443:, and many other chronic health conditions. A case study on the consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. The report asserts that obesity resulted in related complex health concerns such as an upsurge in the rate of heart attacks. Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks. Consumers also tend to eat too much in one sitting, and those who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like
2076:"This article's aim is to review and summarize the literature on the perceptions of healthy eating ... Databases, the worldwide web, selected journals and reference lists were searched for relevant papers from the last 20 years. Reviewed articles suggest relative homogeneity in the perceptions of healthy eating despite the studies being conducted in different countries and involving different age groups, sexes, and socio-economic status." Also, "...the small number of studies that focused on variations in perceptions according to socio-economic status..."
423:); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged do not perceive healthy food much differently than any other population segment. Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to make the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet.
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20:
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influence children's food preferences, purchasing behaviour and overall dietary behaviour. Marketing has also been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity in children. The habits children develop early in life may encourage them to adopt unhealthy dietary practices which persist into adulthood, increasing the likelihood of overweight, obesity and associated health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases."
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333:, the junk food label is described as nutritionally meaningless: food is food, and if there is zero nutritional value, then it is not a food. Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, "To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets – that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food – but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration."
2033:"A large body of epidemiologic data show that diet quality follows a socioeconomic gradient. Whereas higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets are preferentially consumed by persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and of more limited economic means. ... However, a convincing causal relation between SES indicators and diet quality still remains to be established."
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547:, then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. The committee took issue with the use of salt, sugar, and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the
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659:, in addition to an additional ban on advertising such foods on television before 9:00 pm local time. The bans would not affect advertisements that do not directly promote a junk food product, and promoting these products on company webpages and social media accounts would remain permitted. The bans were intended to come into force in 2023, but they will become effective from 1 October, 2025.
722:", the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity." Advertising of unhealthy foods to children increases their consumption of the product and positive attitudes (liking or wanting to buy) about the advertised product. Children's
524:, released his report, "Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health", and called for governments to "take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labeling of food products, and establishing
345:, "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food", "The history of junk food is a largely American tale: It has been around for hundreds of years, in many parts of the world, but no one has done a better job inventing so many varieties of it, branding it, mass-producing it, making people rich off it and, of course, eating it."
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became the first country to implement comprehensive nutritional quality measures aimed at consumers, with the Law of Food
Labeling and Advertising. The statute mandated front-of-package warning labels, restricted marketing to children, and banned in-school sales of food and drink containing excessive
503:
increase in junk food was then linked to excessive hyperactivity in 33% of the subjects, leading to the conclusion that children consuming excess junk food at the age of seven are more likely to be in the top third of the hyperactivity scale. There was no significant correlation between junk food and
392:
America also celebrates an annual
National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by "people who want to sell more food", at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group. "In honor of the
388:
placed the
Twinkie at #1 in an article titled, "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods": "Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie
1162:
Ultra-processed foods tend to be junk food: low in fiber and high in sugar and calories, says Zhang. But because ultra-processed foods are defined by the types of ingredients they contain, not by their nutrition content, this category can also include foods with beneficial nutrients, like breads
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recommends that governments take action to limit children's exposure to food marketing, stating, "Many advertisements promote foods high in fats, sugar, and salt, consumption of which should be limited as part of a healthy diet. ... Food advertising and other forms of marketing have been shown to
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for the UK ad industry, takes this approach. Foods are scored for "A" nutrients (energy, saturated fat, total sugar, and sodium) and "C" nutrients (fruit, vegetable, and nut content, fiber, and protein). The difference between A and C scores determines whether a food or beverage is categorized as
737:
In the United
Kingdom, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt, or fat at any time children may be viewing are ongoing. The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children. A
272:
but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, many of them are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in
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to create flavor profiles that trigger the human affinity for sugar, salt, and fat. Consumption results in pleasurable, likely addictive, effects on the brain. At the same time, massive marketing efforts are deployed, creating powerful brand loyalties that studies have shown can trump taste.
