909:
sources thus they come in three types LL, L, and H; LL stands for Low iron, Low metal, L stands for Low iron abundance, and H is High iron content. All ordinary chondrites contain kamacite in decreasing abundance as you move from H to LL chondrites. Kamacite is also found in many of the less common meteorites mesosiderites and E chondrites. E chondrites are chondrites which are made primarily of enstatite and only account for 2% of meteorites that fall onto the Earth. E chondrites have an entirely different source rock than that of the ordinary chondrites. In analysis of kamacite in E chondrites it was found that they contain generally less nickel then average.
31:
825:). This is useful for giving clues as to how much the meteorite as a whole has been altered. Kamacite to tochilinite alteration can be seen in petrologic microscopes, scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe analysis. This can be used to allow researchers to easily index the amount of alteration that has taken place in the sample. This index can be later referenced when analyzing other areas of the meteorite where alteration is not as clear.
638:, in which both iron and nickel have the valence zero (Fe and Ni) as they are metallic native elements commonly found in iron meteorites. Besides trace elements, it is normally considered to be made up of 90% iron and 10% nickel but can have a ratio of 95% iron and 5% nickel. This makes iron the dominant element in any sample of kamacite. It is grouped with the native elements in both Dana and Nickel-Strunz classification systems.
775:), as well as a P-rich phase. This was done in a lab to construct conditions concurrent with that of the solar nebula. With this information it would be possible to extract information about the thermodynamic, kinetic, and physical conditions of the early solar system. This still remains speculatory as many of the sulfides in meteorites are unstable and have been destroyed. Kamacite also alters to
880:
160–170 kg/mm and non-shocked meteorites can have values as high as 244 kg/mm. Shock causes a unique iron transformation structure that is able to be measured using metallographic and X-ray diffraction techniques. After using metallographic and X-ray diffraction techniques to determine shock history it was found that 49% of meteorites found on Earth contain evidence of shock.
1741:
842:
by the face centered taenite it is called an octahedrite as kamacite will exsolve from the octahedral crystal boundaries of taenite making the meteorite appear octahedral. Both hexahedrites and octahedrite only appear when the meteorite breaks along crystal planes or when prepared to accentuate the
Thomson structures therefore many are mistakenly called ataxites ar first.
997:
the likeliness of a profitable return is fairly slim. Asteroid mining for space uses could be more practical, as transporting materials from Earth is costly. Similar to current plans of reusing the modules of the
International Space Station in other missions, an iron meteorite could be used to build space craft in space.
837:
centered nature of the kamacite lattice and the body centered nature of the nickel lattice the two make intricate angles when they come in contact with each other. These angles reveal themselves macroscopically in the
Thomson structure. Also due to this relationship we get the terms ataxite, hexahedrites and octahedrite.
984:
specimens involves washing them in a solvent, such as
Thomson did with nitric acid to bring out the Thomson structures. Then they are heavily polished so they look shiny. Generally the kamacite can be told apart from taenite easily as after this process the kamacite looks slightly darker than the taenite.
996:
more profitable would be to gather the trace elements. One difficulty would be refining elements such as platinum and gold. Platinum is worth around 12,000 US$ /kg and (kamacite contains 16.11 ÎĽg/g platinum) and gold is worth around 12,000 US$ /kg (kamacite contains 0.52 ÎĽg/g gold); however
908:
present. There are three major types: enstatite chondrites, carbonaceous chondrites and ordinary chondrites. Ordinary chondrites are the most abundant type of meteorite found on Earth making up 85% of all meteorites recorded. Ordinary chondrites are thought to have all originated from three different
410:
There is evidence of a tetragonal phase, observed in X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope. When tested two meteorites gave d-values that could "be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell, but not on the basis of a cubic or hexagonal unit cell". It has been speculated to be e-iron, a
983:
Due to the rareness and the generally dull appearance of kamacite it is not popular among private collectors. However many museums and universities have samples of kamacite in their collection. Normally kamacite samples are prepared using polish and acid to show off the
Thomson structures. Preparing
841:
refers to meteorites that do not show a grossly hexahedral or octahedral structure. Meteorites composed of 6 wt% or less nickel are often referred to as hexahedrites due to the crystal structure of kamacite being isometric and causing the meteorite to be cubic. Likewise if the meteorite is dominated
401:
Taenite contains more nickel (12 to 45 wt. % Ni) than kamacite (which has 5 to 12 wt. % Ni). The increase in nickel content causes taenite to have a face-centered unit cell, whereas kamacite's higher iron content causes its unit cell to be body centered. This difference is caused
376:
Kamacite is opaque, and its surface generally displays varying shades of gray streaking, or "quilting" patterns. Kamacite has a metallic luster. Kamacite can vary in hardness based on the extent of shock it has undergone, but commonly ranks a four on the mohs hardness scale. Shock increases kamacite
974:
The primary research use of kamacite is to shed light on a meteorite's history. Whether it is looking at the shock history in the iron structures or the conditions during the formation of the meteorite using the kamacite-taenite boundary understanding kamacite is key to understanding our universe.
