864:
1041:
1299:. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy.
887:
1065:, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood "Little Caughnawaga" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake.
76:
109:
59:
1335:
1018:
852:, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish. By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible "great mixture of blood" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk. At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the
933:
50:
1156:, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries.
898:
showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the
Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle "on lands reserved for their common use". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of "mixed" marriages. In 1822, Nicolas Doucet, an
3003:
2876:
675:
2922:
1200:. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured "indigenization" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as
2943:
2914:
1116:, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them. Coverage of this issue by the
2897:
2767:
116:
83:
1220:
system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the
Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it,
448:
439:
430:
1026:
relationship to the river have had profound effects on
Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger.
730:
874:, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from
1204:, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The
1107:
reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives. The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention.
945:
full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk
Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as
958:
Under the
Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not.
745:, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to "protect" and "nurture" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism. When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as
902:
reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to
British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property
804:
Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken
1294:
The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the "Whiskey Trench" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left
Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by
1238:
The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of
Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps
1188:) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly
906:
Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were "poisoning" the
Iroquois "with rum and spirituous liquors". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking
897:
Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic
Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause "horrible discord" and
828:
During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes
1192:
to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve "ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement"
957:
for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed.
767:
Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required
1164:
While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home,"
1025:
When the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's
928:
of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the
824:
there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan,
1106:
In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the
1098:
The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984. All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve. The only exemption was for those of such couples who had
1095:
those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland. The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture.
1094:
With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community;
1219:
process, as developed by the First Nation, or "reintroduced" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the
1159:
Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council
944:
The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not
882:
and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.
1266:
located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for "legally hosted" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a "remarkably
1802:
1224:
would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a "new and different choice" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice
805:
in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a
833:; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield.
1051:
The Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the
1363:(2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York. It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as
917:), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863.
1135:
It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those
1060:
Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the
737:- portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words "Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie.
913:, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of
568:
residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the
1321:
flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag. The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the
1684:
is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island. It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing.
771:
As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of
796:. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim.
829:
held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704
961:
The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the
694:, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the
952:
Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for
2225:
1175:
In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting.
1056:
in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time. The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them.
1389:
is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed "Beans"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events.
920:
In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from
2346:
D. McDonald, "All bets are off: A tsunami hit the online gambling industry this month and it washed right up to the doors of a building on Highway 138 on the Kahnawake Mohawk reserve"
1578:(Mohawk/Algonquian, 1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012.
721:
to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719.
860:
descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture.
1789:
836:
As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the
1915:
946:
3746:
556:
Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off
2969:
662:
in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one. The proximity of the
2222:
925:
3150:
1086:(MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal.
768:
by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river.
3135:
3160:
1725:
963:
2579:
3145:
3120:
2317:
2333:
1275:
While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller
3180:
2283:
2560:
3140:
2833:
244:
58:
3165:
3130:
3125:
239:
3248:
3155:
2268:
Martin Patriquin, "Inside the Kahnawake Evictions: Editor of Kahnawake newspaper explains the Mohawk Council decision to evict non-natives"
226:
2999:
2063:
Gerald F. Reid, "It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"
2345:
1774:
144:
3238:
1124:
733:
Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as
75:
3442:
3271:
608:
in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day
1099:
married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the
564:, which governs individual land possession. It has rules that are different from those applying to Canadian non-reserve areas. Most
3756:
2991:
615:
Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including
3579:
1910:
3170:
3008:
2416:
232:
213:
2535:
2954:
3175:
2242:
2205:
1861:
1040:
2497:
2479:
2461:
1287:
to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the
914:
890:
2021:
3636:
184:
3736:
3115:
2826:
1103:
ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.
3341:
108:
2398:
2103:
1730:
1347:
1318:
863:
3761:
3646:
3436:
3190:
742:
405:
3346:
3431:
3264:
1537:
655:
1457:
600:
Confederacy) and are known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". They controlled territory on both sides of the
3621:
3231:
3094:
2152:
1526:(born 1957), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk Olympic canoeist and kayaker, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak for Canada at the
1477:
1467:
1216:
1100:
632:
3609:
2819:
2806:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2432:
2314:
1302:
After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge.
1196:
Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the
3692:
2984:
1510:, Olympic water polo player, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the
1489:
1423:
999:
749:
of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents.
