:
3241:
2981:
2894:
2844:
2523:
2506:
1887:
1862:
1471:
1237:
1078:
1054:
1020:
1005:
959:
943:
886:
859:
569:
462:
442:
380:
305:
278:
27:
2444:
2192:
548:
and its surrounding areas between the fourth and sixth centuries. They were followed by the
3679:
3556:
3495:
3480:
3403:
3367:
3323:
3313:
3091:
3063:
2869:
2713:
2611:
2555:
2412:
1648:
1550:
1475:
1112:
In the aftermath of the fall 1943 Italian armistice, the first of what became known as the
770:
695:
678:), since 1335. During the next two centuries, they gained control of the Istrian cities of
600:
343:
In an 1863 newspaper article, Ascoli focused on a wide geographical area north and east of
1026:
Italians lived primarily in cities and along the coast, and Slavs inhabited the interior.
8:
3701:
3432:
3335:
3318:
3308:
3163:
3086:
2909:
2904:
2839:
2739:
2649:
2381:
1695:
1628:
1001:
967:
804:
407:
403:
258:
119:
115:
2340:
3625:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3490:
3455:
3450:
3408:
3372:
3231:
3126:
3048:
3021:
2961:
2864:
2849:
2687:
2667:
2418:
1758:
1391:
1383:
1368:
1265:
1136:. However, the Yugoslav resistance took over most of the region by the spring of 1945.
1070:
1043:
963:
739:
735:
630:
592:
533:
509:
474:
423:
388:
246:
2240:
512:
are indicated in pink (dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally).
3470:
3465:
3398:
3357:
3351:
3192:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
2899:
2879:
2829:
2819:
2800:
2358:
2198:
2094:
2013:
1993:
1946:
1942:
Contemporary History on Trial: Europe Since 1989 and the Role of the Expert Historian
1882:
1807:
1791:
1713:
1455:
1414:
1410:
1325:
1321:
1090:
1074:
1012:
947:
931:
833:
758:
703:
663:
659:
622:
610:
596:
588:
577:
573:
376:
337:
213:
174:
166:
142:
123:
84:
2218:
2055:
1724:
archipelago; it was the second-most-spoken language (after Venetian) in the town of
572:
had limited autonomy. The Slavs retained their languages in the interior, and local
3687:
3269:
3264:
3187:
3121:
3116:
2986:
2956:
2924:
2780:
2725:
2704:
2682:
2461:
1857:
1762:
1683:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1444:
1430:
1418:
1387:
1329:
1317:
1277:
1252:
1225:
1062:
847:
581:
561:
553:
541:
537:
521:
158:
146:
127:
111:
69:
54:
2377:
2086:
609:) to establish and protect its commercial routes in the Adriatic and southeastern
3210:
3178:
3173:
3153:
3016:
2976:
2946:
2929:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2790:
2775:
2692:
2672:
2545:
2190:
2181:, Wien, Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag fĂĽr Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971
2142:
2062:
2039:
1986:
1707:
1656:
1545:). In the county of Gorizia and Gradisca, Venetian was spoken in the area around
1379:
1360:
1244:
1219:
1197:
1116:
occurred (primarily in present-day Croatian Istria). The Germans established the
1113:
1101:
Valley known as the Kobarid Republic lasted from September to November 1943. The
1027:
909:
867:
797:
348:
229:
3068:
2322:
The Italo-Yugoslav Border Issue: Four Solutions And The Urgent Need For Just One
605:
458:
414:... including the land between the Venetia in the strict sense of the term, the
3693:
3589:
3583:
3183:
3158:
3031:
3026:
3011:
3006:
2941:
2936:
2919:
2884:
2677:
2655:
2599:
2538:
1770:
1766:
1733:
1604:
1406:
1386:-speaking communities in larger urban centres, primarily members of the former
1371:
908:
in 1947 with the Paris treaties; definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 by the
626:
525:
434:
274:
190:
769:) of the Austrian Empire, consisting of three regions: the Istrian peninsula,
297:; the territories housed 421,444 Italians, and about 327,000 ethnic Slovenes.