850:
Trace elements have been analyzed in the formation of kamacite at different temperatures but the trace elements in taenite seem better suited to give clues of the formation temperature of the meteorite. As the meteorite cools and taenite and kamacite are sorting out of each other some of the trace
917:
Since kamacite is only formed in space and is only found on Earth in meteorites, it has very low abundance on Earth. Its abundance outside our solar system is difficult to determine. Iron, the main component of kamacite, is the sixth most abundant element in the universe and the most abundant of
879:
can be used on kamacite to determine the shock history of a meteorite. Using hardness to determine shock histories has been experimented with but was found to be too unreliable. Vickers hardness test was applied to a number of kamacite samples and shocked meteorites were found to have values of
836:
is the nickel rich end member of the kamacite–taenite solid solution. Taenite is naturally occurring on Earth whereas kamacite is only found on Earth when it comes from space. Kamacite forms taenite as it forms and expels nickel to the surrounding area, this area forms taenite. Due to the face
859:
Kamacite is only stable at temperatures below 723 °C or 600 °C (Stacey and
Banerjee, 2012), as that is where iron becomes cool enough to arrange in a body centered crystal structure. Kamacite is also only stable at low pressures as can be assumed because it only forms in the
950:, Arizona. Meteor Crater was the first confirmed meteor impact site on the planet, and was not universally recognized as such until the 1950s. In the 1960s United States Geological Survey discovered kamacite in specimens gathered from around the site tying the mineral to meteorites.
387:. It has a massive crystal habit but normally individual crystals are indistinguishable in natural occurrences. There are no planes of cleavage present in kamacite which gives it a hackly fracture. Kamacite is magnetic, and isometric which makes it behave optically isometrically.
509:. Thermoremanent magnetization on Earth gives iron minerals formed in the Earth's crust, a higher magnetization than if they were formed in the same field at room temperature. This is a non-conventional thermoremanent magnetization because it appears to be due to a chemical
480:
changes into taenite and kamacite begins to precipitate out. It is in this window where the meteorite is cooling below 723 °C where the
Thomson structures form and they can be greatly affected by the temperature, pressure, and composition of the meteorite.
682:
content varies from 5.26% to 6.81% and the cobalt content can be from 0.25% to 0.77%. All of these trace elements are metallic and their appearance near the kamacite taenite border can give important clues to the environment the meteorite was formed in.
452:). He published his observations in a French journal but due to the Napoleonic wars the English scientists, who were doing much of the meteorite research of the time, never discovered his work. It was not until 1808, four years later, that the same
851:
elements will prefer to be located in taenite or kamacite. Analyzing the taenite kamacite boundary can give clues to how quickly cooling occurred as well as a myriad of other conditions during formation by the final location of the trace elements.
1653:
Schröder, C.; Ashley, J. W.; Chapman, M. G.; Cohen, B. A.; Farrand, W. H.; Fleischer, I.; Gellert, R.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Johnson, J. R.; Jolliff, B. L.; Joseph, J.; Klingelhoefer, G.; Morris, R. V.; Squyres, S. W.; Wright, S. P. (22 March 2009).
