326:
284:
336:
457:. The name "Kalasha" seems to have been adopted for the Kalash people by the Kalasha speakers of Chitral from the Nuristanis of Waygal, who for a time expanded up to southern Chitral several centuries ago. However, there is no close connection between the Indo-Aryan language Kalasha-mun (Kalasha) and the Nuristani language Kalasha-ala (Waigali), which descend from different branches of the
64:
703:
As with other Dardic languages, the phonemic status of the breathy voiced series is debatable. Some analyses are unsure of whether they are phonemic or allophonic—i.e., the regular pronunciations of clusters of voiced consonants with /h/.
1833:
Preservation of the distinction between all three OIA sibilants (dental /s/, palatal /ś/, retroflex /ṣ/); in most of the subcontinent, these three had already merged before 200 BC (early MIA)
2381:
R.T.Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha
Dictionary – with English and Urdu. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad & Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas TX. 1999
1986:
Direct preservation of many OIA case endings as so-called "layer 1" case endings (as opposed to newer "layer 2" case endings, typically tacked onto a layer-1 oblique case):
508:
Some of the typical retentions of sounds and clusters (and meanings) are seen in the following list. However, note some common New Indo-Aryan and Dardic features as well.
2633:. Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 7. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2138:
Kochetov, Alexei and
Arsenault, Paul and Petersen, Jan Heegård and Kalas, Sikandar and Kalash, Taj Khan (2021). "Kalasha (Bumburet variety)". Illustrations of the IPA.
505:. In a few cases, Kalasha is even more conservative than Khowar, e.g. in retaining voiced aspirate consonants, which have disappeared from most other Dardic languages.
2103:
Preservation of OIA distinction between "primary" (non-past) and "secondary" (past) endings and of a past-tense "augment" in a-, both lost entirely elsewhere: Kal.
2463:
Heegård, Jan; Mørch, Ida
Elisabeth (March 2004). "Retroflex vowels and other peculiarities in Kalasha sound system". In Anju Saxena; Jadranka Gvozdanovic (eds.).
2620:
Strand, Richard F. (2022). "Phonatory
Location in the Far North-Western Indo-Âryan Languages". In Baart, Joan L.G.; Liljegren, Henrik; Payne, Thomas E. (eds.).
2513:
2122:
Preservation of a verbal preterite tense (see examples above), with normal nominative/accusative marking and normal verbal agreement, as opposed to the
2164:
2708:
3339:
2559:
2264:
5170:
3291:
2137:
1807:
Non-deletion of intervocalic /t/, preserved as /l/ or /w/ in
Kalasha, /r/ in Khowar (deleted in middle MIA elsewhere), e.g. Kho.
365:
2296:. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. IV: The Kalasha Language & Notes on Kalasha. Oslo 1973, p. 184, details pp. 195-237
1250:
2680:
2701:
1266:
1245:
1166:
1019:
485:. The Southern Kalash or Urtsun Kalash shifted to a Khowar-influenced dialect of Kalasha-mun in the 20th century called
441:(Kalasha-ala). According to Badshah Munir Bukhari, a researcher on the Kalash, "Kalasha" is also the ethnic name for the
3332:
2126:-type past tenses with nominal-type agreement elsewhere in NIA (originally based on a participial passive construction)
4865:
2521:
2481:
2440:
2390:
Jan Heegård
Petersen (2015) Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 47: sup1, 1-275,
2207:
1998 Census Report of
Pakistan. (2001). Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan.
2755:
1216:
1057:
2435:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 5. National Institute of Pakistani Studies. p. 257.
481:
and several others. The development of practical literacy materials has been associated with the
Kalasha linguist
617:
3738:
3096:
2694:
2669:
2638:
2543:
528:
vowels as well as combinations of these (Heegård & Mørch 2004). Set out below is the phonology of
Kalasha:
339:
258:
4517:
3555:
3325:
1159:
1012:
4488:
4308:
4154:
3474:
3281:
2467:. Selected Proceedings of the 7th Himalayan Languages Symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden. The Hague: Mouton.
2353:
1152:
1005:
641:
240:
2308:: 1972 Atlas linguistique des parlers dardes et kafirs. Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
5051:
5019:
4875:
1184:
833:
564:
358:
17:
2492:
2319:
4585:
2654:
1259:
1209:
1050:
826:
819:
672:
2664:
1793:
Preservation of intervocalic /m/ (reduced to a nasalized /w/ or /v/ in late MIA elsewhere), e.g. Kal.
5160:
5024:
4725:
4699:
4138:
4022:
3231:
3113:
1202:
1174:
1043:
2218:
1836:
Preservation of sibilant + consonant, stop + /r/ clusters (lost by early MIA in most other places):
4920:
3684:
883:
850:
588:
470:
252:
2268:
876:
869:
842:
126:
146:
5165:
5128:
4997:
4273:
4067:
3894:
3422:
3189:
3013:
1224:
775:
727:
458:
351:
329:
131:
4798:
4611:
4097:
4062:
4057:
3889:
3402:
3184:
2804:
2789:
2717:
2158:
1294:
1286:
1237:
767:
760:
5086:
5061:
4930:
4900:
4757:
4537:
4527:
4337:
3916:
3348:
3266:
3226:
3108:
1320:
The following table compares Kalash words to their cognates in other Indo-Aryan languages.