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recommended that cartoon characters advertising unhealthy food to children should be banned, supermarkets should have to remove unhealthy sweets and snacks from ends of aisles and checkout areas, local authorities should be able to limit the number of fast food outlets in their area, brands
357:
Junk food in its various forms is trendy and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast-food sales are in the area of $ 160 billion, compared to supermarket sales of $ 620 billion (a figure which also includes junk food in the form of
618:
introduced the world's first fat-food tax in
October 2011 by imposing a surcharge on all foods, including those made from natural ingredients, that contain more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, an unpopular measure that lasted a little over a year.
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635:'s Healthy Diné Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km) Navajo reservation; the Act targeted problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population.
418:
It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are unclear. Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status
401:); "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll" (Baltimore); "Celebrities' favorite junk food" (Los Angeles); "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day" with "Rules for Splurging" (
349:, the candy-coated popcorn-and-peanuts confection, is credited as the first popular name-brand junk food; it was created in Chicago, registered in 1896, and became the best-selling candy in the world 20 years later.
726:(the ability to understand what an advertisement is and the aim of advertising to buy the product) is not protective against the impact of advertising, and does not appear to be fully developed during adolescence.
543:) between 1968 and 1977. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, such as
2219:
Hall, Kevin D.; Ayuketah, Alexis; Brychta, Robert; Cai, Hongyi; Cassimatis, Thomas; Chen, Kong Y.; Chung, Stephanie T.; Costa, Elise; Courville, Amber; Darcey, Valerie; Fletcher, Laura A. (2019-07-02).
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469:. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a
1494:
Lockyer, Stacey; Spiro, Ayela; Berry, Sarah; He, Jibin; Loth, Shefalee; Martinez‐Inchausti, Andrea; Mellor, Duane; Raats, Monique; Sokolović, Milka; Vijaykumar, Santosh; Stanner, Sara (Jun 2023).
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Several countries have taken, or are considering, various forms of legislative action to curb junk food consumption. Eating habits can be influenced by the food environment around us. In 2014,
1980:
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Other research has been done on the impact of sugary foods on human emotional health and has suggested that consuming junk food can negatively impact energy levels and emotional well-being.
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match broadcast, which included ads and branding worn on players' uniforms and on the scoreboard and pitch. A coalition of
Australian obesity, cancer, and diabetes organizations called on
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As for the source of junk food's appeal, there is no definitive scientific answer; both physiological and psychological factors are cited. Food manufacturers spend billions of dollars on
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14 August 2007. Study title: "A maternal 'junk food' diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for 'junk food' and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring."
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in 2014 published, "5 Crazy Junk Food
Combinations". Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With... Beer-Flavored Oreos?" (
491:, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4,000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. At age seven, the 4,000 children were given the
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951:
1922:
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762:, the sport's governing body, to "phase out sponsorships with unhealthy brands", emphasizing that cricket is a "healthy, family-oriented sport" with children in the audience.
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associated with unhealthy foods should be banned from sponsoring sports clubs, youth leagues and tournaments, and social media like
Facebook should cut down junk food
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1945:
674:, announced a ban on the advertising of several categories of junk food to children under 16. Such advertising would be forbidden on television, radio, online, in
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Craving for junk food 'inherited' Mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy may be condemning their children to crave the same diet, according to animal tests.
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1354:. He is recognized as an expert on the origins of the terms Big Apple, Windy City, hot dog, hamburger, and many other food terms, and he is an editor of the
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1496:"How do we differentiate not demonise – Is there a role for healthier processed foods in an age of food insecurity? Proceedings of a roundtable event"
982:
208:
Column: More Junk Than Food". In the article, Dr. Brady writes, "What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1)
1972:
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304:
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2604:"An evaluation of Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study"
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An early, high-profile, and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the
American diet was undertaken by the McGovern Committee (
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2997:
Packer, Jessica; Croker, Helen; Goddings, Anne-Lise; Boyland, Emma J.; Stansfield, Claire; Russell, Simon J.; Viner, Russell M. (2022-12-01).
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and sale in several countries. Current studies indicate that a diet high in junk food can increase the risk of depression, digestive issues,
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2222:"Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake"
564:
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found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.
