2206:, knowing he had no chance of being selected, recommended the eighth prince, Yinsi, and requested his father to order Yinreng's execution. The Kangxi Emperor was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. The emperor then commanded his subjects to cease debating the succession issue, but despite this and attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Yinzhi's actions caused the Kangxi Emperor to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, so he restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness.
1895:
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1366:, with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The revolt was put down within two months, the Qing defeating the rebels in battle on 20 April 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy.
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1581:, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.
1085:. Going against the advice of most of his advisors, Kangxi attempted to force the feudal princes to give up their lands and retire to Manchuria, sparking a rebellion that lasted eight years. For years afterwards Kangxi ruminated on his mistakes and blamed himself in part for the loss of life during the revolt.
1200:. The Qing sent most of the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China, where they spent the rest of their lives. The Prince of Ningjing and his five concubines, however, committed suicide rather than submit to capture. Their palace was used as Shi Lang's headquarters in 1683, but he
2193:
Over the years, the Kangxi
Emperor kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, the emperor decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as "never
1051:
The main reason for this decline was a change in system between the Kangxi and
Qianlong emperors' reigns. The Kangxi Emperor continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a
2419:
involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine
1991:
to the Kangxi
Emperor, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites. Through de Tournon, the Pope insisted on sending his own representative to Beijing to oversee Jesuit missionaries in China. Kangxi refused, wanting to keep missionary activities in China under his final oversight, managed by one of the
2464:
As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, the Kangxi
Emperor was able first to make tax remissions, then in
1354:
surrendered to the Qing and he was given the title of Prince (Qin Wang, 親王). The Inner
Mongolian nobility now became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with
2249:, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, the emperor announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the
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In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the
Dzungar Mongols, the Kangxi Emperor showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, the emperor's own written reflections allow one to experience "how intimate and caring was his communion with the
2240:
In 1712, during the Kangxi
Emperor's last inspection tour of the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing the Kangxi Emperor to abdicate when his father returned to
4303:
A five-season
Chinese television series about the Kangxi Emperor's inspection tours to southern China. During some of his tours, the emperor disguised himself as a commoner to conceal his identity so that he can blend into society and understand commoners' daily lives better.
1460:. The relocation of the Xibe from Qiqihar is believed by Liliya M. Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they rebelled against the Qing; both Hoifan and Ula were wiped out.
2473:
altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury (although the dynasty eventually suffered from this fiscal policy, as this preserved tax rates in perpetuity, preventing later emperors from adjusting the fiscal system and hindering attempts at modernisation).
2435:
The Kangxi
Emperor managed to woo the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule and loyalty to the Ming. He appealed to this very sense of Confucian values, for instance, by issuing the
2165:
custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although the Kangxi
Emperor left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, grooming him to be a perfect successor. Yinreng was tutored by the
1788:. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, the Kangxi Emperor led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials.
2173:
Yinreng proved to be unworthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed
2304:
In the evening of 20 December 1722, just before his death, the Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eighth, ninth, tenth, sixteenth and seventeenth princes. After the Kangxi Emperor died,
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were held every three years even during times of stress. When some scholars, out of loyalty to the Ming, refused to take the exams, he hit upon the expedient of a special exam to be taken by nomination. He personally sponsored the writing of the
1052:
battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle.
2395:
ideology, while maintaining Manchu culture among themselves. The Kangxi Emperor completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the central government system inherited from the Ming with important modifications.
2194:
obeying ancestors' virtues, never obliged to my order, only doing inhumanity and devilry, only showing maliciousness and lust", and decided to strip Yinreng of his position as crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor placed his oldest surviving son,
866:, drawing on contemporary sources, described the Kangxi Emperor as "fairly tall and well proportioned, he loved all manly exercises, and devoted three months annually to hunting. Large bright eyes lighted up his face, which was pitted with
1100:
to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to common people caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The Kangxi Emperor used mainly Han Chinese
913:, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. The Kangxi Emperor and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced to this arrangement.
1744:
The reasons for the declining trend in the later years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption. To fix the problem, the Kangxi Emperor gave Prince Yong (the future
1499:
in 1682, and only informed the emperor in 1697. He moreover kept relations with Dzungar enemies of the Qing. All this evoked the great displeasure of the Kangxi Emperor. Eventually Sangye Gyatso was toppled and killed by the
2390:
on their throne. By 1661, when the Shunzhi Emperor died and was succeeded by the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing conquest of China proper was almost complete. Leading Manchus were already using Chinese institutions and mastering
4046:, become close friends in their childhood. Wei Xiaobao helps the emperor consolidate his rule over the Qing Empire and plays an important role in how significant historical events of the Kangxi era unfold.
2256:
Seeing that Yinreng was completely disavowed, Yinsi and some other princes turned to support the 14th prince, Yinti, while the 13th prince supported Yinzhen. They formed the so-called "Eighth Lord Party"
2403:
every day, conferring with his councilors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the
5981:
1845:
from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by
2297:, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed the Kangxi Emperor, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes,
1385:
had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the
5245:
1933:. The Kangxi Emperor was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing and
760:. Later in his reign, Kangxi became embroiled in a prolonged succession dispute. He died in 1722 at the age of 68 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the
771:(or the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong"), which lasted for several generations after his death. His court also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the
6604:
1055:
By the Qianlong Emperor's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns.
2457:. To promote his image as a "sage ruler," he appointed Manchu and Chinese tutors with whom he studied the Confucian classics and worked intensively on Chinese calligraphy.
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Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade the Kangxi Emperor to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.
2002:, which officially condemned Chinese rites. In response, the Kangxi Emperor officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were "causing trouble".
4043:
4409:
Chinese television series set in the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty. A woman from the 21st century accidentally travels back in time to the 18th century.
4359:
Chinese television series set in the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty. A woman from the 21st century accidentally travels back in time to the 18th century.
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4137:
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2190:, gradually formed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.
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Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".
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Hong Kong television series about a chef who befriends Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) and aids him in the power struggle for the succession.
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1880:; later the emperor would play on it himself. China's famed blue and white porcelain probably reached its zenith during the Kangxi Emperor's reign.
767:
The Kangxi Emperor's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the
2336:, has attracted many rumours, and some novel-like private books claim he did not die of illness but was assassinated by a swordswoman, Lü Siniang (
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Following the deposition of the crown prince, the Kangxi Emperor implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince,
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A prolonged struggle between various princes emerged during the Kangxi Emperor's reign over who should inherit the throne – the Nine Lords' War (
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in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688.
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announced that the emperor had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the
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as his heir, but Yinzhen forged the will in his own favour. It has, however, long been refuted by serious historians. Yinzhen, later the
5873:
5365:, 13 June 2003. Quote regarding the Kangxi Emperor's stele text and its meaning: "清朝皇帝躬祀明朝皇帝 ... 禦書“治隆唐宋”（意思是讚揚朱元璋的功績超過了唐太宗李世民、宋高祖趙匡胤）"
4446:
2424:, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated
1405:
and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the
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remains so widespread on Taiwan that her annual celebrations can gather hundreds of thousands of people; she is sometimes even
939:, who had raised him. and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the
5244:"In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomás Pereira, S.J. (1645–1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China",
4066:. He orders a close aide to kill his father in order to consolidate power, and later attempts to erase evidence of the murder.
1105:
soldiers to crush the rebels while the Manchu Banners took a backseat. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681.
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surrendered Tungning a few days later and Taiwan became part of the Qing Empire. Zheng Keshuang moved to Beijing, joined the
736:
nominated by his father. After assuming personal rule, Kangxi's attempt to revoke the fiefdoms of feudal princes sparked the
1546:
defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when the Kangxi Emperor
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The Kangxi Emperor also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through
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The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. A series of battles and negotiations culminated in the
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4972:"restricted access The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries"
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in southern China that evacuated the entire population from the seacoast to counter a resistance movement started by
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comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret "news channel." Out of this emerged a
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with a 6,000 strong army and killed Lha-bzang Khan. The Dzungars held on to the city for three years and at the
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as a propaganda measure in quieting remaining resistance on Taiwan. The emperor approved its dedication as the
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Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as
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Chinese television series about Kangxi's efforts to recruit talented officials to manage the Yellow River.
2725:
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1968:
1397:, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first
974:, using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of Kangxi emperor.
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1956:, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the
1543:
873:
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The Kangxi Emperor was a workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous
1270:
1253:
The end of the rebel stronghold and capture of the Ming princes allowed the Kangxi Emperor to relax the
983:
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1922:
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Note that Xuanye was born in May 1654, and was therefore less than seven years old at the time. Both
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An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tomás Pereira, S.J.