892:
784:
400:
136:
2675:
8:
5133:
4940:
4661:
4646:
4578:
4552:
4542:
4467:
4184:
3974:
3901:
3884:
3629:
3459:
3179:
3033:
2938:
2611:(2001). "The Tongues of Peristân". In Alberto M. Cacopardo; Augusto S. Cacopardo (eds.).
2531:
2505:
2293:
1137:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1072:
990:
935:
926:
919:
912:
905:
722:
474:
420:
4945:
4858:
4823:
4595:
4113:
3851:
3541:
3469:
3464:
2988:
2905:
2596:
2553:
2347:
2246:
793:
717:
435:
412:
2282:
298:
232:
5138:
4952:
4621:
4590:
4568:
4532:
4374:
4332:
4237:
4179:
3944:
3876:
3864:
3773:
3694:
3674:
3596:
3521:
3438:
3371:
3306:
3296:
3276:
3166:
3161:
2928:
2837:
2784:
2741:
2735:
2634:
2539:
2517:
2477:
2436:
2250:
2238:
1782:
1702:
1666:
1630:
1594:
1502:
1466:
1430:
1394:
1193:
1034:
862:
747:
732:
454:
4982:
4968:
2450:
2305:
5056:
5046:
4992:
4925:
4828:
4803:
4793:
4772:
4767:
4742:
4681:
4573:
4547:
4510:
4505:
4459:
4405:
4358:
4317:
4268:
4213:
4174:
4123:
4042:
4012:
3959:
3949:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3783:
3733:
3689:
3601:
3407:
3356:
3271:
3206:
3141:
3103:
3091:
3076:
3071:
3048:
3023:
3018:
2968:
2918:
2875:
2857:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2588:
2391:
2230:
2147:
1558:
1278:
742:
712:
438:
408:
141:
78:
2395:
2234:
5101:
4935:
4890:
4777:
4747:
4704:
4656:
4616:
4522:
4472:
4443:
4421:
4353:
4263:
4223:
4189:
4133:
4128:
4087:
4072:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4027:
4017:
3989:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3906:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3778:
3699:
3624:
3580:
3536:
3531:
3516:
3511:
3454:
3417:
3412:
3246:
3236:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3156:
3151:
3086:
3081:
3038:
3028:
3003:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2958:
2953:
2933:
2923:
2880:
2817:
2794:
2779:
1357:
754:
737:
682:
651:
627:
598:
574:
525:
502:
482:
469:
Early scholars to have done work on
Kalasha include the 19th-century orientalist
446:
428:
303:
118:
89:
245:
5111:
4853:
4762:
4694:
4689:
4671:
4651:
4438:
4431:
4400:
4294:
4242:
4082:
4077:
4032:
4007:
3999:
3954:
3924:
3869:
3745:
3654:
3619:
3611:
3575:
3526:
3392:
3146:
3136:
3061:
3056:
2993:
2943:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2865:
2774:
2608:
2576:
1786:
1778:
1759:
1730:
1694:
1658:
1622:
1586:
1530:
1494:
1458:
1422:
1386:
806:
424:
313:
185:
2186:
2151:
5154:
5096:
4752:
4666:
4641:
4426:
3768:
3669:
3171:
2242:
2123:
1143:
1123:
1110:
996:
978:
969:
962:
955:
948:
812:
546:
404:
293:
275:
192:
99:
2342:. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia,Vol. 47: International Journal of Linguistics.
516:
The Kalasha language is phonologically atypical because it contrasts plain,
5091:
3859:
3131:
2766:
2410:
2371:. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 202.
517:
478:
196:
501:, Kalasha is likely the most conservative, along with the nearby language
216:
4169:
3984:
3490:
3221:
2963:
1777:
Examples of conservative features in Kalasha and Khowar are (note, NIA =
687:
677:
656:
646:
632:
622:
603:
593:
579:
569:
558:
541:
521:
450:
308:
31:
2686:
2665:
Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
4278:
4247:
4218:
3317:
2913:
2870:
2191:
664:
551:
486:
442:
174:
2615:. Rome: Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. pp. 251–259.
2600:
5068:
4977:
4957:
3649:
3644:
3376:
611:
225:
209:
5106:
4848:
4199:
3664:
3659:
3639:
3397:
2592:
2424:
Gates of Peristan: History, Religion, and Society in the Hindu Kush
1983:
Preservation of /ts/ in Kalasha (reinterpreted as a single phoneme)
498:
416:
386:
74:
2613:
Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush
5040:
4911:
4384:
4118:
3634:
2847:
2622:
Languages of Northern Pakistan: Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff
445:
inhabitants of a region southwest of the Kalasha Valleys, in the
283:
4379:
4228:
4203:
3763:
3755:
3679:
3570:
3495:
3286:
3066:
3008:
2998:
2948:
2842:
2459:
Maps showing distribution of words among people of Kafiristan.
