1168:, who has placed Kvenland/Kainuu not only in southern Finland, but around the Baltic Sea as a kind of Finnish-Swedish "maritime confederation". Klinge has presented a hypothesis of Kvenland as a naval power on the Baltic, located on both the present-day Finnish and Swedish sides of the Gulf of Bothnia as well as in some of the surrounding areas. The folklorist and professor of literature Väinö Kaukonen calls it "fantastic fabulation" and a "dream-wish". However, Professor Emeritus in Archeology at the University of Turku, Unto Salo has also concluded that "Kvens/Kainulainens" were men of Satakunta in Southern Finland. There is archeological evidence linking Satakunta and Lapland (for example types of skis) but skipping the areas between which suggests that expeditions were undertaken from Satakunta to the North during the late Viking Age. Further, toponomy suggests that there were regular routes used by the people of Satakunta to get to the North. Lastly, haapio, a type of a very light dugout boat was used extensively in Satakunta and would have been ideal for such expeditions. Unto Salo speculates that the name Haaparanta ("Aspen shore") in the Northern Sweden (county of Norrbotten) would have been given due to presence of asps needed to build haapios. Originally Kvenland was more likely situated in the Southern-Ostrobothnia but when this habitation disappeared in the early 9th century for unknown reasons, the Norwegians continued to apply the term Kven to the men of Satakunta and Häme who inherited the Northern trade and taxation.
599:, Finns and Kvens are not discussed at the same time. The saga tells how Norwegians taxed the Finns, but there is no indication in the saga that the Kvens would have competed with the Norwegians for control of the Finns or lived near or among them. Much debate has taken place concerning whether the saga provides truthful information of Iron Age Kvenland by mentioning that the Kvens had a real-sounding 'king' and a 'law' to divide the loot. The saga places the confrontation of Norwegians and Karelians in the 9th century.
1595:). Based on the information revealed, the Birkarls then inhabited areas, e.g., in Northern Hälsingland, which covered the western coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, and from there all the way up and around the gulf to Oulu River. Tälje Charter is a state treaty ratified between the Kvens and the Swedish crown, in which the king of Sweden guarantees the Birkarl Kvens trading and tax-collecting rights as chief enforcement officers, bailiffs (Swedish term:
50:
541:, who was a powerful politician, a diplomat for the Royal House of Norway and a man of letters, was not the author of the sagas, but was rather collecting very old stories that had been transmitted orally for many centuries. The saga covers a long period, starting in Norway in 850 CE and ending around 1000 CE. It contains a short description of Egil's uncle Thorolf Kveldulfsson co-operating with a Kvenland king,
471:
570:(Kirialaland); along all these lands to the north lies Finmark, and there are wide inhabited fell-districts, some in dales, some by lakes. The lakes of Finmark are wonderfully large, and by the lakes there are extensive forests. But high fells lie behind from end to end of the Mark, and this ridge is called Keels.
1544:
Increasing archaeological fieldwork in northern
Finland has cast some doubts on the idea of Kvenland having almost no sedentary settlements. Encouraged by the new findings, Professor Kyösti Julku of Oulu University presented a theory of the Kvens being early permanent Finnish inhabitants of Northern
582:
clearly separates
Finland and Kvenland, listing them as neighboring areas. However, Finland is not listed in any of the saga's surviving versions, indicating that it might be a later addition by someone who did not recognize Kvenland any more. The saga says "eastwards from Namdalen is Jämtland", but
492:
But Nor went thence westward to the Kjolen
Mountains and for a long time they knew nothing of men, but shot beasts and birds to feed to themselves, until they came to a place where the rivers flowed west of the mountains. — Then he went up along the valleys that run south of the fjord. That fjord is
348:
are examined with that in mind, the
Norwegians would be to the northwest of Sweden, and the nomadic people would be to the north. These points are correct after rotation based on the difference between the Viking and modern compasses. Kvenland is then situated to the northeast of Sweden and might be
2487:
A classical dictionary containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors and intended to elucidate all the important points connected with the geography, history, biography, mythology, and fine arts of the Greeks and Romans: Together with an account of coins, weights,
474:
A possible location of
Kvenland and Nór's route to the fjord of Trondheim. Kvenland can be placed elsewhere east of Gulf of Bothnia, as well. The selected location on the map is the one with most archaeological finds. Most interpretations locate Kvenland in the less well researched northern coastal
594:
Had
Thorolf gone up to the mountains around his homeland Namdalen and then straight "eastwards", i.e., southeast, he would have first reached Jämtland and then Hälsingland. These are the same lands that were listed earlier in the saga. If the passage about going "southwest" is taken literally and
1521:
being of
Western Finnish origin and considered it to have Eastern Finnish roots. However, he suggested a common Germanic etymology for the names Kainuu and Kvenland. Like most of his predecessors, Vahtola viewed Kainuu/Kvenland as the name of the coastal Ostrobothnia, meaning roughly "low-lying
1705:
over rights to hunting, fishing and reindeer herding in the areas inhabited by both groups. While it is hard to prove without a doubt, a relationship between the ancient Kvens and modern
Tornedalians and Kvens is generally believed. The claim that the Sámi are not indigenous is however widely
223:
As is emphasized in the text, Ohthere's account was an oral statement, made to King Alfred, and the section dealing with
Kvenland takes up only two sentences. Ohthere's information on Kvens may have been second-hand, since, unlike in his other stories, Ohthere does not emphasize his personal
353:
or the western part of the present-day
Finland. The information of Kvenland being situated "over the wastes", northwards from the Viking-period "Sweden" (corresponding roughly to the south-central part of present-day Sweden) matches the idea of Kvenland extending to Norrland. There is no
796:
In some pre-medieval and medieval texts, it is not clear which groups of people the authors are referring to by the titles used. According to historians, terms used for either the Kvens, Finns and/or Sami in texts written during the 1st millennium AD include the following:
1274:"Upon the Suiones, border the people Sitones; and, agreeing with them in all other things, differ from them in one, that here the sovereignty is exercised by a woman. So notoriously do they degenerate not only from a state of liberty, but even below a state of bondage."
583:
actually the direction is southeast. Also Hälsingland is southeast, not east, of Jämtland. Since it is widely assumed that the Viking compass had a 45 degree rotation of cardinal points, the saga's "east" seems to correspond to the contemporary southeast.