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Abunai bided his time then, with his brother Lubuzung, revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the
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The Kangxi Emperor was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the
848:
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1952:, the Kangxi Emperor was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration, which recognized
1736:
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Army, was in decline under the Kangxi Emperor. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under
998:
732:, Kangxi was enthroned at the age of seven while actual power was held for six more years by the
20:
1963:
However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional
1016:
The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguards.
45:
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In 1696 and 1697 the Kangxi Emperor personally led campaigns against the Dzungars in the early
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The fourth instalment in a four-part Chinese television series about the early history of the
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Chinese television series about a romance between the Kangxi Emperor and his childhood love.
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The Kangxi Emperor was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument.
1791:
In 1700, on the Kangxi Emperor's order, the compilation of a vast encyclopedia known as the
1699:
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to three Ming generals who aided the Qing; in 1673 the three feudatories were controlled by
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2864:(允禟), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 17 October 1683 – 22 September 1726), 17th (ninth) son
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for her supposed assistance during the Qing invasion, promoted her to "Empress of Heaven" (
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Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar
1948:
well, and wore the silk robes of the elite. In 1692, when Pereira requested tolerance for
1320:
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After the Qing takeover of China in 1644, large parts of the south and west were given as
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rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals".
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2768:(允䄉), Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公; 28 November 1683 – 18 October 1741), 18th (10th) son
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2820:(允禔), Prince of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 12 March 1672 – 7 January 1735), fifth (first) son
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was stripped of all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince
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was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong,
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of the First Rank (固倫溫憲公主; 10 November 1683 – August/September 1702), ninth daughter
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civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration.
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1841:, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to
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1346:, a descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of
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4864:"Emperor Kangxi - The Emperor Who Reigned for the Longest Period in Chinese History"
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changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
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1702–1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period
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The Kangxi Emperor returning to Beijing after a southern inspection tour in 1689.
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coasts. The financial and other incentives to new settlers particularly drew the
1188:
A score of Ming princes had joined the Zheng dynasty on Taiwan, including Prince
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that incorporated Tibet into the empire. Domestically, he initially welcomed the
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71:
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During his reign, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the compilation of a dictionary of
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In 1669, the Kangxi Emperor had Oboi arrested with the help of his grandmother
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The contents of the national treasury during the Kangxi Emperor's reign were:
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of the Third Rank (恭勤貝勒; 10 January 1712 – 12 February 1744), 32nd (22nd) son
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of the Second Rank (和碩敦恪公主; 3 February 1691 – 2 January 1710), 15th daughter
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in Taiwan and Mongols in the north and northwest to submit to Qing rule, and
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of the Second Rank (和碩端靜公主; 9 June 1674 – March/April 1710), fifth daughter
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of the Second Rank (和碩溫恪公主; 31 December 1687 – 27 July 1709), 13th daughter
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to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital
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region, which concluded with the Qing gaining control of the area after the
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of the First Rank (固倫恪靖公主; 4 July 1679 – March/April 1735), sixth daughter
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The Kangxi Emperor devised a system of communication that circumvented the
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1082:
940:
921:
844:
714:
710:
530:
448:
354:
3292:
of the Third Rank (誠貝勒; 14 January 1714 – 31 August 1785), 33rd (23rd) son
3248:
of the Third Rank (簡靖貝勒; 1 September 1706 – 30 June 1755), 30th (20th) son
3123:
2987:
of the First Rank (廉親王; 29 March 1681 – 5 October 1726), 16th (eighth) son
2730:
1004:
4484:
4298:
4063:
3311:
3198:
of the First Rank (固倫純慤公主; 20 March 1685 – 22 April 1710), 10th daughter
2849:
2425:
2162:
2117:
1953:
1830:
1800:
1778:
1441:
1402:
1343:
1247:
1213:
1205:
1165:
1089:
753:
695:
342:
321:
5841:
4764:, Chinese documents concerning the succession say that Xuanye was eight
6450:
6427:
6414:
5654:
4536:
4510:
4404:
4377:
3616:
3097:
2379:
2183:
1996:
1671: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1509:
1420:. The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the
1316:
1189:
1025:
5767:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
5607:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
5361:(Solving the two great riddles of the Ming Xiaoling's stone tablets).
4541:
Chinese television series about Kangxi at the beginning of his reign.
3114:(定妃) of the Wanlioha clan (萬琉哈氏; January/February 1661 – 24 May 1757)
1777:. This was seen as an attempt by the emperor to gain support from the
1732:
1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 taels
1558:
The Kangxi Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of
1291:
423:
5722:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
5698:
Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669
4354:
4209:
4173:
3402:
3389:
Ulanghan clan in November/December 1692, and had issue (one daughter)
2132:
1934:
1918:
1598:
1351:
1262:
1197:
1074:
495:
5643:
Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century
5058:
3178:
2956:
2494:
2470:
2217:
stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the
2015:
1757:
1646:
5769:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–82,
5499:
5471:
4117:
4039:
4023:
3477:
of the Second Rank (和碩愨靖公主; 16 January 1690 – 1736), 14th daughter
3449:
3205:
3001:
2912:
2793:
2764:
2712:
2693:
2655:
2610:
2544:
2328:
A legend concerning the Kangxi Emperor's will states that he chose
2306:
2187:
1976:
1917:
played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of
1906:
1854:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1531:
1522:; 'Buddhism Respecting', ' Deferential Khan'). The
1469:
1457:
1453:
1427:
1356:
1347:
1139:
1045:
993:
967:
959:
867:
516:
4760:(p. 99) indicate that he was "not yet seven years old." Following
4058:. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor discovers that his father, the
3222:(襄嬪) of the Gao clan (高氏; ? – 14 August 1746), personal name
2178:
and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from
2116:
The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a
717:. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in
694:(4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722), also known by his
6409:
5719:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
5135:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192.
5079:
4581:
3590:
3552:
3372:
2860:
2757:
2532:
2507:
2440:
in 1670. He encouraged Confucian learning and made sure that the
2371:
2298:
2286:
2242:
2218:
2179:
2154:
1823:
1610:
1559:
1501:
1473:
1432:
1374:
1339:
1254:
1243:
1235:
1181:)—were similarly entered into the Eight Banners, notably serving
1143:
929:
894:
810:
749:
349:
337:
144:
106:
1330:
of 1689, by which a border was agreed between Russia and China.
5888:
4603:: The Kangxi Emperor is featured as the Chinese leader in this
3428:
3152:
3118:
3018:
2883:
2833:
2383:
2318:
2175:
2112:
1877:
1858:
1842:
1818:, whom the Kangxi Emperor frequently summoned for meetings, or
1602:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1527:
1512:, the Kangxi Emperor appointed Lha-bzang Khan Regent of Tibet (
1445:
1258:
955:
906:
898:
826:
100:
5216:
4997:(Vintage books ed.). New York. pp. xvi–xvii, 36–38.
3258:(謹嬪) of the Sehetu clan (色赫圖氏; 2 August 1682 – 23 April 1739)
1355:
Manchu Qing rule, he was placed under house arrest in 1669 in
1012:
954:
Kangxi's relatives from the Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of
316:
Kangxi: 18 February 1662 – 4 February 1723
5783:
4035:
3332:
3302:(熙嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; April/May 1690 – 1 February 1737)
3284:
3262:
3092:
3060:
3044:
2979:
2844:
2415:, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This
2322:
2290:
1937:, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the
1539:
1535:
1070:
971:
542:
5172:
5110:
2666:(敬敏皇貴妃) of the Janggiya clan (章佳氏; ? – 20 August 1699)
2637:(恂勤郡王; 10 February 1688 – 16 February 1755), 23rd (14th) son
924:
loyalists under the leadership of Taiwan-based Ming general
6500:
3445:
Married Dondob Dorji (敦多布多爾濟; ? – 1743) of the Mongol
3280:(靜嬪) of the Shi clan (石氏; 13 December 1689 – 10 July 1758)
3130:(履懿親王; 18 January 1686 – 1 September 1763), 21st (12th) son
2587:(雍正帝; 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), 11th (fourth) son
2519:(理密親王; 6 June 1674 – 27 January 1725), seventh (second) son
2354:
1712:
1573:. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as
902:
813:, the Kangxi Emperor was originally given the Chinese name
112:
5609:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119,
3014:(成妃) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; ? – 18 December 1740)
1508:
in 1705. As a reward for ridding him of his old enemy the
859:
February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year.
756:
in China, but tolerance came to an end as a result of the
5539:(in Chinese). China: Guangdong Travel and Tourism Press.
5250:, Lisbon, Portugal and Macau, China, 2008, archived from
4820:
The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and younger sister of
2572:
1853:
in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of
521:
507:
5132:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
4807:
The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and younger sister of
4752:(p. 1) nonetheless claim that he was "seven years old."