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366:", a US top 10 pop song, described a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night gorges on
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1949:
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627:, fat, and salt. Norway taxes refined sugar, and Mexico has various excises on unhealthy food. On April 1, 2015, the first
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288:, can be considered either healthy or junk food, depending on their ingredients and preparation methods. The more highly
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2890:"Spanish government to ban advertising aimed at children of unhealthy foods such as chocolate, juices and ice creams"
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study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like
280:, supplying little or none of the protein, vitamins, or minerals required for a nutritious diet. Some foods, such as
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Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Reyes, Marcela; Colchero, M. Arantxa; Popkin, Barry; Corvalán, Camila (February 2020).
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2279:"Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors"
458:
2947:"The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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items usually fall under the junk food category, including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or
114:
are often equated with junk food, although fast foods cannot be categorically described as junk food.
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Precise definitions vary by purpose and over time. Some high-protein foods, like meat prepared with
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study in 2015 found that junk food sponsors were mentioned over 1,000 times in a single
Australian
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317:
293:
123:
2999:"Advertising and Young People's Critical Reasoning Abilities: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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Some governments have considered taxes and limits on advertising or displaying junk food for sale.
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751:
551:, and the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title,
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Concerns about the negative health effects resulting from a junk food-heavy diet, especially
1592:
Vincent Marks is an Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Surrey.
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800:
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321:
131:
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8:
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1281:
805:
177:
145:
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1803:
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840:
473:, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare. A 2007 study in the
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Several states in Mexico banned sales of junk food to minors, starting in August 2020.
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proposed policies that would call for a ban on online advertisements of foods high in
499:, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms, and pro-social behavior. A one
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2405:"'Junk food' diet and childhood behavioural problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort"
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759:
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269:
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has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A
196:'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition", over a reprint of a 1948 article from the
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Supermarkets must stop discounting unhealthy foods to tackle child obesity, say MPs
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2014:
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1195:. Public Health Law Center (William Mitchell College of Law). 2010. Archived from
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dates back at least to the early 1950s, although its coinage has been credited to
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3169:"'We Had To Take Action': States In Mexico Move To Ban Junk Food Sales To Minors"
3120:
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2117:. Pacific Standard (Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy).
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540:
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84:
2829:"This Place Just Became the First Part of the U.S. to Impose a Tax on Junk Food"
1006:"Sustainably Sourced Junk Food? Big Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Diets"
27:'s 21-Area Health Promotion Center describes the effects of junk food that many
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Appetite for Change: how the counterculture took on the food industry 1966–1988
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525:
277:
221:
64:
24:
2763:
2491:"UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As 'Culprit' In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change"
2206:"effects of junk food & Beverages on Adolescent's health-A review article"
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2019:
2002:
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632:
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375:
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food mainly considers the level of processing rather than nutrient profiles.
213:
153:
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103:
76:
68:
48:
2747:"Policy lessons from health taxes: a systematic review of empirical studies"
2420:
435:, and processed sugar found in junk food contribute to an increased risk of
3934:
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3362:
3357:
3338:
3333:
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2060:
2028:
815:
699:
521:
470:
432:
346:
329:
44:
1862:"National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll"
1664:"Cracker Jack: 120-year-old junk food gets new flavors, 'enhanced' prizes"
1219:"Protecting children from the harmful effects of food and drink marketing"
19:
4547:
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1005:
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624:
544:
265:
217:
209:
197:
149:
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Russell, Simon J.; Croker, Helen; Viner, Russell M. (21 December 2018).
2860:"UK to ban junk food advertising online and before 9 pm on TV from 2023"
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4172:
4137:
4119:
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683:
448:
281:
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233:
185:
119:
96:
28:
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1511:
1350:. Since 1990 he has also been a regular contributor to Gerald Cohen's
4494:
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4324:
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4157:
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4000:
3964:
3601:
3581:
3452:
3402:
3387:
3292:
3225:
3062:"Children are being 'bombarded' by junk food ads, research has found"
2045:"Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps"
703:
257:
225:
107:
32:
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2296:
588:
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2888:
Medina, Miguel Ángel; Moncloa Allison, Gonzalo (October 29, 2021).
1566:
875:
601:
1536:
Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health
537:
United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs
330:
Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health
130:, are generally included in the junk food category; much of it is
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4339:
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4127:
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3422:
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Wiles, N.J.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Lewis, G. (2007-12-05).
