523:
17:
64:, where the elevation drops, the meltwaters eroded away valleys, carrying sand and mud with them. As the muddy meltwater reached the valley where the slope lessened, the water slowed, depositing the sand on the outwash plain. This created a smooth, flat, and sandy plain. Before its draining, the Kankakee Marsh, located on the outwash plain, was one of the largest freshwater
145:. It consists of an extensive outwash apron. It slopes to the southeast over an 8 miles (13 km) to 10 miles (16 km) distance, dropping from 775 feet (236 m) or 800 feet (240 m) to 700 feet (210 m) above sea level. It is a gravel plain, which is dissected by Crooked Creek and Mill Creek.
217:. It consists of an extensive outwash apron. Slopes to the southeast over an 8 miles (13 km) to 10 miles (16 km) distance, dropping from 775 feet (236 m) or 800 feet (240 m) to 700 feet (210 m) above sea level. It is gravel plain, which is dissected by Crooked Creek and Mill Creek.
101:
As soil built up along this front, the spring and summer melt was releasing large volumes of water, which moved and sorted the soils. South of the glacial front, water accumulated faster than it could drain, forming a glacial lake
Kankakee. Today, the bedrock is hidden deep beneath the sediments left
80:
began 70,000 years ago and removed all traces of the previous glacial topography. It wasn't until the last 3,000 years that the glaciers left the topography we know today. Beginning around 15,000 years ago, the
Michigan lobe to the north and the Huron-Saginaw lobe to the east retreated back, leaving
93:
counties. Melting ceased to outpace the arrival of new ice from the north. Over thousands of years, the glacier moved ground rock and soil southward, only to release along this edge of ice, building up a ridge that matched the front of the glacier. This formed the
121:(up to a quarter clay, quarter to half silt, with less than half being sand). The outwash plain is underlain by sand, with gravel inter-bedded throughout. The prevailing westerly winds began to treat the shores of "Lake Kankakee" like the shores of Lake Michigan.
129:
As the volume of water decreased from the glacier melting northward, the lake slowly drained and filled. Not being able to cut a channel through the limestone ridge in
Momence, the Kankakee Lake became 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of marshland.
125:
began to form along the southern and eastern shoreline. Where ice blocks had been left behind, sand filled the depressions. Runoff from the
Valparaiso Moraine built outwash ridges of sand leading into the lake. On the south, the winds built dunes.
306:
professor Ron Janke, this would mean that the dunes south of the
Kankakee River were formed before the Valparaiso Moraine and at a time when current theories posit that the northern stretches of Indiana were still under the glacial ice.
419:
Part II, The
Physiography of Indiana; Clude A. Malott; Handbook of Indiana Geology;, Publication No. 21; W.N. Logan, E.R. Cumings, C.A. Malott, S.S. Visher, W.M. Tucker, J.R. Reeves; Dept of Conservation, Div. of Geology;
114:, the Iroquois Moraine blocked all drainage. Slight though it might be, it was higher than the limestone ridge. Between the Iroquois Moraine and the Momence Ridge, the waters from the glacier collected.
117:
Lacustrine deposits are those deposited in lake water, and only when the lake drains or the land rises does it become dry land. Most of the soils throughout the counties surrounding the
Kankakee are
193:, and the till plain from the Saginaw ice lobe. Along the Michigan and Indiana border, the outwash plain forms a 10-to-15-mile-wide (16 to 24 km) band along the
81:
the area that was to become the
Kankakee's valley clear of ice. Beginning 14,000 years ago, the head of the glacier stood along a line across the middle of
532:
233:
border. It is 15 miles (24 km) to 20 miles (32 km) wide including the
Kankakee Marsh and the surrounding sand and gravel plains.
489:; Indiana Academy of Science, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, 1966, Symposium, April 22–23, 1966, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN
390:; Indiana Academy of Science, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, 1966, Symposium, April 22–23, 1966, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN
298:
Recent research on the "Sand
Islands" of the Kankakee reveal that the sand is the same type and age as the sands deep in the dunes along
495:; USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station, IDNR, Soil and Water Conservation Committee; 1976
278:– this is atypical of the region. It is a narrow band of rising ground, which disappears in the east into the lacustrine sand plain.
571:
110:
was exposed at the surface. Here, all the water flowing off the front of the glacier had to pass westward, for south of glacial
481:
269:
441:
Geology of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana; Blatchley, 22nd Ann. Report, Indiana Geological Survey; 1897; pg 55-65
185:
line. As the plain nears South Bend, it compresses between the Valparaiso Moraine, which forms a line from south of
194:
499:
Kankakee Project: Sand Islands Reveal new, Old Clues, VU Professor finds surprising evidence for origin of dunes
576:
581:
432:; Mark J. Camp & Graham T. Richardson; Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 1999; pg 243
286:
177:
to below the Kankakee River, nearly 15 miles (24 km) wide. Moving eastward, the outwash plain in
198:
586:
202:
178:
90:
261:
257:
245:
241:
210:
190:
186:
182:
170:
138:
86:
303:
265:
82:
77:
49:
522:
8:
253:
226:
174:
166:
351:
341:
321:
275:
206:
154:
134:
95:
45:
517:
477:
336:
158:
103:
326:
237:
281:
St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, and Dowagiac rivers - This section is mostly in southwest
102:
by the glaciers, but it still played a role in developing the lay of the land. At
16:
450:
The Kankakee Valley; Montgomery; Proc. Indiana Academy Science; 1898; pp 277-282
346:
316:
222:
162:
33:
565:
547:
534:
299:
111:
57:
249:
20:
Physiography of the Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain (pale green area)
56:
stopped at the Valparaiso Moraine, its meltwater was carried away to the
511:
289:. This was the drainage area of three lobes of the Laurentian glacier.
