Just war theory - Knowledge

29: 68: 2774:'s attitude towards war. The document offers criteria of distinguishing between an aggressive war, which is unacceptable, and a justified war, attributing the highest moral and sacred value of military acts of bravery to a true believer who participates in a justified war. Additionally, the document considers the just war criteria as developed in Western Christianity to be eligible for Russian Orthodoxy; therefore, the justified war theory in Western theology is also applicable to the Russian Orthodox Church. 3003:

has inherited some elements (the criteria of legitimate authority, just cause, right intention) from the older war theory that first evolved around AD 400, it has rejected two premises that underpinned all medieval just wars, including crusades: first, that violence could be employed on behalf of Christ's intentions for mankind and could even be directly authorized by him; and second, that it was a morally neutral force that drew whatever ethical coloring it had from the intentions of the perpetrators.

2785:, they will continue to accompany it. While recognizing war as evil, the Russian Orthodox Church does not prohibit its members from participating in hostilities if there is the security of their neighbours and the restoration of trampled justice at stake. War is considered to be necessary but undesirable. It is also stated that the Russian Orthodox Church has had profound respect for soldiers who gave their lives to protect the life and security of their neighbours. 6651: 3052:

proportionality criteria. One cannot invade if there is no chance of actually winning. However, wars are fought with imperfect knowledge, so one must simply be able to make a logical case that one can win; there is no way to know this in advance. These criteria move the conversation from moral and theoretical grounds to practical grounds. Essentially, this is meant to gather coalition building and win approval of other state actors.

2143:. Egyptian ethics of war usually centered on three main ideas, these including the cosmological role of Egypt, the pharaoh as a divine office and executor of the will of the gods, and the superiority of the Egyptian state and population over all other states and peoples. Egyptian political theology held that the pharaoh had the exclusive legitimacy in justly initiating a war, usually claimed to carry out the will of the gods. 2422:

greatest extent possible, and always justified. In terms of the traditional notion of jus in bello (justice in war, or the moral considerations which ought to constrain the use of violence in war), war is a coping mechanism for righteous combatants who, by divine edict, have no choice but to subject themselves to their political masters and seek to ensure that they execute their war-fighting duty as justly as possible.

2585:. Secondly, the war needs to be waged for just cause, on account of some wrong the attacked have committed. Thirdly, warriors must have the right intent, namely to promote good and to avoid evil. Aquinas came to the conclusion that a just war could be offensive and that injustice should not be tolerated so as to avoid war. Nevertheless, Aquinas argued that violence must only be used as a last resort. On the 2095:) dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justfiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. 4570: 2151:, claimed, "I was nursed to be a conqueror...his son and his protector, he gave me to conquer what he conquered." Later pharaohs also considered their sonship of the god Amun-Re as granting them absolute ability to declare war on the deity's behalf. Pharaohs often visited temples prior to initiating campaigns, where the pharaoh was believed to receive their commands of war from the deities. For example, 4366: 5066: 2972:

practice would be sheer deception of the common people, of philistines, of ignorant people, by the astute slaveowners. Precisely in this way are the present-day imperialist bourgeoisie deceiving the peoples by means of "national ideology" and the term "defense of the fatherland" in the present war between slave-owners for fortifying and strengthening slavery.

3045:) are typically considered as violations of this criterion. The importance of this condition is key. Plainly, we cannot have a genuine process of judging a just war within a system that represses the process of genuine justice. A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice". 2589:, violence was only justified to the extent it was necessary. Soldiers needed to avoid cruelty and a just war was limited by the conduct of just combatants. Aquinas argued that it was only in the pursuit of justice, that the good intention of a moral act could justify negative consequences, including the killing of the innocent during a war. 2666:, took the lead in collaborating with a large number of other religious leaders, including some with whom he had differed in the past, to write a rebuttal of the Germans' contentions. Both German and British theologians based themselves on the just war theory, each group seeking to prove that it applied to the war waged by its own side. 2716:

that "it is one thing to wage a war of self-defense; it is quite another to seek to impose domination on another nation. The possession of war potential does not justify the use of force for political or military objectives. Nor does the mere fact that war has unfortunately broken out mean that all is fair between the warring parties".

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The principle of last resort stipulates that all non-violent options must first be exhausted before the use of force can be justified. Diplomatic options, sanctions, and other non-military methods must be attempted or validly ruled out before the engagement of hostilities. Further, in regard to the

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But picture to yourselves a slave-owner who owned 100 slaves warring against a slave-owner who owned 200 slaves for a more "just" distribution of slaves. Clearly, the application of the term "defensive" war, or war "for the defense of the fatherland" in such a case would be historically false, and in

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Just-war theorists combine a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just-war tradition act as an aid in determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just-war theories aim "to distinguish between justifiable and

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The Just War theory, with some amendments, is still used by Christians today as a guide to whether or not a war can be justified. Christians may argue "Sometimes war may be necessary and right, even though it may not be good." In the case of a country that has been invaded by an occupying force, war

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issued a letter that all Catholics were to support the war because "Our Lord Jesus Christ does not stand for peace at any price... If by Pacifism is meant the teaching that the use of force is never justifiable, then, however well meant, it is mistaken, and it is hurtful to the life of our country."

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Peace, as taught by Sacred Scripture and the experience of men itself, is more than just the absence of war. And the Christian is aware that on earth a human society that is completely and always peaceful is, unfortunately, an utopia and that the ideologies which present it as easily attainable only

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to justify the pursuit of labelled terrorist for the safety of the government's state in a modern context. The actual fault lies with the aggressor and so by being the aggressor, they forfeit their rights for honourable treatment by their actions. That theory is used to justify the actions taken by

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The consensus among Christians on the use of violence has changed radically since the crusades were fought. The just war theory prevailing for most of the last two centuries—that violence is an evil that can, in certain situations, be condoned as the lesser of evils—is relatively young. Although it

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If this responsibility justifies the possession of sufficient means to exercise this right to defense, States still have the obligation to do everything possible "to ensure that the conditions of peace exist, not only within their own territory but throughout the world". It is important to remember

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standard (proposing that a war need only to serve a nation's interests to be justifiable). In many cases, philosophers state that individuals do not need to be plagued by a guilty conscience if they are required to fight. A few philosophers ennoble the virtues of the soldier while they also declare

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The reason for going to war needs to be just and cannot, therefore, be solely for recapturing things taken or punishing people who have done wrong; innocent life must be in imminent danger and intervention must be to protect life. A contemporary view of just cause was expressed in 1993 when the US