795:
755:
628:
620:
615:
607:
597:
462:
436:
407:); and "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?" (Kansas City).
138:
80:
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has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon."
252:, junk food is defined as "those commercial products, including
4397:
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4298:
4290:
4227:
4207:
4182:
3591:
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3352:
2169:"Obesity Was Rising as Ghana Embraced Fast Food. Then Came KFC"
1864:. WMAR-TV ABC 2 News (Scripps TV Station Group). Archived from
1835:"Celebrate National Junk Food Day With... Beer-Flavored Oreos?"
687:
466:
371:
229:
205:
157:
60:
431:
When junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple
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3318:
3249:
2000:
1532:
695:
679:
667:
656:
576:
444:
253:
184:, in 1972. In 1952, the phrase appeared in a headline in the
115:
52:
3194:
2579:. US Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
781:
4427:
3784:
3736:
3596:
3457:
2996:
2798:"Mexican Senate approves tax scheme for 2014, (in Spanish)"
1221:. World Health Organization. September 2014. Archived from
691:
652:
285:
240:
can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.
2601:
2402:
747: – all are currently just recommendations.
312:
HFSS (high in fat, salt and sugar; a term synonymous with
87:. It is also known as "high in fat, salt and sugar food" (
3124:
2881:
2662:"Denmark scraps its infamous fat tax after only one year"
718:
is a contentious issue. In "The Impact of Advertising on
648:
398:
56:
606:
To reduce junk food consumption through price control,
2461:"WHO warns on kids' digital exposure to junk-food ads"
2375:"The foods making you feel sad, mad or 'high on life'"
2218:
2042:
1694:"Fast Food Industry Analysis 2015 – Cost & Trends"
944:"WHO warns on kids' digital exposure to junk-food ads"
709:
563:, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the
3545:
2887:
2721:"Denmark Scraps Much-Maligned 'Fat Tax' After a Year"
1973:"Ask Smithsonian: Why Do We Love Junk Food So Much?"
777:
3114:'Ban cartoon characters' on unhealthy food, MPs say
1493:
638:
2944:
2795:
2719:
2517:
2115:"Why Are So Many Low-Income People So Overweight?"
1915:"A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day"
1770:
43:" is a term used to describe food that is high in
2112:
1948:. KSHB (Scripps TV Station Group). Archived from
1943:
1890:. ABC Inc., KABC-TV. 21 July 2014. Archived from
623:has imposed taxes on foods and beverages high in
4563:
2920:"The Impact of Advertising on Childhood Obesity"
1912:
2488:
2139:
2088:"Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much"
2826:
2796:Figueroa-Alcantara, Héctor (28 October 2013).
2166:
1604:"Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food"
1145:"Why Ultra-Processed Foods Are So Bad for You"
1053:
1051:
1049:
765:
3531:
3210:
2577:"History of Dietary Guidelines for Americans"
2167:Searcey, Dionne; Richtel, Matt (2017-10-02).
1859:
1801:
1371:
2686:
2276:
2001:Darmon, Nicole; Adam Drewnowski (May 2008).
1377:
1307:
678:, and in newspapers. Affected foods include
2851:
2043:Paquette, Marie-Claude (July–August 2005).
1964:
1595:
1559:
1356:Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
1046:
972:
868:
3538:
3524:
3217:
3203:
2090:. The Guardian (Guardian News and Media).
2085:
1946:"It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?"
1832:
1106:
565:US Department of Health and Human Services
507:
3030:
2970:
2772:
2762:
2637:
2619:
2436:
2304:
2277:Johnson, Paul M.; Kenny, Paul J. (2010).
2253:
2018:
2003:"Does social class predict diet quality?"
1764:
1632:Petri, Alexandra E. (February 17, 2015).
1625:
1601:
1274:
1021:
937:
935:
570:
273:calories and high in nutritional value."
182:Center for Science in the Public Interest
3059:
1533:Feldman, Stanely; Vincent Marks (2005).
1076:
587:
493:Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
352:
18:
2327:
1661:
1655:
1407:"Can you give me a list of junk foods?"
1394:from the original on 24 September 2015.