4042:. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor and the protagonist,
3452:
in December 1697/January 1698 and had issue (three sons)
3318:(慎靖郡王; 27 February 1711 – 26 June 1758), 31st (21st) son
3056:(愉恪郡王; 24 December 1693 – 8 March 1731), 25th (15th) son
3040:(順懿密妃) of the Wang clan (王氏; ? – 19 November 1744)
3030:(淳度親王; 19 August 1680 – 18 May 1730), 15th (seventh) son
2682:(怡賢親王; 16 November 1686 – 18 June 1730), 22nd (13th) son
1872:
taught him how to play the harpsichord, and he employed
1359:
and the Kangxi Emperor gave his title to his son Borni.
6404:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
5454:
From Yao to Mao: 5000 Years of Chinese History Part III
4889:
Magill, Frank N.; Taylor, Larissa Juliet, eds. (2006).
4781:
The Kangxi Emperor's second cousin and elder sister of
3470:(貴人) of the Yuan clan (袁氏; ? – 25 September 1719)
3344:(𫍯恪親王; 5 July 1716 – 3 December 1773), 34th (24th) son
3088:(純裕勤妃) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 12 January 1754)
2911:
Married Örgen (烏爾袞; ? – 1721) of the Mongol Barin
2856:(恆溫親王; 5 January 1680 – 10 July 1732), 13th (fifth) son
1476:
that had been taken by the Tibetans. The Manchu forces
608:
5670:. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub.
5166:
4950:
4948:
4794:
The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin and elder sister of
3232:(胤禝; 25 October 1702 – 28 March 1704), 29th (19th) son
3104:(果毅親王; 24 March 1697 – 21 March 1738), 27th (17th) son
2945:(誠隱郡王; 23 March 1677 – 10 July 1732), 10th (third) son
2609:
Married Shun'anyan (舜安顏; ? – 1724) of the Manchu
2346:, though this is never treated seriously by scholars.
2153:, died while giving birth to his second surviving son
1589:
The Kangxi Emperor granted the title of Wujing Boshi (
1468:
In 1701, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the reconquest of
1413:, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor.
5296:
Crosscurrents in the Literatures of Asia and the West
3072:(莊恪親王; 28 July 1695 – 20 March 1767), 26th (16th) son
2908:(固倫榮憲公主; 20 June 1673 – 29 May 1728), third daughter
2715:
in January/February 1709 and had issue (one daughter)
1749:) advice on how to make the economy more efficient.
1350:
in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son
725:. He is considered one of China's greatest emperors.
483:
467:
453:
5209:
5207:
5205:
4728:
4689:
4663:
3078:(胤祄; 15 May 1701 – 17 October 1708), 28th (18th) son
3004:(博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 12 September 1736), personal name
2245:. However, the emperor received news of the planned
2186:
pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by
1913:
In the early decades of the Kangxi Emperor's reign,
1534:, continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded
1480:
and secured the border with Tibet and the lucrative
1436:
The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699
1225:) from her previous status as a "heavenly consort" (
997:
The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his
5701:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,
5583:
5509:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4945:
3201:Married Ts'ering (策棱; ? – 1750) of the Mongol
2975:(良妃) of the Wei clan (衛氏; 1662 – 29 December 1711)
2929:(長生; 10 September 1675 – 27 April 1677), eighth son
2870:(胤禌; 8 June 1685 – 22 August 1696), 20th (11th) son
2593:(胤祚; 5 March 1680 – 15 June 1685), 14th (sixth) son
2428:and Manchu household staff. From this council, the
2386:in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old
2362:The Kangxi Emperor was a great consolidator of the
2040:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1171:. His soldiers—including the rattan-shield troops (
1119:In 1683, the naval forces of the Ming loyalists on
877:
Portrait of the young Kangxi Emperor in court dress
5785:
4933:
2898:(賽音察渾; 24 January 1672 – 6 March 1674), fourth son
2836:(郭絡羅氏; 1660 – 2 October 1733), personal name was
1992:Jesuits who had been living in Beijing for years.
1929:served as translators for the negotiations of the
1058:
5625:The History of Government from the Earliest Times
5282:, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 189-190.
5228:
5202:
4921:
3541:(12 January 1699 – December 1700 or January 1701)
3480:Married Sun Chengyun (孫承運; ? – 1719) in 1706
3385:Married Ga'erzang (噶爾臧; 1675–1722) of the Mongol
2708:Married Dorji (多爾濟; ? – 1720) of the Mongol
2358:Portrait of the old Kangxi Emperor in court dress
1971:, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the
1092:. The Kangxi Emperor employed generals including
6615:
6388:
5322:, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 22
5173:H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013).
4833:The Kangxi Emperor's first cousin-twice-removed.
3460:(胤䄔; 13 September 1683 – 17 July 1684), 19th son
3411:(萬黼; 4 December 1675 – 11 March 1679), ninth son
2965:(胤禨; 23 February 1691 – 30 March 1691), 24th son
1428:Manchu Hoifan and Ula rebellion against the Qing
5996:
5640:
4702:
2892:(承瑞; 5 November 1667 – 10 July 1670), first son
2503:(承祜; 4 January 1670 – 3 March 1672), second son
2349:
1562:(Kokonor) in order to gain support against the
579:
565:
5816:(New York: Norton; 3rd, 2013), pp. 48–71.
5589:
5116:
2253:, which would only be opened after his death.
1839:Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
881:Before the Kangxi Emperor came to the throne,
6374:
5982:
4718:
4679:
4653:
4026:which romanticises the Kangxi Emperor's life.
3417:(胤禶; 10 April 1679 – 30 April 1680), 12th son
2658:(佟佳氏; September/October 1668 – 24 April 1743)
2337:
2264:
2258:
2141:
1995:On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the
1979:". The Dominican position won the support of
1795:(completed during the reign of his successor
1793:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1452:, and 36,000 Songyuan Xibe were resettled in
1226:
1217:
1172:
1155:
916:In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a
786:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
418:
34:
19:"Kangxi" redirects here. For other uses, see
5788:Emperor of China: Self Portrait of K'ang Hsi
5590:Cordier, Henri; Pelliot, Paul, eds. (1922).
4995:Emperor of China: Self-portrait of Kʻang-hsi
4888:
2812:(承慶; 21 March 1670 – 26 May 1671), third son
2760:(鈕祜祿氏; 14 February 1661 – 19 December 1694)
1740:The Kangxi Emperor's Last Will and Testament
909:. Sonin died after his granddaughter became
5743:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5176:Present Day Political Organization of China
4982:(9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46.
4615:: Kangxi is featured as a minister in this
4386:attempting to overthrow the Kangxi Emperor
4122:A Hong Kong television series adapted from
2692:Married Cangjin (蒼津) of the Mongol Onnigud
2301:and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti.
2149:In 1674 the Kangxi Emperor's first spouse,
713:, and the second Qing emperor to rule over
6381:
6367:
5989:
5975:
5659:, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press
5600:
5264:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5025:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4915:"NOVEMBER 9, 2018 BY - The Kangxi Emperor"
4753:
4076:The Kangxi Emperor in film and television
3561:(20 November 1708 – January/February 1709)
3525:(27 November 1695 – October/November 1707)
3328:(穆嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏; ? – 1727)
3161:(端嬪) of the Dong clan (董氏; ? – 1702)
1307:In the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the
740:, which he suppressed. He also forced the
4178:Hong Kong television series adapted from
3208:in June/July 1706 and had issue (one son)
2643:
2313:. The Kangxi Emperor was entombed at the
2224:, honouring the founder of the preceding
2100:Learn how and when to remove this message
1687:Learn how and when to remove this message
5874:United States Government Printing Office
5663:
5470:
4969:
3365:(伊貴人) of the Yi clan (易氏; ? – 1728)
2733:(瓜爾佳氏; 3 December 1683 – 30 April 1768)
2353:
2208:
2131:
2123:
2111:
1893:
1876:as court musician. Slavíček was playing
1756:
1752:
1735:
1698:
1636:
1431:
1368:
1290:
1212:the next year and, honoring the goddess
1048:, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao.
1011:
1003:
992:
977:
872:
5450:
5052:
4917:. Columbia University. 9 November 2018.
4893:(First ed.). Pasadena, CA: Salem.
4600:Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties
4460:Chinese television series adapted from
4330:Chinese television series adapted from
3509:(16 March 1674 – January/February 1679)
2915:in June/July 1691 and had issue (a son)
2272:
1424:and Galdan died in the following year.
855:"Kangxi", only started to be used on 18
679:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
228: 1665; died 1678)
205: 1665; died 1674)
6616:
5856:
5784:Kangxi and Jonathan D. Spence (1975).