530:
mineral with a body cubic centered unit cell. Kamacite is usually not found in large crystals; however the anomalously largest kamacite crystal found and documented measured 92Ă—54Ă—23 centimeters. Even with large crystals being so rare,
513:
process which is induced as taenite is cooled to kamacite. What makes this especially interesting is this has been shown to account for all of the ordinary chondrites magnetic field which has been shown to be as strong as 0.4
467:
Thomson structures or
Widmanstätten patterns are created as the meteorite cools; at high temperatures both iron and nickel have face-centered lattices. When the meteorite is formed it starts out as entirely molten
1403:
Rasmussen, K.; Greenway, T.; Gwozdz, R. (1989). "The composition of kamacite in iron meteorites investigated by accelerator mass spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis and analytical electron microscopy".
650:
while nickel remains face centered. To accommodate this areas start to form of higher iron concentration displacing nickel to the areas around it which creates taenite which is the nickel end member.
464:
rates of kamacite and taenite. Widmanstätten told many of his colleagues about these patterns in correspondence leading to them being referred to as
Widmanstätten patterns in most literature.
962:. The kamacite did not originate on Mars but was put there by a meteorite. This was particularly of interest because the meteorite fell under the lesser known class of
1368:
Nichiporuk, W. (1957). "Variations in the content of nickel, gallium, germanium, cobalt, copper and chromium in the kamacite and taenite phases of iron meteorites".
505:
As the meteorite cools below 750 °C iron becomes magnetic as it moves into the kamacite phase. During this cooling the meteorite takes on non-conventional
958:
Kamacite primarily forms on meteorites but has been found on extraterrestrial bodies such as Mars. This was discovered by The Mars
Exploration Rover (MER)
377:
hardness, but this is not 100% reliable in determining shock histories as there are myriad other reasons that the hardness of kamacite could increase.
900:
Kamacite is primarily associated with meteorites because it needs high temperatures, low pressures and few other more reactive elements like oxygen.
432:, are textures often seen in meteorites that contain kamacite. These are bands which are usually alternating between kamacite and taenite. In 1804,
1517:
719:
Kamacite sulfurization has been done experimentally in laboratory conditions. Sulfurization resulted in three distinct phases: a mono-sulfide
1054:"International Mineralogical Association (IMA), Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, IMA Official List of Minerals"
555:
meaning it has three fourfold axes, four threefold axes, and six twofold axes and nine mirror planes. Kamacite has a space group of Fm
1547:
Rubin, A.; Jeffrey, T.; Maggiore, P. (1990). "Kamacite and olivine in ordinary chondrites: Intergroup and intragroup relationships".
1673:
Flemming, R. (2007). "Micro X-ray diffraction (ÎĽXRD): a versatile technique for characterization of Earth and planetary materials".
275:
1723:
Brewster, Signe (29 August 2013). "NASA wants to build huge spacecraft in orbit with robots and 3D printers". Gigaom. Gigaom.
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2414:
1781:
1855:
658:
There has been a great deal of research into kamacite's trace elements. The most notable trace elements in kamacite are
1752:, China. Size: 4.8Ă—3.0Ă—2.8 cm. The Nantan irons, a witnessed fall in 1516, have a composition of 92.35% iron and 6.96%
966:. Mesosiderites are very rare on Earth and its occurrence on Mars gives clues to the origin of its larger source rock.
2482:
349:
are often seen, which are evidence for structural deformation of adjacent kamacite plates due to shock from impacts.
1744:
Kamacite and taenite after taenite, exhibiting the octahedral structure of taenite, Nantan (Nandan) iron meteorite,
1252:
Ramsden, A. R. (1966). "Kamacite and taenite superstructures and a metastable tetragonal phase in iron meteorites".
2561:
2487:
1749:
1157:
Jain, V. A.; Gordon, R. B.; Lipschutz, M. E. (1972). "Hardness of Kamacite and Shock Histories of 119 Meteorites".
81:
1030:
457:
433:
303:
196:
547:, hexoctahedral crystals this causes the crystals to have many symmetry elements. Kamacite falls under the 4/m
436:
stumbled upon these structures when he noticed unexpected geometric patterns after cleaning a specimen with
1908:
1328:
552:
506:
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2470:
2294:
282:. The proportion iron:nickel is between 90%:10% and 95%:5%; small quantities of other elements, such as
2581:
2419:
2409:
2198:
2193:
1894:
711:
to be an average of 0.22 (ÎĽg/g). The considerable amounts of cobalt and platinum are the most notable.