3733:
3377:
3215:
2719:
2593:
2565:
1699:
1660:
1636:
1269:
1129:
1106:
812:
675:
635:
466:
422:
According to this definition, Triveneto overlaps the ancient Roman region of
2301:
1173:
Division of the Julian March between June 1945 and September 1947, with the
978:, which had formerly been part of the Austrian Littoral, became part of the
19:"Venezia Giulia" redirects here. For the post-WWII Allied police corps, see
2750:
2605:
2585:
2286:
The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border by Glenda Sluga, p. 47
1745:
1562:
922:
The Kingdom of Italy annexed the region after World War I according to the
731:
565:
529:
517:
355:("the three Venetian regions"). Ascoli divided Triveneto into three parts:
241:
1169:
1097:
was temporarily liberated by partisans, and a liberated zone in the Upper
3303:
3168:
1877:
1872:
1668:
1333:
1297:
1186:
1174:
1008:
and divided between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
816:
437:
and Venetian roots and the importance of the Italian linguistic element.
415:
282:
237:
1741:
1659:, the community living since the eighth century in small towns (such as
1538:
784:, followed by the passage of what was then known as Veneto (the current
1644:
1546:
1046:
moved from Yugoslavia to Italy after 1918, many to Istria and Trieste.
997:
762:
726:
between Austria and France. The Habsburgs gained Venetian lands on the
1513:
archipelago and in the peninsula's eastern and interior towns such as
1229:
898: Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 which remained Italian after 1947
603:). During the 11th century, Venice began building an overseas empire (
2570:
1729:
1710:
was the predominant second language of the Slovene rural population.
1566:
1435:
1102:
1039:
648:
352:
232:) shared a common Italian linguistic identity. Ascoli emphasized the
2445:
The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border by Glenda Sluga
1721:
1510:
3288:
2770:
2575:
2518:
1867:
1664:
1608:
1337:
1313:
1031:
955:
951:
842:
Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866
829:
747:
718:
The region was relatively stable from the 16th century to the 1797
671:
667:
618:
493:
429:
301:
294:
270:
262:
233:
225:
202:
2010:
Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915
1584:
language was spoken. In some villages of eastern Istria, north of
1494:
1304:
2550:
2511:
2449:
1652:
1581:
1514:
1467:
1463:
1448:
1144:
1094:
793:
774:
743:
699:
687:
194:
2027:
2025:
1716:
was spoken in the central and eastern Istrian peninsula, on the
1190:
1098:
1093:
of September 1943, many local uprisings took place. The town of
1038:
from the Julian March—around 70,000 to Yugoslavia and 30,000 to
3058:
2194:
Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung
1725:
1676:
1632:
1620:
1577:
1554:
1542:
1522:
1502:
1479:
1478:. A dialect of Friulian (Tergestine) was spoken in Trieste and
1364:
1341:
1233:
1140:
1084:
1035:
996:(the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary), became an independent
985:
975:
789:
785:
727:
707:
683:
644:
614:
497:
411:
372:
368:
344:
309:
290:
266:
221:
217:
1061:
emerged in 1927. TIGR co-ordinated Slovene resistance against
488:
483:
3036:
2560:
2533:
2239:
2022:
1737:
1585:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1490:
1486:
1353:
1349:
1256:
1023:
remained part of Udine (and so Euganean Venetia) after 1927.
872:
691:
679:
652:
198:
320:
2528:
1717:
1640:
1557:
River and the Karst Plateau) in an area popularly known as
1534:
1506:
1498:
1332:
minority. The eastern and northern areas were inhabited by
1148:
1066:
1058:
1016:
375:(roughly corresponding to the present Italian provinces of
2191:
JĂĽrgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993).
2139:"Paolo Radivo: Italian Irredentism in Istria (in Italian)"
1232:
and Slovenian Istria. In Croatia, the traditional name of
2167:
Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra
1300:
map of the Austrian Empire by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig
1139:
Italian resistance in the operational zone was active in
971:
904: Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 which passed to the
876:
Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
524:, the area had linguistic boundaries between speakers of
2454:
1702:
until 1918 and frequently spoke only the local dialect.
1011:
The new provinces of Gorizia (which was merged with the
734:(Kvarner) islands, expanded their holdings in 1813 with
2250:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 886–887.
