228:
4303:
25:
7561:
1111:
188:
487:
8501:
3246:
606:
8487:
242:
6659:
2798:
909:
260:
563:
20 million, so Kansai dialect is still the most widely spoken, known and influential non-standard
Japanese dialect. The Kansai dialect's idioms are sometimes introduced into other dialects and even standard Japanese. Many Kansai people are attached to their own speech and have strong regional rivalry against Tokyo.
3266:
Historically, extensive use of keigo (honorific speech) was a feature of the Kansai dialect, especially in Kyōto, while the Kantō dialect, from which standard
Japanese developed, formerly lacked it. Keigo in standard Japanese was originally borrowed from the medieval Kansai dialect. However, keigo is
6951:
is that Osaka was historically the center of the merchant culture. The phrase developed among low-class shopkeepers and can be used today to greet a business proprietor in a friendly and familiar way but is not a universal greeting. The latter phrase is also specific to Osaka, in particular the term
407:
Since Osaka is the largest city in the region and its speakers received the most media exposure over the last century, non-Kansai-dialect speakers tend to associate the dialect of Osaka with the entire Kansai region. However, technically, Kansai dialect is not a single dialect but a group of related
562:
As the Tokyo dialect was adopted with the advent of a national education/media standard in Japan, some features and intraregional differences of the Kansai dialect have diminished and changed. However, Kansai is the second most populated urban region in Japan after Kantō, with a population of about
3766:
is used by both men and women in many familiar situations. It is not only used as interjectory particle (as emphasis for the imperative form, expression an admiration, and address to listeners, for example), and the meaning varies depending on context and voice intonation, so much so that
3946:
by men. In standard
Japanese, it is used exclusively by women and so is said to sound softer. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, however, it is used equally by both men and women in many different levels of conversation. It is noted that the feminine usage of
8291:
8290:
8292:
596:
In phonetic terms, Kansai dialect is characterized by strong vowels and contrasted with Tokyo dialect, characterized by its strong consonants, but the basis of the phonemes is similar. The specific phonetic differences between Kansai and Tokyo are as follows:
7647:
standard
Japanese from 794 until the 18th century and some Kyoto people are still proud of their accent; they get angry when Tokyo people treat Kyoto-ben as a provincial accent. However, traditional Kyoto-ben is gradually declining except in the world of
3267:
no longer considered a feature of the dialect since
Standard Japanese now also has it. Even today, keigo is used more often in Kansai than in the other dialects except for the standard Japanese, to which people switch in formal situations.
582:. Because of such associations, Kansai speakers are often viewed as being more "funny" or "talkative" than typical speakers of other dialects. Tokyo people even occasionally imitate the Kansai dialect to provoke laughter or inject humor.
6611:. It is also the characteristic of Kansai usage of honorific suffixes that they can be used for some familiar inanimate objects as well, especially in Kyoto. In standard Japanese, the usage is usually considered childish, but in Kansai,
8288:
6932:) is often identified with Kansai dialect by most Japanese, but some of the terms considered to be characteristic of Kansai dialect are actually restricted to Osaka and its environs. Perhaps the most famous is the term
2650:
of adjective forms in Kansai dialect is generally the same as in standard
Japanese, except for regional vocabulary differences. The same process that reduced the Classical Japanese terminal and attributive endings (し
6686:
Here is a division theory of Kansai dialects proposed by Mitsuo
Okumura in 1968; ■ shows dialects influenced by Kyoto dialect and □ shows dialects influenced by Osaka dialect, proposed by Minoru Umegaki in 1962.
6654:
Since Kansai dialect is actually a group of related dialects, not all share the same vocabulary, pronunciation, or grammatical features. Each dialect has its own specific features discussed individually here.
6987:
of Osaka, was considered the standard Osaka-ben. It was characterized by the polite speech based on Kyoto-ben and the subtle differences depending on the business type, class, post etc. It was handed down in
1122:
in Kansai dialect is very different from the standard Tokyo accent, so non-Kansai
Japanese can recognize Kansai people easily from that alone. The Kansai pitch accent is called the Kyoto-Osaka type accent
8287:
8428:
Yes. Even after I waited for a long time, you didn't come, so I thought you'd forgotten, so I thought about calling you, but just when I'd decided to wait a little longer the staff called my name.
2683:("quickly"). Dropping the consonant from the final mora in all forms of adjective endings has been a frequent occurrence in Japanese over the centuries (and is the origin of such forms as ありがとう
1143:, but the Kansai accent distinguishes words also by initial tones, so Kansai dialect has more pitch patterns than standard Japanese. In the Tokyo accent, the pitch between first and second
7679:
conjugations. However, in Kyoto, its position is much closer to the informal than it is to the polite mood, owing to its widespread use. Kyoto people, especially elderly women, often use -
8289:
7583:) is characterized by development of politeness and indirectness expressions. Kyoto-ben is often regarded as elegant and feminine dialect because of its characters and the image of
2742:. This use of the adjective's stem, often as an exclamation, is seen in classical literature and many dialects of modern Japanese, but is more often used in modern Kansai dialect.
426:
Even in the Kansai region, away from
Keihanshin and its surrounding areas, there are dialects that differ from the characteristics generally considered to be Kansai dialect-like.
4203:
does not carry nearly as heavy or rude a connotation, as it is influenced by the lesser stress on formality and distance in Kansai. In Kyoto, especially feminine speech,
983:
is apparent in most Kansai speakers, but it seems to have progressed more in morphological suffixes and inflections than in core vocabulary. This process has produced はん
8425:
Soo da yo. Mattemo mattemo anata konai shi, moo wasureteiru shi, moo yoppodo denwa shiyoo kana to omottan da kedo, moo chotto mattemiyoo to omottara yobidashita no.