1340:Historical Dictionary of American Slang
1336:Dictionary of American Regional English
1082:
1060:Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food
250:Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food
4564:
3149:from the original on 24 September 2015
2992:
2990:
2922:. American Psychological Association.
2857:
2744:
2689:"Denmark scraps world's first fat tax"
2409:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2372:
2142:"Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good"
2007:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1691:
1404:
1398:
1187:
1185:
932:
869:O'Neill, Brendon (November 30, 2006).
847:from the original on 30 September 2015
488:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3519:
3198:
3179:from the original on 15 February 2021
3136:
2900:from the original on October 29, 2021
2808:from the original on 29 November 2019
2515:
2509:
1748:. K-tel International. Archived from
1631:
1301:
1058:Smith, Andrew F. (5 September 2000).
1057:
1003:
941:
883:from the original on October 10, 2019
706:. The ban is to take effect in 2022.
362:, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, "
4523:
2717:
2328:Goodwin, Jennifer (March 29, 2010).
2094:from the original on 8 February 2015
1994:
1970:
1405:Larsen, Joanne (22 September 2016).
1275:Brissette, Christy (March 1, 2018).
1083:Specter, Michael (2 November 2015).
904:
902:
900:
898:
4465:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
2987:
2738:
2711:
2330:"Junk Food 'Addiction' May Be Real"
1804:"Having a Snack? Make It a Holiday"
1582:from the original on 24 August 2017
1560:O'Neill, Brendan (3 October 2005).
1458:
1245:"Food Marketing in Other Countries"
1182:
1142:
864:
862:
710:Restricting advertising to children
670:, under the leadership of minister
643:In mid-2021, the government of the
554:Dietary Goals for the United States
16:Unhealthy food high in sugar or fat
13:
2926:from the original on 16 March 2015
2668:from the original on 18 March 2015
2497:from the original on 18 March 2015
2121:from the original on 6 August 2017
1944:Thompson, Jadiann (21 July 2014).
1925:from the original on 15 April 2015
1814:from the original on 19 April 2015
1771:Grossman, Samantha (16 Nov 2012).
1726:from the original on 26 March 2015
1700:from the original on 17 March 2015
1446:from the original on 23 March 2013
1316:from the original on 18 March 2015
1289:from the original on March 1, 2021
871:"Is this what you call junk food?"
557:, which became the predecessor to
204:, originally titled, "Dr. Brady's
14:
4608:
3072:from the original on 2 April 2015
3060:Campbell, Denis (21 March 2014).
2839:from the original on 2 April 2015
2745:Wright, Alexandra (19 Jun 2017).
2687:Kliff, Sarah (13 November 2012).
2148:from the original on 7 April 2015
2049:Canadian Journal of Public Health
1913:Reinagel, Monica (21 July 2014).
1888:"Celebrities' favorite junk food"
1783:from the original on 2 April 2015
1539:. London: John Blake Publishing.
1308:Popik, Barry (26 December 2008).
1112:
985:from the original on 19 June 2022
908:
895:
740:UK parliamentary select committee
610:have been implemented. Targeting
528:mechanisms for violations of the
514:United Nations Special Rapporteur
426:
299:Junk food can be defined through
4542:
4532:
4522:
4513:
4512:
3500:
3433:Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
3139:"Junk food ads saturate cricket"
2827:Toppa, Sabrina (30 March 2015).
2699:from the original on 9 June 2015
2489:Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014).
2113:McWilliams, James (4 Aug 2014).
1746:"Larry Groce "Junk Food Junkie""
1634:"Where Did Junk Food Come From?"
1277:"this is your body on fast food"
954:from the original on 5 July 2022
859:
780:
639:Banning junk food advertisements
580:sugar, salt, or saturated fat.
560:Dietary Guidelines for Americans
296:and white flour or milled corn.
3161:
3137:Hagan, Kate (27 January 2015).
3130:
3107:
3084:
3053:
2938:
2912:
2870:from the original on 2021-06-23
2820:
2680:
2654:
2595:
2569:
2546:
2493:. Intellectual Property Watch.
2482:
2471:from the original on 2022-07-05
2453:
2396:
2385:from the original on 2017-10-25
2366:
2344:
2336:. BLOOMBERG L.P. Archived from
2321:
2270:
2212:
2198:
2187:from the original on 2017-10-19
2160:
2133:
2106:
2086:Adams, Tim (7 September 2013).