300:
A contemporary Italian autonomous region, bordering on
3745:
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
819:
of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:
560:
between the sixth and eighth centuries. In Byzantine
2491:
803:The Italians in Julian March supported the Italian
591:, two main political powers shaped the region: the
367:; Venetia in the strict sense), made up of Italy's
1694:penetrated only in the late 19th century) and the
1565:. In Trieste the local Venetian dialect (known as
1505:. Venetian was also a strong presence on Istria's
885:(with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the
16:Historical region in Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia
3731:
212:, a native of the area, to demonstrate that the
3677:
2002:
1944:by Harriet Jones, Kjell Ostberg, Nico Randeraad
1154:
853:
1927:The New Europe by Bernard Newman, pp. 307, 309
1328:were the three major languages), with a small
76:
2477:
2416:
1447:was common among educated people in Trieste,
1224:In Slovenia the Julian March is known as the
982:(renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929).
811:outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the
738:'s defeats and the dissolution of the French
713:
633:began expanding toward the Italian interior (
205:. The term was coined in 1863 by the Italian
61:
46:
2880:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1466:. Larger Friulian-speaking centres included
1287:
1085:German occupation and resistance (1943–1945)
1069:in 1941, and some former members joined the
950:, and the current Italian municipalities of
881: Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 by the
556:around the sixth century and settled in the
1276:. For Yugoslavia, the treaty was signed by
484:Early Middle Ages to the Republic of Venice
2484:
2470:
2116:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973
540:speakers who were moving into the region.
114:(1923–1947), with its four provinces: the
1971:
1595:
1118:Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral
1751:
1434:
1303:
1291:
1249:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1168:
946:), south-western portions of the former
871:
508:(1941-1943). The ancient domains of the
487:
319:
2835:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2108:
2106:
1989:Italy and Its Eastern Border, 1866–2016
1936:
1934:
1183:People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
666:, roughly corresponding to the central
584:) continued to be spoken on the coast.
3732:
2363:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1247:was signed on 10 November 1975 by the
889:); ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 by the
2465:
1679:, has been part of Italy since 1866.
1282:Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs
980:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
864:Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)
621:were key parts of these routes since
552:, who appeared on the borders of the
455:Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps
336:, who was born in Gorizia. The term "
2103:
1931:
1773:were spoken by smaller communities.
1424:
1259:, Italy, to definitively divide the
792:regions, except for the province of
643:(which included a portion of modern
599:(the dukes and, later, archdukes of
371:region and most of the territory of
26:For the present Italian region, see
2413:Italian language historic evolution
2169:, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)
2044:Italian Historical Society Journal,
1657:Slavia Friulana – Beneška Slovenija
994:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
798:Slavia Friulana – Beneška Slovenija
761:in 1849. This was established as a
13:
2420:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1592:was spoken by about 3,000 people.
1077:emerged that year in the occupied
14:
3776:
3644:United Provinces of Central Italy
2438:
2012:, Cankarjeva zaloĹľba, Ljubljana.
1015:between 1924 and 1927), Trieste,
1004:. It was abolished following the
392:): the present Italian region of
193:which is currently divided among
2493:List of historic states of Italy
2401:(Paderborn: F. Schöningh, 2004).
2262:"A Historical Outline of Istria"
1839:
1827:
1815:
1799:
1783:
1635:and in larger towns outside the
1607:areas annexed by Italy in 1920 (
930:, comprising most of the former
471:Patriarchate of Aquileia (State)
463:Dalmatian italian § History
104:
3626:Provisional Government of Milan
2423:(16th ed.). Ethnologue.com
2404:
2391:
2371:
2326:
2315:
2290:
2279:
2254:
2232:
2211:
2184:
2172:
2156:
2131:
2119:
2056:"The History of "Venetia Julia"
1900:
1822:Proposed banner from the 1920's
1810:(1849–1919) (with coat of arms)
1698:in the Canale Valley, who were
1065:until it was dismantled by the
655:—and part of internal Istria).
500:with the boundaries set by the
328:, according to Graziadio Ascoli
257:The term was later endorsed by
2825:City of Fiume and its District
2080:
2067:
2049:
1956:
1920:
1228:, encompassing the regions of
1000:in the Treaty of Rapallo: the
720:fall of the Republic of Venice
647:—the present-day provinces of
479:Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)
1:
3260:County of Apulia and Calabria
2766:Campagna e Marittima Province
2031:Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004)
1913:
1359:Other ethnic groups included
1213:
544:first arrived in present-day
2114:Venice. A maritime Republic
1274:Minister for Foreign Affairs
1155:Contested region (1945–1954)
854:Kingdom of Italy (1918–1943)
782:Italian-Austrian war of 1866
425:Regio X – Venetia et Histria
394:Trentino-Alto Adige/SĂĽdtirol
315:
110:The Julian March within the
7:
3662:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3656:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3608:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2786:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2417:M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009).