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According to this principle, there must be good grounds for concluding that aims of the just war are achievable. This principle emphasizes that mass violence must not be undertaken if it is unlikely to secure the just cause. This criterion is to avoid invasion for invasion's sake and links to the

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book 22 sections 69–76, Augustine argues that Christians, as part of a government, need not be ashamed of protecting peace and punishing wickedness when they are forced to do so by a government. Augustine asserted that was a personal and philosophical stance: "What is here required is not a bodily

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The historical aspect, or the "just war tradition", deals with the historical body of rules or agreements that have applied in various wars across the ages. The just war tradition also considers the writings of various philosophers and lawyers through history, and examines both their philosophical

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International legitimacy for the use of armed force, on the basis of rigorous assessment and with well-founded motivations, can only be given by the decision of a competent body that identifies specific situations as threats to peace and authorizes an intrusion into the sphere of autonomy usually

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that called war a last resort requiring conduct that would allow the restoration of peace. Aristotle argues that the cultivation of a military is necessary and good for the purpose of self-defense, not for conquering: "The proper object of practising military training is not in order that men may

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governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals, and publicly labelled terrorists. The idea has largely been added to help decide what to do if there are prisoners that have been taken during battle. It is, through government labelling and

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In terms of the traditional notion of jus ad bellum (justice of war, that is, the circumstances in which wars can be justly fought), war is a coping mechanism for righteous sovereigns who would ensure that their violent international encounters are minimal, a reflection of the Divine Will to the

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They who have waged war in obedience to the divine command, or in conformity with His laws, have represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government, and in this capacity have put to death wicked men; such persons have by no means violated the commandment, "Thou shalt not

2273:. War was justified only as a last resort and only by the rightful sovereign; however, questioning the decision of the emperor concerning the necessity of a military action was not permissible. The success of a military campaign was sufficient proof that the campaign had been righteous. 3201:

In recent years, some theorists, such as Gary Bass, Louis Iasiello and Brian Orend, have proposed a third category within the just war theory. "Jus post bellum is described by some scholars as a new “discipline,” or as “a new category of international law currently under construction".

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The Charter of the United Nations ... is based on a generalized prohibition of a recourse to force to resolve disputes between States, with the exception of two cases: legitimate defence and measures taken by the Security Council within the area of its responsibilities for maintaining

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cited a presumptive moral imperative prohibiting violence against all innocent people as the prima facie basis for questioning whether the norms of just war theories could adequately serve as a rational moral justification for military conflict within the nuclear age.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of proportionality. Combatants must make sure that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a

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describes a war that is fought for just, righteous or religious reasons, especially in defence of one's own beliefs. Though some core tenets in the Sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence, especially before the 1606 execution of

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Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war. "A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice. Dictatorships (e.g. Hitler's regime) or deceptive military actions (e.g. the

3159:, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. This principle is meant to limit excessive and unnecessary death and destruction. 2089:("right conduct in war"). The first group of criteria concerns the morality of going to war, and the second group of criteria concerns the moral conduct within war. There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory ( 2404:

But, say they, the wise man will wage Just Wars. As if he would not all the rather lament the necessity of just wars, if he remembers that he is a man; for if they were not just he would not wage them, and would therefore be delivered from all

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Don Hubert and Thomas G. Weiss et al. "The Responsibility to Protect: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty". (Canada: International Development Research Centre,

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Rock SR. On War and Morality. By Robert L. Holmes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 320p. Review of the book "On War and Morality" by Robert L. Holmes on Cambridege.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review

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Japan did not develop its own doctrine of just war but between the 5th and the 7th centuries drew heavily from Chinese philosophy, and especially Confucian views. As part of the Japanese campaign to take the northeastern island

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Nonetheless, he asserted, peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could be stopped by only violence would be a sin. Defense of oneself or others could be a necessity, especially when it is authorized by a legitimate

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unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice".

2175:, signifying order and justice, was central to the Egyptian notion of just war and its ability to guarantee Egypt virtually no limits on what it could take, do, or use to guarantee the ambitions of the state. 3122:

targets. Moreover, combatants are not permitted to attack enemy combatants who have surrendered, or who have been captured, or who are injured and not presenting an immediate lethal threat, or who are

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amount of harm—proportionally—the principle of last resort would support using small intervention forces first and then escalating rather than starting a war with massive force such as

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of military necessity. An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Catholic Conference said: "Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e., aggression or massive violation of the basic human rights of whole populations."

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to wage war, and he set out criteria for a just war. According to Aquinas, three requirements must be met. Firstly, the war must be waged upon the command of a rightful

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progressed and Egypt heightened its territorial ambition, so did the invocation of just war aid the justification of these efforts. The universal principle of

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Padre E. C. Crosse and 'the Devonshire Epitaph': The Astonishing Story of One Man at the Battle of the Somme (with Antecedents to Today's 'Just War' Dialogue)

2324:, a "just cause" for war might include the necessity of repelling an invasion, or retaliation for pillaging or a breach of treaty. War was always potentially 7481: 6874: 28: 2658:, a group of theologians in Germany published a manifesto that sought to justify the actions of the German government. At the British government's request, 7456: 2376:

held that individuals should not resort immediately to violence, but God has given the sword to government for a good reason (based upon Romans 13:4). In

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war exists when a people tries to ward off the threat of coercive domination by another people, or to overthrow an already-existing domination. A war is

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Cian O'Driscoll, "Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and Practice," International Studies Quarterly (2015).

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famously preached a Lenten sermon before Henry VIII, who was preparing for a war, quoting Cicero "Better an unjust peace rather than the justest war."

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visions of war's ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the body of conventions that have evolved to guide war and warfare.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of distinction. The acts of war should be directed towards enemy combatants, and not towards

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Therefore, engaging in a preventive war without clear proof that an attack is imminent cannot fail to raise serious moral and juridical questions.

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standard (proposing that there has never been nor can there ever be a justifiable basis for war) or they may be inclined toward a more permissive

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Enemy combatants who surrendered or who are captured no longer pose a threat. It is therefore wrong to torture them or otherwise mistreat them.

7325: 2992:, on the other hand, when a people try to impose domination on another people or try to retain an already-existing coercive rule over them." 2208:) asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. A long discussion then ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like 7529: 7503: 6420: 3206:

concerns justice after a war, including peace treaties, reconstruction, environmental remediation, war crimes trials, and war reparations.