402:
by nickel and iron having a similar size but different interatomic magnetic and quantum interactions.
368:
Kamacite has many unique physical properties including Thomson structures and extremely high density.
2477:
1903:
1831:
1622:
1101:
535:
is extremely important to understand plays an important role in the formation of Thomson structures.
383:
992:
Kamacite and taenite both have the potential to be economically valuable. An option that would make
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338:
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1525:
2439:
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35:
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1811:
1106:
1010:
604:(metallic Fe) atoms interacting with each other causes kamacite to have a body centered lattice.
2571:
1925:
1271:
Paneth, F. A. (1960). "The discovery and earliest reproductions of the Widmanstatten figures".
493:
and can be observed only in reflected light microscopy. It is isometric and therefore behaves
2377:
2347:
2154:
2149:
2068:
1114:
360:. The largest documented kamacite crystal measured 92Ă—54Ă—23 cm (36.2Ă—21.3Ă—9.1 in).
186:
1452:
888:
Kamacite meteorites have been found on every continent on Earth and have also been found on
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2020:
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who was heating iron meteorites when he noticed geometric patterns caused by the differing
96:
1974:
1634:
Mead, C.; Littler, J.; Chao, E. (1965). "Metallic spheroids from Meteor crater, Arizona".
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is isometric-hexoctahedral. Its density is about 8 g/cm and its hardness is 4 on the
8:
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2001:
1961:
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Goldstein, J. I. (1965). "The formation of the kamacite phase in metallic meteorites".
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1504:
Field Guide to Meteors and Meteorites Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series
2212:
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1843:
1816:
1080:
720:
318:
91:
1655:
1584:"Studies of kamacite, perryite and schreibersite in E-chondrites and aubrites"
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30:
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1989:
1984:
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Kamacite starts to form around 723 °C, where iron splits from being
472:(greater than 1500 °C) and as it cools past 723 °C the primary
437:
342:
330:
326:
322:
279:
126:
597:
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2011:
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Palmer, E. E. (2010). "A kamacite alteration index for CM chondrites".
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1439:
Lauretta, D. (1998). "Kamacite sulfurization in the solar nebula".
1314:
700:
688:
675:
494:
395:
357:
278:(IMA) it is considered a proper nickel-rich variety of the mineral
171:
Massive – uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming large masses
1001:
has put forward preliminary plans to build a space ship in space.
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Burke, E.A.J. (2006). "A mass discreditation of GQN minerals".
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The name was coined in 1861 and is derived from the Greek root
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283:
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1660:
Proceedings of the 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
2513:
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259:
38:
showing the two forms of nickel-iron minerals, kamacite and
998:
889:
704:
600:. The interatomic magnetic and quantum interactions of the
356:
that it is difficult to distinguish them visually, forming
263:
1656:"Santorini, Another Meteorite on Mars and Third of a Kind"
1652:
352:
At times kamacite can be found so closely intermixed with
317:"kamaks", meaning vine-pole. It is a major constituent of
933:
are minerals that are commonly associated with kamacite.
687:
has revealed kamacite to contain considerable amounts of
1053:
715:
Important minor elements, substitutions, solid solutions
394:
and a mixed area of kamacite and taenite referred to as
191:
Hackly – Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured metals).
1402:
1304:
1302:
1152:
1150:
617:
Kamacite is made up of a repeating unit of α-(Fe, Ni),
567:
Kamacite is made up of a repeating unit of α-(Fe, Ni),
1546:
1299:
1147:
1406:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research
1156:
588:, which makes up cell dimensions of a = 8.603
1094:
1093:
979:Museums, university and photo specimen preparation
1497:
1495:
1493:
904:meteorites can be split into groups based on the
2553:
678:. Cobalt is the most notable of these where the
612:
290:may also be present. The mineral has a metallic
1708:Ross, S. (2001). "Near-Earth Asteroid Mining".
1633:
918:those elements generally considered metallic.