549:
Finmark is a wide tract; it is bounded westwards by the sea, wherefrom large firths run in; by sea also northwards and round to the east; but southwards lies Norway; and Finmark stretches along nearly all the inland region to the south, as also does
1670:
is used in Norway in reference to the descendants of Finnish-speaking people who have inhabited or migrated to the present-day area of Norway anytime before World War II. Migration waves from the 16th century onward have brought Finnish settlers to
440:, Finland. The origin of the silver plate has been traced to Gotland, based on its style of ornamentation. According to Jukka Luoto of the Museum of South Karelia, "this indicates that these areas have independently conducted trade with Gotland."
502:
in central Norway and later the lake district in the south, conquering the country and uniting it under his rule. There is no mention of Kvenland after that. Again only a handful of words are devoted to Kvenland, mainly telling where it was.
1465:
in Swedish) would have been a remnant of the earlier name Kvenland. Because of the trading and tribute-taking expeditions as well as settlement expansion of the kainulaiset, the territorial concept of Kainuu was gradually moved northward.
450:
traveling from Kvenland to Norway. Based on the saga's internal chronologies, this would have happened around the 6th or 7th century CE, but the dating is very insecure. Locations of Kvenland, Finland and Gotland are given rather exactly:
1530:, thus partially reproducing the view of Jaakkola and Luukko (Upper Satakunta being a part of traditional Tavastia). This theory is nowadays widely adopted in Finland, Sweden and Norway, and it is cited in many studies and popular works.
1176:
Different views exist of why ancient scholars have made references to Kvenland as an area dominated by women. Some have suggested that there may have been misinterpretations of terminology. Whatever the etymological origin of the element
2040:
It is not sure if this is a reference to Sami people or some other group. Finnic-based "Lapp" does not appear in any other saga. It became a common name for Sami people only later in Middle Ages, and Norwegians never really adopted
497:
Starting somewhere on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, Nór had either gone all the way up and around the Gulf, or skied across; it was winter, and the gulf might have been frozen. Nór ended up attacking the area around
1548:
Some Swedish historians have suggested that the ancient Kvens were actually a Scandinavian and not a Finnish group, but these views have little support nowadays. The Swedish archaeologist Thomas Wallerström suggests that the
247:, but not all historians agree on this. Although Ohthere does not give any name for the area where his "Finnas" lived, he gives a lengthy description of their lives in and around Northern Norway, without mentioning Kvens.
415:
A DNA study conducted on the prehistoric skeletal remains of four individuals from Gotland supports the area having been ethnically interconnected with Finland and Kvenland during the primeval era, just as suggested by
224:
involvement in any way. Ohthere's method of locating Kvenland can be interpreted to mean that Kvenland was located in and around the northern part of the modern-day Sweden and in the mid-western part of the modern-day
595:
directly, continuing from Hälsingland across the Gulf of Bothnia Thorolf would have arrived in the southwestern tip of present-day Finland, the center of Finland's Viking period population (see map). Again, as with
483:
But Nor, his brother, waited until snow lay on the moors so he could travel on skis. He went out from Kvenland and skirted the Gulf, and came to that place inhabited by the men called Sami (Lapps); that is beyond
195:) land was very long and very narrow ... and to the east are wild mountains, parallel to the cultivated land. Finnas inhabit these mountains ... Then along this land southwards, on the other side of the mountain (
1710:
1779:, Bell, 1900, pp. 250–52. Note that in translations here the names of places, countries and people have been harmonized to forms used in Knowledge, while forms used in the text are presented in parentheses.
2216:
510:, which in fact does not even mention that Nór came from Kvenland at all, only stating: "Norr had great battles west of the Keel". The journey may have been lifted from some other context and added to
2651:. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology 15:1. 1995. With English summary: Norrbotten, Sweden and the Middle Ages. Problems concerning Power and Settlement on a European Periphery. See pages 213–238.
1791:
Given the context, "geond", with a range of possible meanings in "throughout", "over" and "as far as", is best understood as "amongst"; and "moras", with a range of possible meanings in "
432:
Recent archaeological discoveries made in Finland have further emphasized the close ties between Gotland and modern-day Finland during the primeval era. In the late spring of 2013, a
228:, when the difference in the Viking compass is taken into consideration (see more further below). Other, somewhat later sources call the land adjacent to the northern part of Norway "
1348:), who had expelled their bishop, got a divine revenge. And at first King's son called Anund, whose father had sent him to enlarge his kingdom, after arriving to Women's Land (
1522:
land". Based on the archaeological knowledge of the north, Vahtola did not believe that there was a separate Iron Age tribe called Kvens. He considered the Kvens to be mainly
273:
of the historical river and lake routes in Fennoscandia and Northern Russia. According to the philologist Irmeli Valtonen, " text does not give us a clear picture where the
219:
amongst the mountains, and the Kvens carry their ships over land into the meres, and thence make depredations on the Northmen; they have very little ships, and very light.
2203:"Håp – vad är det för en båt? Lingvistiska synpunkter. Bottnisk kontakt I. Föredrag vid maritimhistorisk konferens i Örnsköldsvik 12–14 februari 1982. Örnsköldsvik 1982."
250:
Ohthere's mention of the "large meres" and of the Kvens' boats are of great interest. The meres are said to be "amongst the mountains", the words used in the text being
1986:
DNA study published in nature.com on April 26, 2012. Pontus Skoglund on prehistoric Gotlanders: "The hunter-gatherers show the greatest similarity to modern-day Finns."
1717:) supports the recognition of Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset as an indigenous population, but denies the claim that the Sámi are not indigenous. Likewise the
1075:
Nowadays Kainuu is a name of an inland province in northeastern Finland. In the past the name Kainuu was often used of the more western coastal area around the
277:
are to be located though it seems a reasonable conclusion that they lived or stayed somewhere in the modern-day areas of Northern Sweden or Northern Finland."
2213:
153:. All known Nordic sources date from the 12th and 13th centuries. Other possible references to Kvenland by other names and spellings are also discussed here.
2025:
1298:, the Sitones were ruled by a queen. According to a common view, the "queen" of the Sitones either derives from or is a possible linguistic confusion of an
2712:, a recognised expert in the field, and has published several books about the history of northern Fennoscandia (PDF in Swedish). Retrieved 14 July, 2016.
428:"The hunter-gatherers show the greatest similarity to modern-day Finns", says Pontus Skoglund, an evolutionary geneticist at Uppsala University in Sweden.
2388:
2833:
266:, an area which is known to have been inhabited at that time: the Orkneyinga saga tells how these inhabitants were attacked by men from Kvenland.