208:
1517:
3626:
3594:
3421:
1587:
1248:
1083:
983:
620:
292:
3532:
2373:
760:, ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the supervision of the
3673:
3574:
2771:
1544:
580:
Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their
570:
273:
3537:
3478:
3751:
3410:
3224:
2267:
756:
and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor,
196:
3661:
3252:
3057:
2928:
2799:
2512:
1450:
1215:(to become peaceful again), the traditional justice system of the Iroquois. It wanted to create an
995:
777:
413:
2870:
1288:
1284:
511:
3336:
3304:
2977:
2185:
Susan Haslip, "The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: 'Beyond Indigenization'"
1946:
Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism
1933:
To Right Certain Wrongs: A Report on Research into Lands Known as the Seigneury of Sault St-Louis
1511:
1476:(Mohawk/Oneida, 1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having
1003:
1002:. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the
817:
640:
507:
3216:
2727:
1885:
3651:
3615:
3584:
3460:
3403:
3397:
3321:
3289:
3278:
3062:
3052:
2932:
2144:
886:
793:
773:
574:
2007:
Travels through the United-States and Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, 1797
3656:
3641:
3564:
3512:
3426:
3416:
3078:
2414:
Sea Shepherd – Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy
1851:
1778:
1597:
1305:
Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the
1062:
899:
875:
781:
752:
The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the
695:
546:
35:
3554:
2062:
1820:
3667:
3631:
3604:
2865:
2565:
2184:
1527:
1350:: Fort St-Louis, the Jesuit Mission of St-François-Xavier, and the Caughnawaga Presbytery.
1201:
982:
land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by
683:
549:
in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk
515:
399:
384:
302:
3697:
2609:
1006:. In 1886 and 1887, the new bridge was built across the broad river from Kahnawake to the
8:
3559:
3507:
3468:
3316:
1473:
1444:
1189:
879:
753:
639:. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British considered Kahnawake one of the
3392:
1654:, print and online newspaper of the Kanien’kéhá:ka Nation found at www.kahnawakenews.com
994:, and vehicle highways and bridges. One of the first of such projects was the fledgling
3543:
3449:
3386:
3331:
3310:
3298:
3037:
2561:"VIFF review: Tracey Deer’s 'Beans' finds its hero coming of age during the Oka crisis"
2137:
1668:, Kahnawake's first community TV station, broadcasting on local cable in the community.
1662:, a weekly newspaper founded in 1992 that publishes each Friday and is available online
1507:
1007:
954:
871:
581:
503:
2413:
2298:
1706:
Karihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion
857:
3599:
3527:
3351:
2394:
2148:
2099:
1989:
1857:
1610:
1575:
1378:
1035:
975:
909:
830:
821:
761:
718:
588:(the "People of the Flint"). Another meaning is "those who speak Kanien'kéha"). The
534:
374:
2655:
1757:
3686:
3679:
3589:
3488:
3356:
2132:
1735:
1658:
1581:
1495:
1359:
Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary,
1334:
1112:
1017:
987:
853:
628:
531:
527:
451:
442:
433:
1535:(born 1972), actress featured in numerous TV and film roles, including two of the
1068:
Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary
3741:
3569:
3494:
3483:
3473:
3369:
3109:
3047:
3022:
2879:
2854:
2673:
2420:
2321:
2229:
2025:
1919:
1501:
1463:
1399:
1252:
1232:
The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: "Beyond Indigenization"
841:
789:
647:
495:
478:
201:
3549:
3042:
2745:
3522:
3517:
3380:
3032:
2811:
2787:
2624:"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum"
2018:
1847:
1648:, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake
1548:
1414:(b. 1952), conductor, first Indigenous Canadian to conduct a symphony orchestra
1405:
1339:
991:
932:
907:
valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the
816:
There was some European settlement after the reserve land was "donated" by the
806:
785:
663:
557:
283:
279:
3501:
3027:
2906:
2083:
Kahnawake: Factionalism, Traditionalism, And Nationalism In A Mohawk Community
1790:
Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY
3730:
2122:, National Film Board of Canada, Documentary, PBS, fall 2009, also on YouTube
1565:
1559:
1483:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1296:
1197:
1152:, the head of the Quebec Native Women's Association and a Mohawk resident at
1149:
1053:
849:
845:
837:
686:
narrows. The territory is described in the native language as "on, or by the
472:
418:
391:
370:
298:
159:
146:
3326:
2584:
1523:
1128:
659:
605:
601:
2044:
974:
Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large
3375:
1438:
1429:
1371:
1323:
1306:
1263:
1259:. It has established Kahnawake as a substantial player in that business.
1131:
said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members:
757:
609:
49:
969:
1553:
1448:. She was producer/director/writer to adapt it as a television series,
1386:
1382:
1375:
1280:
1276:
1256:
1153:
1070:
1045:
1011:
702:
616:
561:
1426:, Princess White Deer (1891–1992), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk dancer and singer
619:
on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal;
3362:
3200:
2750:Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education
1532:
966:, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s.