5155:, 2007). Discusses the contemporary relevance of just war theory. Offers an annotated bibliography of current writings on just war theory. 2937:

The just war tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of

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While not breaking down the conditions necessary for war to be just, Augustine nonetheless originated the very phrase itself in his work

4700: 7461: 5289: 2463:) was a 10th century mass movement in Western Europe instigated by the clergy that granted immunity from violence for non-combatants. 2118:

In the twenty-first century there has been significant debate between traditional just war theorists, who largely support the existing

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claimed that "I went north because I was strong (enough) to attack the Asiatics through the command of Amon, the just of counsels." A

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Those wars are unjust which are undertaken without cause. For aside from vengeance or to fight off enemies no just war can be waged.

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caught in circumstances that they did not create. The prohibited acts include bombing civilian residential areas that include no

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were, as a matter of course, judged according to the norms (as established in Aquinas' just war theory) by philosophers such as

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A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York: The rectorship of Dr. William Thomas Manning 1908 to 1921

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In every case, exercising the right to self-defence must respect "the traditional limits of necessity and proportionality".

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enslave those who do not deserve slavery, but in order that first they may themselves avoid becoming enslaved to others" (

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theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications.

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nourish vain hopes. The cause of peace will not go forward by denying the possibility and the obligation to defend it.

2250:, military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted, thus resulting in a 7649: 7407: 7071: 6729: 5568: 5274: 5248: 5102: 4875: 4742: 4167: 4142: 4100: 4075: 3666: 3617: 3585: 3558: 2900: 2167:"provides an unequivocal statement of the pharaoh's divine mandate to wage war on his enemies." As the period of the 1428: 7486: 7476: 7091: 5480: 2680: 2285:

people, who were likened to "bandits" and "wild-hearted wolf cubs" and accused of invading Japan's frontier lands.

1506: 2069:, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. It has been studied by military leaders, theologians, 6859: 6854: 3210:

has been added to deal with the fact that some hostile actions may take place outside a traditional battlefield.

2835:. The just war tradition, which was well established by the 19th century, found its practical application in the 1851: 1489: 1276: 116: 7434: 6774: 6724: 6436: 4246: 3137: 2688:

The damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave and certain.

1615: 5402:(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007). Covers the basics and some of the most controversial current debates. 4759: 7574: 7449: 7036: 6253: 5670: 2708: 2032: 1479: 3925: 2467: 2454: 7180: 7101: 7081: 6864: 6784: 6769: 6734: 6500: 6460: 6373: 5372: 4674: 4216:

Mews, Stuart. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), Archbishop of Canterbury",

3259: 2489: 1969: 668: 428: 4789: 3718: 2352:, the "law of nations", the customary moral obligations regarded as innate and universal to human beings. 7524: 7348: 7066: 6749: 6132: 5205: 2123: 1979: 1166: 963: 834: 372: 2896: 7613: 7592: 7439: 7417: 7116: 7076: 6794: 6714: 6428: 5226: 4415: 3249: 3156: 3144: 3107: 1443: 4819: 3402: 7491: 7444: 7412: 7106: 7051: 6619: 5084: 4836:(1978). "Just-War Theories: The Bases, Interrelations, Priorities, and Functions of Their Criteria". 4661: 1553: 1061: 405: 279: 133: 7659: 7644: 7367: 7300: 7170: 7150: 7133: 6789: 6635: 6122: 5779: 5535: 4269: 2663: 2510:

has had a lasting impact on later generations of thinkers and was part of an emerging consensus in

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who reject many traditional assumptions, although not necessarily advocating a change in the law.

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Cox, Rory (2017). "Expanding the History of the Just War: The Ethics of War in Ancient Egypt".

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Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India

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All other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective.

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Combatants may not use weapons or other methods of warfare that are considered evil, such as

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on just war. In the 13th century Aquinas reflected in detail on peace and war. Aquinas was a

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and contemplated the teachings of the Bible on peace and war in combination with ideas from

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The use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated.

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wrote numerous works on peace which criticized Just War theory as a smokescreen and added

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Nájera, Luna. "Myth and Prophecy in Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's Crusading "Exhortación"

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In the same document, it is stated that wars have accompanied human history since the

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Guthrie, Charles; Quinlan, Michael (2007). "III: The Structure of the Tradition".

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No war is undertaken by a good state except on behalf of good faith or for safety.

6824: 6654: 6388: 6127: 6082: 6042: 5990: 5935: 5925: 5849: 5824: 5806: 5759: 5650: 5583: 5578: 5466: 5364: 5292:, March 2022); applies the concept to Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. 5177: 4833: 4270:"Just-War Theory, Catholic Morality, And The Response To International Terrorism" 4050: 4002: 3878: 3127: 3064: 2981: 2828: 2675: 2655: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2373: 2148: 2091: 2062: 1809: 1794: 1668: 1610: 1266: 1261: 1151: 1141: 1056: 1031: 968: 809: 739: 729: 581: 566: 489: 461: 261: 241: 89: 7373: 7192: 6955: 6925: 6829: 6819: 6804: 6759: 6700: 6624: 6378: 6278: 6263: 6238: 6233: 6117: 6007: 5945: 5864: 5854: 5844: 5754: 5635: 5630: 5615: 5555: 5540: 5515: 5405: 4849: 4530: 4488: 4446: 4370: 3694:

Rory Cox, "The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas" in (eds. Lazar & Frowe)

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elaborates on the just war doctrine in paragraphs 500 to 501, while citing the

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A 2017 study found that the just war tradition can be traced as far back as to

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cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress),

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priests. More broadly, conventions of war and treaty-making were part of the

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action, but an inward disposition. The sacred seat of virtue is the heart."

2224:(no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. 7273: 7111: 6965: 6903: 6869: 6839: 6589: 6532: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6328: 6298: 6032: 5905: 5839: 5834: 5769: 5625: 5610: 5132: 4728:

Opyt kritiko-istoricheskogo issledovaniya zakonov isskusstva vedeniya voyny

2960: 2945: 2923: 2915: 2860: 2824: 2745: 2637: 2321: 2298: 2266: 2160: 2018: 1944: 1924: 1919: 1814: 1759: 1393: 1388: 1211: 1126: 869: 603: 504: 301: 205: 4934:

Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure

4735:

Critico-historical research into the laws of the art of the conduct of war

2619: 2065:

that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of

7283: 7020: 6985: 6950: 6930: 6844: 6288: 6092: 5869: 5530: 5455:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane and Niall Ferguson (3 June 1999) 5310: 5254: 5232: 4029: 3981: 3759: 3652: 3525: 3229: 3172: 2876: 2778: 2586: 2348: 2192: 2103: 1929: 1680: 1645: 1484: 1171: 1136: 844: 787: 690: 474: 195: 190: 4358: 4341: 4014: 7315: 7127: 7005: 6990: 6980: 6799: 6348: 6318: 6313: 6293: 6243: 6154: 6012: 5955: 5915: 5910: 5680: 5603: 5152: 4731:Опыт критико-исторического исследования законов искусства ведения войны 4582: 4557: 4515: 4473: 3780: 3534: 2782: 2609: 2602: 2239: 2144: 2119: 1886: 1856: 1578: 942: 2793:

The just war theory, propounded by the medieval Christian philosopher

2293:

The notion of just war in Europe originates and is developed first in

2281:, Japanese military action was portrayed as an effort to "pacify" the 2098:

Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a stricter

7253: 6739: 6564: 6476: 6208: 6188: 6087: 5997: 5970: 5950: 5895: 5764: 5573: 3794: 3178: 3131: 3111: 3090: 3012:

The just war theory has two sets of criteria, the first establishing

2582: 2519: 2305: 1876: 1700: 1650: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1450: 1241: 1236: 1201: 638: 324: 291: 180: 5375:'s theories of war in relation to the war against the Ottoman Turks. 5140: 4549: 4507: 4465: 7342: 6995: 6594: 6559: 6193: 6178: 6102: 6097: 6062: 6052: 5965: 5900: 5874: 5191:

Why we fight: the origins, nature, and management of human conflict

3115: 2864: 2821: 2636:

A leading humanist writer after the Reformation was legal theorist

2527: 2488:

and other times, severely disrupting the conduct of wars. The 1179

2247: 2184: 2099: 2070: 2058: 1891: 1866: 1499: 1131: 1106: 719: 274: 148: 19:"Just war" redirects here. For the 1996 science fiction novel, see 3424: 2265:

produced a massive body of work on warfare, much of it during the

6218: 6107: 6072: 6027: 6022: 6017: 5930: 5920: 5430: 4616:"Francisco de Vitoria on the Ius Gentium and the American Indios" 2228: 2204: 1901: 1861: 1625: 1459: 1455: 797: 782: 658: 319: 314: 284: 223: 185: 5324:(Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 2023). 4678: 4008: 3872:

Christians and War: Augustine of Hippo and the "Just War theory"

7263: 7213: 6960: 6890: 6203: 6144: 6077: 6002: 5879: 5489: 5380:

The ethics of war and peace: Religious and secular perspectives

5259:

The Rosicrucian Philosophy in Questions and Answers – Volume II

5200:

Crawford, Neta. "Just War Theory and the US Countertenor War",

5147:

Brough, Michael W., John W. Lango, Harry van der Linden, eds.,

4650: 4046: 3998: 3736: 2560:. Other significant influences on Aquinas just war theory were 2485: 2343: 2282: 2278: 2164: 2152: 1408: 804: 621: 357: 7000: 6183: 6173: 5131:(2006). Showing the Catholic view in three points, including 4369:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

4365: 3635:"A Confucian Contribution to the Catholic Just War Tradition" 2943:) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of 2523: 2477: 2326: 2213: 2156: 879: 415: 410: 3220:

anyone fighting in a war to treat prisoners outside of war.

3118:

against civilians or prisoners of war (POWs), and attacking

2797:, was developed further by legal scholars in the context of 6445:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

6223: 6139: 5985: 5980: 5940: 3860:

The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages

3838: 3607: 2956:

theorized on the advantages and potential benefits of war.

2481: 2360:

Christian theory of the Just War begins around the time of

2172: 175: 170: 3345:

Just War: The Just War Tradition: Ethics in Modern Warfare

2768:

Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church

2073:

and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups:

6149: 5458: 3898: 3282:

De officiis. With an English translation by Walter Miller

2748:

in an address to a group of soldiers said the following:

2578: 2202:

or "righteous war"). In it, one of five ruling brothers (

48: 5123:"The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View" 3580:. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 3–4, 252. 3367: 2308:

who first introduced the concept and terminology to the

2196:, offers the first written discussions of a "just war" ( 5286:

Russia's Recent Invasion of Ukraine and Just War Theory

4725: 4531:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 3683:

The Greco-Roman Roots of the Western Just War Tradition

5369:

Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies

5322:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

5040:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

4447:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 4371:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3658:

Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan

3451:"Just War Theory: Revisionists Versus Traditionalists" 3016:(the right to go to war), and the second establishing 2592: 2534:

and other philosophers whose writings are part of the

4157: 4132: 4818:. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from 4090: 4065: 3368:

Andersen-Rodgers, David; Crawford, Kerry F. (2023).

3285:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Heinemann. 7311:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

4832: 4613: 3827:

War and imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C.

