889:
295:
514:
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40:
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359:
915:. As stipulated by the agreement, the new transitional government was to be sworn in on 5 January 1994. Habyarimana was sworn in as interim President at the Parliament building, but then suddenly departed before calling up the new Prime Minister and cabinet to be inaugurated. Habyarimana returned that afternoon with a list of new cabinet members from Hutu extremist parties, who had not been agreed upon in the Arusha Accords, to be sworn in. Having not been formally invited for a second ceremony, Chief Justice
791:
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government services which intentionally disadvantaged Tutsis. As
Habyarimana continued to favor a smaller and smaller coterie of supporters, Hutu groups who felt slighted by him cooperated with Tutsis to weaken his leadership. By the start of the invasion from Uganda by the army of the Rwanda Patriotic Front, a rebel army made up mostly of refugee Tutsi who had helped Uganda's Museveni seize control of the presidency, Habyarimana's supporters had shrunk down to the
726:
900:'s death, the Rwandan Army enjoyed a major tactical advantage. By the end of October, they had regained all the ground taken by the RPF and pushed the rebels all the way back to the Ugandan border. Habyarimana accused the Ugandan Government of supplying the RPF, establishing a "rear command" for the group in Kampala, and "flagging off" the invasion. The Rwandan Government announced on 30 October that the war was over.
1070:
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of complicity in the genocide and was denied asylum in France on the basis of evidence of her complicity. She was arrested in March 2010 in the Paris region by the police executing a
Rwandan-issued international arrest warrant. In September 2011, a French court denied Rwanda's request for extradition
806:
Local administrations simultaneously represented the official party as well as the local authority. Legal and party policies were communicated and enforced from the Head of State down through the local administrative units, especially the general policy of
Umuganda, in which Rwandans were required to
1002:
Habyarimana's body was identified lying in a flowerbed at about 21:30 on 6 April by the crash site. The corpses of the victims were taken into the
Presidential Palace living room. Plans were initially made to take his body to the hospital, but the renewal of conflict made this difficult, and instead
980:
leader of Rwanda since the genocide, was that the French were only trying to cover up their own part in the genocide that followed. A more recent French probe in a
January 2012 report was falsely reported to exonerate the RPF. Members of Kagame's inner circle have come out publicly stating that the
774:
groups given his administration's reluctance to implement policies that catered to his primarily Hutu supporters. This restraint did not last and
Habyarimana eventually began to oversee a government that mirrored the policies of Kayibanda. Quotas were once again applied to jobs for universities and
1060:
The death of
Habyarimana ignited the genocide against the Tutsi by extremists from the majority Hutus, against Tutsis and those Hutus who had opposed the government in the past or who had supported the peace accords. Within 100 days, somewhere between 491,000 and 800,000 Rwandans were massacred.
802:
From 1975 to 1990, the MRND and the
Habyarimana government were one. Under a constitution adopted in 1978, every five years the president of the MRND, Hayarimana, was automatically elected to a five-year term as president of the republic, and was confirmed in office via a referendum. Every four
623:-party enforcers required people to chant and dance in adulation of the President at mass pageants of political "animation". While the country as a whole had become slightly less impoverished during Habyarimana's tenure, the great majority of Rwandans remained in circumstances of
1285:
Gridmheden, Jonas. Ring, Rolf. 'Essays in Honour of Göran
Melander Volume 26 of The @Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library: Raoul Wallenberg Institutet för Mänskliga Rättigheter och Humanitär Rätt Volume 26 of The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library'.
876:
when the attack commenced. When news of the RPF offensive broke, Habyarimana requested assistance from France in fighting the invasion. The French government responded by dispatching troops to his aid under the cover of protecting French nationals. Zairian
President
807:"allocate half a day's labour per week" to infrastructural projects. Habyarimana is sometimes described as a moderate though the party is said to have used right-wing propaganda methods, advanced a conservative political agenda and was anti-communist.