2079:
2055:(Supplement 3): S15-9, S16-21.
2036:
1983:from the original on 2018-12-31
1937:
1906:
1880:
1853:
1826:
1795:
1738:
1712:
1685:
1674:from the original on 2019-04-23
1644:from the original on 2019-04-23
1614:from the original on 2018-12-31
1602:Frenandez, Manny (7 Aug 2010).
1553:
1526:
1487:
1476:from the original on 2019-02-12
1466:"Food: HFSS Nutrient Profiling"
1428:
1417:from the original on 2019-02-13
1268:
1257:from the original on 2016-03-03
1237:
1211:
1136:
1125:from the original on 2022-08-02
1095:from the original on 2023-09-03
921:from the original on 2012-12-21
341:According to an article in the
305:Advertising Standards Authority
106:, may be considered junk food.
2664:. EurActiv. 14 November 2012.
1860:Pfahler, Eric (21 July 2014).
1837:. MTV (Viacom). Archived from
1062:. Greenwood Press. p. x.
997:
966:
843:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
833:
243:
234:sweetened carbonated beverages
1:
3224:
2140:Roizman, Tracey (July 2012).
1802:Severson, Kim (30 May 2007).
1662:Parsons, Russ (Jun 4, 2013).
1348:Dictionary of Modern Proverbs
1143:Law, Tara (January 9, 2023).
1010:Global Environmental Politics
826:
2621:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015
2465:American Medical Association
2373:Bullen, James (2017-06-10).
1971:Ault, Alicia (26 Mar 2015).
1722:. Food Marketing Institute.
948:American Medical Association
664:Ministry of Consumer Affairs
549:American Medical Association
485:In a study published in the
476:British Journal of Nutrition
167:
7:
4475:Latin American Diet Pyramid
4455:Dairy Council of California
3910:Gluten-free and casein-free
2858:Sweney, Mark (2021-06-23).
1833:Valia, Anu (21 July 2014).
1004:Scott, Caitlin (May 2018).
973:Zimmer, Ben (30 Dec 2010).
942:Parks, Troy (16 Dec 2016).
773:
766:Restricting sales to minors
583:
164:, cancer, and early death.
10:
4613:
4485:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
3940:Low-fiber/low-residue diet
2526:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
2516:Anson, Robert Sam (1972).
2238:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008
1773:"Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods"
1384:"Don't touch my junk food"
1378:O'Conner, Patricia T. and
1174:: CS1 maint: url-status (
595:
459:Scripps Research Institute
382:. Thirty-six years later,
336:
268:, which have little or no
99:dating back to the 1950s.
4551:Health and fitness portal
4508:
4440:
4338:
4236:
4118:
4109:
4087:
4044:
3978:
3870:
3849:
3821:
3793:
3750:
3699:
3676:
3650:
3629:
3620:
3557:
3497:
3471:
3311:
3275:
3232:
3143:The Sydney Morning Herald
2764:10.1186/s12889-017-4497-z
2144:. SFGate (Demand Media).
1436:"What Makes a Food Junk?"
1332:Oxford English Dictionary
731:World Health Organization
495:(SDQ), with five scales:
316:). Defining junk food as
220:, crackers, cake, candy,
59:, and often also high in
3831:Bodybuilding supplements
3015:10.1542/peds.2022-057780
1330:is a contributor to the
1193:"Food Marketing to Kids"
412:research and development
294:high fructose corn syrup
4577:20th-century neologisms
4500:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
3803:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
2726:The Wall Street Journal
2421:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602967
2334:Bloomberg Business Week
1344:Yale Book of Quotations
745:advertising to children
508:Anti-junk food measures
303:. The United Kingdom's
216:or syrup. For example,
4582:Criticism of fast food
4470:Healthy eating pyramid
4016:Time Restricted Eating
3900:Fluid restriction diet
3479:Criticism of fast food
2552:Warren Belasco (1989)
2020:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1107
1562:"Is junk food a myth?"
