415:
471:, p. 57: "Subsequently the campaign was told al length in two separate accounts which scholars have called the Bulletin (or the Record) and the Poem. The two accounts are supplemented by pictorial reliefs with explanatory captions. The whole composition offers a number of striking features. First the fact that there are two distinct though overlapping accounts. Second the fact that the two versions were not merely carved once on the walls of a temple but were repeated in multiple copies – the Bulletin seven times and the Poem eight times. They are inscribed on the walls of the temples of Abydos, Luxor, Karnak, Abu Simbel and the Ramesseum, and the Poem is also found on fragments of two hieratic papyri.
20:
351:
397:
337:
365:
328:
314:
388:
406:
374:
603:, p. 85, n.21.1: "Abu Simbel – In the great rock temple on the north wall of the first hall over the battle reliefs. It was published by Champollion (Mon., 27–9), by Rossellini (Mon. stor., 100–102), and by Lepsius (LD., Ill, l87c–e). The original itself is very careless, the scribe having omitted the lower two-thirds of 1. 7 and beginning of 1. 8 (Ramesseum numbering)."
195:, including a letter from Ramesses to Hattusili III written in response to a scoffing complaint by Hattusili about the pharaoh's victorious depiction of the battle. However, no annals have been discovered that might describe it as part of a campaign. Instead, there are various references made to it in the context of other events.
615:, p. 85, n.21.2: "Ramesseum – Over the battle reliefs on the rear (west) side of the first pylon. It was published by Sharpe (Eg. Inscr. 2d part 52), and by Lepsius (LD., III, 153). It is the best of all the texts, though Lepsius's copy needs some correction."
639:, p. 86, n.22.1: "Abydos. – On the outside of the north, west, and south walls of the temple of Ramses II. Nearly the whole has perished, as only the lower courses of the walls remain. The short inscriptions were published by Mariette (Abydos II, pp. 10–11)"
627:, p. 85, n.21.3: "3. Luxor. – On the rear (south side) of Ramses II's pylon... But these modern buildings of the natives have never been removed, and we have only a copy of the visible fragments by Brugsch (Rec. de mon., II, 53)"
58:
which are often placed side by side in the locations they were inscribed. In addition, some reliefs also inscribed in the same location offer pictorial depictions of the battle. Some scholars divide these accounts into three. The
555:, p. 84, n.19.1: "The Luxor copy occupies the lower portion of the front (north side) of both towers of Ramses II's pylon... The inscription was partially cleared by Mariette, which permitted E. de Rouge to copy "
591:, p. 84, n.19.3: "The Abydos copy on the walls of Ramses II's mortuary temple there has preserved only the lower ends of the lines, as the walls are destroyed except the last few courses."
454:, p. 38: "No battle fought in antiquity is so well-documented as the clash between the Egyptians and the Hittites before the city of Kadesh on the Orontes in 1275 BC"
567:, p. 84 n.20: "All these texts, including the hieroglyphic, were once combined by E. de Rouge and published after his death by J. de Rouge (Rev. e.g., III–IX) ."
43:(1274 BC). The combined evidence in the form of texts and wall reliefs provide the best documented description of a battle in all of ancient history.
861:
414:
165:
In addition to these lengthy presentations, there are also numerous small captions used to point out various elements of the battle.
107:
is known from eight inscriptions, and lists the peoples which went to Kadesh as allies of the
Hittites. Amongst them are some of the
687:, p. 86, n.22.5: "Luxor – On pylon of Ramses II.; Champ., Mon., 323, 324, 327–327 (last two incorrectly marked Ramesseum)"
711:, p. 86, n.22.7: "Abu Simbel – In the great temple, first hall, north wall; Champ Mon., 17 bis-33; Not. Descr., I, 64–66"
841:
810:
787:
758:
433:
428:
492:
is truly just that, contra
Gardiner, and prefers to maintain the older tripartite division of the documentation.
122:
has been questioned as actual verse, as opposed to a prose account similar to what other pharaohs had recorded.
851:
768:
The Kadesh
Inscriptions of Ramesses II: An Analysis of the Verbal Patterns of a Ramesside Royal Inscription
19:
675:, p. 86, n.22.4: "Karnak. – Chiseled out in antiquity; published infra, pp. 45, 46, and Plate VIII."