1641:(A Description of the Northern Peoples), he also mentions both terms: the Finnish traders who commuted between and inhabited the general area of
1514:
2516:
Our Forefathers, the Gothonic Nations: A Manual of the Ethnography of the Gothic, German, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian and Scandinavian Peoples
2782:
1148:
and the ancient Kainuu (same as Kvenland according to common view today) in Kalevala's Pohjola. Some point out a similarity with the name
1072:. Whereas Porthan suggested that the ancient Kvens may have been Swedish, many others came to view the Kvens as an ancient Finnish tribe.
537:(1179–1241 CE), who may have written it between 1220 and 1240 CE. While authorship of the sagas is unclear, it is generally accepted that
2029:
1826:
2471:
1541:. He suggests a new etymology meaning roughly "marine gap-land", the "marine gap" being the northern sea-route on the Bothnian Gulf.
1330:
463:
The saga is correct in placing the Gulf of Bothnia "across" (i.e., "on the other side of" the isthmus between the two seas) from the
1777:
The Life of Alfred The Great Translated From The German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius
1801:
1985:
1506:
became dispersed along the western coasts of Finland, leaving only place-names and some archaeological finds as permanent traces.
2947:
590:
That same winter Thorolf went up on the fell with a hundred men; he passed on at once eastwards to Kvenland and met king Faravid.
2060:. Taking benefit from the frozen Gulf of Bothnia was still habitual in the 16th century, as described in the map, see section F.
1916:
Irmeli Valtonen: A Land beyond Seas and Mountains: A Study of References to Finland in Anglo-Saxon Sources. A paper in the book
1354:), whom we consider to be Amazons, was killed along with his army from poison, that they had mixed to the spring water. (III 15)
1637:
2555:
2116:
2053:
1930:
1900:
2411:
1425:). There is also a reference to a northern land of women in an Icelandic manuscript from the 14th century, which describes a
2300:
2105:
2962:
2249:
269:
The mention of the "very light ships" (boats) carried overland has a well-documented ethnographic parallel in the numerous
215:) sometimes make depredations on the Northmen over the mountain, and sometimes the Northmen on them; there are very large
2010:
1997:
1447:, suggested that Kainuu or Kvenland was originally in Southern Finland, on the Gulf of Bothnia and covering just northern
2689:. Report from the seminar ”Kvenene – en glemt minoritet?”, on Nov. 14, 1994, at the University of Tromsø / Tromsø Museum.
2499:
2749:
Historiographic report on the area which now makes out Talma sameby and the history of land use and settlement within it
2406:, ed. Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough, Danielle Marie Cudmore, and Stefan Donecker, Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2016,
1527:
545:, against invading Karelians. Rather accurate geographical details about Kvenland's location are given in chapter XIV:
2807:
2527:
2551:
1884:. Earlier in the text Ohthere is reported to have said that "that land is very long north from thence, but it is all
1042:
has, however, been an unchanging feature of most interpretations since the 17th century, when the Swedish historians
93:
1533:
In 1995 the Finnish linguist Jorma Koivulehto gave support for the theory of common etymological roots of the names
1255:
in Old Norse. It is plausible that this led learned speakers of Old Norse to identify Kvenland with the land of the
185:. Ohthere's story contains the only contemporary description about Kvenland that has survived from the 9th century:
75:
761:
have a late mention of Kvens clearly active in the North. Around 1271 CE, the following is said to have happened:
710:
was written sometime between 1160 and 1175 CE in an unknown location. It contains a list of peoples in the North:
2942:
2745:
Historievetenskaplig rapport om området som idag utgörs av Talma samebys bosättnings- och markanvändningshistoria
1675:
from the modern-day areas of Northern Sweden and Northern Finland, mostly from the northern coastal areas of the
488:
Having traveled for a while, Nór was still "beyond Finnmark." After a brief fight with the Lapps, Nór continued:
1099:
In a theory somewhat closely related to the Kainuu theory, Kvenland has also been associated with the legendary
2663:), published in 1673 in Latin. A translation from Latin last printed in 1995 by Wallerström in Sweden. Page 48.
1523:
166:
60:
404:, Kvens made sacrifices to Thorri, who "ruled over Gothland, Kvenland (Kænlandi) and Finland." According to
1567:
as well. In this case, the land of the Kvens would have extended from the Bothnian Gulf in the west to the
1371:). Living east of these are said to be Wizzi, Mirri, Lamiy, Scuti and Turci up until the border of Russia (
2022:
1718:
17:
2937:
1494:
presented a hypothesis according to which Kainuu was originally the sedentary Iron Age settlement in
1498:. After the settlement was supposedly destroyed by tribal warfare during the early 9th century, the
1050:
first noted the concept of Kvenland in Old Norse sources. In 1650, Professor Michael Wexionius from
2236:
2232:
30:
This article is about ancient Kvens and Kvenland. For the contemporary ethnic group in Norway, see
919:
162:
138:
2952:
1881:
1772:
1303:
256:. Ohthere may be referring to the Southern Norwegian lake district, which is also referred to in
71:
436:
period (600–800 AD) silver plate, believed to be a piece of a sword scabbard, was discovered in
1440:
1061:
644:
390:
178:
2727:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset's final report
1795:" or "mountains", is best understood as "mountains", though "moors" may be intended. The word
1302:
term used for 'woman', which shares linguistic origins with the term used in reference to the
1144:
Different interpretations of the origins of the mythical Pohjola exist. Some include parts of
2723:
Sannings och försoningskommissionen för tornedalingar, kväner och lantalaisets slutbetänkande
2649:
Norrbotten, Sverige och medeltiden. Problem kring makt och bosättning i en europeisk periferi
1799:
used in the original text can be translated as moor, morass, swamp; hill, mountain. See e.g.
1495:
1164:
An original view has been provided by a Finnish historian and Helsinki University professor,
1153:
38:
2136:, pages 73–75. See also page 204. Translation provided here is by the author of the article.
1038:
Kvenland has generated many theories about its origin, the location of Kvenland east of the
2701:
2571:
1307:
1103:. Pohjola is an other-worldly country in Finnish mythology, ruled by a fierce witch called
174:
130:
2370:
Unto Salo, Faravidin retket ja Satakunnan organisoituminen rautakaudella (Faravid 27/2003)
1805:
1701:
indigenous population of northern Fennoscandia. These claims coincide with struggles with
1559:
groups participating in the west-east fur-trade, not just southern Finns but ancestors of
8:
2539:
2456:
Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft in alphabetischer Ordnung
2402:, "Monstra septentrionalia: Supernatural Monsters of the Far North in Medieval Lore", in
1491:
455:"to the east of the gulf that lies across from the White Sea (Gandvík); we call that the
358:" mentioned anywhere either in the original or the updated version of Orosius' history.