2107:their apprehensions for war itself. A few, such as 6875:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 5251:. A defence of an updated form of just war theory. 5170: 4591:The Encyclopedia of War from Ancient Egypt to Iraq 4234: 2111:, argue for insurrection against oppressive rule. 5165: 5160:Just war thinkers from Cicero to the 21st century 4294:"Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church" 3815:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 2669: 2646:re-considered Just War and fighting wars justly. 7636: 4890: 3923: 3193: 35:was the first clear advocate of just-war theory. 6695: 4429: 4241:(2 ed.). Liberia Editrice Vaticana. 2000. 3490:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3295: 3279:Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Miller, Walter (1913). 2737:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 2704:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 5395:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 4787: 3342: 2492:adopted a version of it for the whole church. 2365:may be the only way to restore justice. 7326:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 6681: 5474: 4339: 3645: 3612:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 99–100. 3548: 3296:Fellmeth, Aaron X.; Horwitz, Maurice (2009). 2026: 6421:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 5015:Studies in Moral philosophy: Just War Theory 4703:. Eppc.org. 1 September 1998. Archived from 4288: 4286: 4070:. Cambridge University Press. p. viii. 4045:. The text seems from a missing fragment of 3278: 2831:were most influential in the formation of a 2538:. Aquinas' views on war drew heavily on the 5317:), an extended critique of just war theory. 5012: 4908:"War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 4593:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 345. 4095:. Cambridge University Press. p. vii. 3632: 3338: 3336: 2839:(1899 and 1907) and in the founding of the 2694:There must be serious prospects of success. 2547: 2539: 2471: 2458: 2082: 2074: 16:Doctrine about when a war is ethically just 6688: 6674: 5481: 5467: 5037: 4986: 4015:Augustine: Political and Social Philosophy 3997:The text seems from a missing fragment of 3821:(Goettingen 1949), pp. 22ff; P. Catalano, 2911:criticized the conquest of America by the 2847:declared war on Germany in 1917, Cardinal 2757: 2552:had been republished with commentary from 2288: 2033: 2019: 7279:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 5103:Learn how and when to remove this message 5042:. Catholic University of American Press. 4826: 4408: 4357: 4283: 3533: 3466: 2887:The first work dedicated specifically to 2577:Aquinas asserted that it is not always a 2442: 2122:and develop arguments to support it, and 4340:Knorre, Boris; Zygmont, Aleksei (2019). 4313: 4162:. Oxford University Press. p. 115. 4137:. Oxford University Press. p. 114. 3825:(Torino 1965), pp. 14ff.; W. V. Harris, 3823:Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano 3333: 992:List of military strategies and concepts 27: 6453:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4931: 4218:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3488:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3392: 2495: 2332:religious pollution and divine disfavor 7637: 7611: 7011:Soviet influence on the peace movement 5158:Brunsletter, D., & D. O'Driscoll, 4757: 4444: 4158:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 4133:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 3948: 3946: 3799:Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic 3651: 3608:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 3601: 2967:defined only three types of just war. 2952:In 1869 the Russian military theorist 2918:on the basis of just-war theory. With 2899:(1360–1431), who justified war by the 2061:, also referred to as a tradition, of 7198:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 6669: 5462: 5444:Catholic Teaching Concerning Just War 5352:McMahan, Jeff. "Just Cause for War," 5304:Khawaja, Irfan. Review of Larry May, 4987:Brabandere, Eric De (February 2014). 4581: 4496:The American Political Science Review 4314:Saunders, William (19 October 2000). 4182: 4061: 4059: 4017:, §3-c "War and Peace – The Just War" 3716: 3507: 3505: 3481: 3468:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060314-112706 3448: 3085:Once war has begun, just war theory ( 2788: 2426: 7355:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 5193:(University Press of America, 2013) 5059: 4486: 4160:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4135:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4027: 3979: 3817:(London 1925), pp. 33ff.; M. Kaser, 3696:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 3573: 3567: 3310:10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001 6469:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5436:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5382:(Princeton University Press, 1998) 4932:Seybolt, Taylor B. (January 2007). 4900: 4760:"Just Wars in the Light of Marxism" 4737:]. Рипол Классик. p. 1ff. 4677:. JustWarTheory.com. Archived from 4528: 4402: 4115: 3943: 3924:Robert L. Holmes (September 2001). 3901:. 27 September 2024. Archived from 3551:Just War in Comparative Perspective 3511: 3429:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3302:Guide to Latin in International Law 2593:Renaissance and Christian Humanists 13: 7612:Holmes, Robert L. (14 July 2014). 7580:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 7477:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 6765:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 5400:On the Ethics of War and Terrorism 5301:(Princeton University Press, 1989. 5115: 4962:Ethics & International Affairs 4411:"Ben Salmon and the Army of Peace" 4320:Catholic Education Resource Center 4056: 3502: 3455:Annual Review of Political Science 3124:parachuting from disabled aircraft 2926:, just war theory was replaced by 2649: 2466:Starting in the 11th Century, the 2368: 2355: 2076: 14: 7681: 7072:International Day of Non-Violence 6730:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 5423: 5412:, (Yale University Press, 2004). 5149:Rethinking the Just War Tradition 4813: 4772: 4030:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3982:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3891:"Forgiveness What is a Just War?" 3639:Journal of Interreligious Studies 3401:. Britannica Blog. Archived from 3393:McHenry, Robert (22 March 2010). 3370:Human security: theory and action 2770:is crucial for understanding the 2330:("wrong, forbidden"), and risked 2084: 7482:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 6650: 6649: 5354:Ethics and International Affairs 5144:. A critique of just war theory. 5064: 4726:Genrikh Antonovich Leer (1869). 4364: 4237:Catechism of the Catholic Church 4026:Etymologies 18.1.2-3, quoted in 3610:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3395:"William James on Peace and War" 3215:public opinion, that people use 3023: 2681:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2220:(no poisoned or barbed arrows), 2134: 66: 7605: 6855:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 5031: 5006: 4980: 4950: 4925: 4864: 4807: 4781: 4766: 4751: 4719: 4693: 4667: 4644: 4607: 4575: 4564: 4522: 4480: 4438: 4423: 4384:"Social Concepts, Chapter VIII" 4376: 4333: 4307: 4262: 4227: 4210: 4176: 4151: 4126: 4109: 4093:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4084: 4068:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4020: 3972: 3917: 3883: 3865: 3844: 3832: 3804: 3729: 3710: 3701: 3688: 3675: 3626: 3542: 3514:International Studies Quarterly 3078: 7655:Catholic theology and doctrine 7618:. Princeton University Press. 6775:List of pacifist organisations 6437:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 5807:Value monism – Value pluralism 5223:Just War Theory: A Reappraisal 4964:. 12 June 2015. Archived from 4409:John Dear (23 February 2010). 4316:"The Church's Just War Theory" 3475: 3442: 3417: 3386: 3361: 3347:. Bloomsbury. pp. 11–15. 3289: 3272: 2670:Contemporary Catholic doctrine 2502:Thomas Aquinas § Just war 1: 5185:: 721 – via HeinOnline. 