690:" (of the Saint Lawrence River) (in French, it was originally called
636:
624:
365:
2610:"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory"
2334:"Eastern Door editor Steve Bonspiel kicked out of Kahnawake meeting"
2050:, McGill University, Master's Thesis in Anthropology, 1999: p. 82-85
1160:
defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community:
674:
2883:
2875:
2536:"'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work"
2191:
Vol. 9 No. 1 (March 2002), Murdoch University, accessed 3 June 2011
2047:
The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838
921:
746:
714:
597:
523:
490:
2299:
Graeme Hamilton, "Mohawk evictions legal: Indian Affairs Minister"
654:, meaning "place of the rapids", referring to their major village
3246:
1625:
1619:
1239:
build a future especially for the young people of the community.
560:. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to the federal
355:
2691:
1709:
Kahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school
3002:
2859:
2793:
2766:
1681:
1591:
1569:
1044:
Mohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo
687:
519:
189:
2623:
1975:
Mariages de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault St-Louis, 1735-1972
1957:
Rosenburg, Dan, 1999: "Land claims issue dragging its heels",
1715:
FNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education
1291:
in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred.
2597:
2780:
1694:
Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery
1556:(born 1969), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk multimedia artist and curator
1120:
that year resulted in the council reversing their decision.
1110:
Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper
729:
461:
2637:
2580:"Singer Tom Wilson faces his voice and his story in memoir"
2284:"Kahnawake Weekly Wins Top Honors for Community Journalism"
1775:
Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec
1547:, former professional ice hockey player who played for the
810:
2796:- A private club which leases land from the Mohawk Council
1089:
2709:
2058:
2056:
1994:
The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America
1801:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007).
820:
in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed
813:
of the mother and deriving their status from her family.
1600:, rock musician, parents were both Mohawk from Kahnawake
978:
projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through
2364:
Dir. Alanis Obomsawin. National Film Board, 2000. Film.
2294:
2292:
2114:
2112:
1631:
Mohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct)
809:
kinship system, with children considered born into the
2805:, documentary aired 2 November 2009, PBS, produced by
2053:
1454:, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017.
1402:(born 1964), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk, professor and activist
1312:
949:, were finally given permanent status at the reserve.
682:
Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the
1977:, Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française
970:
Effects of construction projects in/through community
627:, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and
2289:
2109:
1800:
3747:
Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River
2475:
Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier
1184:
Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (
2136:
1480:implemented in Canada, and received major honours.
741:Kahnawake was created under what was known as the
592:were historically the most easterly nation of the
577:. They have since become mostly English speaking.
2788:"The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake"
1211:Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce
63:Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM.
3728:
2841:
2382:
2324:, CBC, Canada, 11 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2020
2085:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p.?
1726:Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38
1353:
1074:, as seen through the story of Harold McComber.
936:An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the
1883:
1853:Native American placenames of the United States
1077:
698:canal and the people lost access to the river.
2199:
2197:
2139:Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture
3232:
2985:
2827:
2077:
2075:
1642:Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct)
1279:reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its
1014:hundreds of feet above the water and ground.
2019:Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne"
1856:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84.
1803:"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles"
1262:Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local
867:Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber
2194:
2040:
2038:
1969:
1967:
1393:
1283:in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the
799:
3239:
3225:
2992:
2978:
2834:
2820:
2513:"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back"
2131:
2125:
2072:
1837:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999
1622:89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal
1486:, quilter, beadwork artist, textile artist
2802:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back
2692:"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake"
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1840:
1700:Karonhianonhnha School, elementary school
631:across the Saint Lawrence River; and the
2710:"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center"
2388:
2243:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve"
2206:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve"
2035:
2009:, Volume 2. New York: Augustus M. Kelley
1985:
1983:
1964:
1436:-winning filmmaker, for her documentary
1361:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back
1333:
1039:
1016:
1010:. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and
931:
885:
862:
728:
724:
673:
3009:Roussillon Regional County Municipality
2510:
2240:
2203:
1935:, Kahnawake: Kahnawake Seigneury Office
1090:Membership and residency on the reserve
713:(later Montreal) and placed a military
666:also influenced their naming decision.
18:First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada
3729:
2638:"Step By Step Child and Family Center"
2553:
2431:
2315:"Kahnawake issues 2nd eviction notice"
2241:Brennan, Richard (February 21, 2010).
2171:
2120:To Brooklyn and Back: A Mohawk Journey
1846:
1755:
1712:Kahnawake Survival School, high school
1365:A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back
1179:
1029:
900:agent of the British Indian Department
709:as part of a southwestern defence for
489:
43:Kahnawake First Nations Reserve No. 14
3220:
2973:
2815:
2533:
2527:
2515:. National Film Board of Canada (NFB)
2143:. Indiana University Press. pp.