2427:
1510:
1043:
706:
341:
2709:
2511:
974:
might also refer to the Sami people, in both the other Scandinavian languages, Latin (
714:
But towards north many pagan tribes—alas!—stretch from the east behind Norway, namely
2547:
2519:
2491:
2463:
2407:
1820:
1448:
1266:
Among sources used in the related debate by historians is the following statement of
1134:
1122:
1025:, saying "There can be no confusion about the geographical location of the Sitones."
373:
1969:
514:
in a later phase by an unknown author who wanted to make the saga more adventurous.
412:
was "a king" who "reigned over Gotland, which we now know as Finland and Kvenland."
2967:
2638:. Kveenit, kainulaiset. Malungs boktryckeri AB, Malung, Sweden. 1991. See page 216.
2113:
2050:
1470:
1325:
1145:
1126:
1047:
1005:
941:
758:
538:
534:
467:. The saga does not say that Kvenland was on the coast, but just east of the Gulf.
170:
142:
2091:
2080:
2069:
1118:
67:
2783:"Historieprofilens kontroversiella slutsats: "Kvänerna borde klassas som urfolk""
2323:
Jorma Koivulehto. Ala-Satakunnan Kainu ja pohjoisen Kainuu. A paper in the book
2220:
2120:
2109:
2102:
2057:
1672:
1017:
905:
813:
456:
396:
258:
238:
2253:
1702:
1676:
1444:
1335:
1260:
1076:
1039:
955:
530:
182:
1623:) on the Norwegian North Atlantic coast, roughly in the middle in between the
563:
2957:
2931:
2431:
1381:
In the related debate references are sometimes also made to the Finnish epic
2858:
1973:
1904:
1739:
778:
551:
2438:
2435:
2399:
2379:
Pentti Virrankoski, Kainu – Pohjanmaan rautakautinen kansa (Faravid 2/1978)
2148:, pages 140–141. Translation provided here is by the author of the article.
1744:
1690:
1614:
1607:
1556:
1165:
657:
122:
121:, and similar terms in medieval sources, is an ancient name for an area in
2467:
2146:Íslenzkir annáler sive Annales Islandici ab anno Christi 809 ad annum 1430
437:
2495:
2011:"Mystical silver plate discovered in Rautjärvi may change history writing
1624:
1283:
1114:
959:
433:
244:
126:
31:
2523:
1998:"Amateur archaeologists have made huge discoveries during the springtime
559:
1734:
1568:
1294:
868:
737:
525:
384:
309:
133:
account written in the 9th century, which used information provided by
1885:
409:
2676:. Kveenit, kainulaiset. Malungs boktryckeri AB, Malung, Sweden. 1991.
2361:. Snellman-instituutin julkaisuja 7. Kuopio 1988. See pages 200–209.
1693:, that Kvens (Tornedalians and Norwegian Kvens) are in fact not only
1560:
1480:
1452:
1299:
1182:
715:
661:
499:
464:
149:. A possible additional source was written in the modern-day area of
1632:
1409:
963:
216:
78:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1792:
1754:
1749:
1586:
1564:
1401:. The ancient Norse knew the Northern ruler-goddesses by the names
1383:
1263:, for example, often mentions Amazons in writing of the far North.
1130:
1109:
877:
627:
texts from the same era. One of the texts may have been written in
555:
350:
340:
The Viking compass is believed to have had a 45-degree rotation of
285:
229:
2587:(1958). Book is in Finnish, Swedish translation published in 1969.
1021:
in 98 CE lived in the area in northern Fennoscandia claimed to be
263:
2834:"Tornedalingar vill bli urfolk – begäran skickas till regeringen"
2808:"Krav på urfolksstatus för tornedalingar, lantalaiset och kväner"
2450:
Heinrich Gottfried Reichard took this view in his edition of the
2298:
2151:
1888:, except in a few places, where the Finnas dwell here and there".
1775:. A more faithful edition of the original text is in Thorpe, B.,
1657:
tax records, stored at the National Archival Services of Norway (
1628:
1484:
1456:
1434:
1388:
1321:
1267:
1256:
1100:
1013:
1009:
891:
849:
839:
829:
824:
649:
624:
567:
542:
470:
379:
355:
289:
270:
225:
146:
2458:, ed. August Pauly, Christian Walz and W.S. Teuffel, Volume 6.1
1315:
331:
325:
319:
313:
303:
297:
251:
236:
210:
204:
190:
2687:
Kvenene og staten – et historisk riss. I: Torekoven Strøm (ed.)
1954:
Den forntida nordiska orientering och Wulfstans resa till Truso
1654:
1646:
1642:
1611:
1138:
1056:
966:(one of the two official standards of the Norwegian language).
653:
628:
200:
150:
134:
2702:
Myten om kvänernas rike. En granskning. Manuskript, 2013-08-12
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1574:
447:
129:. Kvenland, in that or nearly that spelling, is known from an
2340:(1983). The book is in Finnish, also published in Swedish as
2161:("Proto-history of Finland"). Werner Söderström. Porvoo, 1956
1598:
1585:) – the oldest known record written in Swedish – mention the
1483:, from the inland region surrounding the present-day city of
1392:
1104:
1051:
989:
981:
361:
2743:
Malmgren, Judit; Avango, Dag; Elenius, Lars; Persson, Curt.
2273:
Julku, Kyösti: Kvenland – Kainuunmaa. With English summary:
1091:
described Norwegian and Swedish men and women respectively.
302:) have to the south of them the arm of the sea called East (
2359:
Kalevala Lönnrotin runoelmana II. Tosiasioita ja kuvitelmia
2164:
746:). But what tribes dwell behind them, have we no certainty.
1960:. Scripta Islandica. Isländska sällskapets årsbok 16/1965.
674:) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (
2319:
2317:
1689:
Since the 1990s claims have arisen, primarily among some
2742:
2574:. First edition, 1906. Reissued by Kennikat Press, 1971.
1278:
According to a view shared by many historians, the term
1054:
became the first to associate Kvenland with the Finnish
1663:), dating to the mid-16th century, also mention Kvens.
1487:. This theory was supported by Professor Armas Luukko.