845:
1789:
1518:"NASA - Magnified Look at a Meteorite on Mars"
1490:
1341:
1308:
1127:
1775:
1013: – Glossary of terms used in meteoritics
1506:. The Chondrites: Springer. pp. 75–111.
828:
16:Alloy of iron and nickel found in meteorites
1476:41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
306:. It is also sometimes called balkeneisen.
242:Non-radioactive, magnetic, Non-fluorescent.
1782:
1768:
1367:
641:
1623:Abundance in the Universe of the elements
1607:
1311:The Physical Principles of Rock Magnetism
1247:
1245:
1243:
1231:
1201:
1739:
1722:
1672:
1438:
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987:
941:
1309:Stacey, F. D.; Banerjee, S. K. (2012).
1251:
946:Kamacite has been found and studied in
883:
333:it is found in bands interleaving with
276:International Mineralogical Association
2554:
1581:
1501:
1473:
1313:. Chapter 13 Magnetism in Meteorites:
1270:
1240:
921:
363:
1763:
1066:
707:to be an average of 0.75 (ÎĽg/g), and
484:
414:
1707:
1115:participating institution membership
936:
1441:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
405:
380:Kamacite has a measured density of
13:
1675:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1609:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1986.tb01227.x
1461:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1998.tb01689.x
867:
854:
691:to be an average of 16.31 (ÎĽg/g),
521:
456:patterns were discovered by Count
270:, which is found on Earth only in
14:
2603:
703:to be an average of 1.97 (ÎĽg/g),
699:to be an average of 3.89 (ÎĽg/g),
695:to be an average of 5.40 (ÎĽg/g),
653:
371:
1750:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
29:
1736:. J. Wiley & Sons, New York
1716:
1701:
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1627:
1616:
1575:
1549:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1540:
1510:
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1432:
1396:
1370:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1361:
1335:
1273:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1264:
1204:Journal of Geophysical Research
1159:Journal of Geophysical Research
1121:
1087:
1060:
1046:
1035:
1024:
648:face centered to body centered
1:
1017:
895:
613:Formula and dominant elements
411:hexagonal polymorph of iron.
345:, fine parallel lines called
1569:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90148-e
1426:10.1016/0168-583X(89)90058-X
1390:10.1016/0016-7037(58)90025-5
1293:10.1016/0016-7037(60)90085-5
912:
846:Chemical explanation of heat
607:
562:
507:thermoremanent magnetization
500:
458:Alois von Beck Widmanstätten
7:
2592:Minerals in space group 229
1004:
538:
294:, is gray and has no clear
10:
2608:
2420:extraterrestrial materials
1081:10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1557
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418:
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2335:
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2211:
2140:
2112:
2067:
2019:
2010:
1916:
1879:
1801:
1636:The American Mineralogist
1254:The American Mineralogist
1102:Oxford English Dictionary
1069:The Canadian Mineralogist
829:Relationship with taenite
428:, usually referred to as
246:
238:
228:
218:
208:
195:
185:
175:
165:
157:
147:
142:
125:
102:
90:
80:
59:
51:
46:
28:
23:
1327:: CS1 maint: location (
745:), a pentlandite phase (
553:Hermann–Mauguin notation
2562:Native element minerals
2199:Meteorites on Mars list
2194:Martian meteorites list
1453:1998M&PS...33..821L
1342:P. C. Rickwood (1981).
1224:10.1029/jz070i024p06223
1179:10.1029/jb077i035p06940
1128:P. C. Rickwood (1981).
1107:Oxford University Press
1011:Glossary of meteoritics
969:
642:Conditions of formation
1757:
1582:Easton, A. J. (1986).
1502:Norton, O. R. (2008).
1344:"The largest crystals"
1130:"The largest crystals"
430:Widmanstätten patterns
339:Widmanstätten patterns
161:Iron black, steel gray
2348:Nonmagmatic meteorite
1743:
1351:American Mineralogist
1137:American Mineralogist
1042:Kamacite Mineral Data
988:Looking to the future
942:Meteor crater Arizona
390:Kamacite occurs with
239:Other characteristics
82:Strunz classification
36:Widmanstätten pattern
2415:Ca–Al-rich inclusion
1528:on 28 September 2022
884:Geologic occurrences
1687:2007CaJES..44.1333F
1600:1986Metic..21...79E
1561:1990GeCoA..54.1217R
1484:2010LPI....41.2211P
1418:1989NIMPB..36...43R
1382:1958GeCoA..13..233N
1285:1960GeCoA..18..176P
1216:1965JGR....70.6223G
1171:1972JGR....77.6940J
1105:(Online ed.).