5757:
5715:
5128:
4992:
4757:
4745:
4070:
4062:, has become a monk in a monastery on
4051:Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven
3804:
3800:
3790:
3691:
3581:
3577:
2497:(赫舍里氏; 3 February 1654 – 6 June 1674)
2408:conflict, away on campaign in person.
2005:
1711:1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000
1020:The main army of the Qing Empire, the
485:
6362:
5970:
5691:
5649:
5529:
5068:
4939:
4769:
4749:
4000:
3957:
3954:
3944:
3932:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3902:
3896:
3886:
3874:
3864:
3860:
3848:
3845:
3835:
3822:
3812:
3808:
3787:
3777:
3764:
3754:
3750:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3709:
3699:
3695:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3238:(30 March 1703 – February/March 1705)
2923:(長華; 11 May 1674 – ?), sixth son
1921:, they ran the imperial observatory.
1761:A vase from the early Kangxi period (
1530:tribes based in parts of what is now
1032:; however, it was larger than in the
962:falsely claimed to be related to the
5869:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
5819:
5806:Ch. 3, "Kangxi's Consolidation," in
5736:
5596:. Vol. XX1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
4954:
4927:
4290:Records of Kangxi's Travel Incognito
2621:(14 June 1686 – February/March 1697)
2575:(烏雅氏; 28 April 1660 – 25 June 1723)
2198:, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's
2038:adding citations to reliable sources
2009:
1975:taking a hard-line against foreign "
1822:, who made the first precise map of
1669:adding citations to reliable sources
1640:
1548:sent a larger expedition force there
851:), on 7 February 1661. However, his
5740:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
5498:
5341:original words:不法祖德，不遵朕训，惟肆恶虐众，暴戾淫乱
5294:, Masayuki Akiyama, Yiu-Nam Leung.
5046:
4630:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1584:
1183:against Russian Cossacks at Albazin
1040:emperors' reigns. In addition, the
13:
5559:
5309:Spence 1974, pp. xviii-xix, 76-79.
5155:
4842:The Kangxi Emperor's third cousin.
4382:Hong Kong television series about
3503:(23 December 1668 – November 1671)
3167:(17 April 1671 – March/April 1673)
2774:(24 October 1685 – June/July 1686)
2739:(17 November 1701 – November 1701)
2228:as surpassing the founders of the
2157:, who at the age of two was named
1985:Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon
1472:and other border towns in western
723:longest-reigning rulers in history
63:5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722
16:Emperor of China from 1661 to 1722
14:
6670:
5881:
5765:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
5664:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002).
5641:Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000).
5605:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
4553:Dreaming Back to the Qing Dynasty
3375:(兆佳氏; ? – 21 February 1717)
1204:the emperor to convert it into a
1192:of Ningjing and Prince Honghuan (
889:) had appointed the powerful men
847:at the age of seven (or eight by
6509:
5887:
5584:Bibliography and further reading
4866:. Cultural China. Archived from
4369:The Life and Times of a Sentinel
3181:(赫舍里氏; ? – 31 October 1702)
2745:
2014:
1645:
659:
386:
44:
5553:
5523:
5492:
5464:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5413:
5395:
5386:
5368:
5345:
5334:
5325:
5312:
5303:
5285:
5280:A History of Christian Missions
5272:
5237:
5193:
5179:. Routledge. pp. 493–494.
5149:
5122:
5098:
5089:
5033:
4986:
4963:
4836:
4827:
4814:
4801:
4788:
4775:
2547:(佟佳氏; ? – 24 August 1689)
2222:mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor
2025:needs additional citations for
1883:
1656:needs additional citations for
1627:Yan Yan (disciple of Confucius)
1364:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1257:and permit resettlement of the
1065:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1059:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
949:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
937:Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
883:Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng
738:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
543:
522:
508:
225:
202:
5828:(1). Sage Publications: 3–30.
5441:Finer (1997), pp. 1156–7.
5320:China in Transition, 1517–1911
4970:Crossley, Pamela (June 1983).
4907:
4882:
4856:
4738:
4712:
4673:
4647:
4592:
4244:Adapted from Eryue He's novel
2959:(赫舍里氏; ? – 18 July 1696)
2886:(馬佳氏; ? – 26 April 1727)
2796:(博爾濟吉特氏; ? – 30 May 1670)
2663:Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin
2599:(5 July 1682 – September 1682)
2553:(13 July 1683 – 6 August 1683)
2338:
2265:
2259:
2142:
1849:to help the evangelization of
1538:in 1717. They took control of
1518:
1513:
1393:. In 1688, the Dzungar chief,
1227:
1218:
1173:
1156:
1028:and in the early reign of the
831:
822:
792:
609:
484:
468:
454:
419:
1:
6644:18th-century Chinese monarchs
6639:17th-century Chinese monarchs
6569:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
5502:(2018). Minford, John (ed.).
4849:
4796:Imperial Noble Consort Quehui
3356:
2806:(葉赫那拉氏; ? – 1 May 1732)
2651:Imperial Noble Consort Quehui
2285:as well for cooperating with
1440:In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar
1287:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1271:continuous low-level conflict
1160:), and was inducted into the
6654:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
5636:(three-volume set, hardback)
5451:Hammond, Kenneth J. (2004).
4993:Spence, Jonathan D. (1974).
4729:
4690:
4664:
3497:(格格) of the Zhang clan (張氏)
3350:(胤禐; 2 March 1718), 35th son
3191:(那拉氏; 1664 – 1 August 1744)
3136:
2726:Imperial Noble Consort Dunyi
2535:(鈕祜祿氏; 1653 – 18 March 1678)
2350:Personality and achievements
1837:priest sent to China by the
1773:, which became known as the
1377:during the campaign of 1696.
1277:for the next few centuries.
7:
5998:Reign of the Kangxi Emperor
5945:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
5813:The Search for Modern China
5792:. New York: Vintage Books.
5593:T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives
5432:Finer (1997), p. 1142.
5421:The Search for Modern China
5407:The Search for Modern China
5318:Li, Dan J., trans. (1969).
5076:"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple"
5055:"Tainan Grand Matsu Temple"
4623:
3567:
3519:(格格) of the Wang clan (王氏)
3488:
2263:) and "Fourth Lord Party" (
1905:, with the Kangxi Emperor (
1544:Battle of the Salween River
1495:concealed the death of the
1333:
1295:Kangxi Emperor at 32 (from
1135:by 300-odd ships under the
54:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
6675:
5716:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998),
5601:Dennerline, Jerry (2002),
5117:Cordier & Pelliot 1922
4694:
4005:
3802:
3788:Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722)
3685:
3579:
3535:(格格) of the Liu clan (劉氏)
3431:(郭絡羅氏), personal name was
2780:
2482:
2442:civil service examinations
2366:. The transition from the
1887:
1553:
1284:
1112:
1062:
984:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
981:
797:Born on 4 May 1654 to the
783:poetry anthology, and the
631:
277:
260:(before 1722)
18:
6518:
6507:
6400:
6004:
5955:
5942:
5934:
5929:
5902:
5737:Rowe, William T. (2009).
5505:The Deer and the Cauldron
5162:. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.
4719:
4703:
4680:
4654:
4462:The Deer and the Cauldron
4447:The Deer and the Cauldron
4337:
4332:The Deer and the Cauldron
4317:The Deer and the Cauldron
4215:The Deer and the Cauldron
4180:The Deer and the Cauldron
4165:The Deer and the Cauldron
4124:The Deer and the Cauldron
4109:The Deer and the Cauldron
4031:The Deer and the Cauldron
4015:
3938:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3880:
3862:
3854:
3829:
3810:
3806:
3771:
3752:
3744:
3716:
3697:
3693:
3657:
3635:
3627:
3599:
3583:
2477:
2251:Palace of Heavenly Purity
1890:Chinese Rites controversy
1863:Naples Eastern University
1575:Turkic Muslims in Qinghai
1373:Emperor Kangxi's camp on
1280:
1108:
758:Chinese Rites controversy
651:
641:
625:
620:
602:
597:
593:
580:
573:
566:
559:
554:
536:
529:
515:
501:
494:
477:
461:
447:
440:
435:
431:
412:
407:
403:
398:
380:
370:
360:
348:
336:
327:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
296:
270:
181:
168:
150:
126:
122:
87:
77:
67:
59:
52:
43:
35:
30:
6649:Child monarchs from Asia
5834:10.1177/0097700405282349
5562:"《梦回大清》主演阵容新鲜出炉 众主演颜值爆表"
5392:Finer (1997), pp. 1134–5
5129:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
4891:Great lives from history
4762:East Asian age reckoning
4640:
4260:Secret History of Kangxi
4246:The Great Kangxi Emperor
4012:The Great Kangxi Emperor
3145:(安嬪) of the Li clan (李氏)
2696:in August/September 1706
2613:in October/November 1700
2342:), the granddaughter of
1826:on the emperor's order.