1851:
1268:, the treaty was signed by
1185:between 1945 and 1947. The
674:(part of their holdings in
564:, on the east shore of the
21:Venezia Giulia Police Force
10:
3781:
3760:Modern history of Slovenia
3602:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3596:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2997:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2967:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2952:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2197:(in German). p. 279.
1428:
1217:
1158:
857:
722:, which was marked by the
714:Republic of Venice to 1918
452:
448:
189:), is an area of southern
25:
18:
3714:Free Territory of Trieste
3574:
3504:
3443:
3426:
3350:
3287:
3250:
3232:Principality of Benevento
3224:
3201:
3146:
3135:
3077:
3047:
2799:
2749:
2703:
2634:
2621:
2584:
2499:
2298:"History ELINT from 1946"
2075:third war of independence
1740:in north-central Istria;
1692:Slovene national movement
1525:and, to a lesser extent,
1288:Ethnolinguistic structure
1261:Free Territory of Trieste
1207:Free Territory of Trieste
1161:Free Territory of Trieste
1120:, officially part of the
906:Free Territory of Trieste
809:Franz Joseph I of Austria
639:) in 1420, acquiring the
520:and the beginning of the
186:
103:
96:
38:
3620:Italian United Provinces
2972:Principality of Piombino
2761:Patrimony of Saint Peter
2033:"Clash of civilisations"
1991:, Routledge 2016 - ch. I
1893:
1776:
1663:) in the valleys of the
1196:In 1946, U.S. President
1165:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
1134:Nazi concentration camps
974:and the municipality of
641:Patriarchate of Aquileia
240:at the beginning of the
3708:Italian Social Republic
3383:Principality of Taranto
3275:Principality of Taranto
3237:Principality of Salerno
2992:Bishopric of Tarantasia
2815:Bishopric of Bressanone
2732:Duchy of the Pentapolis
2247:Encyclopædia Britannica
1590:Istro-Romanian language
1122:Italian Social Republic
506:Governorate of Dalmatia
502:Treaty of London (1915)
178:
170:
3614:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3388:Terra Sancti Benedicti
3292:(from the 9th century)
3002:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1596:South Slavic languages
1440:
1409:speakers existed. The
1309:
1301:
1203:Paris Peace Conference
1178:
1053:of Slovene areas, the
1051:Fascist Italianization
919:
845:
724:Treaty of Campo Formio
670:region of present-day
513:
428:introduced by Emperor
329:
312:and Julian Venetia").
228:(then all part of the
210:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli
162:
150:
77:
62:
47:
3740:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
3632:Republic of San Marco
3414:Crown Colony of Malta
3242:Principality of Capua
2982:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2845:County of Santa Fiora
2507:Etruscan civilization
1888:Operation Unthinkable
1863:Battles of the Isonzo
1806:Official flag of the
1790:Official flag of the
1752:Linguistic minorities
1438:
1429:Further information:
1307:
1295:
1238:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1172:
1079:Province of Ljubljana
1055:militant anti-Fascist
1021:Cervignano del Friuli
960:Malborghetto Valbruna
875:
860:Battles of the Isonzo
821:
746:(such as the city of
491:
443:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
323:
306:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
28:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
3428:French Revolutionary
3368:State of the Presidi
3092:Republic of Florence
3064:Domini di Terraferma
2714:Exarchate of Ravenna
2612:Western Roman Empire
2556:Nuragic civilization
2091:Serbi croati sloveni
2008:Lipušček, U. (2012)
1688:seven dialect groups
988:, which had enjoyed
936:Gorizia and Gradisca
771:Gorizia and Gradisca
433:Empire the region's
386:Tridentine Venetia (
259:Italian irredentists
254:(the Tenth Region).