2415:
Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An Areal and Typological Perspective
4194:
4092:
3300:
3123:
2659:
419:. There are an estimated 4,100 speakers of Kalasha. It is an
2092:
Preservation of more than one verbal conjugation (e.g. Kho.
4895:
4208:
3241:
2731:
2462:
2566:
2465:
Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Himalayan Linguistics
63:
4987:
2265:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: The Kalasha of Kalashüm"
2579:(1973). "Notes on the Nûristânî and Dardic Languages".
2538:. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages. Vol. IV. Oslo.
1894:
2624:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 446–495.
2494:
Retroflex harmony in Kalasha: Agreement or spreading?
2422:
Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001).
2321:
Retroflex harmony in Kalasha: Agreement or spreading?
2426:. Rome: Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente.
2327:, NELS, vol. 39, Cornell University, p. 4
2283:
http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html
2421:
2490:
2317:
2140:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
477:. More recently, studies have been undertaken by
5152:
2216:
434:Kalasha should not be confused with the nearby
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in Chitral, Pakistan
2514:Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning
2455:Atlas Linguistique Des Parles Dardes Et Kafirs
2417:. (Ph.D. dissertation) University of Michigan.
1752:
1723:
1687:
1651:
1615:
1579:
1551:
1523:
1487:
1451:
1415:
1379:
1350:
3333:
2702:
2629:Trail, Ronald L.; Cooper, Gregory R. (1999).
2530:
2510:Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan
2504:
1745:
1716:
1680:
1644:
1608:
1572:
1544:
1516:
1480:
1444:
1408:
1372:
1343:
1312:The phonemes /x ɣ q/ are found in loanwords.
394:
359:
53:
47:
2163:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2628:
2536:The Kalasha Language & Notes on Kalasha
2219:"Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar"
2217:Heegård Petersen, Jan (30 September 2015).
3340:
3326:
2709:
2695:
2558:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2491:Kochetov, Alexei; Arsenault, Paul (2008),
2449:
2318:Kochetov, Alexei; Arsenault, Paul (2008),
366:
352:
62:
2716:
2340:Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar
54:
3347:
2631:Kalasha dictionary—with English and Urdu
2581:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2500:, NELS, vol. 39, Cornell University
2337:
1315:
2676:Georg Morgenstierne multimedia database
2471:
2366:
14:
5153:
2619:
2607:
2575:
2430:
2409:
2169:, with supplementary sound recordings.
1772:
385:
3321:
2690:
2660:Reiko and Jun's Japanese Kalasha Page
2045:, elsewhere lost already in late OIA
335:
5171:Languages of Lower Chitral District
2567:Sir George Scott Robertson (1896).
24:
2369:The Dardic and Nuristani Languages
2180:
2130:
25:
5182:
2648:
1293:
1285:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1183:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1122:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1018:
1011:
1004:
977:
968:
961:
954:
934:
925:
918:
911:
891:
882:
875:
868:
849:
841:
832:
825:
818:
792:
783:
774:
766:
759:
686:
681:
676:
671:
655:
650:
645:
640:
631:
626:
621:
616:
602:
597:
592:
587:
578:
573:
568:
563:
492:
5043:(unknown further classification)
334:
325:
324:
282:
2403:
2384:
2375:
2655:Richard Strand's Nuristan Site
2360:
2331:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2257:
2210:
2201:
473:and the 20th-century linguist
13:
1:
2396:10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049
2235:10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049
2174:
698:
1992:Oblique (Animate): Pl. Kal.
662:
609:
556:
511:
48:
7:
2681:Frontier Language Institute
2670:Frontier Language Institute
2569:The Kafirs of the Hindukush
2474:Religions of the Hindu Kush
2431:Decker, Kendall D. (1992).
2223:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1335:other Indo-Aryan languages
10:
5187:
464:
29:
5120:
5077:
5033:
5010:
4966:
4909:
4883:
4874:
4841:
4816:
4786:
4735:
4724:
4717:
4680:
4634:
4604:
4561:
4498:
4487:
4452:
4414:
4393:
4367:
4346:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4287:
4256:
4162:
4153:
4106:
3998:
3915:
3850:
3843:
3796:
3754:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3610:
3589:
3563:
3554:
3504:
3483:
3447:
3431:
3385:
3364:
3355:
3259:
3122:
3047:
2904:
2856:
2803:
2765:
2750:
2724:
2338:Petersen, Jan H. (2015).