2067:Kahnawake Branch of the Mohawk Nation
1980:
1877:
1794:
1615:Kahnawake has several media outlets:
1317:In 2007, two vessels operated by the
1165:said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr.
893:(Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810.
678:Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860
318:50.41 km (19.46 sq mi)
2849:
2674:"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake"
2642:Step By Step Child and Family Center
2498:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2480:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2462:Canadian Register of Historic Places
1973:Faribault-Beauregard, Marthe, 1993:
1703:Indian Way School, elementary school
915:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier
891:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier
3717:Does not belong to the Montreal CMA
2504:
2352:, 28 Oct 2006, accessed 16 Feb 2010
1675:
1628:103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake
1313:International use of Kahnawake flag
13:
3108:Regional County Municipalities in
2305:, 9 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2010
2098:(Indiana University Press (2001),
1948:, Toronto: Oxford University Press
1890:ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project
1821:"Indigenous communities in Quebec"
1738:Jesuit missionary to the Kahnawake
1242:
735:"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages"
14:
3773:
2760:
2286:, Indian Country TMN, 19 May 2011
1996:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994
1731:List of Indian reserves in Quebec
1635:Mohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions
1348:National Historic Sites of Canada
1338:Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and
1329:
1319:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
115:
82:
3272:Urban agglomeration of Longueuil
3001:
2941:
2920:
2912:
2895:
2874:
2765:
1697:Kateri School, elementary school
1442:(2008). She also made the short
446:
437:
428:
114:
107:
81:
74:
57:
48:
3757:Catholic missions of New France
3265:Urban agglomeration of Montreal
2738:
2720:
2702:
2684:
2666:
2648:
2630:
2616:
2602:
2591:
2572:
2486:
2468:
2450:
2425:
2407:
2393:. Hellgate Press. p. 597.
2367:
2355:
2339:
2327:
2308:
2277:
2261:
2234:
2216:
2204:Brennan, Richard (2010-02-21).
2088:
2012:
1999:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1756:Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of.
1520:, actress, writer, and director
903:invested in the maternal line.
743:Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis
2746:"First Nation Adult Education"
1904:
1827:
1813:
1783:
1768:
1758:"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke"
1749:
1584:, professional wrestler, actor
1468:American Wrestling Association
1217:alternative dispute resolution
1101:Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
633:Six Nations of the Grand River
483:Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake
1:
2942:
2896:
2807:National Film Board of Canada
2336:, CBC News, 17 September 2014
1912:Kahnawake: Historique Foncier
1884:Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan.
1742:
1354:Representation in other media
1255:sites for poker, casino, and
1208:wanted further improvements.
717:there. The Jesuits founded a
646:The name is derived from the
2921:
2913:
2842:Places adjacent to Kahnawake
2534:Dunne, Susan (14 May 2010).
2389:Morrison, Wilbur H. (2001).
1835:Tuscarora English Dictionary
1470:champion as Chief Don Eagle.
1458:Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde
1424:Esther Louise Georgette Deer
1078:Late 20th century to present
1021:Kahnawake seen from Montreal
1000:Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge
537:, it has also been known as
218:Within RCM, but unassociated
95:Location in southern Quebec.
7:
3637:Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu
2501:. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
2483:. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
2465:. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
1719:
1270:
1249:Kahnawake Gaming Commission
1084:Mohawk Council of Kahnawake
669:
539:Seigneury Sault du St-Louis
98:Show map of Southern Quebec
10:
3778:
3711:Does not belong to the CMM
3580:Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot
3151:Les Jardins-de-Napierville
2391:The Elephant and the Tiger
1688:
1608:
1033:
571:American Revolutionary War
514:on the south shore of the
3737:Mohawk reserves in Quebec
3706:
3459:
3288:
3259:
3103:
3087:
3071:
3015:
2847:
2511:Tarbell, Reaghan (2021).
1518:Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs
1346:Kahnawake contains three
457:
424:
412:
398:
381:
364:
354:
346:
335:
327:
322:
314:
309:
290:
271:
263:
255:
250:
238:
223:
207:
195:
183:
175:
140:
68:
56:
47:
42:
33:
23:
3647:Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil
3437:Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac
2378:Retrieved March 19, 2016
2362:Rocks at Whiskey Trench.
1944:Alfred, Gerald R. 1995:
1671:Mohawk Princess Pictures
1604:
1460:, director and puppeteer
1394:Notable Kahnawake people
1267:profitable" enterprise.
1170:Michael Delisle Jr., CBC
996:Canadian Pacific Railway
800:Multi-cultural community
264: • Grand Chief
224:Electoral Districts
3432:Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines
1512:1999 Pan American Games
1253:Internet-based gambling
1198:Canadian justice system
1004:Dominion Bridge Company
658:near the rapids of the
641:Seven Nations of Canada
612:and the coastal areas.