3755:Italians of Croatia
3702:Free State of Fiume
3650:Kingdom of Sardinia
3393:Neapolitan Republic
3341:Kingdom of Sardinia
3336:Republic of Sassari
3164:Catepanate of Italy
3087:Republic of Cospaia
2910:Duchy of Montferrat
2905:March of Montferrat
2840:County of Guastalla
2740:Exarchate of Africa
2382:Milica Kacin Wohinz
2093:, Il Mulino, 2002,
1987:Marina Cattaruzza,
1696:Carinthian Slovenes
1629:Carinthian Slovenes
1561:and in the town of
1553:(between the lower
1049:In response to the
1042:. Several thousand
1006:1924 Treaty of Rome
1002:Free State of Fiume
968:Fusine in Valromana
757:, which became the
613:. Coastal areas of
351:rule; he called it
120:Province of Trieste
116:Province of Gorizia
3532:Lucca and Piombino
3409:Malta Protectorate
3373:Duke of San Donato
3127:Republic of Ancona
3049:Republic of Venice
2962:Duchy of Mirandola
2850:Duchy of Guastalla
2688:Duchy of Tridentum
2668:Duchy of Benevento
2635:Barbarian kingdoms
2061:2012-04-25 at the
2038:2020-05-06 at the
1878:History of Trieste
1736:was spoken around
1441:
1393:k. u. k.
1310:
1302:
1266:Italian Government
1179:
1071:Yugoslav Partisans
1044:Dalmatian Italians
920:
773:, and the city of
755:Kingdom of Illyria
740:Illyrian provinces
631:Republic of Venice
611:Mediterranean Seas
593:Republic of Venice
516:At the end of the
514:
510:Republic of Venice
475:Illyrian Provinces
389:Venezia Tridentina
359:Euganean Venetia (
330:
324:The Triveneto, or
285:. The secret 1915
247:Venetia et Histria
3750:History of Istria
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3570:
3569:
3537:Massa and Carrara
3422:
3421:
3399:Hospitaller Malta
3358:Kingdom of Naples
3352:Kingdom of Sicily
3283:
3282:
3193:Duchy of Sorrento
3112:Republic of Genoa
3107:Republic of Siena
3102:Republic of Massa
3097:Republic of Lucca
2830:County of Gorizia
2820:Corsican Republic
2801:Holy Roman Empire
2397:Rolf Wörsdörfer,
2099:978-88-15-08824-6
2046:Vol.12, No.2, p.4
2018:978-961-231-871-0
1883:Venetian Slovenia
1649:Gradisca d'Isonzo
1476:Gradisca d'Isonzo
1425:Romance languages
1419:Istriot languages
1240:region of Italy.
1091:Italian armistice
1075:Slovene Partisans
1013:Province of Udine
948:Duchy of Carniola
932:Austrian Littoral
928:Treaty of Rapallo
883:Treaty of Rapallo
759:Austrian Littoral
728:Istrian Peninsula
664:March of Carniola
623:Pietro II Orseolo
589:early Middle Ages
587:Beginning in the
574:Romance languages
214:Austrian Littoral
135:
134:
124:Province of Fiume
3772:
3765:1860s neologisms
3688:Kingdom of Italy
3675:
3674:
3441:
3440:
3270:County of Sicily
3265:County of Aversa
3188:Byzantine Sicily
3174:Theme of Lucania
3144:
3143:
3122:Republic of Pisa
3117:Republic of Noli
2987:Duchy of Spoleto
2957:Duchy of Merania
2855:Kingdom of Italy
2781:Duchy of Ferrara
2726:Duchy of Perugia
2705:Byzantine Empire
2683:Duchy of Spoleto
2650:Ostrogothic rule
2632:
2631:
2500:Pre-Roman period
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2388:, 2000), p. 303.