1799:), and a compilation of
1597:) to the descendants of
1550:to defeat the Dzungars.
1463:
1154:as the "Duke Haicheng" (
849:East Asian age reckoning
244:(died 1689)
5478:(in Chinese). 长江文艺出版社.
5423:(2013), pp. 56-58.
5357:18 October 2012 at the
5223:Les Missions Etrangeres
2202:. Yinzhi, an unfavored
1923:Jean-François Gerbillon
1115:Qing conquest of Taiwan
1008:Armoured Kangxi Emperor
988:
805:in Jingren Palace, the
752:and the propagation of
699:Emperor Shengzu of Qing
311:Era name and dates
21:Kangxi (disambiguation)
6659:Shunzhi Emperor's sons
5560:网易 (23 January 2019).
5053:Bergman, Karl (2009),
4957:Notable Women of China
4528:Legend of Dragon Pearl
4194:The Duke of Mount Deer
2644:Imperial Noble Consort
2417:Palace Memorial System
2359:
2237:
2137:
2129:
2121:
1910:
1766:
1741:
1729:1720: 39,317,103 taels
1726:1718: 44,319,033 taels
1723:1710: 45,880,000 taels
1717:1692: 27,385,631 taels
1704:
1437:
1389:over the influence of
1378:
1304:
1017:
1009:
1001:
878:
837:Manchu transliteration
746:launched an expedition
667:This article contains
6422:Enthroned in 1626 as
5858:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
5763:"The K'ang-hsi Reign"
5656:China and the Manchus
5623:Finer, S. E. (1997).
5603:"The Shun-chih Reign"
5292:Aldridge, Alfred Owen
5156:不詳 (21 August 2015).
3898:Empress Xiaokangzhang
3734:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
2447:Ming Official History
2357:
2212:
2135:
2127:
2115:
1903:Jesuit China missions
1897:
1760:
1753:Cultural achievements
1739:
1702:
1637:Economic achievements
1526:, a confederation of
1435:
1407:Battle of Ulan Butung
1399:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
1372:
1294:
1123:—organized under the
1015:
1007:
996:
978:Military achievements
876:
803:Empress Xiaokangzhang
728:The third son of the
610:Engke Amuɣulang Khaan
375:Empress Xiaokangzhang
5909:House of Aisin-Gioro
5896:at Wikimedia Commons
5380:21 February 2014 at
5331:Spence 1974, p. 120.
5063:, Tainan: Word Press
4093:Kangxi Emperor actor
2490:Empress Xiaochengren
2289:. The eighth prince
2273:Death and succession
2151:Empress Xiaochengren
2034:improve this article
1665:improve this article
1395:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
1338:The Inner Mongolian
911:Empress Xiaochengren
647:Elhe Taifin Hūwangdi
191:Empress Xiaochengren
6436:began to rule over
5759:Spence, Jonathan D.
5645:. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
5536:Qijian Xia Tianshan
5199:Spence 1974, p. 73.
5095:Spence 1974, p. xv.
4976:Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i
4822:Empress Xiaozhaoren
4783:Noble Consort Wenxi
4077:
4071:Film and television
4054:, a wuxia novel by
2753:Noble Consort Wenxi
2568:Empress Xiaogongren
2528:Empress Xiaozhaoren
2465:1712 to freeze the
2413:scholar-bureaucrats
2281:, was placed under
2006:Succession disputes
1983:, who in 1705 sent
1939:Kingdom of Tungning
1931:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1901:astronomers of the
1829:From 1711 to 1723,
1812:Jesuit missionaries
1805:Complete Tang Poems
1782:scholar-bureaucrats
1577:were plotting with
1328:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1273:with the returning
1164:as a member of the
1133:defeated off Penghu
1129:Kingdom of Tungning
1103:Green Standard Army
1042:Green Standard Army
780:Complete Tang Poems
742:Kingdom of Tungning
253:Empress Xiaogongren
214:Empress Xiaozhaoren
5808:Jonathan D. Spence
5278:Neill, S. (1964).
4955:Peterson, Bennet.
4617:Strategy Click-RPG
4605:real-time strategy
4075:
4001:In popular culture
3823:Yangzhen (d. 1621)
3316:of the Second Rank
3054:of the Second Rank
2943:of the Second Rank
2635:of the Second Rank
2455:Chinese literature
2360:
2238:
2138:
2136:Middle-aged Kangxi
2130:
2122:
1911:
1816:Ferdinand Verbiest
1771:Chinese characters
1767:
1742:
1705:
1444:were resettled in
1438:
1422:Battle of Jao Modo
1379:
1305:
1210:Grand Matsu Temple
1018:
1010:
1002:
879:
561:Mongolian Cyrillic
175:Eastern Qing tombs
160:Changchun Garden,
6611:
6610:
6356:
6355:
5965:
5964:
5959:Yongzheng Emperor
5956:Succeeded by
5892:Media related to
5863:"Hsüan-yeh"
5637:
5410:(2013), pp. 67-68
5254:on 22 August 2009
5234:Manteigne, p. 178
5213:Mantienne, p. 180
5186:978-1-135-79795-9
5060:Tainan City Guide
4900:978-1-587-65222-6
4809:Empress Xiaoyiren
4590:
4589:
4502:Chronicle of Life
4476:Gilded Chopsticks
4189:Hong Kong/Taiwan
4138:The Ching Emperor
3997:
3996:
3846:Tulai (1606–1658)
3649:Empress Xiaocigao
3342:of the First Rank
3128:of the First Rank
3102:of the First Rank
3086:Consort Chunyuqin
3070:of the First Rank
3028:of the First Rank
2906:of the First Rank
2854:of the First Rank
2680:of the First Rank
2584:Yongzheng Emperor
2540:Empress Xiaoyiren
2517:of the First Rank
2451:Kangxi Dictionary
2334:Yongzheng Emperor
2311:Yongzheng Emperor
2110:
2109:
2102:
2084:
1775:Kangxi Dictionary
1747:Yongzheng Emperor
1697:
1696:
1689:
1519:Yìfǎ Gōngshùn Hán
1309:Tsardom of Russia
1301:Nouveaux Memoires
1269:, who would have
774:Kangxi Dictionary
762:Yongzheng Emperor
705:, was the fourth
675:rendering support
655:
654:
616:
615:
550:
549:
503:Yale Romanization
442:Standard Mandarin
394:
393:
332:
331:
288:Yongzheng Emperor
237:Empress Xiaoyiren
82:Yongzheng Emperor
6666:
6513:
6446:
6440:, replacing the
6406:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6359:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5949:Emperor of China
5935:Preceded by
5925:
5924:20 December 1722
5918:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5803:
5791:
5779:
5754:
5732:
5711:
5693:Oxnam, Robert B.
5688:
5686:
5684:
5660:
5646:
5628:
5619:
5597:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5384:
5372:
5366:
5349:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5289:
5283:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5263:
5255:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5050:
5044:
5039:Manthorpe 2008,
5037:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5016:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4870:on 21 March 2013
4860:
4843:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4696:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4078:
4074:
4020:historical novel
4017:
3573:
3572:
3038:Consort Shunyimi
2597:Seventh daughter
2341:
2340:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2145:
2144:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2049:"Kangxi Emperor"
2042:
2018:
2010:
1969:ancestor worship
1946:Chinese language
1847:Pope Clement XII
1692:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1649:
1641:
1585:Chinese nobility
1520:
1515:
1478:stormed Dartsedo
1418:Dzungar–Qing War
1391:Tibetan Buddhism
1321:Siege of Albazin
1313:border conflicts
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1176:
1175:
1169:Plain Red Banner
1159:
1158:
943:; repair of the
885:(in the name of
858:
833:
824:
701:, personal name
681: instead of
663:
662:
637:
612:
611:
595:
594:
589:
588:
587:
575:Mongolian script
569:
568:
567:Энх амгалан хаан
546:
545:
525:
524:
511:
510:
490:
489:
488:
473:
472:
471:
457:
456:
433:
432:
427:
426:
396:
395:
390:
298:
297:
281:
261:
245:
229:
227:
206:
204:
173:Jing Mausoleum,
162:Imperial Gardens
157:
154:20 December 1722
139:Jingren Palace,
136:
134:
48:
39:
38:
37:
28:
27:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6514:
6505:
6434:Shunzhi Emperor
6431:
6420:
6402:
6396:
6387:
6357:
6352:
6000:
5995:
5961:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5938:Shunzhi Emperor
5919:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5904:Kangxi Emperor
5884:
5800:
5777:
5751:
5730:
5709:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5617:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5469:
5465:
5460:. pp. 7–8.