611:, and electoral fraud was suspected for his unopposed re-elections: 98.99% of the vote on 24 December 1978, 99.97% of the vote on 19 December 1983, and 99.98% of the vote on 19 December 1988. During his rule, Rwanda became a
1107:
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his corpse was stored in a freezer at a nearby army barracks. His family shortly thereafter fled to France, making no preparations for his burial. At some point following, Habyarimana's remains were obtained by
2127:
975:
Since the aircraft had a French crew, a French investigation was conducted; in 2006 it concluded that Kagame was responsible for the killing and demanded that he be prosecuted. The response from Kagame, the
531:
238:
763:. At the same time, Habyarimana was elected to a five-year term as president; as president of the MRND, he was the only candidate. He was reelected in 1983 and 1988, both times as the only candidate.
1363:
Brown Jr., Thomas J. Guillot, Philippe. Minear, Larry. 'Soldiers to the Rescue: Humanitarian Lessons from Rwanda'. Institute for International Studies (Brown University). OECD Publishing, 1996.
1149:
1081:, was evacuated by French troops shortly after his death. She has been described as having been extremely influential in Rwandan politics. She has been accused by Rwandan Justice Minister
1039:
for three days. On 16 May, the day before Mobutu fled Zaire and the country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Habyarimana's remains were burned under the supervision of an
1578:
2162:
1697:, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Seven out of every ten Tutsis were killed and they lost the war.
779:("little house" or "President's household"), which was mainly composed of an informal group of Hutu extremists from his home region, namely from the northwestern provinces of
1345:
Association of Adventist Forums. 'Spectrum: Journal of the Association of Adventist Forums, Volume 27'. The Association, 1999. The University of Wisconsin – Madison. Page 71.
928:
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577:
398:
213:
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885:(DSP). The Zairian soldiers raped Rwandan civilians in the north of the country and looted their homes, prompting Habyarimana to expel them within a week of their arrival.
2177:
755:
620:
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538:
1328:
Butare-Kiyovu. 'International Development from a Kingdom Perspective William Carey International University international development series'. WCIU Press, 2010.
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957:, the Chief of Staff of the Rwandan military, and numerous others also died in the attack. The plane crashed on the grounds of the presidential residence.
1235:
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years, voters had the option of choosing between two MRND candidates for the legislature. All citizens of Rwanda became members of the MRND at birth.
1251:
Murphy, Sean D. 'Humanitarian intervention: Volume 21 of Procedural aspects of international law series'. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
429:
1980:
1690:
826:, and from its own citizens wishing for a greater voice and economic change—he agreed to allow the formation of other parties such as the
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in 1993 with the RPF as a peace agreement. The following year, he died under mysterious circumstances when his plane, also carrying the
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as the country's only legal party. The government stayed almost entirely in military hands until 1978 when a new constitution was
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968:. Others, including the RPF, accused militant Hutus from within Habyarimana's party of orchestrating the crash to provoke anti-
760:
444:
1023:). Mobutu promised Habyarimana's family that his body would eventually be given a proper burial in Rwanda. On 12 May 1997, as
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839:
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1973:
1268:
Feher. 'Powerless by Design: The Age of the International Community Public Planet Series'. Duke University Press, 2000
706:. He graduated with distinction in 1961 and became an aide to the Belgian commander of the force in Rwanda. He married
487:
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Rwandan refugees and expatriates who had served in the Ugandan army (many in key positions), crossed the border from
2157:
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attack was ordered by Kagame himself. These include his former Chief of Staff and Ambassador to the United States
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1316:
1299:
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814:(RPF) invasion, and because of mounting pressure from several sources—Rwanda's main ally and financial backer,
607:, he became the country's new president and eventually continued his predecessor's pro-Hutu policies. He was a
572:; 8 March 1937 – 6 April 1994) was a Rwandan politician and military officer who was the second
742:
424:
2142:
1966:
882:
1597:"Shikama: Rwanda.RNC Leader Theogene Rudasingwa Testifies Against Rwandan Paul Kagame in Spanish High Court"
1311:
Bauer, Gretchen. Trmblay, Manon. 'Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview'. Taylor & Francis, 2011.