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2339:. Archived from
2338:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2264:. Archived from
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2219:"Istrian Spring"
2215:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2141:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2029:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1969:
1963:Bernard Newman,
1960:
1954:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1907:
1904:
1858:Austrian Riviera
1843:
1831:
1819:
1808:Austrian Litoral
1803:
1792:Austrian Litoral
1787:
1684:Slovene dialects
1617:Ilirska Bistrica
1456:Romance-speaking
1445:Italian language
1431:Istrian Italians
1388:Austro-Hungarian
1330:Istriot-speaking
1253:Italian Republic
1226:Slovene Littoral
924:Treaty of London
916:
903:
897:
880:
848:Istrian Italians
843:
554:Byzantine Empire
522:Migration Period
398:Julian Venetia (
347:which was under
334:Graziadio Ascoli
287:Treaty of London
187:Julisch Venetien
151:Julijska krajina
128:Province of Pola
112:Kingdom of Italy
108:
88:
80:
78:Julijska krajina
73:
65:
63:Julijska krajina
58:
50:
36:
35:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3673:
3576:
3575:Post-Napoleonic
3566:
3500:
3436:
3430:
3418:
3360:
3356:
3355:(1130–1816) and
3354:
3346:
3291:
3279:
3246:
3220:
3211:Emirate of Bari
3197:
3184:Theme of Sicily
3179:Duchy of Naples
3154:Duchy of Amalfi
3139:
3131:
3079:
3078:Other Republics
3073:
3051:
3043:
3037:County of Tenda
3017:County of Savoy
2977:Duchy of Reggio
2947:Duchy of Mantua
2875:March of Friuli
2807:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2791:Duchy of Urbino
2776:Duchy of Castro
2753:
2745:
2699:
2693:Duchy of Tuscia
2673:Duchy of Friuli
2636:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2596:(753 BC–509 BC)
2580:
2495:
2490:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:"Archived copy"
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:Lombardo-Veneto
2124:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2063:Wayback Machine
2054:
2050:
2040:Wayback Machine
2030:
2023:
2007:
2003:
1985:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1754:
1605:Inner Carniolan
1598:
1489:(Capodistria),
1433:
1427:
1361:Istro-Romanians
1290:
1245:Treaty of Osimo
1222:
1220:Treaty of Osimo
1216:
1198:Harry S. Truman
1167:
1157:
1114:Foibe massacres
1087:
962:which had been
918:
914:
912:
910:Treaty of Osimo
901:
899:
895:
893:
891:Treaty of Paris
878:
870:
868:Foibe massacres
856:
844:
841:
716:
542:Germanic tribes
538:Slavic-language
486:
481:
451:
365:Venezia propria
361:Venezia Euganea
318:
230:Austrian Empire
183:Austrian German
153:), also called
131:
99:
92:
91:
82:
67:
52:
41:
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:Italian Empire
3684:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3638:Roman Republic
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3590:Duchy of Lucca
3587:
3584:Duchy of Genoa
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Duchy of Gaeta
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3137:Southern Italy
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3080:(c. 1000–1797)
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:County of Nice
3029:
3027:Duchy of Aosta
3024:
3019:
3014:
3007:Savoyard state
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Duchy of Milan
2939:
2937:Duchy of Ivrea
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Duchy of Ivrea
2675:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:Odoacer's rule
2640:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2608:(27 BC–395 AD)
2603:
2602:(509 BC–27 BC)
2600:Roman Republic
2597:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:Cisalpine Gaul
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2439:External links
2437:
2434:
2433:
2403:
2390:
2370:
2325:
2314:
2289:
2278:
2253:
2241:"Istria"
2231:
2210:
2203:
2183:
2171:
2155:
2130:
2118:
2102:
2079:
2066:
2048:
2021:
2001:
1998:978-1138791749
1970:
1968:, pp. 307, 309
1965:The New Europe
1955:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
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1814:
1812:
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1798:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1753:
1750:
1734:Serbo-Croatian
1597:
1594:
1580:, the archaic
1426:
1423:
1403:Istro-Romanian
1344:), with small
1289:
1286:
1215:
1212:
1156:
1153:
1086:
1083:
990:special status
913:
900:
894:
887:Treaty of Rome
877:
855:
852:
839:
715:
712:
686:, the port of
627:Doge of Venice
485:
482:
450:
447:
420:
419:
418:, and the sea"
400:Venezia Giulia
396:
384:
317:
314:
275:Triple Entente
191:Central Europe
179:Vignesie Julie
163:Venezia Giulia
155:Julian Venetia
133:
132:
109:
101:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
74:
59:
48:Venezia Giulia
43:
42:
39:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3777:
3766:
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3405:
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3389:
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3378:Duchy of Sora
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3363:
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3216:Muslim Sicily
3214:
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2738:
2733:
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2720:Duchy of Rome
2718:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
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2694:
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2607:
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2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:Roman Kingdom
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Magna Graecia
2564:
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2554:
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2549:
2547:
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2540:
2537:
2536:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
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2502:
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2446:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:JoĹľe Pirjevec
2374:
2366:
2360:
2346:on 2009-03-19
2342:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2304:on 2009-04-09
2303:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2268:on 2008-01-11
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2145:on 2014-10-24
2144:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:JoĹľe Pirjevec
2083:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1951:0-7190-7417-7
1948:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1935:
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1923:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1889:
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1879:
1876:
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1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1846:Proposed flag
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1781:
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1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:A variety of
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:Judrio Rivers
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Slovene Lands
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Canale Valley
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
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1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
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1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:The standard
1437:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Umgangsprache
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Canale Valley
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Mariano Rumor
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:Karst Plateau
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:Vipava Valley
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:secret police
1064:
1063:Fascist Italy
1060:
1057:organization
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
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953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
911:
907:
892:
888:
884:
874:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
838:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
814:
813:Germanization
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Inner Austria
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
636:Stato da Tera
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
576:(followed by
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Inner Austria
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
438:
436:
431:
427:
426:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
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385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
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350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
327:
322:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Allied Powers
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
236:partition of
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Venesia Julia
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
129:
125:
122:(green), the
121:
117:
113:
107:
102:
95:
86:
79:
75:
71:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
44:
37:
29:
22:
3690:(1861–1946)
3668:Papal States
3496:Transpadania
3069:Stato da MĂ r
2751:Papal States
2662:Lombard rule
2626:Early Modern
2614:(395–476 AD)
2606:Roman Empire
2586:Ancient Rome
2459:
2425:. Retrieved
2419:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2384:(Ljubljana:
2373:
2348:. Retrieved
2341:the original
2328:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2292:
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2256:
2245:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2213:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2133:
2121:
2113:
2112:F. C. Lane,
2090:
2082:
2069:
2051:
2043:
2009:
2004:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1941:
1922:
1902:
1755:
1746:bilingualism
1712:
1704:
1681:
1639:(especially
1599:
1575:
1501:(Umago) and
1493:(Pirano) or
1484:
1461:
1454:Most of the
1453:
1442:
1398:
1392:
1378:and smaller
1358:
1356:minorities.
1311:
1298:ethnographic
1242:
1223:
1210:Memorandum.
1195:
1180:
1138:
1125:
1111:
1088:
1048:
1025:
1010:
986:Rijeka-Fiume
984:
966:(aside from
921:
846:
837:established.
822:
805:Risorgimento
802:
779:
766:
752:
717:
684:Rijeka-Fiume
657:
634:
606:Stato da MĂ r
604:
586:
566:Adriatic Sea
558:Eastern Alps
518:Roman Empire
515:
459:Stato da MĂ r
439:
424:
421:
399:
387:
364:
360:
342:
331:
325:
299:
256:
251:
245:
154:
139:Julian March
138:
136:
118:(blue), the
40:Julian March
3716:(1947–1954)
3710:(1943–1945)
3704:(1920–1924)
3696:(1882–1960)
3680:unification
3670:(1814–1870)
3664:(1815–1866)
3658:(1816–1861)
3652:(1814–1860)
3646:(1859–1860)
3640:(1849–1850)
3634:(1848–1849)
3616:(1815–1859)
3610:(1814–1859)
3604:(1814–1859)
3598:(1814–1829)
3592:(1815–1847)
3586:(1815–1848)
3476:Parthenopea
3437:(1792–1815)
3395:(1647–1648)
3361:(1282–1816)
3343:(1324–1861)
3304:Agugliastra
3169:Longobardia
2806:independent
2656:Vandal rule
2386:Nova revija
1873:London Pact
1834:Full banner
1794:(1849–1919)
1732:dialect of
1363:in eastern
1346:Montenegrin
1334:South Slavs
1278:Miloš Minić
1187:Morgan Line
1175:Morgan Line
1103:German Army
992:within the
826:South Tyrol
817:Slavization
570:city-states
416:Julian Alps
326:Tre Venezie
304:, is named
283:World War I
238:Roman Italy
126:(red), the
3734:Categories
3547:Pontecorvo
3505:Monarchies
3491:Subalpinia
3456:Cispadania
3451:Cisalpinia
3433:Napoleonic
3140:(774–1139)
3052:(697–1797)
2754:(754–1870)
2716:(584–751)
2664:(568–774)
2427:2010-04-21
2350:2008-09-19
2308:2008-09-19
2272:2007-11-28
2224:24 October
2204:3484311347
2149:2021-11-04
1914:References
1700:Germanised
1645:Monfalcone
1559:Bisiacaria
1547:Monfalcone
1472:Cervignano
1369:Carinthian
1218:See also:
1214:Since 1954
1159:See also:
1124:but under
1089:After the
998:city-state
964:Carinthian
926:and later
858:See also:
763:crown land
702:(with its
568:, several
532:) and the
453:See also:
3522:Guastalla
3512:Benevento
3444:Republics
3299:Judicates
3147:Byzantine
2804:and other
2742:(585–698)
2734:(554–752)
2728:(554–752)
2722:(533–751)
2707:(584–751)
2658:(435–534)
2652:(493–553)
2646:(476–493)
2637:(476–774)
2571:Iapygians
1759:Hungarian
1730:Kajkavian
1567:Triestine
1384:Hungarian
1040:Argentina
748:Karlstadt
668:Carniolan
662:held the
649:Pordenone
534:Germanic-
528:(and its
381:Pordenone
353:Triveneto
316:Etymology
3481:Piedmont
3331:Oristano
3324:Logudoro
3314:Cagliari
3289:Sardinia
3022:Piedmont
2771:Holy See
2622:Medieval
2576:Picentes
2519:Samnites
2359:cite web
2059:Archived
2036:Archived
1868:Dalmatia
1852:See also
1742:ÄŚakavian
1714:Croatian
1665:Natisone
1609:Postojna
1539:GroĹľnjan
1415:Venetian
1411:Friulian
1338:Slovenes
1326:Friulian
1322:Venetian
1314:Italians
1251:and the
1126:de facto
1032:Slovenes
956:Pontebba
952:Tarvisio
840:—
834:Littoral
830:Dalmatia
767:Kronland
736:Napoleon
732:Quarnero
730:and the
696:Gradisca
672:Slovenia
660:Habsburg
619:Dalmazia
597:Habsburg
595:and the
578:Venetian
562:Dalmatia
530:dialects
494:Dalmatia
430:Augustus
349:Austrian
302:Slovenia
295:Slovenes
271:Dalmatia
263:Trentino
234:Augustan
226:Trentino
207:linguist
203:Slovenia
175:Friulian
167:Venetian
143:Croatian
130:(yellow)
85:Croatian
3562:Corsica
3552:Tuscany
3517:Etruria
3466:Liguria
3319:Gallura
3309:Arborea
3225:Lombard
2925:Tuscany
2915:Trieste
2551:Ligures
2512:Etruria
1763:Serbian
1653:Cormons
1601:Slovene
1582:Istriot
1571:Fiumano
1515:Motovun
1468:Cormons
1464:Gorizia
1449:Gorizia
1380:German-
1374:in the
1372:Germans
1318:Italian
1230:Goriška
1145:Trieste
1095:Gorizia
1028:Fascist
940:Trieste
794:Gorizia
775:Trieste
744:Croatia
700:Gorizia
688:Trieste
601:Austria
582:Italian
546:Austria
492:Map of
449:History
408:Trieste
404:Gorizia
252:Regio X
244:, when
195:Croatia
159:Italian
147:Slovene
70:Slovene
55:Italian
3628:(1848)
3622:(1831)
3577:states
3542:Naples
3252:Norman
3059:Dogado
2930:Verona
2895:Mantua
2890:Istria
2870:Finale
2860:Ancona
2808:states
2628:states
2546:Veneti
2524:Latins
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2016:
1996:
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1726:Rijeka
1722:Lošinj
1708:German
1677:Friuli
1633:Rijeka
1631:), in
1621:Idrija
1613:Vipava
1588:, the
1578:Rovinj
1555:Isonzo
1551:Ronchi
1543:pidgin
1523:Plomin
1511:Lošinj
1503:Muggia
1480:Muggia
1474:, and
1365:Istria
1352:) and
1342:Croats
1280:, the
1234:Istria
1177:in red
1141:Friuli
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944:Istria
915:
902:
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866:, and
790:Friuli
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708:Friuli
704:county
690:(with
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625:, the
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477:, and
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369:Veneto
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273:. The
242:Empire
224:, and
222:Friuli
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3527:Italy
3471:Lucca
3461:Italy
3012:Savoy
2920:Turin
2900:Milan
2885:Ivrea
2561:Umbri
2534:Celts
2344:(PDF)
2337:(PDF)
1894:Notes
1777:Flags
1771:Greek
1767:Czech
1738:Buzet
1669:Torre
1661:Resia
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653:Udine
550:Slavs
526:Latin
435:Latin
377:Udine
338:March
267:Fiume
199:Italy
3557:Elba
3486:Rome
3435:eras
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3203:Arab
3186:and
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2529:Osci
2415:and
2380:and
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2199:ISBN
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