922:Associated minerals
364:Physical properties
274:. According to the
2577:Meteorite minerals
1758:
596:; V = 636.72
485:Optical properties
426:Thomson structures
421:Thomson structures
415:Thomson structures
2582:Magnetic minerals
2549:
2548:
2541:Near-Earth object
2509:Atmospheric entry
2356:
2355:
2305:
2304:
2207:
2206:
1210:(24): 6223–6232.
1165:(35): 6940–6954.
1113:(Subscription or
937:Specific examples
877:X-ray diffraction
685:Mass spectrometry
551:2/m class in the
300:crystal structure
253:
252:
55:Meteorite mineral
2599:
2374:Characteristics
2150:Basaltic Breccia
2017:
2016:
1914:
1913:
1886:
1885:
1784:
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1732:Mason B., 1962:
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1699:
1698:
1681:(9): 1333–1346.
1670:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1555:(5): 1217–1232.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1524:. Archived from
1514:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:2060/19650024149
1199:
1184:
1182:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1075:(6): 1557–1560.
1064:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1028:
824:
823:
822:
814:
813:
805:
804:
796:
795:
788:
787:
774:
773:
772:
764:
763:
755:
754:
744:
742:
741:
733:
732:
637:
636:
635:
627:
626:
587:
586:
585:
577:
576:
558:
550:
451:
450:
449:
406:Tetragonal phase
386:
230:Specific gravity
201:
137:
120:
111:
108:Hexoctahedral (m
66:
65:(repeating unit)
33:
21:
20:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2567:Nickel minerals
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2492:
2451:
2364:
2352:
2331:
2301:
2261:
2203:
2177:Orthopyroxenite
2136:
2108:
2063:
2006:
1906:
1898:
1875:
1797:
1788:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1695:10.1139/e07-020
1671:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1580:
1576:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1491:
1472:
1468:
1437:
1433:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1200:
1187:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1092:
1088:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1031:Mineralienatlas
1029:
1025:
1020:
1007:
994:asteroid mining
990:
981:
972:
956:
944:
939:
924:
915:
898:
886:
870:
868:Effect of shock
857:
855:Stability range
848:
831:
821:
818:
817:
816:
812:
809:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
790:
786:
784:
783:
782:
780:
771:
768:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
746:
740:
737:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
717:
656:
644:
634:
631:
630:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:
615:
610:
602:zerovalent iron
584:
581:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
568:
565:
556:
548:
543:Kamacite forms
541:
533:crystallography
526:Kamacite is an
524:
522:Crystallography
503:
487:
448:
445:
444:
443:
441:
434:William Thomson
423:
417:
408:
381:
374:
366:
329:types). In the
319:iron meteorites
199:
135:
118:
113:
109:
76:
72:
64:
63:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:Cubic minerals
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2462:Meteorites by
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2336:Obsolete terms
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Impact breccia
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1883:
1881:Classification
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Micrometeorite
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1700:
1665:
1645:
1626:
1615:
1574:
1539:
1509:
1489:
1478:(1533): 2211.
1466:
1431:
1395:
1376:(4): 233–236.
1360:
1334:
1317:. p. 170.
1298:
1279:(3): 176–182.