579:, p. 84, n.19.2: "The Karnak copy is on the outside of the south wall of the great hypostyle hall. "
111:
and many of the other peoples who would later take part in battles of the 12th century BC (see
699:, p. 86, n.22.6: "Derr – Now destroyed, but seen by Champollion, Weidemann, Aeg. Gesch., 434, n. 5"
350:
663:, p. 86, n.22.3: "Ramesseum, Second Pylon. – Champ., Mon., 328–30; Not. Descry. 585–89, 873, 874"
295:
236:
112:
261:
224:
46:
The
Egyptian version of the battle of Kadesh is recorded in two primary accounts, known as the
798:
502:
396:
779:
The
Transformation of an Ancient Egyptian Narrative: P. Sallier III and the Battle of Kadesh
336:
856:
846:
219:
8:
866:
826:
725:
806:
783:
747:
40:
777:
766:
72:
651:, p. 86, n.22.2: "Ramesseum, First Pylon. – Champ., Not. Descr., I, 870–72"
364:
180:, of which the first page is lost, the second page ("Papyrus Raifet") is in the
290:
185:
835:
150:
142:
68:
751:
735:
727:
The battle of Kadesh : a study in the earliest known military strategy
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248:
209:
313:
387:
108:
154:
80:
405:
273:
267:
242:
84:
169:
88:
39:
are a variety of
Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions describing the
16:
Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions describing the Battle of Kadesh
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373:
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215:
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146:
76:
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138:
is itself simply a lengthy caption accompanying the reliefs.
24:
188:. However, this is "an inaccurate copy of the whole text".
558:
775:
764:
738:(1987), "On the Interpretation of the Kadesh Record",
191:
Cuneiform references to the battle have been found at
184:
and the third page ("Papyrus
Sallier III") is in the
541:
486:
Ancient
Egyptian Literature, Vol. 2: The New Kingdom
445:
833:
805:. University of California Press. pp. 57–.
519:Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents
799:"The Kadesh Battle Inscriptions of Ramses II"
141:Eight copies survive today on the temples at
103:(pntAwr.t), usually short referred to as the
803:Ancient Egyptian Literature: The late period
484:(1975) pp. 2–4. However, Miriam Lichtheim,
464:
462:
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827:Egyptian Accounts of the Battle of Kadesh
796:
468:
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734:
504:Transactions: The Third Sallier Papyrus
451:
834:
759:The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II
482:The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II
67:eight times, spread across temples in
160:
157:, with reliefs depicting the battle.
820:
434:Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb
13:
14:
878:
862:Military history of ancient Egypt
488:(1978) p. 58, maintains that the
413:
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349:
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326:
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218:, outside the south wall of the
212:pylon, north side of both towers
63:is repeated seven times and the
776:Anthony John Spalinger (2002).
765:Thomas Charles Hartman (1967).
717:
168:Outside of the inscriptions, a
27:spies being beaten by Egyptians
724:Breasted, James Henry (1903).
533:
524:
511:
495:
474:
1:
439:
429:Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
230:
842:13th-century BC inscriptions
782:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
298:north wall of the first hall
239:north wall of the first hall
7:
422:
125:
10:
883:
797:Lichtheim, Miriam (1973).
302:
262:Abydos: Ramesses II temple
255:
245:, west side of first pylon
225:Abydos: Ramesses II temple
203:
198:
296:Abu Simbel: Great Temple
237:Abu Simbel: Great Temple
23:A carved relief showing
517:Breasted, James Henry,
94:
771:. Brandeis University.
752:10.1484/J.CDE.2.308740
178:Raifet-Sallier papyrus
28:
852:Egyptian inscriptions
757:Gardiner, A.H. 1960.
539:Kitchen, Kenneth A.,
22:
220:Great Hypostyle Hall
176:is preserved in the
507:. 1874. p. 84.
37:Qadesh inscriptions
33:Kadesh inscriptions
746:(123–124): 38–48,
740:Chronique d'Égypte
161:Other inscriptions
29:
821:External websites
812:978-0-520-03615-4
789:978-3-447-04355-7
251:pylon, south side
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41:Battle of Kadesh
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452:Ockinga 1987
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285:Luxor Temple
249:Luxor Temple
210:Luxor Temple
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172:copy of the
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857:Ramesses II
847:Sea Peoples
109:Sea Peoples
867:Abu Simbel
836:Categories
440:References
382:Abu Simbel
155:Abu Simbel
87:, and two
81:Abu Simbel
359:Ramesseum
274:Ramesseum
268:Ramesseum
243:Ramesseum
85:Ramesseum
761:. Oxford
423:See also
231:Bulletin
170:hieratic
132:Bulletin
126:Bulletin
91:papyri.
89:hieratic
83:and the
61:Bulletin
54:and the
48:Bulletin
303:Gallery
287:pylon:
256:Reliefs
193:Hattusa
134:or the
809:
786:
345:Karnak
308:Abydos
280:Karnak
216:Karnak
199:Copies
182:Louvre
147:Karnak
143:Abydos
136:Record
77:Karnak
69:Abydos
52:Report
322:Luxor
151:Luxor
25:Shasu
807:ISBN
784:ISBN
490:Poem
204:Poem
174:Poem
153:and
130:The
120:Poem
118:The
105:Poem
99:The
95:Poem
65:Poem
56:Poem
31:The
748:doi
115:).
50:or
35:or
838::
801:.
744:62
742:,
459:^
149:,
145:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
815:.
792:.
750::
730:.
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