623:, Kvenland or Kvens are very briefly mentioned in four
280:
The name "Kven" briefly appears later in King Alfred's
2314:
1545:
Finland and Norrbotten (a part of modern-day Sweden).
660:(ruling in the mid-8th century), fighting against the
506:
Nór's journey from Kvenland to Norway is missing from
173:
had his stories written down and included them in his
1479:
as long-range hunters and tribute-takers coming from
1365:) that rule wide areas up until the "Land of Women" (
2299:
Anneli Asplund; Sirkka-Liisa Mettom (October 2000).
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1338:
calls Kvenland Women's Land, stating the following:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
288:
is mentioned as the northern border for the ancient
1773:
Online edition of Ohthere's description of Kvenland
318:), and to the north, over the wastes, is Kvenland (
37:"Kainulainen" redirects here. For the surname, see
1725:) recognises the indigineity of the Sámi peoples.
1517:pointed out that there is no evidence of the name
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
1843:
566:(Helsingjaland) and Kvenland, then Finland, then
2929:
1940:
1938:
1787:
1785:
1004:According to Finnish historian Kyösti Julku the
586:In chapter XVII Thorolf goes to Kvenland again:
349:placed somewhere around the present-day Swedish
2915:Suomen historia / Jääkaudesta Euroopan unioniin
1658:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1402:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
949:
782:
772:
766:
687:
681:
675:
669:
635:
479:This is how Nór started his journey to Norway:
292:, and Kvenland is mentioned again, as follows:
2188:
1952:. Studia Neuphilologia. 14/1941-2; Ekblom, R.
1469:Another mid-20th-century historian, Professor
1435:Different theories on the origins of the Kvens
262:. This way, the reference would have included
203:... and along that land northwards, Kvenland (
2621:A paper by Pentti Virrankoski in the journal
2488:and measures, with tabular values of the same
1935:
1782:
1618:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1550:
1500:
1490:In 1979, Professor Pentti Virrankoski of the
1474:
1460:
1439:In 1958, a Finnish historian, politician and
1396:
1137:, collected largely in the Finnish region of
344:. If the territories listed in King Alfred's
2518:, Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1929–33,
2424:Svenskt Diplomatorium I nr 852. Originalbrev
1896:
1894:
1711:National Association of Swedish Tornedalians
1079:, even up to the 19th century. In the early
1060:. In the 18th century the Finnish historian
1028:
324:), to the northwest are the nomadic people (
2729:] (in Swedish). 2023. pp. 178–183.
2546:, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University, 1984,
2214:Oslo University online Norwegian dictionary
2003:
1990:
1575:Kvenland and Kvens later in historical time
1372:
1366:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1287:
1181:, it effortlessly translates to "woman" in
975:
948:In the Old Norse language the word "Finn" (
741:
731:
725:
719:
697:
2831:
2239:Språkdata project. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
2030:National and University Library of Iceland
2013:," published on May 30, 2013 (in Finnish).
2000:," published on June 4, 2013 (in Finnish).
1979:
1156:in English), a region in western Finland.
962:as well; the word has the same meaning in
177:version of a world history written by the
161:A Norwegian adventurer and traveler named
2780:
1920:. Edited by Kyösti Julku. Rovaniemi 1992.
1891:
1331:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
1064:, among others, focused attention on the
791:
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
2654:
2414:, pp. 55–75, pp. 60–61, 65–66.
2292:
1320:, a spelling used for the Kvens e.g. by
1286:, which much later had a Latin spelling
1159:
469:
2768:Birkarl clans in the Upper Torne Valley
2242:
2051:Olaus Magnus map of Scandinavia 1539 CE
1956:. Förnvännen. 33/1938; Sköld, Tryggve.
1946:De gamle nordbornas väderstrecksbegrepp
1328:of Wessex in c. 890 CE. In 1075 AD, in
1282:(Kvens) shares etymological roots with
1094:
27:Ancient name for an area of Scandinavia
14:
2930:
2906:Jutikkala, Eino, with Kauko Pirinen –
2761:
2600:. . Helsinki 1935, second edition 1958
2490:, New York: Harper, 1841, repr. 1869,
1825:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1638:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
1033:
156:
2738:
2736:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2301:"Kalevala: the Finnish national epic"
696:
2920:Zetterberg, Seppo / Tiitta, Allan –
2708:is a retired historian, formerly of
2610:Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ja Lapin historia
1882:Ohthere's description of Sami people
970:("skiing Finn or moving Finns") and
634:
446:contains a realistic description of
382:accounts discuss Kvenland. They are
43:
750:
648:has a brief mention of the king of
24:
2879:
2733:
2692:
2023:The text in the original language.
1682:
1555:was a collective name for several
828:– by Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius
25:
2979:
2764:Birkarlssläkter i Övre Tornedalen
2661:Schefferus bok LAPPONIA (LAPPLAND
2181:, page 51. With English summary:
1113:, a 19th-century Finnish work of
1107:. Pohjola is best known from the
848:, Qwens – by Ulfilas (in Gothic:
2404:Imagining the Supernatural North
2346:Ancient Powers of the Baltic Sea
1526:hunting and trading in northern
602:
48:
2901:9000 vuotta Suomen esihistoriaa
2851:
2832:Wallbrandt, Anna (2023-10-19).
2825:
2800:
2774:
2755:
2715:
2666:
2641:
2628:
2615:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2561:
2533:
2505:
2479:
2444:
2417:
2393:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2351:
2330:
2280:
2275:The Ancient territory of Kainuu
2267:
2226:
2207:
2183:The Ancient territory of Kainuu
2139:
2126:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2044:
2034:
2016:
1963:
1870:The Ancient territory of Kainuu
2948:Historical geography of Norway
2781:Sternlund, Hans (2023-03-16).
2568:Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race
2325:Kielen ja kulttuurin Satakunta
2277:. Oulu, 1986. See pages 11–24.
1950:Alfred the Great as Geographer
1923:
1910:
1875:
1834:
1766:
517:
13:
1:
2894:Adam, Sverige och trosskiftet
2233:Svenska Akademins Ordbok 1924
2134:Monumenta Historica Norwegiae
2103:Norna-Gests þáttr, chapter 7.
1948:. Scandia 1/1928; Ekblom, R.
1760:
1649:are said to have been called
1359:"After that come the Swedes (
1171:
2889:. Finlands historia 1. 1993.
2462:, Stuttgart: Metzler, 1852,
1455:. A small local area called
1427:
1421:
1415:
1403:
1391:was ruled by a woman called
1310:, the English language term
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
994:) during mediaeval times.