2152:10.1017/S0025100319000367
1920:"mother-in-law" < OIA
1763:
1734:
1706:
1698:
1670:
1662:
1634:
1626:
1598:
1590:
1562:
1534:
1506:
1498:
1470:
1462:
1434:
1426:
1398:
1390:
1361:
1277:
1236:
1136:
989:
805:
753:
709:
531:
251:
239:
223:
207:
202:
182:
168:
115:
105:
95:
85:
70:
61:
46:
41:
4921:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2352:: CS1 maint: location (
497:Of all the languages in
471:Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner
423:and there is an ongoing
30:Not to be confused with
3282:Pakistani Sign Language
2476:. Aris & Phillips.
2457:. Vol. (two umes).
2367:Edelman, D. I. (1983).
2197:(subscription required)
1895:
1746:
1717:
1681:
1645:
1609:
1573:
1545:
1517:
1481:
1445:
1409:
1373:
1344:
395:
5129:Indo-Iranian languages
2672:The Kalasha Dictionary
2472:Jettmar, Karl (1985).
1875:"pack horse" < OIA
1753:
1724:
1688:
1652:
1616:
1580:
1552:
1524:
1488:
1452:
1416:
1380:
1351:
459:Indo-Iranian languages
4799:Maharashtrian Konkani
2718:Languages of Pakistan
2512:. Serie C I-2. Oslo:
1316:Vocabulary comparison
5087:Andaman Creole Hindi
4518:Bishnupriya Manipuri
4338:Caribbean Hindustani
3349:Indo-Aryan languages
3267:Indo-Aryan languages
2532:Morgenstierne, Georg
2506:Morgenstierne, Georg
2433:Languages of Chitral
5134:Nuristani languages
4866:Mitanni superstrate
3475:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2756:administrative unit
2294:Georg Morgenstierne
2048:Instrumental: Kal.
1959:"village" < OIA
1827:"hundred" < OIA
1811:"brother" < OIA
1801:"village" < OIA
1773:Conservative traits
475:Georg Morgenstierne
421:endangered language
401:Indo-Aryan language
270:Part of a series on
5020:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4901:Early Ardhamagadhi
2906:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2725:Official languages
2683:Kalasha dictionary
2609:Strand, Richard F.
2577:Strand, Richard F.
2271:on 1 November 2001
1975:"summer" < OIA
1883:"bathed" < OIA
1754:nash, naś, naśyati
436:Nuristani language
413:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
5148:
5147:
5139:Iranian languages
5006:
5005:
4926:Dramatic Prakrits
4837:
4836:
4812:
4811:
4713:
4712:
4630:
4629:
4586:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4483:
4482:
4303:
4302:
4149:
4148:
4139:list of languages
3839:
3838:
3792:
3791:
3708:
3707:
3550:
3549:
3315:
3314:
3255:
3254:
2195:(18th ed., 2015)
1908:"white" < OIA
1867:"bunch" < OIA
1847:"eight" < OIA
1783:Middle Indo-Aryan
1770:
1769:
1581:pipīla, pippīlika
1310:
1309:
696:
695:
455:Nuristan Province
453:of Afghanistan's
393:
387:[kaɭaʂaː]
376:
375:
265:
264:
111:5,000 (2000)
16:(Redirected from
5178:
5161:Dardic languages
5025:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4881:
4880:
4804:Canarese Konkani
4733:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4496:
4495:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4313:
4160:
4159:
3848:
3847:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3561:
3560:
3362:
3361:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3277:Iranic languages
3272:Dardic languages
3087:Pothwari Punjabi
2858:Gilgit-Baltistan
2763:
2762:
2759:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2644:
2625:
2616:
2604:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2527:
2501:
2499:
2487:
2468:
2458:
2446:
2427:
2418:
2411:Bashir, Elena L.
2398:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:. Archived from
2261:
2255:
2254:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2184:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2041:< OIA dative
1967:"neck" < OIA
1936:"tear" < OIA
1928:"back" < OIA
1898:
1859:"hand" < OIA
1765:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1684:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1600:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1574:pililak, pilílak
1564:
1555:
1548:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1508:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1323:
1322:
1297:
1289:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1126:
1113:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
981:
972:
965:
958:
951:
938:
929:
922:
915:
908:
895:
886:
879:
872:
865:
853:
845:
836:
829:
822:
815:
796:
787:
778:
770:
763:
707:
706:
690:
685:
680:
675:
659:
654:
649:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
606:
601:
596:
591:
582:
577:
572:
567:
536:
535:
409:Chitral District
398:
391:
389:
384:
368:
361:
354:
338:
337:
328:
327:
286:
267:
266:
261:
235:
219:
212:
188:
121:
79:Chitral District
66:
57:
56:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5116:
5079:
5073:
5029:
5012:
5002:
4962:
4905:
4891:Ashokan Prakrit
4870:
4833:
4808:
4782:
4727:
4709:
4676:
4626:
4600:
4557:
4490:
4479:
4448:
4410:
4389:
4363:
4342:
4299:
4283:
4252:
4224:Hyderabadi Urdu
4145:
4102:
3994:
3911:
3835:
3788:
3779:Pahari-Pothwari
3750:
3704:
3685:Pahari Kinnauri
3606:
3585:
3546:
3512:Indus Kohistani
3505:Hazara Division
3500:
3479:
3443:
3427:
3381:
3351:
3346:
3316:
3311:
3297:Pakistani Hindi
3251:
3118:
3043:
2984:Kohistani Shina
2954:Indus Kohistani
2900:
2852:
2799:
2795:Pahari-Pothwari
2753:
2752:
2751:Other languages
2746:
2720:
2715:
2651:
2641:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2524:
2497:
2484:
2443:
2406:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2229:(sup1): 1–275.