3247:Municipalities of the
3136:La Vallée-du-Richelieu
3007: Subdivisions of
2794:The Kanawaki Golf Club
2493:Caughnawaga Presbytery
2350:The Gazette (Montreal)
2094:Middleton, William D.
2081:Gerald F. Reid, 2004:
2069:, accessed 22 Feb 2010
1545:Robert (Bobby) Simpson
1492:, woodcarver, sculptor
1343:
1236:
1173:
1147:
1125:Federal Indian Affairs
1048:
1022:
947:Charles Gédéon Giasson
941:
926:Indian Advancement Act
894:
868:
822:French colonial troops
738:
679:
575:Lower Canada Rebellion
522:, Canada, across from
482:
347: • Dwellings
336: • Pop
267:Kahsennenhawe Sky-Deer
3762:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke
3610:Saint-Basile-le-Grand
3347:L'Épiphanie (V)¹
3342:L'Épiphanie (P)¹
3188:Urban Agglomerations:
3161:Marguerite-D'Youville
3146:Le Haut-Saint-Laurent
3121:Beauharnois-Salaberry
2774:at Wikimedia Commons
2678:monecole-myschool.com
2569:, September 16, 2020.
2376:Warrior Publications.
2032:, accessed 1 Feb 2010
2030:The Wampum Chronicles
1931:Gerald Alfred, 1995:
1886:"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)"
1779:Library of Parliament
1490:Donald "Babe" Hemlock
1337:
1285:Honoré Mercier Bridge
1222:
1202:justices of the peace
1193:between the parties.
1162:
1133:
1063:Empire State Building
1043:
1020:
935:
889:
876:Groton, Massachusetts
866:
732:
725:Historical land claim
701:The French colony of
696:Saint Lawrence Seaway
677:
512:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke
491:[ɡahnaˈwaːɡe]
383: • Summer (
272: • Federal
36:First Nations reserve
3693:Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac
3627:Saint-Jean-Baptiste²
2866:Saint Lawrence River
2790:, Brandon University
2588:, November 18, 2017.
2566:The Georgia Straight
2374:"Oka Crisis, 1990."
2166:High Steel Don Owen.
2096:The Bridge at Québec
1420:, librarian, scholar
1340:Saint Francis Xavier
856:region in the west,
684:Saint Lawrence River
635:in Ontario north of
516:Saint Lawrence River
291: • Quebec
3595:Pointe-des-Cascades
3422:Saint-Joseph-du-Lac
3181:Vaudreuil-Soulanges
2045:Matthieu Sossoyan:
2005:Weld, Isaac, 1807:
1892:. McGill University
1807:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1562:, ice hockey player
1474:Mary Two-Axe Earley
1251:offers licenses to
1213:Skenn:en A'onsonton
1180:Restorative justice
1030:Working in New York
156: /
3674:Terrasse-Vaudreuil
3575:Mont-Saint-Hilaire
2419:2007-12-17 at the
2320:2011-07-14 at the
2228:2011-07-28 at the
2024:2011-10-08 at the
1918:2011-07-06 at the
1823:. 15 October 2021.
1508:Waneek Horn-Miller
1408:, fashion designer
1344:
1049:
1023:
1008:Island of Montreal
964:Longhouse Movement
942:
895:
872:Kahnawake surnames
869:
739:
680:
328: • Total
131:Show map of Quebec
128:Kahnawake (Quebec)
3724:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3560:Les Coteaux¹
3214:
3213:
3141:Le Haut-Richelieu
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2800:Reaghan Tarbell,
2770:Media related to
2439:. 29 October 2007
2133:Gravestock, Steve
2118:Reaghan Tarbell,
1863:978-0-8061-3598-4
1762:www.kahnawake.com
1611:Media in Montreal
1576:Kateri Tekakwitha
1498:, activist, model
1036:Mohawk skywalkers
976:civil engineering
831:Raid on Deerfield
762:Indian Department
692:Sault du St-Louis
526:. Established by
467:
466:
462:www.kahnawake.com
339:
315: • Land
256: • Type
219:
160:45.417°N 73.683°W
3769:
3752:Greater Montreal
3715:
3709:
3687:Vaudreuil-Dorion
3662:Sainte-Catherine
3479:Calixa-Lavallée²
3251:and/or Montreal
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3198:Native Reserves:
3166:Pierre-De Saurel
3131:La Haute-Yamaska
3126:Brome-Missisquoi
3058:Sainte-Catherine
3006:
3005:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2945:
2944:
2929:Sainte-Catherine
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2899:
2898:
2878:
2850:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2784:
2783:
2781:Official website
2769:
2754:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2598:The Eastern Door
2595:
2589:
2578:Deborah Dundas,
2576:
2570:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2540:Hartford Courant
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2490:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2433:"Neptune's Navy"
2429:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2238:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1959:The Eastern Door
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1736:Pierre de Lauzon
1676:Kahnawake powwow
1659:The Eastern Door
1582:Billy Two Rivers
1496:Kahn-Tineta Horn
1289:Sûreté du Québec
1234:
1171:
1145:
1113:The Eastern Door
880:Queen Anne's War
778:Sainte-Catherine
754:Seven Years' War
604:and west of the
528:French Canadians
493:
488:
450:
449:
441:
440:
432:
431:
388:
337:
217:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
132:
118:
117:
111:
99:
85:
84:
78:
61:
52:
21:
20:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3702:
3555:Les Cèdres
3544:La Prairie
3455:
3398:Saint-Colomban¹
3305:Bois-des-Filion
3284:
3255:
3245:
3215:
3210:
3156:Les Maskoutains
3114:
3099:
3083:
3067:
3011:
3000:
2998:
2968:
2963:
2931:
2925:
2869:
2858:
2855:Lac-Saint-Louis
2843:
2840:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2559:Norman Wilner,
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2491:
2487:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2421:Wayback Machine
2412:
2408:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2322:Wayback Machine
2313:
2309:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2230:Wayback Machine
2221:
2217:
2202:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2054:
2043:
2036:
2026:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:Bright, William
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1722:
1691:
1678:
1640:CKER The Seeker
1613:
1607:
1502:Kaniehtiio Horn
1400:Taiaiake Alfred
1396:
1356:
1332:
1315:
1273:
1245:
1243:Gambling/gaming
1235:
1229:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1146:
1140:
1092:
1080:
1038:
1032:
972:
922:enfranchisement
878:in 1707 during
802:
727:
672:
510:reserve of the
496:Mohawk language
486:
447:
445:
438:
436:
429:
408:
382:
231:
225:
216:
165:45.417; -73.683
164:
162:
158:
155:
150:
147:
145:
143:
142:
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
64:
38:
29:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3722:
3721:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3657:Saint-Zotique¹
3654:
3652:Saint-Philippe
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3616:Saint-Constant
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Otterburn Park
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Coteau-du-Lac¹
3510:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3443:Sainte-Thérèse
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Saint-Placide¹
3414:
3407:
3404:Saint-Eustache
3400:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3381:Pointe-Calumet
3378:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Deux-Montagnes
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3191:Longueuil (TE)
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3072:Municipalities
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3063:Saint-Philippe
3060:
3055:
3053:Saint-Constant
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:Saint-Constant
2926:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2871:Mercier Bridge
2862:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2762:
2761:External links
2759:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2719:
2701:
2683:
2665:
2647:
2629:
2615:
2601:
2590:
2571:
2552:
2526:
2503:
2485:
2467:
2449:
2437:The New Yorker
2424:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2366:
2354:
2338:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2276:
2260:
2233:
2215:
2193:
2170:
2153:
2124:
2108:
2087:
2071:
2052:
2034:
2011:
1998:
1979:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1903:
1876:
1862:
1839:
1826:
1812:
1793:
1782:
1767:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1549:Atlanta Flames
1542:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:Tammy Beauvais
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1368:
1355:
1352:
1342:mission (1845)
1331:
1330:Historic sites
1328:
1314:
1311:
1272:
1269:
1244:
1241:
1230:Susan Haslip,
1227:
1206:Kanien’kehá:ka
1181:
1178:
1167:
1141:Chuck Strahl,
1138:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1031:
1028:
971:
968:
938:Montreal Star,
801:
798:
794:Saint-Philippe
774:Saint-Constant
726:
723:
671:
668:
664:Lachine Rapids
590:Kanien’kehá:ka
586:Kanien’kehá:ka
547:Mohawk village
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
426:
422:
421:
416:
410:
409:
404:
402:
400:Postal code(s)
396:
395:
389:
379:
378:
368:
362:
361:
360:Kahnawakeronon
358:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
296:
288:
287:
280:Alain Therrien
277:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
242:
236:
235:
229:
221:
220:
211:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
138:
137:
127:
121:
120:
113:
112:
106:
105:
104:
103:
94:
88:
87:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
40:
39:
34:
31:
30:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3718:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Saint-Mathieu
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Saint-Isidore
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:McMasterville
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:L'Île-Cadieux
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Saint-Sulpice
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:Saint-Jérôme¹
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:Saint-Isidore
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3079:Saint-Mathieu
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2958:
2956:
2955:Saint-Isidore
2953:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2732:www.kecedu.ca
2729:
2723:
2715:
2714:www.kecedu.ca
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2660:www.kecedu.ca
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:Fort St-Louis
2453:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2400:1-55571-612-1
2396:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2303:National Post
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2274:, 10 Feb 2010
2273:
2269:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2106:), pp. 99-101
2105:
2104:0-253-33761-5
2101:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:Dexter Stacey
1564:
1561:
1560:Brooke Stacey
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:1984 Olympics
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:Carla Hemlock
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:A. Brian Deer
1416:
1413:
1412:John Kim Bell
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Canadian Army
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1190:restore peace
1187:
1186:Haudenosaunee
1177:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:Ellen Gabriel
1144:
1143:National Post
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:Quebec Bridge
1047:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:hydroelectric
985:
981:
977:
967:
965:
959:
956:
950:
948:
939:
934:
930:
929:seven clans.