2132:
1989:
1940:
946:
596:
2102:
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604:
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Red Cross volunteers monitoring and assisting displaced populations during the Rwandan Civil War, 1994.
741:
On 5 July 1973, while serving as Army Chief of Staff and minister of defense, Habyarimana seized power
1579:"Rwanda's Untold Story. A reply to "38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians""
2152:
2092:
873:
1638:
Gaillard, Philippe; Barrada, Hamid (28 April 1994). "Le récit en direct de la famille Habyarimana".
513:
2015:
1950:
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the following year, Habyarimana left Lovanium and enrolled in the officer training school in
86:
20:
2005:
1933:
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98:
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888:
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82:
78:
8:
989:, the former secretary in the Ministry of Defense Major Jean-Marie Micombero and others.
982:
691:
690:, where he graduated with a degree in mathematics and humanities. In 1958 he enrolled in
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275:
55:
1382:
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West Africa, Issues 3814–3825. West Africa Publishing Company Limited, 1990. Page 2757.
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did not appear and the suggested ministers were not sworn in, infuriating Habyarimana.
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family. After receiving a primary education, he attended the College of Saint Paul in
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rebels were advancing on Gbadolite, Mobutu had the remains flown by cargo plane to
1008:
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1108:
List of heads of state and government who died in aviation accidents and incidents
933:
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In October 1990, an attack on Habyarimana's government began when rebels from the
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658:. His assassination ignited ethnic tensions in the region and helped spark the
1238: (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1998), archived from
2056:
897:
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730:
687:
675:
183:
1885:
Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France's Role in the Rwandan Genocide
1387:
612:
937:
A map showing places relevant to the assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana.
2025:
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With French assistance, and benefiting from the loss of RPF morale after
795:
717:. Two years later he was made Minister of the National Guard and Police.
642:
against his government. After three years of war, Habyarimana signed the
585:
434:
713:
On 29 June 1963 Habyarimana, as a lieutenant, was appointed head of the
1958:
1150:
We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families
961:
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439:
270:
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National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development politicians
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media claimed the plane had been shot down on orders from RPF leader
942:
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1915:
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1843:
Réseaux, pouvoirs, oppositions: La compétition politique au Rwanda
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1196:
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1181:
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The circumstances of the crash remain unclear. At the time, the
881:'s contribution was to send several hundred troops of the elite
1487:"Inside Story: How Habyarimana Betrayed Opposition Politicians"
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815:
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300:
228:
203:
199:
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1803:
A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed it
1779:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012).
1191:
1176:
1043:
1016:
1004:
969:
861:
776:
771:
631:
595:, Habyarimana served in several security positions including
1806:(Hardcover ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
1206:
929:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
767:
679:
592:
1654:
1512:
1683:
1618:"Rwanda Opposition Furious Over Habyarimana Plane report"
1164:
Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana
1069:
1686:, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and
1456:
1454:
985:, the former army chief and Ambassador to India General
756:
Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement
2163:
State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents
1403:
1867:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited.
1513:"Unsolved Rwanda Mystery: The President's Plane Crash"
1427:
1415:
118:
Chairman of the Committee for Peace and National Unity
1759:
Rwanda president's widow held in France over genocide
1451:
2198:
National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
2183:
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Rwanda
1439:
770:
himself, he initially won favor among both Hutu and
19:"Habyarimana" redirects here. For the surname, see
2178:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1994
1143:
670:Juvénal Habyarimana was born on 8 March 1937, in
2054:
903:On 4 August 1993 the Rwandan government and the
729:President Habyarimana with Dutch Prime Minister
1820:
1778:
1655:"Ending a Chapter, Mobutu Cremates Rwanda Ally"
1637:
1560:"America's secret role in the Rwandan genocide"
1472:
1200:
1185:
1126:
1276:, 9780822326137. Length 167 pages. Page 50-60.