5087:and help improve the section. 4701:"Home > Publications >" 4658:: What the Public Should Know 4091:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 4066:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 3978:City of God, 22.6, quoted in 3801:(Ithaca 1968, 2nd ed.), p.11. 3661:. Routledge. pp. 21–22. 3265: 3157:legitimate military objective 3145:legitimate military objective 2709:Charter of the United Nations 2674:The just war doctrine of the 2338:) thus required a ritualized 2257: 2066: 7181:World Peace Bell Association 7082:Dialogue Among Civilizations 6785:New Socialist Party of Japan 6770:Iraq War resisters in Canada 6735:Coalition of Women for Peace 6501:On the Genealogy of Morality 6461:Critique of Practical Reason 5013:Thom Brooks (October 2012). 4777:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4762:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4614:Victor M. Salas Jr. (2012). 3260:Moral equality of combatants 3020:(right conduct within war). 2891:was the 15th-century sermon 2855:Armed conflicts such as the 2490:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 7349:The whole world is watching 7117:Peace & Love (festival) 7067:Imagine Piano Peace Project 5210:Elshtain, Jean Bethke, ed. 5135:'s position concerning war. 4936:. Oxford University Press. 4053:, by the Laelius character. 4005:, by the Laelius character. 3574:Syan, Hardip Singh (2013). 3304:. Oxford University Press. 3223: 3108:legitimate military targets 3043:1968 US bombing of Cambodia 3007: 2984:(1926-1995) stated that "a 2081:("right to go to war") and 1490:Military–industrial complex 964:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 7686: 7472:2011 intervention in Libya 7092:List of places named Peace 7077:International Day of Peace 6795:Peace and conflict studies 6715:Anti-nuclear organizations 6429:A Treatise of Human Nature 5488: 5334:MacDonald, David Roberts. 5227:Edinburgh University Press 4850:10.1177/004056397803900302 4775:"Socialism and War, ch. 1" 4662:W. W. Norton & Company 4416:National Catholic Reporter 3829:(Oxford 1979), pp. 161 ff. 3747:De provinciis consularibus 3250:Peace and conflict studies 3093:are to act or should act: 3029: 2632:(Dulce bellum inexpertis). 2499: 2446: 2409:Augustine further taught: 2129: 18: 7670:Christianity and violence 7588: 7517: 7382: 7206: 7107:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 7102:Mother's Day Proclamation 7052:Dances of Universal Peace 7029: 6883: 6865:The Women's Peace Crusade 6707: 6645: 6552: 6397: 6163: 5888: 5817: 5679: 5554: 5496: 5371:, 35:1 (2011). Discusses 4816:"Rethinking the Crusades" 4487:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 4445:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 2879:. Other scholars such as 2378:Contra Faustum Manichaeum 2163:at the Temple of Amun at 1554:Loss-of-strength gradient 406:Combat information center 7650:Catholic social teaching 7368:Violence begets violence 7301:Non-aggression principle 7171:The Non-Violence Project 7151:Promoting Enduring Peace 7134:Promoting Enduring Peace 6790:Pacifist Socialist Party 5780:Universal prescriptivism 5202:Perspectives on Politics 4730: 4454:The Philosophical Review 4430:C. T. Bridgeman (1962). 3877:28 November 2006 at the 2897:Stanisław of Skarbimierz 2664:Archbishop of Canterbury 2654:At the beginning of the 2556:and the Dominican friar 2178: 1872:Military science fiction 1357:Technology and equipment 773:List of military tactics 7462:Military action in Iran 7097:Monuments and memorials 7047:Concert Yutel for Peace 6850:React, Include, Recycle 6780:List of peace activists 6745:Conscientious objectors 5569:Artificial intelligence 5306:War Crimes and Just War 5290:"Global Policy Journal" 5038:David Kwon (May 2023). 4222:Oxford University Press 3723:Perseus Digital Library 3240:Democratic peace theory 2954:Genrikh Antonovich Leer 2837:Hague Peace Conferences 2772:Russian Orthodox Church 2758:Russian Orthodox Church 2506:The just war theory by 2289:Ancient Greece and Rome 1940:Wartime sexual violence 1696:Full-spectrum dominance 1507:Supply-chain management 7383:Opposition to specific 7338:Swords to ploughshares 7332:Soldiers are murderers 6725:Anti-war organizations 5393:The Just War Revisited 5279:Rosicrucian Fellowship 5017:. Brill. p. 187. 4185:"John Colet of Oxford" 3862:(Brill, 1980), p. 150. 3742:Divinatio in Caecilium 3549:Paul Robinson (2017). 3048:Probability of success 3005: 2974: 2845:United States Congress 2755: 2742: 2643:De jura belli ac pacis 2624:The Complaint of Peace 2548: 2540: 2472: 2459: 2449:Peace and Truce of God 2443:Peace and Truce of God 2440: 2424: 2417:J. Mark Mattox writes, 2415: 2407: 2392: 2083: 2075: 2054: 1852:Awards and decorations 1825:Peace through strength 1800:Low-intensity conflict 1434:Conscientious objector 1307:Area of responsibility 36: 7385:wars or their aspects 7306:Nonviolent resistance 7156:Show of Peace Concert 6921:Anti-nuclear movement 6493:The Methods of Ethics 5731:Divine command theory 5726:Ideal observer theory 5363:11 March 2011 at the 5267:World War I reference 5263:The Philosophy of War 5221:Evans, Mark (editor) 4183:MacKenzie, Kathleen. 3930:ChristianityToday.com 3753:VII 14, 3; IX 19, 1; 3110:, committing acts of 3000: 2969: 2750: 2713: 2599:Renaissance humanists 2500:Further information: 2436: 2419: 2411: 2402: 2387: 439:Torpedo data computer 429:Ship gun fire-control 31: 7467:Sri Lankan Civil War 7361:Turn the other cheek 7176:University for Peace 7087:List of peace prizes 6610:Political philosophy 5141:Taking War Seriously 5138:Blattberg, Charles. 4788:Murray N. Rothbard. 4623:Ave Maria Law Review 4529:Lee, Steven (1992). 4028:Lockwood, Thornton. 3980:Lockwood, Thornton. 3905:on 27 September 2024 3841:1.32; 31.8.3; 36.3.9 3819:Das altroemische Ius 3811:William Warde Fowler 3633:Kwon, David (2023). 3482:Lazar, Seth (2020). 3449:Lazar, Seth (2017). 3399:blogs.britannica.com 2996:Jonathan Riley-Smith 2909:Francisco de Vitoria 2807:Francisco de Vitoria 2730:reserved to a State. 2616:Erasmus of Rotterdam 2496:Saint Thomas Aquinas 1970:Military occupations 1805:Military engineering 1707:Unrestricted Warfare 1564:Force multiplication 457:Military manoeuvrers 7615:On War and Morality 7509:Nuclear disarmament 7492:in Russian Far East 7249:Department of Peace 7234:Counter-recruitment 7229:Conflict resolution 7219:Central Park be-ins 7207:Slogans and tactics 7186:Japanese Peace Bell 6976:Non-interventionism 6971:Modern-war pacifism 6909:Christian anarchism 6580:Evolutionary ethics 6541:Reasons and Persons 6517:A Theory of Justice 5671:Uncertain sentience 5378:Nardin, Terry, ed. 5299:On War and Morality 5239:(London, New York: 4878:on 7 September 2013 4838:Theological Studies 4834:Childress, James F. 4814:Smith, Jonathan R. 4758:Wollenberg, Erich. 4675:"JustWarTheory.com" 4359:10.3390/rel11010002 3089:) also directs how 3037:Competent authority 2843:in 1920. After the 2781:, and according to 2558:Raymond of Penafort 1656:Penal military unit 1641:Rules of engagement 1317:Command and control 937:Operations research 401:Director (military) 391:Fire-control system 161:Command and control 42:Part of a series on 7403:American Civil War 7295:Make love, not war 7269:Economic sanctions 7224:Civil disobedience 7057:Festival for Peace 7030:Media and cultural 7016:Testimony of peace 6936:Christian pacifism 6575:Ethics in religion 6570:Descriptive ethics 6405:Nicomachean Ethics 5446:at Catholicism.org 5214:(NYU Press, 1992) 5189:Churchman, David. 5162:(Routledge, 2017). 4912:plato.stanford.edu 4632:on 9 December 2021 4585:(1 October 2009). 3773:Isidore of Seville 3755:Pro rege Deiotauro 3719:"Politics, Book 7" 3526:10.1093/isq/sqx009 3405:on 31 October 2015 3235:Christian pacifism 3187:biological weapons 3162:Fair treatment of 3151:Military necessity 2978:anarcho-capitalist 2873:Elizabeth Anscombe 2833:just war tradition 2789:Just war tradition 2678:found in the 1992 2562:Alexander of Hales 2432:Isidore of Seville 2427:Isidore of Seville 2362:Augustine of Hippo 2271:Warring States era 2263:Chinese philosophy 1765:Counter-insurgency 1686:Command of the sea 1631:Jewish laws on war 1606:Geneva Conventions 1142:Divide and conquer 932:Military operation 897:Tactical objective 396:Fire-control radar 373:Electronic-warfare 37: 7625:978-1-4008-6014-2 7601: 7600: 7504:Military taxation 7374:War tax resisters 6941:Deterrence theory 6720:Anti-war movement 6663: 6662: 6630:Social philosophy 6615:Population ethics 6605:Philosophy of law 6585:History of ethics 6068:Political freedom 5745:Euthyphro dilemma 5536:Suffering-focused 5431:"Just war theory" 5418:978-0-300-10978-8 5410:Arguing about War 5389:O'Donovan, Oliver 5348:978-1-929569-45-8 5330:978-0-813236-51-3 5296:Holmes, Robert L. 5121:Benson, Richard. 