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
911:
904:
901:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
826:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Saint-Mathieu
779:
775:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
736:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:(Six Nations
595:
594:Haudenosaunee
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
530:in 1719 as a
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:First Nations
505:
501:
497:
492:
484:
480:
476:
474:
463:
460:
456:
453:
444:
435:
427:
423:
420:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
380:
376:
372:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
299:Pierre Moreau
297:
294:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
228:
222:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
141:Coordinates:
139:
110:
77:
67:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
22:
16:
3716:
3710:
3685:
3678:
3668:Sainte-Julie
3666:
3632:Saint-Lazare
3614:
3605:Saint-Amable
3542:
3538:L'Île-Perrot
3508:Contrecoeur²
3500:
3493:
3448:
3441:
3409:
3402:
3385:
3368:
3361:
3337:L'Assomption
3309:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3205:
3197:
3187:
3107:
2917:
2864:
2853:
2801:
2764:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2696:karihwanoron
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2618:
2604:
2593:
2585:Toronto Star
2583:
2574:
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2506:
2496:
2488:
2478:
2470:
2460:
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2409:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2329:
2310:
2302:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2253:February 21,
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2236:
2218:
2209:
2188:
2165:
2158:. Retrieved
2138:
2127:
2119:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2066:
2046:
2029:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1974:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1911:
1906:
1896:16 September
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1785:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1679:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1646:Kwatokent TV
1645:
1639:
1634:
1614:
1536:
1524:Alwyn Morris
1451:Mohawk Girls
1449:
1445:Mohawk Girls
1443:
1437:
1434:Gemini Award
1364:
1360:
1345:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1274:
1261:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1129:Chuck Strahl
1122:
1118:Eastern Door
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1082:The elected
1081:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1024:
979:
973:
960:
951:
943:
937:
919:
908:
905:
896:
870:
835:
827:
825:and nation.
818:French Crown
815:
803:
770:
766:
751:
740:
734:
710:
706:
700:
691:
681:
660:Mohawk River
651:
645:
623:in Ontario;
614:
606:Hudson River
602:Mohawk River
593:
589:
585:
579:
565:
555:
550:
542:
538:
499:
470:
468:
259:Band council
15:
3502:Châteauguay
3469:Beauharnois
3461:South Shore
3332:Kanesatake¹
3317:Charlemagne
3290:North Shore
3028:Châteauguay
2907:Châteauguay
1588:Derek White
1514:in Winnipeg
1439:Club Native
1432:, two-time
1430:Tracey Deer
1381:, the 1990
1372:Tracey Deer
1324:Netherlands
1307:Vietnam War
1264:data centre
1012:ironworkers
984:power lines
807:matrilineal
758:Thomas Gage
711:Ville-Marie
656:Caughnawaga
610:New England
543:Caughnawaga
500:Kahnawáˀkye
245:Châteauguay
163: /
28:Caughnawaga
3731:Categories
3528:Kahnawake¹
3450:Terrebonne
3387:Repentigny
3352:Lavaltrie¹
3311:Boisbriand
3299:Blainville
3171:Roussillon
3110:Montérégie
3038:La Prairie
2443:2008-01-18
2212:. Toronto.
2154:0968913245
1990:John Demos
1833:Rudes, B.
1743:References
1609:See also:
1598:Tom Wilson
1554:Skawennati
1387:Kanesatake
1383:Oka Crisis
1376:drama film
1281:Oka Crisis
1277:Kanesatake
1257:sportsbook
1154:Kanesatake
1136:decisions.