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2156:
2155:
2133:
2131:Further reading
2076:Locative: Kal.
2062:Ablative: Kal.
2022:(pl.) < OIA
2006:Genitive: Kal.
1947:"buy" < OIA
1891:"peg" < OIA
1775:
1535:mā̃s, mās, māsā
1318:
1192:
1142:
1109:
1071:
1033:
995:
947:
904:
861:
811:
731:
701:
534:
514:
495:
483:Taj Khan Kalash
467:
382:
372:
257:
231:
215:
208:
189:
184:
164:
122:
119:Language family
117:
108:
107:Native speakers
90:Kalasha Valleys
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:Lisan ud-Dawat
3862:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3260:Related topics
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2649:External links
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2626:
2617:
2605:
2593:10.2307/599462
2587:(3): 297–305.
2573:
2564:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2460:
2451:Gerard Fussman
2447:
2441:
2428:
2419:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2383:
2374:
2359:
2330:
2310:
2306:Gérard Fussman
2298:
2286:
2256:
2209:
2200:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2146:(3): 468–489.
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2046:
2031:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1941:
1834:
1831:
1805:
1787:Old Indo-Aryan
1779:New Indo-Aryan
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1456:
1449:
1446:rajuk, raĵhú-k
1442:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1111:breathy voiced
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
975:
973:
966:
959:
952:
949:breathy voiced
944:
943:
941:
939:
932:
930:
923:
916:
909:
901:
900:
898:
896:
889:
887:
880:
873:
866:
858:
857:
855:
846:
839:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
789:
780:
771:
764:
757:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
725:
720:
715:
710:
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
669:
667:
661:
660:
638:
636:
614:
608:
607:
585:
583:
561:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
513:
510:
494:
493:Classification
491:
466:
463:
425:language shift
403:spoken by the
374:
373:
371:
370:
363:
356:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
332:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
288:
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:
263:
262:
255:
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
229:
221:
220:
213:
205:
204:
203:Language codes
200:
199:
190:
186:Writing system
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
125:
123:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
72:
71:Native to
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:کالؕاشؕا موندر
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5183:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Kalash people
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Haflong Hindi
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:Chinali–Lahul
5050:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5009:
4999:
4998:Khasa Prakrit
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Chhattisgarhi
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Rathwi Bareli
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Mahasu Pahari
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:0-923891-09-9
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2483:0-85668-163-6
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2442:969-8023-15-1
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:"I kill" vs.
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:Dative: Kal.
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1499:dhūā̃, dhuwā̃
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
940:
937:
933:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
808:
804:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
756:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
705:
692:
689:
684:
679:
674:
670:
668:
666:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
639:
637:
634:
629:
624:
619:
615:
613:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
586:
584:
581:
576:
571:
566:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
529:
527:
523:
519:
509:
506:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Kalash people
402:
397:
396:Kal'as'amondr
388:
380:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
333:
331:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:Kalash people
274:
273:
269:
268:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
211:
206:
201:
198:
194:
193:Arabic script
191:
187:
181:
176:
173:
172:
171:
167:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:Indo-European
124:
120:
114:
110:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
50:
49:Kal'as'amondr
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5092:Bombay Hindi
5034:Unclassified
4931:Ardhamagadhi
4758:Berar Deccan
4612:Chittagonian
4605:Chittagonian
4098:Vaagri Booli
4063:Pauri Bareli
4058:Palya Bareli
4023:Dhodia–Kukna
3713:Northwestern
3403:Kundal Shahi
2790:Kundal Shahi
2767:Azad Kashmir
2630:
2621:
2612:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2535:
2509:
2493:
2473:
2464:
2454:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2404:Bibliography
2386:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2259:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2203:
2190:
2182:
2159:cite journal
2143:
2139:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:(pl.); Kho.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1887:; Kal. Kho.