5113: 5112: 5105: 4943:978-0-19-925243-5 4872:"Just War Theory" 4773:Lenin, Vladimir. 4600:978-1-4053-4778-5 4116:Aquinas, Thomas. 3926:"A Time For War?" 3785:Libro I regolarum 3685:, Routledge 2010. 3681:Gregory Raymond, 3425:"Just War Theory" 3379:978-1-5381-5992-7 3319:978-0-19-536938-0 3255:Right of conquest 3245:Deterrence theory 2928:international law 2901:Kingdom of Poland 2857:Spanish Civil War 2841:League of Nations 2820:, as well as the 2799:international law 2620:extra limitations 2549:Decretum Gratiani 2542:Decretum Gratiani 2269:, especially the 2043: 2042: 1935:Horses in warfare 1882:Anti-war movement 1785:Gunboat diplomacy 1775:Disaster response 1723:Philosophy of war 1718:Principles of war 1691:Deterrence theory 1636:Right of conquest 1559:Lanchester's laws 1327:Principles of war 1017:Counter-offensive 997:Military campaign 902:Target saturation 825:Counterinsurgency 434:Gun data computer 368:Close air support 330:Aircraft carriers 7677: 7630: 7629: 7609: 7428:list of protests 7289:Lesson of Munich 7244:Demilitarisation 7122:Peace journalism 6916:Anti-imperialism 6899:Anarcho-pacifism 6835:Peace psychology 6815:Peace conference 6810:Peace commission 6755:Culture of Peace 6690: 6683: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6653: 6652: 6600:Moral psychology 6545: 6537: 6529: 6525:Practical Ethics 6521: 6513: 6509:Principia Ethica 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6413:Ethics (Spinoza) 6409: 6048:Moral imperative 5506:Consequentialism 5483: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5440: 5398:Steinhoff, Uwe. 5340:Cloverdale Books 5233:Fotion, Nicholas 5186: 5174: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5083:Please read the 5079:may need cleanup 5068: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4874:. Archived from 4868: 4862: 4861: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4822:on 23 July 2001. 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4660:. New York, NY: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4625:. Archived from 4620: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4535: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4502:(4): 1447–1448. 4493: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4451: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4386:. Archived from 4380: 4374: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4192:Dalhousie Review 4189: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4119:Summa Theologica 4113: 4107: 4106: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4063: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3956:. Archived from 3950: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3887: 3881: 3869: 3863: 3856:Marcia L. Colish 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3808: 3802: 3767:XI 37; XIII 35; 3733: 3727: 3726: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3164:prisoners of war 2920:Alberico Gentili 2905:Teutonic Knights 2893:De bellis justis 2881:Robert L. Holmes 2869:Jacques Maritain 2818:Francisco Suárez 2803:Cardinal Cajetan 2740: 2660:Randall Davidson 2574:Summa Theologica 2566:Henry of Segusio 2554:Pope Innocent IV 2551: 2545: 2475: 2462: 2334:. A "just war" ( 2297:and then in the 2088: 2080: 2035: 2028: 2021: 1790:Humanitarian aid 1728:Security dilemma 1549:Power projection 1332:Economy of force 1312:Chain of command 1027:Defence in depth 1012:Commerce raiding 830:Defeat in detail 166:Defense ministry 70: 61: 60: 51: 39: 38: 21:Just War (novel) 7685: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7660:Just war theory 7645:Military ethics 7635: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7584: 7513: 7457:Afghanistan War 7408:Second Boer War 7384: 7378: 7202: 7025: 6879: 6825:Peace education 6708:Peace advocates 6703: 6694: 6664: 6659: 6641: 6548: 6543: 6535: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6393: 6166: 6159: 6083:Self-discipline 6043:Moral hierarchy 5991:Problem of evil 5936:Double standard 5926:Culture of life 5884: 5813: 5760:Non-cognitivism 5675: 5550: 5492: 5487: 5429: 5426: 5406:Walzer, Michael 5365:Wayback Machine 5284:Gutbrod, Hans. 5212:Just war theory 5178:UCLA Law Review 5118: 5116:Further reading 5109: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5082: 5075:Further reading 5069: 5065: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4993:Oxford Academic 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4968:on 21 June 2015 4956: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4831: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4794:lewrockwell.com 4786: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4681:on 6 March 2019 4673: 4672: 4668: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4587:"Ethics of War" 4580: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4550:10.2307/2216042 4533: 4527: 4523: 4508:10.2307/1961738 4491: 4485: 4481: 4466:10.2307/2185583 4449: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4424: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4131: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4064: 4057: 4051:On the Republic 4038: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4003:On the Republic 3990: 3988: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3960:on 25 July 2013 3952: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3879:Wayback Machine 3870: 3866: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3809: 3805: 3771:II 31; III 35; 3734: 3730: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3653:Friday, Karl F. 3650: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3547: 3543: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3341: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3298:"Bellum iustum" 3294: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3226: 3217:jus post bellum 3212:Jus post bellum 3208:Jus post bellum 3204:Jus post bellum 3199: 3196:Jus post bellum 3138:Proportionality 3128:airborne forces 3083: 3065:nuclear warfare 3034: 3028: 3010: 2982:Murray Rothbard 2829:Luigi Taparelli 2827:and the lawyer 2791: 2766:section in the 2760: 2741: 2734: 2676:Catholic Church 2672: 2656:First World War 2652: 2650:First World War 2629:Treatise on War 2595: 2532:Saint Augustine 2516:Dominican friar 2512:Medieval Europe 2504: 2498: 2451: 2445: 2429: 2397:The City of God 2374:Saint Augustine 2371: 2369:Saint Augustine 2358: 2356:Christian views 2291: 2260: 2210:proportionality 2181: 2149:Twelfth Dynasty 2137: 2132: 2092:jus post bellum 2063:military ethics 2047:just war theory 2039: 2010: 2009: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1847: 1837: 1836: 1810:Multilateralism 1795:Law enforcement 1755: 1745: 1744: 1713:Just war theory 1671: 1661: 1660: 1611:Geneva Protocol 1581: 1571: 1570: 1544: 1534: 1533: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1372: 1362: 1361: 1302: 1292: 1291: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1177:Network-centric 1097: 1087: 1086: 989: 979: 978: 927: 917: 916: 865:Rapid dominance 770: 760: 759: 715:Electromagnetic 624: 614: 613: 600: 553: 501: 477: 467: 466: 462:Combat training 443: 420: 386:Combat systems: 382: 344: 340:Auxiliary ships 306: 266: 262:Military police 228: 151: 141: 140: 80: 54: 53: 52: 47: 33:Saint Augustine 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7683: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7665:Thomas Aquinas 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7570:United Kingdom 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7193:Women in Black 7190: 7189: 7188: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 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5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5541:Utilitarianism 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5425: 5424:External links 5422: 5421: 5420: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5376: 5357: 5350: 5342:, South Bend. 5332: 5318: 5302: 5293: 5282: 5252: 5237:War and Ethics 5230: 5219: 5208: 5198: 5187: 5163: 5156: 5145: 5136: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5072: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5055: 5049:978-0813236513 5048: 5030: 5024:978-9004228504 5023: 5005: 4979: 4949: 4942: 4924: 4899: 4889: 4863: 4844:(3): 427–445. 