5457:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5414:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5373:
5369:
5359:Wayback Machine
5350:
5346:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5257:
5256:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5051:
5047:
5038:
5034:
5018:
5017:
5005:
4991:
4987:
4968:
4964:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4754:Dennerline 2002
4743:
4739:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4626:
4612:Call Me Emperor
4595:
4570:Mainland China
4549:Mainland China
4073:
4060:Shunzhi Emperor
4008:
4003:
3998:
3675:Shunzhi Emperor
3570:
3507:Fourth daughter
3491:
3359:
3219:Concubine Xiang
3165:Second daughter
3139:
2783:
2748:
2729:(惇怡皇貴妃) of the
2654:(愨惠皇貴妃) of the
2646:
2571:(孝恭仁皇后) of the
2551:Eighth daughter
2543:(孝懿仁皇后) of the
2531:(孝昭仁皇后) of the
2493:(孝誠仁皇后) of the
2485:
2480:
2388:Shunzhi Emperor
2352:
2275:
2182:to satisfy his
2106:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2019:
2008:
1981:Pope Clement XI
1967:ceremonies and
1892:
1886:
1755:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1662:
1650:
1639:
1587:
1556:
1524:Dzungar Khanate
1482:tea-horse trade
1466:
1430:
1383:Khalkha Mongols
1336:
1311:in a series of
1289:
1283:
1117:
1111:
1067:
1061:
1030:Shunzhi Emperor
991:
986:
980:
926:Zheng Chenggong
918:Great Clearance
887:Shunzhi Emperor
856:
799:Shunzhi Emperor
795:
730:Shunzhi Emperor
721:and one of the
719:Chinese history
688:
687:
686:
683:Manchu alphabet
673:Without proper
664:
660:
635:
633:
585:
583:
581:
523:Hong1-hei1 Dai3
469:
365:Shunzhi Emperor
292:
275:
274:
266:
263:
259:
255:
247:
243:
239:
231:
223:
219:
216:
208:
200:
196:
193:
177:
159:
155:
138:
132:
130:
118:
72:Shunzhi Emperor
33:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6624:Kangxi Emperor
6609:
6608:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5930:Regnal titles
5927:
5926:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5894:Kangxi Emperor
5883:
5882:External links
5880:
5879:
5878:
5860:, ed. (1943).
5854:
5817:
5804:
5798:
5781:
5775:
5755:
5749:
5734:
5728:
5713:
5707:
5689:
5676:
5661:
5651:Giles, Herbert
5647:
5638:
5621:
5615:
5598:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5552:
5545:
5531:Liang, Yusheng
5522:
5516:978-0190836054
5515:
5507:: 3 Volume Set
5491:
5485:978-7535468987
5484:
5476:Kangxi Emperor
5463:
5443:
5434:
5425:
5412:
5394:
5385:
5367:
5363:People's Daily
5352:明孝陵两大“碑石之谜”被破解
5344:
5333:
5324:
5311:
5302:
5284:
5271:
5236:
5227:
5215:
5201:
5192:
5185:
5165:
5148:
5142:978-0674042025
5141:
5121:
5109:
5097:
5088:
5081:Chinatownology
5067:
5045:
5032:
5003:
4985:
4962:
4959:. p. 328.
4944:
4932:
4920:
4906:
4899:
4881:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4813:
4800:
4787:
4774:
4772:, p. 62).
4737:
4711:
4672:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4635:Kangxi Tongbao
4632:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4574:The Long River
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4524:
4523:Mainland China
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4497:Mainland China
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4443:
4442:Mainland China
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4418:
4417:Mainland China
4415:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4392:
4391:Mainland China
4388:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4342:
4341:Mainland China
4339:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4313:
4312:Mainland China
4310:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4286:
4285:Mainland China
4283:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4256:
4255:Mainland China
4253:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4231:Kangxi Dynasty
4227:
4226:Mainland China
4224:
4220:
4219:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4176:
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4142:
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4088:
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4027:
4007:
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4002:
3999:
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3992:
3990:
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3786:
3783:
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3779:
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3765:Boli (d. 1654)
3763:
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3542:
3529:
3528:
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3526:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3501:First daughter
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3464:
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3455:
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3352:
3351:
3345:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3278:Concubine Jing
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3185:Concubine Tong
3182:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3159:Concubine Duan
3156:
3149:Concubine Jing
3146:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3082:
3081:
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3073:
3057:
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3009:
2991:
2990:
2989:
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2924:
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2899:
2893:
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2821:
2813:
2797:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2756:(溫僖貴妃) of the
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2731:Gūwalgiya clan
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2683:
2659:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2504:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2382:, then to the
2376:peasant rebels
2351:
2348:
2274:
2271:
2108:
2107:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1989:representative
1958:Chinese people
1927:Thomas Pereira
1888:Main article:
1885:
1882:
1874:Karel Slavíček
1870:Thomas Pereira
1820:Karel Slavíček
1754:
1751:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1695:
1694:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:'s offspring.
1609:, Ran family (
1586:
1583:
1569:Mongol leader
1555:
1552:
1506:Lha-bzang Khan
1497:5th Dalai Lama
1465:
1462:
1450:Inner Mongolia
1429:
1426:
1411:Inner Mongolia
1335:
1332:
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1236:Belief in Mazu
1196:), the son of
1148:Zheng Keshuang
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1079:Geng Jingzhong
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
990:
987:
979:
976:
928:, also titled
807:Forbidden City
794:
791:
692:Kangxi Emperor
677:, you may see
665:
658:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
639:
638:
629:
623:
622:
618:
617:
614:
613:
606:
600:
599:
598:Transcriptions
591:
590:
577:
571:
570:
563:
557:
556:
555:Mongolian name
552:
551:
548:
547:
540:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
513:
512:
505:
499:
498:
496:Yue: Cantonese
492:
491:
481:
475:
474:
465:
459:
458:
451:
445:
444:
438:
437:
436:Transcriptions
429:
428:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
399:Kangxi Emperor
392:
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384:
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185:
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158:(aged 68)
152:
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141:Forbidden City
128:
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98:
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79:
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57:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
31:Kangxi Emperor
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6432:In 1644, the
6429:
6425:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6395:
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6384:
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5885:
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5871:
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5827:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5776:0-521-24334-3
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5750:9780674036123
5746:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5729:0-520-22837-5
5725:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5708:0-226-64244-5
5704:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5634:0-19-822904-6
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5616:0-521-24334-3
5612:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5546:9787805216461
5542:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5389:
5383:
5382:archive.today
5379:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5337:
5328:
5321:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5240:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5119:, p. 33.
5118:
5113:
5106:
5105:Gorelova 2002
5101:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5004:0-679-72074-X
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4942:, p. 40.
4941:
4936:
4930:, p. 63.