1263:
1239:
1185:
1146:
1120:
1086:
1059:
1045:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
989:
986:
980:
977:
971:
968:
955:
952:
943:
940:
938:
935:
923:
920:
914:
911:
897:
894:
885:
882:
873:Metallographic
869:
866:
856:
853:
847:
844:
830:
827:
819:
810:
801:
793:
785:
769:
760:
751:
738:
729:
721:solid solution
716:
713:
655:
654:Trace elements
652:
643:
640:
632:
623:
614:
611:
609:
606:
592:, Z = 54
582:
573:
564:
561:
540:
537:
523:
520:
502:
499:
486:
483:
446:
419:Main article:
416:
413:
407:
404:
373:
372:Identification
370:
365:
362:
251:
250:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
143:Identification
140:
139:
129:
123:
122:
106:
100:
99:
94:
92:Crystal system
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
70:
67:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2604:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Iron minerals
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:Organizations
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:find location
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Widmanstätten
2438:
2436:
2435:Neumann lines
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:meteoric iron
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Eagle Station
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Nandan County
1742:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1000:
995:
985:
976:
967:
965:
964:mesosiderites
961:
951:
949:
948:Meteor Crater
934:
932:
928:
919:
910:
907:
903:
893:
891:
881:
878:
874:
865:
863:
852:
843:
840:
835:
826:
789:· 5-6 (Mg, Fe
778:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
651:
649:
639:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
560:
554:
546:
536:
534:
529:
519:
518:(symbol Oe).
517:
512:
508:
498:
496:
495:isotropically
492:
482:
479:
476:phase of the
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
412:
403:
399:
397:
393:
388:
385:
378:
369:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
347:Neumann lines
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
298:although its
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
168:
167:Crystal habit
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
141:
133:
130:
128:
124:
116:
107:
105:
104:Crystal class
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
69:α-(Fe,Ni); Fe
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2519:Impact event
2500:
2275:Mesosiderite
2189:Shergottites
2162:Chassignites
2127:Mare basalts
1926:Carbonaceous
1837:strewn field
1733:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1594:(1): 79–93.
1591:
1587:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1522:www.nasa.gov
1521:
1512:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1310:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1207:
1203:
1162:
1158:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1100:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1048:
1037:
1026:
991:
982:
973:
957:
945:
925:
916:
899:
887:
871:
858:
849:
832:
718:
657:
645:
616:
566:
542:
525:
504:
489:Kamacite is
488:
466:
424:
409:
400:
389:
379:
375:
367:
351:
343:hexahedrites
331:octahedrites
314:
310:
308:
255:
254:
149:Formula mass
131:
18:
2447:CI1 fossils
2343:Amphoterite
2327:Octahedrite
2322:Hexahedrite
2029:Acapulcoite
1956:C ungrouped
1871:Parent body
1795:meteoritics
1588:Meteoritics
960:Opportunity
931:tochilinite
777:tochilinite
438:nitric acid
327:hexahedrite
323:octahedrite
313:"kamak" or
280:native iron
153:56.13 g/mol
127:Space group
2556:Categories
2388:weathering
2362:Mineralogy
2310:Structural
2285:Main group
2267:Stony-iron
2069:Asteroidal
2034:Brachinite
2012:Achondrite
1832:statistics
1791:Meteorites
1734:Meteorites
1357:: 885–907.
1260:: 1–2, 37.
1143:: 885–907.
1117:required.)
1096:"kamacite"
1018:References
906:chondrules
896:Meteorites
474:metastable
304:Mohs scale
272:meteorites
247:References
197:Mohs scale
181:Indistinct
115:H-M symbol
2536:Meteoroid
2501:See also:
2431:Patterns
2398:chondrule
2367:petrology
2280:Pallasite
2172:Nakhlites
2102:Howardite
2092:Diogenite
2059:Winonaite
2049:Lodranite
2021:Primitive
1975:Kakangari
1962:Enstatite
1918:Chondrite
1827:impactite
1803:Meteorite
1712:: 107–81.
1532:5 October
1412:(1): 43.
1323:cite book
913:Abundance
902:Chondrite
664:germanium
608:Chemistry
563:Unit cell
545:isometric
528:isometric
501:Magnetism
462:oxidation
382:7.9
97:Isometric
2504:Asteroid
2483:Journals
2410:Minerals
2403:presolar
2295:Pyroxene
2182:ALH84001
2155:NWA 7034
2054:Ureilite
2002:Rumuruti
1980:Ordinary
1909:grouplet
1812:Glossary
1447:(4): 4.