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1776:
1737:'to snatch'
1718:china, čhína
1646:driga, dríga
1374:mutra, mútra
1319:
1311:
728:Postalveolar
702:
515:
507:
496:
479:Elena Bashir
468:
451:Pech Valleys
433:
415:province of
378:
377:
253:Linguasphere
224:
197:Latin script
151:
132:Indo-Iranian
36:
5080:and creoles
5062:Lahul Lohar
4941:Maharashtri
4538:Mal Paharia
4528:Kharia Thar
4170:Braj Bhasha
2964:Kalasha-mun
2805:Balochistan
2111:"I drank";
2107:"I drink",
1546:shua, śõ.'a
1364:'the ribs'
1238:Approximant
449:and middle
32:Kalasha-ala
18:Kalasha-mun
5155:Categories
4983:Apabhraṃśa
4969:Apabhraṃśa
4946:Shauraseni
4662:Bodo Parja
4647:Sambalpuri
4579:Goalpariya
4553:Tanchangya
4543:Noakhailla
4468:Bote-Darai
4279:Fiji Hindi
4248:Sadhukkadi
4219:Judeo-Urdu
4185:Hindustani
3975:Shekhawati
3917:Rajasthani
3902:Saurashtra
3630:Bhadarwahi
3460:Gawar-Bati
3227:Rajasthani
3109:Rajasthani
2939:Gawar-Bati
2914:Burushaski
2871:Burushaski
2640:4871875237
2545:4871875245
2275:1 November
2192:Ethnologue
2175:References
1989:Nominative
1766:'destroy'
1463:lej, lejur
1345:athi, aṭhí
699:Consonants
487:Urtsuniwar
175:Urtsuniwar
137:Indo-Aryan
5069:Sheikhgal
5013:languages
4978:Abahattha
4958:Paishachi
4859:Classical
4824:Maldivian
4596:Surjapuri
4562:Kamarupic
4464:Kuswaric
4326:Bhojpuric
4114:Khandeshi
3650:Chambeali
3645:Bilaspuri
3542:Mankiyali
3470:Shumashti
3465:Nangalami
3377:Kishtwari
2989:Mankiyali
2554:cite book
2348:cite book
2251:218660179
2243:0374-0463
2084:< OIA
2070:< OIA
2056:< OIA
2000:< OIA
1682:asht, aṣṭ
1610:put, putr
1332:Sanskrit
1144:voiceless
1138:Fricative
1073:aspirated
997:voiceless
991:Affricate
906:aspirated
813:voiceless
723:Retroflex
526:retroflex
512:Phonology
443:Nuristani
407:, in the
259:59-AAB-ab
226:Glottolog
210:ISO 639-3
96:Ethnicity
5125:See also
5107:Nefamese
5102:Nagamese
4993:Kamarupi
4953:Gāndhārī
4910:Middle (
4849:Sanskrit
4787:Konkanic
4736:Marathic
4726:Marathi–
4718:Southern
4622:Rohingya
4591:Rangpuri
4569:Assamese
4533:Kurmukar
4511:dialects
4491:Kamarupa
4375:Maithili
4368:Maithili
4333:Bhojpuri
4238:Kannauji
4200:Hinglish
4180:Haryanvi
3945:Dhundari
3895:Wadiyara
3877:Jandavra
3865:Gujarati
3852:Gujarati
3774:Khetrani
3739:dialects
3695:Sirmauri
3675:Jaunsari
3665:Mandeali
3660:Pangwali
3640:Bhateali
3597:Garhwali
3556:Northern
3522:Chilisso
3398:Brokskat
3372:Kashmiri
3365:Kashmiri
3307:Chagatai
3190:Wadiyara
3167:Jandavra
3162:Gujarati
3097:dialects
3019:Shekhani
2929:Chilisso
2838:Khetrani
2828:Hazaragi
2785:Kashmiri
2736:national
2534:(1973).
2508:(1926).
2413:(1988).
2124:ergative
2115:"I do",
2100:"I die")
2020:-an, -ān
1904:); Kho.
1785:, OIA =
1781:, MIA =
1703:Assamese
1667:Assamese
1631:Assamese
1595:Assamese
1503:Assamese
1467:Assamese
1431:Assamese
1405:village
1395:Assamese
1329:Kalasha
1326:English
718:Alveolar
499:Pakistan
417:Pakistan
399:) is an
392:locally:
330:Category
309:Language
304:The land
299:Religion
233:kala1372
169:Dialects
147:Chitrali
75:Pakistan
5078:Pidgins
5057:Chinali
5047:Bazigar
5041:Badeshi
4936:Magadhi
4912:Prakrit
4829:Sinhala
4817:Insular
4794:Konkani
4773:Katkari
4768:Phudagi
4748:Varhadi
4743:Marathi
4728:Konkani
4700:Bhunjia
4574:Kamrupi
4548:Sylheti
4506:Bengali
4499:Bengali
4460:Kumhali
4427:Kochila
4415:Tharuic
4406:Kurmali
4394:Sadanic
4385:Bajjika
4359:Khortha
4309:Eastern
4269:Bagheli
4257:Eastern
4214:Deccani
4190:Kauravi
4175:Bundeli
4163:Western
4155:Central
4124:Dawoodi
4119:Lambadi
4043:Bhilori
4013:Bhilali
3960:Marwari
3950:Harauti
3890:Parkari
3844:Western
3811:Kholosi
3806:Jadgali
3784:Saraiki
3734:Punjabi
3727:Eastern
3720:Punjabi
3690:Hinduri
3635:Churahi
3612:Western
3602:Kumaoni
3590:Central
3564:Eastern
3491:Kalasha
3484:Chitral
3439:Pashayi
3432:Pashayi
3408:Kalkoti
3292:Persian
3207:Marwari
3185:Parkari
3142:Bengali
3104:Saraiki
3092:Punjabi
3077:Marwari
3072:Kabutra
3024:Torwali
2974:Kamviri
2969:Kalkoti
2919:Badeshi
2876:Dawoodi
2848:Wanetsi
2833:Jadgali
2823:Dehwari
2813:Balochi
2742:English
2187:Kalasha
2119:"I did"
2080:, Kho.