4929:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4855:
4839:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4791:
4784:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:(p. 119) and
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4715:
4708:ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ
4700:
4692:
4687:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
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4538:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:Wei Qianxiang
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4396:Scarlet Heart
4393:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:Wallace Chung
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4208:Adapted from
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:Julian Cheung
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:Liang Yusheng
4053:
4052:
4048:
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4013:
4010:
4009:
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3991:
3989:
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3689:
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3676:
3671:
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3667:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3560:
3559:20th daughter
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3539:17th daughter
3537:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3523:16th daughter
3521:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3450:Borjigin clan
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3371:(布貴人) of the
3370:
3369:Noble Lady Bu
3367:
3364:
3363:Noble Lady Yi
3361:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3288:(允祁), Prince
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3266:(允祜), Prince
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:Concubine Jin
3254:
3253:
3247:
3244:(允禕), Prince
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:19th daughter
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3206:Borjigin clan
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:Ula-Nara clan
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:Wanggiya clan
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:Consort Cheng
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:Borjigin clan
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:(允禩), Prince
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:Consort Liang
2971:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2913:Borjigin clan
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:Ula-Nara clan
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:Borjigin clan
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2772:11th daughter
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:Noble Consort
2738:
2737:18th daughter
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:Borjigin clan
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2694:Borjigin clan
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:Tunggiya clan
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:12th daughter
2617:
2612:
2611:Tunggiya clan
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:(August 1689)
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:Tunggiya clan
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:Grand Council
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:Eastern Tombs
2312:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2093:
2090:February 2020
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051: –
2050:
2046:
2045:Find sources:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2023:This article
2021:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
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1844:
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1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1763:Guimet Museum
1759:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1680:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:This section
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1582:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1493:Sangye Gyatso
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:Eight Banners
1153:
1152:Qing nobility
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Zheng dynasty
1122:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Eight Banners
1014:
1006:
1000:
995:
985:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
871:
869:
865:
864:Herbert Giles
860:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
790:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:High Qing era
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
650:
646:
644:
640:
630:
628:
627:Manchu script
624:
619:
607:
605:
601:
596:
592:
578:
576:
572:
564:
562:
558:
553:
541:
539:
535:
532:
528:
520:
518:
514:
506:
504:
500:
497:
493:
487:
482:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
434:
430:
425:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
397:
389:
385:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
326:
323:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
295:
289:
286:
285:
283:
280:
279:
273:
269:
254:
249:
238:
233:
215:
210:
192:
187:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
153:
149:
146:
142:
129:
125:
121:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
42:
29:
26:
22:
6557:N. Dynasties
6553:S. Dynasties
6460:
6442:Ming dynasty
6438:China proper
6421:
6419:
6403:
6394:Qing dynasty
5997:
5943:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5867:
5825:
5822:Modern China
5821:
5811:
5787:
5766:
5739:
5718:
5697:
5681:. Retrieved
5666:
5655:
5642:
5624:
5606:
5592:
5569:. Retrieved
5565:
5555:
5534:
5525:
5503:
5494:
5475:
5466:
5453:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5397:
5388:
5375:吕四娘刺雍正 只是个传说
5370:
5362:
5347:
5336:
5327:
5319:
5314:
5305:
5295:
5287:
5279:
5274:
5252:the original
5246:
5239:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5195:
5175:
5168:
5158:
5151:
5131:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5091:
5080:
5070:
5059:
5048:
5035:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4956:
4935:
4923:
4909:
4890:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4868:the original
4858:
4838:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4790:
4777:
4740:
4714:
4675:
4649:
4610:
4598:
4552:
4526:
4500:
4474:
4461:
4445:
4431:Winston Chao
4420:
4394:
4367:
4344:
4331:
4315:
4288:
4276:Qing dynasty
4258:
4245:
4240:Chen Daoming
4229:
4213:
4193:
4179:
4163:
4136:
4123:
4107:
4049:
4029:
4011:
3558:
3553:Niohuru clan
3551:(格格) of the
3548:
3538:
3532:
3522:
3516:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3474:
3467:
3457:
3439:
3432:
3427:(貴人) of the
3424:
3414:
3408:
3401:(貴人) of the
3398:
3379:
3373:Joogiya clan
3368:
3362:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3326:Concubine Mu
3325:
3313:
3306:
3300:Concubine Xi
3299:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3195:
3187:(通嬪) of the
3184:
3177:(僖嬪) of the
3175:Concubine Xi
3174:
3164:
3158:
3151:(敬嬪) of the
3148:
3143:Concubine An
3142:
3125:
3117:
3112:Consort Ding
3111:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2997:(宣妃) of the
2995:Consort Xuan
2994:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2955:(平妃) of the
2953:Consort Ping
2952:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2903:
2896:Saiyinchahun
2895:
2889:
2882:(榮妃) of the
2879:Consort Rong
2878:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2832:(宜妃) of the
2827:
2816:
2809:
2802:(惠妃) of the
2799:
2789:(慧妃) of the
2786:
2771:
2763:
2758:Niohuru clan
2751:
2736:
2724:
2702:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2649:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2538:
2533:Niohuru clan
2526:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2488:
2463:
2459:
2438:Sacred Edict
2434:
2410:
2398:
2368:Ming dynasty
2364:Qing dynasty
2361:
2327:
2303:
2283:house arrest
2276:
2255:
2239:
2226:Ming dynasty
2215:turtle-based
2200:house arrest
2192:
2172:
2159:crown prince
2148:
2139:
2128:Young Kangxi
2096:
2087:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2044:
2032:Please help
2027:verification
2024:
1999:
1994:
1962:
1950:Christianity
1943:
1912:
1909:, 1690–1705)
1884:Christianity
1867:
1851:Christianity
1828:
1809:
1790:
1786:Ming dynasty
1768:
1743:
1706:
1683:
1677:October 2010
1674:
1663:Please help
1658:verification
1655:
1631:Duke of Zhou
1607:Zhuansun Shi
1595:Wǔjīng Bóshì
1594:
1588:
1557:
1517:
1488:
1487:The Tibetan
1486:
1467:
1439:
1415:
1401:crossed the
1380:
1361:
1337:
1325:
1306:
1300:
1275:Punti people
1252:
1231:
1222:
1202:memorialized
1187:
1178:
1146:'s grandson
1137:Qing admiral
1118:
1094:Zhou Peigong
1087:
1083:Shang Zhixin
1068:
1054:
1050:
1019:
953:
941:Yellow River
934:
915:
880:
861:
840:
830:
814:
796:
784:
778:
772:
766:
734:Four Regents
727:
715:China proper
711:Qing dynasty
702:
698:
691:
689:
666:
531:Southern Min
509:Hōng-hēi Dai
470:Kʻang-hsi Ti
449:Hanyu Pinyin
408:Chinese name
276:
156:(1722-12-20)
25:
6634:1722 deaths
6629:1654 births
6549:16 Kingdoms
5566:ent.163.com
4928:Rowe (2009)
4758:Rawski 1998
4746:Spence 2002
4704:Энх амгалан
4695:ᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ
4691:Elhe taifin
4593:Video games
4578:Television
4557:Television
4485:Elliot Ngok
4299:Zhang Guoli
4204:Patrick Tam
4200:Television
4152:TVB series
4064:Mount Wutai
4044:Wei Xiaobao
3900:(1638–1663)
3736:(1613–1688)
3677:(1638–1661)
3651:(1575–1603)
3619:(1592–1643)
3593:(1559–1626)
3429:Gorolo clan
3179:Hešeri clan
2957:Hešeri clan
2884:Magiya clan
2834:Gorolo clan
2800:Consort Hui
2787:Consort Hui
2557:Miscarriage
2495:Hešeri clan
2426:Han Chinese
2344:Lü Liuliang
2247:coup d'etat
2184:pedophiliac
2163:Han Chinese
2000:Ex illa die
1954:Catholicism
1831:Matteo Ripa
1801:Tang poetry
1779:Han Chinese
1403:Gobi Desert
1344:Ligdan Khan
1248:Virgin Mary
1240:syncretized
1206:Mazu temple
1179:tengpaiying
1090:Wang Fuchen
970:佟佳 clan of
945:Grand Canal
862:Sinologist
793:Early reign
754:Catholicism
696:temple name
643:Möllendorff
621:Manchu name
544:Khong-hi Tè
343:Aisin-Gioro
322:Temple name
115:(1661–1669)
109:(1661–1667)
103:(1661–1667)
97:(1661–1667)
68:Predecessor
6618:Categories
6541:3 Kingdoms
6428:Hong Taiji
5953:1661–1722
5917:4 May 1654
5799:0394714113
5677:9004123075
5500:Cha, Louis
4940:Giles 1912
4850:References
4770:Oxnam 1975
4750:Oxnam 1975
4669:ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ
4665:Hiowan yei
4537:Qin Junjie
4533:Television
4511:Hawick Lau
4507:Television
4481:Television
4452:Television
4422:The Palace
4405:Damian Lau
4401:Television
4378:Power Chan
4374:Television
4351:Television
4322:Television
4295:Television
4266:Television
4236:Television
4170:Television
4144:Television
4114:Television
3955:Lady Gioro
3617:Hong Taiji
3468:Noble Lady
3425:Noble Lady
3399:Noble Lady
3357:Noble Lady
2927:Changsheng
2829:Consort Yi
2581:(胤禛), the
2380:Li Zicheng
2236:dynasties.
2060:newspapers
1997:papal bull
1973:Dominicans
1814:, such as
1629:, and the
1510:Dalai Lama
1381:The Outer
1317:Amur River
1315:along the
1190:Zhu Shugui
1026:Hong Taiji
999:bodyguards
982:See also:
843:). He was
841:hiowan yei
463:Wade–Giles
137:4 May 1654
133:1654-05-04
6466:Yongzheng
5850:144587815
5021:cite book
4699:Mongolian
4471:Hong Kong
4364:Hong Kong
4355:Kent Tong
4282:1998–2007
4212:'s novel
4210:Louis Cha
4174:Steven Ma
4160:Hong Kong
4133:Hong Kong
4104:Hong Kong
4038:novel by
3473:Princess
3438:Princess
3403:Nara clan
3378:Princess
3194:Princess
3137:Concubine
3006:Chenglian
2902:Princess
2810:Chengqing
2701:Princess
2685:Princess
2602:Princess
2401:memorials
2393:Confucian
1965:Confucian
1935:artillery
1919:astronomy
1797:Yongzheng
1599:Shao Yong
1491:(regent)
1448:, modern
1352:Ejei Khan
1263:Guangdong
1198:Zhu Yihai
1075:Wu Sangui
1034:Yongzheng
845:enthroned
164:, Beijing
78:Successor
6501:Xuantong
6486:Xianfeng
6481:Daoguang
6471:Qianlong
6390:Emperors
5842:20062627
5761:(2002),
5695:(1975),
5653:(1912),
5533:(1956).