950:
554:outside. But eastwards from
7:
2963:Viking Age populated places
1944:See e.g. Weibull, Lauritz.
1728:
1719:Norwegian Kven Organization
1697:indigenous population, but
1645:and the modern-day area of
1631:and the modern-day city of
1213:for 'woman' developed into
997:
308:), and to the east of them
189:said that the Norwegians' (
74:the claims made and adding
10:
2984:
1473:, considered the Kvens or
990:
982:
371:
243:may be a reference to the
36:
29:
2674:Tornionlaakson historia I
2636:Tornionlaakson historia I
2344:(1984) and in English as
2338:Muinaisuutemme merivallat
2223:. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
2081:Egil's Saga, Chapter XVII
1653:. The earliest remaining
1029:Different interpretations
475:area on the Bothnian Bay.
2859:"Mer om kvensk historie"
2585:Kvenland. Missä ja mikä?
2544:A History of the Vikings
2237:University of Gothenburg
2070:Egil's Saga, Chapter XIV
1868:. With English summary:
1840:For example Egil's Saga.
1579:In 1328, Tälje Charter (
1334:, the German chronicler
958:, though, and maybe the
137:adventurer and traveler
2887:Den förhistoriska tiden
1316:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1083:dictionaries the terms
1068:passage mentioning the
388:and the more legendary
332:
330:), and the Norwegians (
326:
320:
314:
304:
298:
252:
237:
211:
205:
191:
2943:History of Scandinavia
2863:Norske kveners forbund
2598:Suomen varhaishistoria
2159:Suomen varhaishistoria
2092:Egil's Saga, Chapter X
1970:Hversu Noregr byggdist
1918:Suomen varhaishistoria
1659:
1619:
1617:places Birkarl Kvens (
1597:
1591:
1581:
1551:
1501:
1475:
1461:
1441:University of Helsinki
1397:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1324:in c. 352 CE and King
1314:derives from the term
1288:
1276:
1062:Henrik Gabriel Porthan
976:
792:Possible other sources
789:
783:
773:
767:
748:
742:
736:) and both peoples of
732:
726:
720:
698:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
636:
613:Hversu Noregr byggdist
592:
576:Hversu Noregr byggdist
572:
495:
486:
476:
461:
430:
418:Hversu Noregr byggdist
402:Hversu Noregr byggdist
391:Hversu Noregr byggdist
363:Hversu Noregr byggdist
338:
221:
2892:Hallencreutz, C.F. –
2865:(in Norwegian Bokmål)
2762:Kuoksu, Erik (2010).
2179:Kvenland – Kainuunmaa
1958:Isländska väderstreck
1866:Kvenland – Kainuunmaa
1496:Southern Ostrobothnia
1387:, according to which
1357:
1340:
1272:
1160:Other interpretations
920:Ohthere of Hålogaland
777:) pillaged widely in
763:
712:
692:) were raiding there.
666:
588:
547:
493:now called Trondheim.
490:
481:
473:
453:
426:
372:Further information:
294:
187:
171:King Alfred of Wessex
39:Kainulainen (surname)
2922:Suomi kautta aikojen
2908:A History of Finland
2647:Thomas Wallerström:
2572:Thomas William Shore
1308:Thomas William Shore
1095:Kvenland and Pohjola
680:), since Curonians (
607:Besides Old English
2770:] (in Swedish).
2751:] (in Swedish).
2596:Jaakkola, Jalmari:
2430:'s address to king
2250:"Tacitus' Germania"
2157:Jaakkola, Jalmari:
2114:English translation
1931:Geography of Alfred
1492:University of Turku
1034:Kvenland and Kainuu
157:Old English Orosius
145:sources, primarily
2885:Edgren, Torsten –
2685:Niemi, E. (1994).
2514:, tr. Jean Young,
2428:Pope Alexander III
2389:Etymology of kwen.
2287:Lexicon Lapponicum
2219:2016-08-17 at the
2119:2006-05-14 at the
2108:2006-05-14 at the
2056:2009-06-01 at the
2028:2007-05-08 at the
1723:Ruijan kveeniliito
1511:University of Oulu
1342:Meanwhile Swedes (
1044:Johannes Messenius
954:) referred to the
944:of Wessex, c. 890.
707:Historia Norwegiae
699:Historia Norwegiae
562:(Jamtaland), then
477:
336:) are to the west.
59:possibly contains
2913:Vahtola, Jouko –
2583:Vilkuna, Kustaa.
2412:978-1-77212-267-1
2357:Kaukonen, Väinö:
2201:Korhonen, Olavi:
1603:), in the North.
1449:Southwest Finland
1351:patriam feminarum
1259:in Greek legend;
1185:. Proto-Germanic
808:(in reference to
743:utrique Biarmones
730:), Horned Finns (
645:Norna-Gests þáttr
637:Norna-Gests þáttr
459:(Helsingjabotn)."
374:Kings of Kvenland
104:
103:
96:
61:original research
16:(Redirected from
2975:
2938:Medieval Finland
2899:Huurre, Matti –
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2706:Lennart Lundmark
2699:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2672:Vahtola, Jouko.
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2634:Vahtola, Jouko.
2632:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2537:
2531:
2509:
2503:
2485:Charles Anthon,
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2442:
2421:
2415:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2186:
2175:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1804:. Archived from
1797:mór m (-es/-as)
1789:
1780:
1770:
1666:Today, the term
1662:
1622:
1606:In his 1539 map
1602:
1594:
1584:
1554:
1504:
1478:
1471:Jalmari Jaakkola
1464:
1431:('woman land').
1430:
1424:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1368:terram feminarum
1364:
1353:
1347:
1326:Alfred the Great
1319:
1291:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1048:Olaus Rudbeckius
993:
992:
985:
984:
979:
977:scricfinni/finni
953:
942:Alfred the Great
786:
776:
770:
765:Then Karelians (
759:Icelandic Annals
752:Icelandic Annals
745:
735:
729:
723:
701:
691:
685:
679:
673:
639:
539:Snorri Sturluson
535:Snorri Sturluson
335:
329:
323:
317:
307:
301:
296:... the Swedes (
255:
242:
214:
208:
194:
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
76:inline citations
52:
51:
44:
21:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2928:
2927:
2882:
2880:Further reading
2877:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2760:
2756:
2741:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2710:Umeå University
2700:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2538:
2534:
2512:Gudmund Schütte
2510:
2506:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2449:
2445:
2422:
2418:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2342:Östersjövärlden
2336:Klinge, Matti.