2066:, Kho.
2052:, Kho.
2037:, Kho.
2026:(sg.),
2018:(sg.),
2010:(sg.),
1996:, Kho.
1971:; Kho.
1963:; Kal.
1955:, Kho.
1951:; Kal.
1932:; Kho.
1924:; Kal.
1918:iśpreṣi
1916:, Kho.
1912:; Kal.
1902:skambha
1879:; Kho.
1871:; Kho.
1863:; Kal.
1855:, Kho.
1851:; Kal.
1843:, Kho.
1823:, Kho.
1815:; Kal.
1797:, Kho.
1735:chīn-nā
1713:broken
1559:Sinhala
748:Glottal
733:Palatal
547:Central
465:History
439:Waigali
379:Kalasha
340:Commons
314:Cuisine
246:Kalasha
152:Kalasha
42:Kalasha
5011:Proto-
4967:Late (
4876:Middle
4778:Kadodi
4705:Nahari
4682:Halbic
4657:Bhatri
4617:Chakma
4523:Hajong
4489:Gauda–
4473:Danwar
4453:Others
4444:Musasa
4380:Angika
4354:Magahi
4347:Magahi
4318:Bihari
4288:Others
4264:Awadhi
4229:Rekhta
4204:Urdish
4134:Romani
4129:Domari
4107:Others
4088:Vasavi
4073:Pardhi
4053:Magari
4048:Mawchi
4038:Bauria
4028:Dhanki
4018:Chodri
3990:Nimadi
3980:Dhatki
3970:Mewari
3965:Mewati
3940:Gujari
3935:Loarki
3930:Goaria
3907:Vaghri
3831:Sindhi
3826:Memoni
3821:Luwati
3816:Kutchi
3798:Sindhi
3764:Hindko
3756:Lahnda
3700:Sarazi
3680:Kullui
3625:Kangri
3581:Nepali
3571:Doteli
3537:Tirahi
3532:Kalami
3517:Bateri
3496:Khowar
3455:Dameli
3418:Palula
3413:Ushoji
3357:Dardic
3287:Arabic
3247:Vaghri
3237:Sindhi
3232:Rangri
3217:Mewari
3212:Memoni
3202:Loarki
3197:Kutchi
3157:Goaria
3152:Dhatki
3114:Rangri
3082:Mewari
3067:Hindko
3049:Punjab
3039:Yidgha
3029:Ushoji
3009:Pashto
3004:Palula
2999:Ormuri
2979:Khowar
2959:Kalami
2949:Hindko
2934:Dameli
2924:Bateri
2881:Khowar
2843:Pashto
2818:Brahui
2780:Gujari
2637:
2601:599462
2599:
2542:
2520:
2480:
2439:
2249:
2241:
2117:akāris
2098:bri-um
2094:mār-īm
1977:grīṣma
1930:pṛṣṭha
1922:śvaśru
1914:isprɛs
1900:(<
1896:skabha
1877:sthōra
1869:stamba
1813:bhrātṛ
1725:chinna
1677:eight
1653:dīrgha
1599:pipora
1477:smoke
1369:urine
1358:Nepali
1279:Rhotic
1194:voiced
1035:voiced
863:voiced
743:Uvular
713:Labial
532:Vowels
503:Khowar
447:Waygal
429:Khowar
142:Dardic
100:Kalash
86:Region
5112:Vedda
4884:Early
4854:Vedic
4763:Varli
4695:Kamar
4690:Halbi
4672:Kupia
4652:Desia
4439:Majhi
4432:Buksa
4422:Tharu
4401:Sadri
4295:Parya
4243:Sansi
4195:Hindi
4093:Wagdi
4083:Kalto
4078:Gamit
4033:Dubli
4008:Bhili
3955:Malvi
3925:Bagri
3885:Kachi
3881:Koli
3746:Sansi
3655:Gaddi
3620:Dogri
3576:Jumli
3527:Gowro
3448:Kunar
3393:Shina
3386:Shina
3301:Hindi
3180:Kachi
3176:Koli
3147:Bhaya
3137:Bagri
3124:Sindh
3062:Dogri
3057:Bagri
3034:Wazir
2994:Munji
2944:Gowro
2896:Wakhi
2891:Shina
2886:Purgi
2866:Balti
2775:Dogri
2597:JSTOR
2498:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
2247:S2CID
2113:kārim
2030:(pl.)