593:
571:Comprehensive measures
441:cardiovascular disease
309:self-regulatory agency
148:, and restrictions on
124:highly-processed foods
36:
3970:Specific carbohydrate
3862:Very-low-calorie diet
3484:Fast food advertising
3175:. 14 September 2020.
2520:McGovern: A Biography
1352:Comments on Etymology
1225:on September 20, 2014
752:Wollongong University
662:In October 2021, the
591:
539:, chaired by Senator
353:Popularity and appeal
248:In Andrew F. Smith's
112:fast-food restaurants
22:
3915:Intermittent fasting
3507:Companies portal
3283:Fast food restaurant
2467:. 16 December 2016.
1382:(15 February 2011).
1360:The Big Apple: About
1085:"Freedom from Fries"
1023:10.1162/glep_a_00458
801:Ultra-processed food
716:targeted at children
132:ultra-processed food
3880:Calorie restriction
3413:Macaroni and cheese
3119:30 May 2018 at the
2718:Bomsdorf, Clemens.
2284:Nature Neuroscience
1919:The Huffington Post
1720:"Supermarket Facts"
1282:The Washington Post
975:"On Language: Junk"
806:Hyperpalatable food
276:Junk food provides
214:refined white sugar
178:Michael F. Jacobson
146:awareness campaigns
141:, have resulted in
3795:Semi-vegetarianism
3324:Breakfast sandwich
3096:2017-10-21 at the
3009:(6): e2022057780.
2356:2012-08-03 at the
2173:The New York Times
1500:Nutrition Bulletin
1365:2018-12-31 at the
1199:on 28 October 2015
821:Nutrient profiling
724:critical reasoning
714:Junk food that is
594:
504:the other scales.
501:standard deviation
301:nutrient profiling
37:
4559:
4558:
4436:
4435:
4105:
4104:
3678:Sustainable diets
3513:
3512:
3329:Breakfast sausage
2963:10.1111/obr.12812
2751:BMC Public Health
2539:978-0-03-091345-7
2340:on 19 April 2012.
1696:. FranchiseHelp.
1668:Los Angeles Times
1512:10.1111/nbu.12617
1442:. 4 August 2010.
1411:Ask the Dietitian
1380:Stewart Kellerman
1115:"Fast Food Facts"
911:"Junk-Food Facts"
760:Cricket Australia
720:Childhood obesity
360:convenience foods
270:nutritional value
202:Standard-Examiner
128:breakfast cereals
4604:
4572:1950s neologisms
4546:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4116:
4115:
3950:Monotrophic diet
3930:Low-carbohydrate
3895:Elimination diet
3841:Therapeutic food
3836:Meal replacement
3823:Supplement diets
3691:Planetary health
3627:
3626:
3563:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3240:Convenience food
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3134:
3128:
3111:
3105:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3034:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2623:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:on 27 March 2015
2573:
2567:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2063:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2013:(5): 1107–1117.
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:on 14 April 2015
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
939:
930:
929:
927:
926:
906:
893:
892:
890:
888:
866:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
790:
785:
784:
750:In Australia, a
368:Hostess Twinkies
364:Junk Food Junkie
318:highly processed
256:, bakery goods,
226:chocolate malted
195:
126:such as certain
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4592:Human nutrition
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4504:
4442:
4432:
4334:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4232:
4101:
4083:
4040:
3974:
3872:
3866:
3850:Non-solid diets
3845:
3817:
3789:
3775:Milk substitute
3754:
3746:
3700:Religious diets
3695:
3672:
3646:
3616:
3561:
3553:
3547:Human nutrition
3544:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3467:
3348:Chicken nuggets
3344:Chicken fingers
3307:
3271:
3228:
3223:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3131:
3121:Wayback Machine
3112:
3108:
3098:Wayback Machine
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3043:
2995:
2988:
2951:Obesity Reviews
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2790:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2693:Washington Post
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2614:(2): e1003015.
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2556:, pp. 148–153,
2551:
2547:
2540:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2358:Wayback Machine
2349:
2345:
2326:
2322:
2297:10.1038/nn.2519
2275:
2271:
2232:(1): 67–77.e3.
2226:Cell Metabolism
2217:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2041:
2037:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1977:Smithsonian.com
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1894:on 4 March 2016
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1868:on 26 July 2014
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1841:on 7 April 2015
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1752:on 2 April 2015
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1472:. 29 Jun 2017.