2335:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2221:Wayback Machine
2212:
2208:
2200:
2189:
2177:Julku, Kyösti:
2176:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:Storm, Gustav.
2131:
2127:
2121:Wayback Machine
2110:Wayback Machine
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2058:Wayback Machine
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1901:Orkneyinga saga
1899:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1864:Julku, Kyösti:
1863:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1802:"Archived copy"
1800:
1790:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1731:
1687:
1684:Kvenland theory
1673:Northern Norway
1577:
1481:Upper Satakunta
1437:
1306:. According to
1292:. According to
1270:from c. 98 CE:
1174:
1162:
1097:
1036:
1031:
1002:
906:Paul the Deacon
814:Pliny the Elder
794:
755:
703:
664:and the Kvens:
641:
617:Orkneyinga saga
605:
522:
512:Orkneyinga saga
457:Gulf of Bothnia
444:Orkneyinga saga
422:Orkneyinga saga
406:Orkneyinga saga
400:. According to
397:Orkneyinga saga
378:Three medieval
376:
370:
367:Orkneyinga saga
342:cardinal points
259:Orkneyinga saga
179:Romano-Hispanic
169:around 890 CE.
159:
100:
89:
83:
80:
65:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Saga locations
2950:
2945:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2850:
2824:
2799:
2773:
2754:
2732:
2714:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2653:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2612:II Oulu 1954.
2602:
2589:
2576:
2560:
2532:
2504:
2478:
2443:
2416:
2392:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2350:
2329:
2313:
2291:
2279:
2266:
2241:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2163:
2150:
2138:
2125:
2095:
2084:
2073:
2062:
2043:
2033:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1978:
1962:
1934:
1922:
1909:
1890:
1874:
1842:
1833:
1781:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1686:
1681:
1677:Bay of Bothnia
1635:. In his 1555
1620:Berkara Qvenar
1576:
1573:
1445:Kustaa Vilkuna
1436:
1433:
1336:Adam of Bremen
1261:Adam of Bremen
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1096:
1093:
1077:Bay of Bothnia
1040:Bay of Bothnia
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1001:
996:
956:Finnish people
946:
945:
923:
909:
895:
881:
853:
843:
833:
817:
793:
790:
754:
749:
702:
695:
640:
633:
604:
601:
558:(Naumdale) is
531:Icelandic saga
521:
516:
369:
360:
253:geond þa moras
209:). The Kvens (
158:
155:
102:
101:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2903:. 1979, 1995.
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:9780192851390
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2441:in the 1170s.
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:Knut Eriksson
2429:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2256:on 2009-03-05
2255:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2185:. Oulu, 1986.
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:original text
1971:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1905:original text
1902:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1872:. Oulu, 1986.
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1808:on 2009-10-05
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:discredited.
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1572:
1571:in the east.
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1515:Jouko Vahtola
1512:
1509:In 1980, the
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
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1423:
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1411:
1405:
1399:
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1386:
1385:
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1375:
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1363:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1339:
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1333:
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1318:
1313:
1309:
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1301:
1297:
1296:
1290:
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1275:
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1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Elias Lönnrot
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:mentioned in
1011:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
980:) and Greek (
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
913:
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907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:
821:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
788:
785:
780:
775:
771:) and Kvens (
769:
762:
760:
753:
747:
744:
739:
734:
733:cornuti Finni
728:
724:) and Kvens (
722:
717:
711:
709:
708:
700:
693:
690:
686:) and Kvens (
684:
678:
672:
668:Sigurd Ring (
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:Other sources
600:
598:
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587:
584:
581:
577:
571:
569:
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561:
557:
553:
546:
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328:
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132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
95:
87:
77:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2867:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2840:(in Swedish)
2837:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2814:(in Swedish)
2812:Minoritet.se
2811:
2802:
2791:. Retrieved
2789:(in Swedish)
2786:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2543:
2535:
2515:
2507:
2486:
2481:
2460:Pra – Stoiai
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2439:Birger Brosa
2423:
2419:
2403:
2400:Rudolf Simek
2395:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2304:. Retrieved
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2244:
2228:
2209:
2202:
2182:
2178:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2046:
2036:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1981:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1836:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1796:
1776:
1768:
1745:Tornedalians
1722:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1691:Tornedalians
1688:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1636:
1615:Olaus Magnus
1608:Carta Marina
1605:
1592:bircharlaboa
1582:Tälje stadga
1578:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:Ostrobothnia
1518:
1508:
1499:
1489:
1468:
1451:and coastal
1438:
1408:
1382:
1380:
1377:)." (IV 14)
1358:
1341:
1329:
1311:
1293:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1178:
1175:
1166:Matti Klinge
1163:
1154:Ostrobothnia
1149:
1143:
1117:compiled by
1108:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1037:
1022:
1016:
1003:
998:
986:
971:
967:
947:
940:) – by King
937:
933:
929:
925:
915:
911:
901:
897:
888:Scriðefinnas
887:
883:
873:
867:
864:Screrefennae
863:
859:
855:
845:
835:
823:
819:
809:
805:
801:
795:
764:
756:
751:
713:
705:
704:
667:
658:Sigurd Hring
643:
642:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
596:
593:
589:
585:
579:
575:
573:
548:
533:possibly by
524:
523:
518:
511:
507:
505:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
462:
454:
443:
442:
431:
427:
421:
417:
414:
405:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
366:
362:
345:
339:
327:Scridefinnas
295:
281:
279:
274:
268:
257:
249:
234:
222:
196:
188:
160:
123:Fennoscandia
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
90:
81:
58:
2838:SVT Nyheter
2787:SVT Nyheter
2475:(in German)
2112:. See also
1972:. See also
1903:. See also
1660:Riksarkivet
1625:archipelago
1552:kainulaiset
1502:kainulaiset
1476:kainulaiset
1443:professor,
1428:kuenna land
1419:(singular:
1407:(singular:
1398:Pohjan-akka
1115:epic poetry
983:σκριϑίφινοι
960:Sami people
898:Skridfinnar
621:Egil's saga
564:Hälsingland
529:is an epic
519:Egil's saga
434:Merovingian
245:Sami people
175:Old English
141:, and from
131:Old English
127:Scandinavia
109:, known as
32:Kven people
18:Kainulainen
2932:Categories
2869:2024-09-16
2844:2024-09-16
2818:2024-09-16
2793:2024-09-16
2540:Gwyn Jones
2260:2013-04-21
2009:Yle News,
1996:Yle News,
1812:2008-02-26
1761:References
1740:Hålogaland
1735:Bjarmaland
1569:Lake Onega
1524:Tavastians
1513:professor
1295:Disas saga
1172:Woman Land
1089:Kainahalja
968:Skridfinne
869:Vinoviloth
860:Finnaithae
852:), c. 352;
784:Hálogaland
779:Hålogaland
580:Egils saga
552:Hålogaland
526:Egils saga
385:Egils saga
264:Lake Mjøsa
235:Ohthere's
84:April 2014
68:improve it
2556:pp. 24–25
2468:165378771
2306:15 August
1655:Norwegian
1561:Karelians
1453:Satakunta
1300:Old Norse
1183:Old Norse
1150:Pohjanmaa
1135:mythology
1085:Kainolads
922:, c. 888;
908:, c. 790;
894:, c. 600;
880:, c. 550;
842:, c. 150;
816:c. 77 AD;
810:Fenningia
716:Karelians
662:Curonians
625:Icelandic
500:Trondheim
484:Finnmark.