2024:-asya
1973:griṣp
1969:grīva
1961:grāma
1949:krīṇ-
1945:kren-
1943:Kho.
1910:śvēta
1906:iśper
1889:iskow
1885:snāta
1881:isnār
1873:istōr
1865:istam
1861:hasta
1839:Kal.
1819:<
1803:grāma
1760:Hindi
1742:kill
1731:Hindi
1695:Hindi
1671:digha
1659:Hindi
1641:long
1623:Hindi
1617:putra
1591:pipṛā
1587:Hindi
1563:suvan
1531:Hindi
1525:maṃsa
1513:meat
1507:dhü̃a
1495:Hindi
1489:dhūma
1459:Hindi
1453:rajju
1441:rope
1423:Hindi
1417:grama
1387:Hindi
1381:mūtra
1352:asthi
1340:bone
755:Nasal
738:Velar
559:Close
542:Front
522:nasal
294:About
4896:Pāli
4753:Andh
4667:Reli
4642:Odia
4635:Odia
4209:Urdu
4000:Bhil
3769:Inku
3423:Sawi
3242:Urdu
3172:Jogi
3014:Sawi
2754:(by
2732:Urdu
2635:ISBN
2560:link
2540:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2354:link
2277:2001
2239:ISSN
2165:link
2109:apis
2058:-ēna
2043:-āya
2028:āṇām
1957:grom
1953:grom
1938:aśru
1934:aśrū
1926:piṣṭ
1857:host
1853:hast
1849:aṣṭā
1829:śata
1821:*ʃal
1809:brār
1799:gram
1795:grom
1764:nā̆s
1747:nash
1689:aṣṭā
1663:dīha
1605:son
1569:ant
1553:śvan
1541:dog
1482:thum
1471:lezu
1427:gā̃w
1410:grom
1362:ā̃ṭh
807:Stop
665:Open
552:Back
524:and
518:long
383:IPA:
4988:Elu
4842:Old
3860:Aer
3132:Aer
2589:doi
2392:doi
2231:doi
2189:at
2148:doi
2105:pim
2086:-ai
2078:-ai
2072:-āt
2068:-ār
2064:-au
2054:-en
2050:-an
2012:-an
2008:-as
2002:-ān
1998:-an
1994:-an
1965:gŕä
1845:oṣṭ
1841:aṣṭ
1825:ʃor
1817:ʃau
1789:):
1707:ath
1699:āṭh
1635:put
1627:pūt
1518:mos
1435:gãü
1399:mut
1391:mūt
1124:dʑʱ
1096:tɕʰ
1089:tʂʰ
1082:tsʰ
612:Mid
427:to
411:of
241:ELP
217:kls
5157::
3985:Od
3222:Od
2595:.
2585:93
2583:.
2556:}}
2552:{{
2516:.
2453:.
2350:}}
2346:{{
2281:,
2245:.
2237:.
2227:47
2225:.
2221:.
2161:}}
2157:{{
2144:51
2142:.
2082:-i
2039:-a
2035:-a
2016:-o
1762::
1733::
1705::
1701:;
1697::
1669::
1665:;
1661::
1633::
1629:;
1625::
1597::
1593:;
1589::
1561::
1533::
1505::
1501:;
1497::
1469::
1465:;
1461::
1433::
1429:;
1425::
1397::
1393:;
1389::
1360::
1298:)
1228:)
1178:)
1058:dʑ
1051:dʐ
1044:dz
1020:tɕ
1013:tʂ
1006:ts
979:ɡʱ
970:ɖʱ
963:dʱ
956:bʱ
936:kʰ
927:ʈʰ
920:tʰ
913:pʰ
854:)
797:)
788:)
779:)
688:ã˞
683:a˞
657:õ˞
652:o˞
633:ẽ˞
628:e˞
604:ũ˞
599:u˞
580:ĩ˞
575:i˞
520:,
489:.
461:.
431:.
390:,
195:,
52:/
4971:)
4914:)
4202:/
3341:e
3334:t
3327:v
3303:)
3299:(
2758:)
2738:)
2734:(
2710:e
2703:t
2696:v
2643:.
2603:.
2591::
2571:.
2562:)
2548:.
2526:.
2486:.
2445:.
2394::
2356:)
2279:.
2253:.
2233::
2167:)
2150::
1940:.
1893:*
1295:ɽ
1292:(
1287:r
1267:w
1260:j
1251:ɫ
1246:l
1225:ɣ
1222:(
1217:ʑ
1210:ʐ
1203:z
1185:h
1175:x
1172:(
1167:ɕ
1160:ʂ
1153:s
893:ɡ
884:ɖ
877:d
870:b
851:q
848:(
843:k
834:ʈ
827:t
820:p
794:ŋ
791:(
785:ɲ
782:(
776:ɳ
773:(
768:n
761:m
730:/
678:ã
673:a
647:õ
642:o
623:ẽ
618:e
594:ũ
589:u
570:ĩ
565:i
381:(
367:e
360:t
353:v
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77:(
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