2188:African politicians assassinated in the 1990s
1974:
1839:
1212:
1073:House of former Rwandan President Habyarimana
532:
393:
2213:Recipients of the Order of the National Flag
1785:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press USA.
1302:, 9789004151819. Length 394 pages. Page 173.
972:outrage while simultaneously seizing power.
794:Habyarimana (third row, third from left) at
1642:(in French). No. 1738. pp. 12–19.
1371:, 9789264149175. Length 200 pages. Page 22.
1319:, 9781136819155. Length 240 pages. Page 93.
1259:, 9780812233827 Length 427 pages. Page 243.
1064:
665:
1981:
1967:
1485:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (14 April 2015).
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38:
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1225:
1223:
1221:
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1988:
1864:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
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887:
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724:
1860:
1840:Munyarugerero, François-Xavier (2003).
1558:Epstein, Helen C. (12 September 2017).
1557:
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1231:The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu
941:On 6 April 1994, Habyarimana's private
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1478:
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1409:
1218:
1962:
1688:OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide
1383:"Rwanda calls for aid to halt rebels"
1380:
1294:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
1132:
1035:, where they waited on the tarmac of
567:
558:
68:1 August 1973 – 6 April 1994
16:President of Rwanda from 1973 to 1994
1708:"Blazing a trail for Africa's women"
1577:Reyntjens, Filip (21 October 2014).
1511:Bonner, Raymond (12 November 1994).
798:'s 80th birthday celebration in 1992
603:. After overthrowing Kayibanda in a
129:5 July 1973 – 1 August 1973
1734:"Rwanda seeks ex-first lady arrest"
1011:and kept in a private mausoleum in
845:
13:
1539:"Rwanda fury at Kagame trial call"
997:
656:shot down by a missile near Kigali
14:
2224:
2203:20th-century presidents in Africa
2193:Assassinated presidents in Africa
1911:Rwanda: How the genocide happened
1904:
1825:. Kampala: World of Inspiration.
1680:Rwanda: How the genocide happened
1653:French, Howard W. (16 May 1997).
2208:Politicians assassinated in 1994
2098:Assassinated Rwandan politicians
2034:
1821:Muhanguzi Kampe, Justus (2016).
1021:Democratic Republic of the Congo
745:against the incumbent President
599:under Rwanda's first president,
512:
357:
293:
1782:Dictionary of African Biography
1752:
1726:
1700:
1672:
1646:
1631:
1610:
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1504:
1381:Biles, Peter (4 October 1990).
1374:
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1322:
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753:party. In 1975, he created the
259:
2173:Victims of aircraft shootdowns
2118:Leaders who took power by coup
1262:
1245:
1157:
828:Republican Democratic Movement
445:1978 constitutional referendum
1:
1771:
883:Special Presidential Division
872:attending the United Nations
810:However, in 1990, before the
749:, ousting Kayibanda's ruling
720:
698:. After the beginning of the
2063:Far-right politics in Rwanda
1113:
992:
947:Kigali International Airport
7:
2108:Defence ministers of Rwanda
1945:5 July 1973 – 6 April 1994
1201:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1186:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1127:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1096:
588:word meaning "invincible".
569:[ʒyvenalabjaʁimana]
460:1988 parliamentary election
455:1983 parliamentary election
450:1981 parliamentary election
10:
2229:
2168:Unsolved murders in Rwanda
2123:Lovanium University alumni
1336:, 9780865850286. Page 159.
1053:
926:
849:
840:Christian Democratic Party
660:genocide against the Tutsi
18:
2138:People murdered in Rwanda
2043:
2032:
1996:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1089:Habyarimana was a devout
874:World Summit for Children
715:Garde Nationale Rwandaise
578:his assassination in 1994
344:
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72:
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30:
1861:Prunier, Gérard (1999).