1071:High Steel
1046:Lewis Hine
1034:See also:
703:New France
652:kahnawà:ke
621:Tyendinaga
617:Kanesatake
562:Indian Act
487:pronounced
471:Kahnawake
323:Population
251:Government
240:Provincial
233:La-Prairie
214:Roussillon
202:Montérégie
3698:Verchères
3600:Richelieu
3363:Mascouche
3206:Kahnawake
3201:Akwesasne
2918:Kahnawake
2772:Kahnawake
2249:. Toronto
1777:from the
1666:Mohawk TV
1652:Iorì:wase
1533:Alex Rice
1504:, actress
1478:Bill C-31
1464:Don Eagle
1127:Minister
980:Kahnawake
955:annuities
910:Patriotes
854:Red River
747:seigneurs
707:Kahnawake
637:Lake Erie
625:Akwesasne
566:Kahnawake
551:Kahnawake
545:(after a
504:Tuscarora
475:Territory
414:Area code
392:UTC−04:00
371:UTC−05:00
366:Time zone
338:2006-2011
122:Kahnawake
89:Kahnawake
25:Kahnawake
3680:Varennes
3590:Pincourt
3489:Carignan
3393:Rosemère
3357:Lorraine
3176:Rouville
3088:Parishes
2884:Montreal
2417:Archived
2318:Archived
2272:Macleans
2247:The Star
2226:Archived
2210:The Star
2135:(2005).
2022:Archived
1916:Archived
1869:11 April
1850:(2004).
1720:See also
1538:Twilight
1271:Politics
1228:—
1168:—
1139:—
992:railways
990:plants,
842:Onondaga
715:garrison
670:Location
629:New York
598:Iroquois
573:and the
524:Montreal
425:Highways
185:Province
3570:Mercier
3495:Chambly
3484:Candiac
3474:Beloeil
3370:Mirabel
3048:Mercier
3023:Candiac
2880:LaSalle
2728:"Index"
2656:"Index"
2545:7 March
2519:7 March
1689:Schools
1626:CKRK-FM
1620:CKKI-FM
1466:, 1950
1367:(2010).
1225:system.
924:to the
790:Candiac
719:mission
582:autonym
558:reserve
535:mission
506:) is a
494:in the
458:Website
356:Demonym
227:Federal
176:Country
151:73°41′W
148:45°25′N
3742:Mohawk
3523:Hudson
3518:Delson
3033:Delson
3016:Cities
2860:Dorval
2397:
2189:E Law,
2160:4 June
2151:
2102:
1860:
1682:powwow
1594:driver
1592:NASCAR
1572:driver
1570:NASCAR
1541:films.
850:Seneca
846:Cayuga
838:Oneida
786:Delson
688:rapids
648:Mohawk
541:, and
532:Jesuit
520:Quebec
479:French
473:Mohawk
406:J0L1B0
197:Region
190:Quebec
179:Canada
3327:Gore¹
3279:Laval
3116:Acton
2147:–43.
1605:Media
1379:Beans
986:from
858:Métis
705:used
650:word
452:R-207
443:R-138
434:R-132
394:(EDT)
331:7,965
3550:Léry
3043:Léry
2873:to:
2547:2021
2521:2021
2395:ISBN
2255:2010
2162:2017
2149:ISBN
2100:ISBN
1961:8(4)
1898:2023
1871:2011
1858:ISBN
1680:The
1295:the
1247:The
1123:The
940:1907
811:clan
792:and
469:The
310:Area
3714:— ²
3376:Oka
3253:CMA
3249:CMM
2223:TVO
1385:at
1374:’s
1370:In
998:'s
584:is
518:in
502:in
419:450
385:DST
375:EST
350:N/A
342:N/A
303:PLQ
295:(s)
293:MNA
276:(s)
209:RCM
3733::
2748:.
2730:.
2712:.
2694:.
2676:.
2658:.
2640:.
2582:.
2563:.
2538:.
2495:.
2477:.
2459:.
2435:.
2348:,
2301:,
2291:^
2270:,
2245:.
2208:.
2196:^
2187:,
2173:^
2164:.
2145:41
2111:^
2074:^
2065:,
2055:^
2037:^
2028:,
1992:,
1982:^
1966:^
1888:.
1805:.
1760:.
1590:,
1568:,
1326:.
1309:.
848:,
844:,
840:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
764:.
643:.
553:.
498:,
485:,
481::
284:BQ
274:MP
3708:¹
3240:e
3233:t
3226:v
3112::
2993:e
2986:t
2979:v
2886:)
2882:(
2835:e
2828:t
2821:v
2752:.
2734:.
2716:.
2698:.
2680:.
2662:.
2644:.
2626:.
2612:.
2549:.
2523:.
2446:.
2403:.
2257:.
1922:,
1900:.
1873:.
1809:.
1764:.
477:(
387:)
377:)
373:(
305:)
301:(
286:)
282:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.