1315:Elsevier
1005:See also
701:tungsten
689:platinum
676:chromium
539:Symmetry
511:remanent
396:plessite
358:plessite
337:forming
296:cleavage
256:Kamacite
214:Metallic
200:hardness
187:Fracture
177:Cleavage
52:Category
24:Kamacite
2394:Grains
2317:Ataxite
2142:Martian
2097:Eucrite
2082:Aubrite
2077:Angrite
1866:Notable
1856:Largest
1849:hunting
1683:Bibcode
1596:Bibcode
1557:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1414:Bibcode
1378:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1212:Bibcode
1167:Bibcode
954:Planets
927:Taenite
839:Ataxite
834:Taenite
756:(Ni,Co)
734:(Ni,Co)
709:rhenium
693:iridium
660:gallium
516:oersted
470:taenite
454:etching
392:taenite
354:taenite
335:taenite
117:: (4/m
86:1.AE.05
61:Formula
47:General
40:taenite
2529:shower
2524:Meteor
2478:Awards
2167:Kaidun
1822:bolide
1754:nickel
1642:: 667.
929:, and
697:osmium
680:nickel
674:, and
672:copper
668:cobalt
491:opaque
311:καμακ-
292:luster
288:carbon
284:cobalt
268:nickel
258:is an
220:Streak
210:Luster
2514:Comet
2456:Lists
2378:shock
2244:IIIAB
2114:Lunar
2044:IIICD
1904:group
1895:class
1710:Space
1347:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
1111:
862:space
478:alloy
341:. In
315:κάμαξ
260:alloy
158:Color
2471:type
2365:and
2250:IIIF
2247:IIIE
2224:IIAB
2213:Iron
2132:List
1907:and
1900:clan
1891:type
1844:Find
1817:Fall
1793:and
1534:2020
1329:link
999:NASA
970:Uses
890:Mars
875:and
815:(OH)
705:gold
384:g/cm
325:and
266:and
264:iron
224:Gray
121:2/m)
2383:TKW
2257:IVB
2253:IVA
2240:IIG
2235:IIE
2231:IID
2228:IIC
2087:HED
2039:IAB
1889:By
1805:...
1691:doi
1604:doi
1565:doi
1457:doi
1422:doi
1386:doi
1289:doi
1228:hdl
1220:doi
1175:doi
1077:doi
761:9-x
739:1-x
633:0.1
624:0.9
583:0.1
574:0.9
559:m.
442:HNO
286:or
262:of
234:7.9
112:m)
75:0.1
71:0.9
2558::
2220:IC
1995:LL
1969:EL
1966:EH
1953:CV
1950:CR
1947:CO
1944:CM
1941:CK
1937:CI
1933:CH
1930:CB
1902:,
1893:,
1748:,
1689:.
1679:44
1677:.
1658:.
1640:50
1638:.
1602:.
1592:21
1590:.
1586:.
1563:.
1553:54
1551:.
1520:.
1492:^
1455:.
1445:33
1443:.
1420:.
1410:36
1408:.
1384:.
1374:13
1372:.
1355:66
1353:.
1349:.
1325:}}
1321:{{
1301:^
1287:.
1277:18
1275:.
1258:51
1256:.
1242:^
1226:.
1218:.
1208:70
1206:.
1188:^
1173:.
1163:77
1161:.
1149:^
1141:66
1139:.
1135:.
1099:.
1073:44
1071:.
892:.
864:.
820:10
781:Fe
747:Fe
725:Fe
670:,
666:,
662:,
628:Ni
619:Fe
578:Ni
569:Fe
497:.
398:.
73:Ni
1990:L
1985:H
1897:,
1783:e
1776:t
1769:v
1756:.
1697:.
1693::
1685::
1662:.
1612:.
1606::
1598::
1571:.
1567::
1559::
1536:.
1486:.
1482::
1463:.
1459::
1451::
1428:.
1424::
1416::
1392:.
1388::
1380::
1331:)
1295:.
1291::
1283::
1236:.
1230::
1222::
1214::
1183:.
1181:.
1177::
1169::
1109:.
1083:.
1079::
1056:.
811:6
806:S
802:5
797:)
779:(
770:8
765:S
752:x
743:S
730:x
723:(
598:Ă…
594:Ă…
590:Ă…
557:3
549:3
447:3
440:(
321:(
204:4
138:m
136:3
134:m
132:I
119:3
110:3
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