1800:Kinzer, Stephen (2008).
1693:25 February 2007 at the
1103:List of unsolved murders
1065:Family and personal life
922:
818:, its main funders, the
761:approved in a referendum
666:Early life and education
560:[hɑβɟɑːɾímɑ̂ːnɑ]
425:1973 Rwandan coup d'état
394:Early life and education
366:This article is part of
2158:Rwandan Roman Catholics
2148:Rwandan anti-communists
2078:1990s murders in Rwanda
1882:Wallis, Andrew (2006).
1170:26 January 2021 at the
1086:of Agathe Habyarimana.
949:, killing Habyarimana.
945:jet was shot down near
905:Rwandan Patriotic Front
832:Social Democratic Party
812:Rwandan Patriotic Front
636:Rwandan Patriotic Front
279:Kigali Military Academy
2088:1994 murders in Africa
1888:. London: I.B.Tauris.
1242: on 22 March 2012.
1074:
1050:Political consequences
938:
893:
799:
738:
472:Presidential elections
218:surface-to-air missile
2083:1994 crimes in Rwanda
1951:Théodore Sindikubwabo
1072:
1025:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
936:
891:
868:. Habyarimana was in
850:Further information:
793:
728:
694:'s medical school in
326:Rwanda National Guard
307:Years of service
111:Théodore Sindikubwabo
87:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
21:Habyarimana (surname)
2143:Presidents of Rwanda
1990:Presidents of Rwanda
1823:Eyes of a Journalist
1473:Muhanguzi Kampe 2016
1083:Tharcisse Karugarama
1077:Habyarimana's wife,
955:President of Burundi
860:, a force of mostly
648:President of Burundi
140:Position established
83:Dismas Nsengiyaremye
79:Sylvestre Nsanzimana
2133:People from Gisenyi
1941:President of Rwanda
1547:. 21 November 2006.
1129:, pp. 527–528.
983:Theogene Rudasingwa
692:Lovanium University
638:(RPF) launched the
619:state in which his
597:minister of defense
580:. He was nicknamed
574:president of Rwanda
552:Juvénal Habyarimana
406:President of Rwanda
377:Juvénal Habyarimana
276:Lovanium University
56:President of Rwanda
44:Habyarimana in 1980
32:Juvénal Habyarimana
2103:Christian fascists
1934:Grégoire Kayibanda
1926:Political offices
1714:. 23 November 2005
1659:The New York Times
1517:The New York Times
1213:Munyarugerero 2003
1079:Agathe Habyarimana
1075:
951:Cyprien Ntaryamira
939:
917:Joseph Kavaruganda
894:
800:
747:Grégoire Kayibanda
739:
700:Rwandan Revolution
652:Cyprien Ntaryamira
601:Grégoire Kayibanda
576:, from 1973 until
251:Agathe Habyarimana
152:Position abolished
99:Grégoire Kayibanda
2050:
2049:
1957:
1956:
1948:Succeeded by
1895:978-1-84511-247-9
1874:978-9970-02-089-8
1813:978-0-470-12015-6
1740:. 11 January 2007
1583:African Arguments
1412:, pp. 24–25.