4825: 4806: 4780: 4765: 4750: 4743: 4718: 4692: 4666: 4643: 4606: 4599: 4574: 4563: 4544:(4): 559–562. 4521: 4479: 4460:(2): 481–484. 4437: 4434:. p. 256. 4422: 4401: 4390:on 9 June 2020 4375: 4332: 4306: 4282: 4261: 4247: 4226: 4209: 4175: 4168: 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1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1255:Administrative 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182:New generation 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Fleet in being 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1095:Grand strategy 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082:Scorched earth 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 990: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 954:Deep operation 951: 946: 939: 934: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 883: 882: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 795: 790: 780: 771: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 755:Unconventional 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 703: 701:Disinformation 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 672: 671: 666: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 625: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 606: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 594: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 547: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 487: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 454: 452:Basic training 449: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 419: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 381: 380: 378:Reconnaissance 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 305: 304: 299: 297:Special forces 294: 289: 288: 287: 277: 272: 265: 264: 259: 254: 252:Reconnaissance 249: 244: 239: 234: 227: 226: 217: 212: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 121: 120: 119: 114: 104: 103: 102: 95:Post-classical 92: 87: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7682: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:United States 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435:War on Terror 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391:War of 1812 ( 7390: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:Peacebuilding 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259:Draft evasion 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7239:De-escalation 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7141:Peace One Day 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6946:Direct action 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Anarcho-punks 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:War resisters 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6542: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:Moral courage 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5976:Good and evil 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Family values 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:Quasi-realism 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5599:Environmental 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521:Particularism 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320:Kwon, David. 5319: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275:0-911274-90-1 5272: 5269:, ed. 1918), 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5249:0-8264-9260-6 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5169:(2002–2003). 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151:(Albany, NY: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5104: 5096: 5086: 5085:editing guide 5080: 5076: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4744:9785458055901 4740: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4707:on 9 May 2009 4706: 4702: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4656:Crimes of War 4652: 4647: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4169:9780199943418 4165: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4144:9780199943418 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4102:9781107019904 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4077:9781107019904 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3954:"City of God" 3949: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769:De re publica 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3735:Livy 9.1.10; 3732: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3668:9781134330225 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3619:9781442236011 3615: 3611: 3604: 3589: 3587:9781780762500 3583: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3560:9781351924528 3556: 3553:. Routledge. 3552: 3545: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130:, or who are 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032:Jus ad bellum 3026: 3025:Jus ad bellum 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014:jus ad bellum 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2940:jus ad bellum 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:conquistadors 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2849:James Gibbons 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805:, the jurist 2804: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:War and Peace 2754: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2536:Western canon 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2453:The medieval 2450: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:bellum iustum 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2199:dharma-yuddha 2195: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Ancient Egypt 2135:Ancient Egypt 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2078: 2077:jus ad bellum 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:bellum iustum 2052: 2048: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:Warrior caste 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1832:Show of force 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Peacebuilding 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1676:Air supremacy 1674: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Islamic rules 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1596:Court-martial 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:Arms industry 1493: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Broken-backed 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 988: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949:Expeditionary 947: 945: 944: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820:Counterattack 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 763: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:Psychological 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 681:Combined arms 679: 677: 674: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 618: 617: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Fortification 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 496: 493: 491: 488: 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6590:Human rights 6533:After Virtue 6259:Schopenhauer 6033:Moral agency 5906:Common sense 5802:Universalism 5770:Expressivism 5750:Intuitionism 5721:Subjectivism 5666:Terraforming 5641:Professional 5452: 5434: 5409: 5399: 5392: 5379: 5368: 5353: 5335: 5321: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5285: 5266: 5258: 5255:Heindel, Max 5236: 5222: 5211: 5204:1(1), 2003. 5201: 5190: 5182: 5176: 5167:Butler, Paul 5159: 5148: 5139: 5133:John Paul II 5126: 5099: 5090: 5078: 5039: 5033: 5014: 5008: 4998:20 September 4996:. 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