465:White Sea
438:Rautjärvi
380:Icelandic
206:Cwenaland
192:Norðmanna
147:Icelandic
135:Norwegian
72:verifying
2496:52696823
2452:Germania
2217:Archived
2117:Archived
2106:Archived
2054:Archived
2026:Archived
1821:cite web
1755:Kylfings
1750:Birkarls
1729:See also
1587:Birkarls
1565:Vepsians
1539:Kvenland
1384:Kalevala
1131:folklore
1123:Karelian
1110:Kalevala
1081:Umesaami
1023:Kvenland
1018:Germania
1014:Tacitus'
1006:Germanic
999:Germania
878:Jordanes
832:, c. 98;
806:Aeningia
768:Kereliar
560:Jämtland
556:Namdalen
351:Norrland
333:Norðmenn
321:Cwenland
315:Sermende
310:Sarmatia
286:Kven Sea
271:portages
230:Finnmark
165:visited
115:Qwenland
111:Cwenland
107:Kvenland
2968:Exonyms
2924:. 1997.
2917:. 2003.
2910:. 1979.
2896:. 1984.
2625:, 1979.
2623:Faravid
2524:2084026
2500:p. 1244
2472:p. 1226
2348:(2006).
2327:. 1995.
1629:Lofoten
1612:Swedish
1485:Tampere
1457:Kalanti
1416:íviðjur
1389:Pohjola
1374:Ruzziam
1362:Sueones
1345:Sueones
1322:Wulfila
1284:Sigtuna
1280:Sitones
1268:Tacitus
1257:Amazons
1203:kwēni-z
1146:Lapland
1127:Finnish
1101:Pohjola
1066:Ohthere
1010:Sitones
938:Qwensae
902:Winnili
892:Widsith
850:Wulfila
840:Ptolemy
836:Phinnoi
830:Tacitus
825:Sitones
812:) – by
738:Bjarmia
721:Kiriali
677:Svíþjóð
671:Sigurðr
650:Denmark
609:Orosius
597:Ohthere
568:Karelia
543:Faravid
410:Fornjót
356:Finland
346:Orosius
290:Germany
282:Orosius
226:Finland
183:Orosius
181:author
167:England
163:Ohthere
139:Ohthere
119:Kænland
66:Please
2550:
2528:p. 126
2522:
2494:
2466:
2410:
2289:, 1768
1647:Norway
1643:Tornio
1633:Tromsø
1557:Finnic
1549:Kvens/
1535:Kainuu
1519:Kainuu
1462:Kaland
1422:íviðja
1413:) and
1404:gýgjar
1289:Situne
1252:kvinna
1246:kvenna
1240:kvendi
1189:kwinōn
1139:Kainuu
1070:Cwenas
1057:Kainuu
1008:tribe
991:φίννοι
964:Bokmål
930:Cwenas
926:Finnas
916:Cwenas
912:Finnas
884:Finnas
874:Adogit
774:Kvænir
689:Kvænir
654:Sweden
629:Norway
508:Hversu
299:Sweons
284:. The
275:Cwenas
239:Finnas
212:Cwenas
201:Sweden
199:), is
151:Norway
143:Nordic
2766:[
2747:[
2725:[
1886:waste
1793:moors
1715:STR-T
1651:Kvens
1599:fogde
1393:Louhi
1312:queen
1304:Kvens
1234:kvɔ̄n
1210:kwēnō
1208:*
1201:*
1196:kunōn
1194:*
1187:*
1129:oral
1121:from
1105:Louhi
1052:Turku
972:finne
951:finnr
918:– by
904:– by
890:– in
876:– by
856:Finni
846:Qwnio
838:– by
820:Fenni
727:Kwæni
683:Kúrir
574:Like
217:meres
2958:Kven
2548:ISBN
2520:OCLC
2492:OCLC
2464:OCLC
2436:Jarl
2434:and
2408:ISBN
2308:2010
1929:Cf.
1827:link
1709:The
1703:Sámi
1668:Kven
1563:and
1537:and
1410:gýgr
1317:qwen
1249:and
1228:kvān
1222:kvǟn
1216:kona
1206:and
1179:kven
1133:and
1125:and
1087:and
1046:and
934:Qwen
802:Aeni
757:The
652:and
619:and
420:and
394:and
365:and
305:Osti
125:and
2041:it.
1699:the
1627:of
1395:or
448:Nór
232:."
197:sic
70:by
2934::
2861:.
2836:.
2810:.
2785:.
2735:^
2704:.
2694:^
2570:.
2554:,
2542:,
2526:,
2498:,
2470:,
2454:;
2426:.
2316:^
2235:.
2190:^
2166:^
1937:^
1893:^
1845:^
1823:}}
1819:{{
1784:^
1695:an
1679:.
1610:,
1243:,
1237:,
1231:,
1225:,
1219:,
1199:,
1192:,
1141:.
932:,
928:,
914:,
900:,
886:,
872:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
822:,
804:,
787:).
656:,
631:.
615:,
611:,
578:,
424::
408:,
117:,
113:,
2872:.
2847:.
2821:.
2796:.
2558:.
2530:.
2502:.
2310:.
2263:.
2123:.
1976:.
1907:.
1831:.
1829:)
1815:.
1721:(
1713:(
1589:(
1459:(
1152:(
987:/
936:(
781:(
740:(
718:(
354:"
312:(
97:)
91:(
86:)
82:(
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.