1145:Philip Gourevitch
913:Rwandan Civil War
907:(RPF) signed the
852:Rwandan Civil War
640:Rwandan Civil War
549:
548:
501:Bugesera invasion
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386:
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339:Rwandan Civil War
335:Bugesera invasion
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2153:Rwandan genocide
2093:African fascists
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1056:Rwandan genocide
1009:Mobutu Sese Seko
987:Kayumba Nyamwasa
879:Mobutu Sese Seko
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2010:
1939:
1914:
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1781:
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1742:. Retrieved
1737:
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1662:. Retrieved
1658:
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1621:. Retrieved
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1591:
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1564:The Guardian
1563:
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1521:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1468:
1461:Prunier 1999
1441:
1434:Prunier 1999
1429:
1422:Prunier 1999
1417:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1388:The Guardian
1386:
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1281:
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1240:the original
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696:Léopoldville
669:
629:
613:totalitarian
605:coup in 1973
590:
581:
556:Kinyarwanda:
551:
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495:Battles/wars
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375:
331:Battles/wars
195:(1994-04-06)
193:6 April 1994
177:8 March 1937
151:
147:Succeeded by
139:
124:
106:Succeeded by
63:
25:
2113:Hutu people
2073:1994 deaths
2068:1937 births
2011:Habyarimana
2001:Mbonyumutwa
1678:See, e.g.,
1664:26 December
1523:26 December
1519:. p. 1
1446:Kinzer 2008
1410:Wallis 2006
966:Paul Kagame
911:to end the
796:Kim Il Sung
586:Kinyarwanda
435:Interahamwe
225:Nationality
135:Preceded by
94:Preceded by
2057:Categories
1772:References
1744:8 February
1718:8 February
1496:5 February
1395:17 October
1369:9264149171
1334:0865850283
1317:1136819150
1300:9004151818
1274:0822326132
1257:0812233824
1007:President
962:Hutu Power
824:World Bank
721:Presidency
591:An ethnic
503:(disputed)
419:Government
289:Allegiance
271:Alma mater
173:1937-03-08
2021:Bizimungu
2006:Kayibanda
1292:1388-3208
1114:Citations
1019:(now the
1013:Gbadolite
993:Aftermath
943:Falcon 50
785:Ruhengeri
751:Parmehutu
735:the Hague
710:in 1962.
617:one-party
507:Civil War
412:1973–1994
310:1963–1994
125:In office
113:(interim)
64:In office
1916:BBC News
1738:BBC News
1712:BBC News
1691:Archived
1544:BBC News
1491:KT Press
1391:. London
1168:Archived
1147:(1998).
1097:See also
1091:Catholic
1046:leader.
1033:Kinshasa
978:de facto
838:and the
822:and the
609:dictator
2045:interim
1623:21 July
1602:21 July
1005:Zairian
781:Gisenyi
672:Gisenyi
565:French:
264:
256:
229:Rwandan
180:Gisenyi
2026:Kagame
1892:
1871:
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1789:
1367:
1332:
1315:
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1272:
1255:
1234:,
1041:Indian
953:, the
866:Uganda
834:, the
830:, the
816:France
737:, 1980
704:Kigali
684:Bukavu
654:, was
582:Kinani
301:Rwanda
298:
245:Spouse
204:Rwanda
200:Kigali
1044:Hindu
1017:Zaire
970:Tutsi
923:Death
862:Tutsi
777:akazu
772:Tutsi
634:-led
632:Tutsi
399:Death
258:(
254:
1890:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1746:2008
1720:2008
1666:2018
1625:2016
1604:2016
1525:2018
1498:2020
1397:2018
1365:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1288:ISSN
1270:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1029:ADFL
783:and
768:Hutu
680:Hutu
621:MRND
593:Hutu
584:, a
488:1988
483:1983
478:1978
430:MRND
323:Unit
315:Rank
239:MRND
190:Died
167:Born
54:2nd
1762:BBC
1684:BBC
1027:'s
858:RPF
820:IMF
733:in
2059::
1913:,
1736:.
1710:.
1682:,
1657:.
1581:.
1562:.
1541:.
1515:.
1489:.
1453:^
1385:.
1220:^
1193:^
1178:^
1166:.
1134:^
1093:.
1015:,
842:.
787:.
766:A
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674:,
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650:,
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615:,
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260:m.
202:,
182:,
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1898:.
1877:.
1856:.
1835:.
1816:.
1795:.
1764:.
1748:.
1722:.
1668:.
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1606:.
1585:.
1566:.
1527:.
1500:.
1399:.
1153:.
554:(
540:e
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220:)
216:(
175:)
171:(
23:.
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