157:. It stretches from just west of the Illinois and Indiana border near
107:
76:
The Grand Kankakee Marsh is the result of the last glacial age. The
282:
230:
214:
142:
41:
153:
The Kankakee Outwash Plain is located on the southern side of the
221:
Kankakee River Plain; - The largest unit of outwash is along the
61:
53:
37:
236:
Tippicanoe- Iroquois plain - The next largest unit is along the
285:
with a portion in northern Indiana east of South Bend on the
65:
29:
122:
118:
173:, the plain begins to widen out. It stretches south from
181:
stretches from I-80/90 to the Kankakee River along the
501:; Charles M. Bartholomew; Post Tribune, July 6, 2008
563:
268:. This area is drained by Monon Creek and the
44:of the United States. It is just south of the
476:, 2003, Indiana University Press, p. 24
165:valley eastward in a northeast arc towards
521:
382:
380:
378:
376:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
197:. The outwash plain comes to an end in
15:
373:
564:
487:1816-1966, Natural Features of Indiana
493:Soil Survey of Porter County, Indiana
402:
32:interspersed with sand dunes in the
332:Geologic features, north to south:
13:
256:and across the southern halves of
14:
598:
505:
252:. It extends south and west to
71:
572:Glaciology of the United States
453:
444:
435:
423:
393:
364:
1:
293:
357:
7:
430:Roadside Geology of Indiana
388:Natural Features of Indiana
310:
148:
60:. On the south side of the
10:
603:
466:
205:. The outer margin of the
201:, east of the border with
48:and was formed during the
244:. It extends north into
78:Wisconsin Glacial Episode
199:LaGrange County, Indiana
133:The outer margin of the
513:Everglades of the North
36:valley in northwestern
191:Grand Rapids, Michigan
171:Porter County, Indiana
68:in the United States.
26:Kankakee Outwash Plain
21:
577:Landforms of Illinois
304:Valparaiso University
19:
582:Landforms of Indiana
472:Schoon, Kenneth J.,
50:Wisconsin Glaciation
544: /
474:Calumet Beginnings
399:Soil Survey, p 110
352:Valparaiso Moraine
342:Glenwood Shoreline
322:Kankakee, Illinois
276:Marseilles moraine
213:extends east into
207:Valparaiso Moraine
155:Valparaiso Moraine
135:Valparaiso Moraine
96:Valparaiso Moraine
46:Valparaiso Moraine
22:
548:41.083°N 87.500°W
337:Calumet Shoreline
159:Momence, Illinois
104:Momence, Illinois
40:and northeastern
594:
559:
558:
556:
555:
554:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
525:
460:
457:
451:
448:
442:
439:
433:
427:
421:
417:
400:
397:
391:
384:
371:
368:
327:Kankakee Torrent
287:St. Joseph River
238:Tippecanoe River
195:St. Joseph River
602:
601:
597:
596:
595:
593:
592:
591:
562:
561:
553:41.083; -87.500
552:
550:
546:
543:
538:
535:
533:
531:
530:
508:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
449:
445:
440:
436:
428:
424:
418:
403:
398:
394:
385:
374:
369:
365:
360:
313:
302:. According to
296:
151:
74:
12:
11:
5:
600:
590:
589:
587:Outwash plains
584:
579:
574:
528:
527:
507:
506:External links
504:
503:
502:
496:
490:
484:
468:
465:
462:
461:
452:
443:
434:
422:
401:
392:
372:
362:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
349:
347:Tinley Moraine
344:
339:
330:
329:
324:
319:
317:Kankakee River
312:
309:
295:
292:
291:
290:
279:
273:
270:Iroquois River
234:
223:Kankakee River
203:Elkhart County
179:LaPorte County
163:Kankakee River
150:
147:
73:
70:
34:Kankakee River
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
599:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
567:
560:
557:
526:, documentary
524:
519:
515:
514:
510:
509:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
483:
482:0-253-34218-X
479:
475:
471:
470:
456:
447:
438:
431:
426:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
396:
389:
383:
381:
379:
377:
367:
363:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
308:
305:
301:
300:Lake Michigan
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
271:
267:
264:and northern
263:
262:Newton County
259:
258:Jasper County
255:
251:
247:
246:Starke County
243:
242:Fulton County
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:
216:
212:
211:Porter County
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Michigan City
184:
183:Starke County
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
139:Porter County
137:extends from
136:
131:
127:
124:
120:
115:
113:
112:Lake Kankakee
109:
106:, a ridge of
105:
99:
97:
92:
88:
84:
79:
72:Glacial plain
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:outwash plain
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
529:
512:
498:
492:
486:
473:
455:
446:
437:
429:
425:
395:
387:
366:
331:
297:
266:White County
161:, along the
152:
132:
128:
116:
100:
75:
25:
23:
551: /
386:1816-1966,
566:Categories
294:New theory
254:Monticello
227:South Bend
175:Valparaiso
167:South Bend
141:east into
28:is a flat
358:Footnotes
108:limestone
52:. As the
311:See also
283:Michigan
231:Illinois
215:Michigan
149:Location
143:Michigan
42:Illinois
539:87°30′W
467:Sources
459:Project
229:to the
189:toward
91:LaPorte
66:marshes
62:moraine
54:glacier
38:Indiana
536:41°5′N
520:
480:
370:Schoon
89:, and
87:Porter
248:near
225:from
209:from
169:. In
123:Dunes
119:loamy
30:plain
518:IMDb
478:ISBN
420:1922
260:and
83:Lake
24:The
516:at
250:Ora
240:in
568::
404:^
375:^
98:.
85:,
272:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