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1440:Huffington Post
1434:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1376:
1372:
1367:Wayback Machine
1319:
1317:
1312:. Barry Popik.
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
971:
967:
957:
955:
940:
933:
924:
922:
909:Magee, Elaine.
907:
896:
886:
884:
867:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
829:
786:
779:
776:
768:
712:
641:
631:in the US, the
604:
586:
573:
541:George McGovern
530:right to health
518:right to health
510:
455:Testing on rats
429:
404:Huffington Post
355:
339:
322:ultra-processed
246:
193:
170:
162:type 2 diabetes
17:
12:
11:
5:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:French paradox
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Selenocysteine
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Master Cleanse
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3651:Regional diets
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Grilled cheese
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3276:Points of sale
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3160:
3129:
3106:
3083:
3052:
2986:
2957:(4): 554–568.
2937:
2911:
2880:
2850:
2819:
2788:
2737:
2710:
2679:
2653:
2594:
2568:
2558:Pantheon Books
2545:
2538:
2508:
2481:
2452:
2415:(4): 491–498.
2395:
2365:
2343:
2320:
2291:(5): 635–641.
2269:
2211:
2197:
2159:
2132:
2105:
2078:
2035:
1993:
1963:
1936:
1905:
1879:
1852:
1825:
1808:New York Times
1794:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1684:
1654:
1638:The Daily Meal
1624:
1608:New York Times
1594:
1552:
1545:
1525:
1506:(2): 278–295.
1486:
1457:
1427:
1397:
1370:
1300:
1267:
1236:
1210:
1181:
1163:high in fiber.
1135:
1105:
1075:
1069:978-0313335273
1068:
1045:
996:
979:New York Times
965:
931:
894:
858:
831:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
791:
775:
772:
767:
764:
711:
708:
676:movie theaters
672:Alberto Garzón
645:United Kingdom
640:
637:
585:
582:
572:
569:
526:accountability
509:
506:
428:
427:Health effects
425:
354:
351:
343:New York Times
338:
335:
278:empty calories
245:
242:
222:ice cream soda
169:
166:
77:micronutrients
65:hyperpalatable
49:macronutrients
25:Camp Pendleton
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4609:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Phenylalanine
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Glutamic acid
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Aspartic acid
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4089:List of diets
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4036:U.S. military
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Diabetic diet
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Meat analogue
3768:
3766:
3765:Fruitarianism
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:Vegetarianism
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Mediterranean
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3562:Main articles
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:healthy diets
3548:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Fried chicken
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Buffalo wings
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:Select dishes
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3265:Drive-through
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:PLOS Medicine
2605:
2598:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2067:on 2015-04-08
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1546:9781844541225
1542:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:Smith, Rene.
1109:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1016:(2): 93–113.
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
984:
980:
976:
969:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
920:
916:
912:
905:
903:
901:
899:
882:
878:
877:
872:
865:
863:
846:
842:
836:
832:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
783:
778:
771:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
741:
735:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
700:energy drinks
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
633:Navajo Nation
630:
626:
622:
617:
614:consumption,
613:
612:saturated fat
609:
603:
599:
590:
581:
578:
568:
566:
562:
561:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
502:
498:
497:hyperactivity
494:
490:
489:
483:
480:
478:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:carbohydrates
424:
422:
416:
413:
408:
406:
405:
400:
396:
390:
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
350:
348:
344:
334:
332:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:heart disease
151:
147:
144:
143:public health
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:saturated fat
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:dietary fiber
67:, and low in
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
26:
21:
4548:Food portal,
4460:Food pyramid
4441:Nutritional
4068:
3885:Cardiac diet
3873:restrictions
3857:Liquid diets
3363:French toast
3358:French fries
3339:Cheeseburger
3244:
3181:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3142:
3132:
3123:
3109:
3102:The Guardian
3100:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3066:The Guardian
3065:
3055:
3044:. Retrieved
3006:
3002:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2893:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2864:the Guardian
2863:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2801:
2791:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2692:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2656:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2571:
2553:
2548:
2524:. New York:
2519:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2368:
2360:
2346:
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