5474:(2018).
5472:Eryue He
5419:Spence,
5378:Archived
5355:Archived
5298:, p. 54
5260:citation
5107:, p. 36.
5013:18931977
4874:21 March
4624:See also
4560:Liu Jun
4197:(小宝与康熙)
4118:Andy Lau
4040:Jin Yong
4024:Eryue He
3568:Ancestry
3549:Mistress
3533:Mistress
3517:Mistress
3495:Mistress
3489:Mistress
3433:Buyinzhu
3387:Kharchin
3380:Duanjing
3314:Shenjing
3246:Jianjing
3068:Zhuangke
2999:Khorchin
2941:Chengyin
2921:Changhua
2904:Rongxian
2890:Chengrui
2838:Nalanzhu
2791:Khorchin
2710:Khorchin
2671:Yinxiang
2573:Uya clan
2467:land tax
2430:mandarin
2307:Longkodo
2279:Yinxiang
2188:Songgotu
2168:mandarin
1977:idolatry
1907:Beauvais
1855:Sinology
1623:Bu Shang
1619:Ran Yong
1615:Ran Geng
1532:Xinjiang
1470:Kangding
1458:Liaoning
1454:Shenyang
1387:Dzungars
1357:Shenyang
1348:smallpox
1334:Mongolia
1297:le Comte
1246:and the
1140:Shi Lang
1046:Shi Lang
1038:Qianlong
968:Tunggiya
960:Liaoning
868:smallpox
853:era name
604:SASM/GNC
584:ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠩ
517:Jyutping
455:Kāngxīdì
6496:Guangxu
6491:Tongzhi
6476:Jiaqing
6456:Shunzhi
6451:Taizong
6415:Taizong
6392:of the
5571:1 March
5225:, p. 83
4730:Šengdzu
4582:Luo Jin
4006:Fiction
3710:Jaisang
3591:Nurhaci
3555:(鈕祜祿氏)
3475:Quejing
3447:Khalkha
3348:Yinyuan
3338:Prince
3312:Prince
3268:Gongqin
3203:Khalkha
3196:Chunque
3124:Prince
3098:Prince
3066:Prince
3050:Prince
3024:Prince
2939:Prince
2861:Yuntang
2852:Hengwen
2850:Prince
2781:Consort
2676:Prince
2631:Prince
2604:Wenxian
2579:Yinzhen
2513:Prince
2508:Yunreng
2501:Chenghu
2483:Empress
2406:Dzungar
2384:Manchus
2378:led by
2374:to the
2372:Beijing
2299:Yintang
2287:Yinreng
2243:Beijing
2219:Nanjing
2204:Shu son
2180:Jiangsu
2155:Yinreng
2074:scholar
1987:as his
1915:Jesuits
1835:Italian
1824:Beijing
1611:Ran Qiu
1564:Dzungar
1560:Qinghai
1554:Muslims
1502:Khoshut
1474:Sichuan
1375:Kerulen
1342:leader
1303:, 1696)
1255:Sea Ban
1244:Guanyin
1232:Tianfei
1223:Tianhou
1144:Koxinga
1127:as the
966:Manchu
964:Jurchen
930:Koxinga
907:regents
895:Suksaha
819:Chinese
811:Beijing
750:Jesuits
709:of the
707:emperor
636:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
414:Chinese
350:Dynasty
328:Shengzu
262:
258:
246:
242:
230:
222:
218:
207:
199:
195:
182:Spouses
145:Beijing
107:Suksaha
6581:W. Xia
6461:Kangxi
5920:
5848:
5840:
5796:
5773:
5747:
5726:
5705:
5674:
5632:
5613:
5543:
5513:
5482:
5402:Spence
5183:
5139:
5084:, 2015
5041:p. 108
5011:
5001:
4897:
4725:Manchu
4686:Manchu
4660:Manchu
4384:Fuquan
4346:Palace
4270:Xia Yu
4263:(康熙秘史)
4141:(天子屠龍)
4096:Notes
4084:Region
3440:Kejing
3435:(布音珠)
3415:Yinzan
3405:(那拉氏)
3340:Xianke
3336:(允秘),
3310:(允禧),
3122:(允祹),
3119:Yuntao
3096:(允禮),
3076:Yinxie
3064:(允祿),
3048:(允禑),
3026:Chundu
3022:(允佑),
3019:Yunyou
2937:(允祉),
2934:Yunzhi
2848:(允祺),
2840:(納蘭珠)
2817:Yunzhi
2678:Yixian
2674:(胤祥),
2633:Xunqin
2629:(允禵),
2591:Yinzuo
2511:(允礽),
2478:Family
2471:corvée
2449:, the
2319:Zunhua
2196:Yinzhi
2176:incest
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
1899:Jesuit
1878:Spinet
1859:Europe
1843:Naples
1803:, the
1603:Zhu Xi
1579:Galdan
1571:Galdan
1504:ruler
1446:Guisui
1340:Chahar
1281:Russia
1259:Fujian
1131:—were
1121:Taiwan
1109:Taiwan
1081:, and
956:Fushun
947:; the
901:, and
899:Ebilun
857:
832:Xuanye
829::
827:pinyin
821::
815:Xuanye
777:, the
703:Xuanye
669:Manchu
634:ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ
538:Tâi-lô
371:Mother
361:Father
306:Xuanye
278:Detail
169:Burial
101:Ebilun
88:Regent
6525:Shang
6410:Taizu
5922:Died:
5915:Born:
5846:S2CID
5838:JSTOR
5683:6 May
5458:(PDF)
4734:ᡧᡝᠩᡯᡠ
4641:Notes
4619:game.
4607:game.
4567:2022
4546:2019
4186:2000
4087:Title
4036:wuxia
4018:), a
3458:Yinju
3409:Wanfu
3333:Yunbi
3307:Yunxi
3290:Cheng
3285:Yunci
3263:Yunhu
3242:Yunyi
3230:Yinji
3226:(在儀)
3224:Zaiyi
3155:(王佳氏)
3100:Guoyi
3093:Yunli
3061:Yunlu
3045:Yunxu
2980:Yunsi
2963:Yinji
2868:Yinzi
2845:Yunki
2765:Yun'e
2703:Dunke
2687:Wenke
2626:Yunti
2330:Yinti
2323:Hebei
2295:Yinti
2291:Yinsi
2081:JSTOR
2067:books
1833:, an
1713:taels
1567:Oirat
1540:Lhasa
1536:Tibet
1528:Oirat
1514:翊法恭順汗
1464:Tibet
1267:Hakka
1242:with
1098:Tuhai
1071:fiefs
972:Jilin
891:Sonin
671:text.
338:House
301:Names
272:Issue
256:
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220:
201:(
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60:Reign
6597:Qing
6593:Ming
6589:Yuan
6577:Song
6573:Liao
6565:Tang
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6327:1722
6322:1721
6317:1720
6310:1719
6305:1718
6300:1717
6295:1716
6290:1715
6285:1714
6280:1713
6275:1712
6270:1711
6265:1710
6258:1709
6253:1708
6248:1707
6243:1706
6238:1705
6233:1704
6228:1703
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6218:1701
6213:1700
6206:1699
6201:1698
6196:1697
6191:1696
6186:1695
6181:1694
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6139:1686
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6119:1682
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6102:1879
6097:1678
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6077:1674
6072:1673
6067:1672
6062:1671
6057:1670
6050:1669
6045:1668
6040:1667
6035:1666
6030:1665
6025:1664
6020:1663
6015:1662
6011:____
6008:____
5794:ISBN
5771:ISBN
5745:ISBN
5724:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5685:2014
5672:ISBN
5630:ISBN
5611:ISBN
5573:2019
5541:ISBN
5511:ISBN
5480:ISBN
5266:link
5181:ISBN
5137:ISBN
5027:link
5009:OCLC
4999:ISBN
4895:ISBN
4876:2013
4748:and
4520:2017
4494:2016
4468:2014
4439:2014
4427:Film
4414:2013
4338:2011
4309:2008
4252:2006
4223:2001
4157:1998
4130:1995
4101:1984
4090:Type
4081:Year
4034:, a
4016:康熙大帝
3126:Lüyi
3052:Yuke
3008:(成蓮)
2985:Lian
2515:Limi
2469:and
2234:Song
2232:and
2230:Tang
2161:– a
2143:九子奪嫡
2118:junk
2053:news
1925:and
1591:五經博士
1489:desi
1442:Xibe
1261:and
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1096:and
1036:and
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382:Seal
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151:Died
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6605:PRC
6601:ROC
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