6940:(儲かる), "to be profitable, to yield a profit". This is supposedly said as a greeting from one Osakan to another, and the appropriate answer is another Osaka phrase,
4393:
means "please put back this bicycle" in Kansai, but many standard speakers are bewildered since in standard
Japanese it would mean "please repair this bicycle".
8041:
and southern parts of Mie Prefecture, is fairly different from common Kansai dialect and comprises many regional variants. It is famous for heavy confusion of
6493:(masculine, casual). These variations are now archaic, but are still widely used in fictitious creations to represent stereotypical Kansai speakers especially
797:
Contrarily, long vowels in Standard inflections are sometimes shortened. This is particularly noticeable in the volitional conjugation of verbs. For instance,
7693:) spoken in northernmost Kyoto Prefecture, is too different to be regarded as Kansai dialect and usually included in Chūgoku dialect. For example, the copula
578:
form of Japanese comedy has been developed in Osaka, and a large number of Osaka-based comedians have appeared in Japanese media with Osaka dialect, such as
4634:
Originally written 別品, meaning a product of exceptional quality; extrapolated to apply to women of exceptional beauty, rewritten as 別嬪. Often appended with
1267:
The second mora rises and falls quickly. If words or particles attach to the end of the word, the fall is sometimes not realized: L-HL, L-HL(-L) or L-H(-L)
9215:
10449:
8268:, but the similarity with Osaka-ben increases year by year because of the economic dependency to Osaka. On the other hand, southern Nara prefecture is a
408:
dialects in the region. Each major city and prefecture has a particular dialect, and residents take some pride in their particular dialectal variations.
3893:
is used with conjugative words, mainly in the past form and the negative form, it is the equivalent of the English "even if" or "even though", such as
8422:
Soo ya. Mattemo mattemo anta kiihin shi, moo wasureteru shi, moo yoppodo denwa shiyo kana omotan ya kedo, moo chotto mattemiyo omotara yobidasahattan.
8276:
uses Tokyo type accent, has the discrimination of grammatical aspect, and does not show a tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns.
227:
1826:
10300:
4436:
by a Kansai speaker is however a much more severe criticism than it would be by a Tokyo speaker. Most Kansai speakers cannot stand being called
4385:
Some Japanese words gain entirely different meanings or are used in different ways when used in Kansai dialect. One such usage is of the word
1934:
an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression
7004:, Senba-kotoba became nearly an obsolete dialect due to the modernization of business practices. Senba-kotoba was famous for a polite copula
7675:
has a certain level of politeness above the base (informal) form of the verb, putting it somewhere between the informal and the more polite
555:
and the transfer of the imperial capital from Kyoto to Tokyo, the Kansai dialect became fixed in position as a provincial dialect. See also
10496:
1114:
Map of Japanese pitch accents. The Kyoto-Osaka type accent is used in the orange area while the Tokyo type accent is used in the blue area.
4152:
is used as an emotional question and is mainly used for rhetorical question rather than simple question and is often used in the forms as
9243:
1124:
10295:
8757:
6568:) is a Japanese word meaning "oneself" and sometimes "I", but it has an additional usage in Kansai as a casual second-person pronoun.
1554:
8634:
1545:
The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often
7992:, some variations on typical Kansai vocabulary can be found, mostly used by older residents. For instance, the typical expression
6397:
originally means "bride" and "daughter-in-law" in standard, but an additional meaning "wife" is spread from Kansai; often used as
3625:
There is some difference in the particles between Kansai dialect and standard Japanese. In colloquial Kansai dialect, case markers
1270:
The second mora does not fall. If high-initial words or particles attach to the end of the word, both moras are low: L-H, L-L(-H)
1259:
If high-initial accent words or particles attach to the end of the word, all moras are low: L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L-L(-H)
5028:
the usage as meaning "terrible" and "terribly" is more often in Kansai than in Tokyo; also sometimes used as meaning "tired" as
9922:
1930:(mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる
9160:
9101:
8985:
8799:
4389:(usually used to mean "correct" or "repair" in the standard language) in the sense of "put away" or "put back." For example,
7841:, the largest city of Hyogo, is the intermediate dialect between Banshū-ben and Osaka-ben and is well known for conjugating
6025:
a familiar term of address for a middle-aged man; also used as a first personal pronoun; the antonym "aunt, older woman" is
3054:
is often combined especially in Osaka. Today, this feature is usually considered to be dated or exaggerated Kansai dialect.
10541:
3282:
verbs, mainly Kyōto) is used for showing reasonable respect without formality especially in Kyōto. The conjugation before -
1908:
1829:), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない
7604:
in Kyoto-ben), the most conspicuous speakers of traditional Kyoto-ben. Kyoto-ben is divided into the court dialect called
2553:
it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before
1569:
in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is a dead giveaway of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて
9917:
7938:. Shima-ben is close to Ise-ben, but its vocabulary includes many archaic words. Iga-ben has a unique request expression
210:
3369:, is used especially in Kyōto and its original form is same to its imperative form, showing polite invitation or order.
438:) dialects in northwest Kansai are too different to be regarded as Kansai dialects and are thus usually included in the
393:. The Kansai dialect is typified by the speech of Osaka, the major city of Kansai, which is referred to specifically as
3210:
3114:
1869:
overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう
1425:
1264:
With two-mora words, there are two accent patterns. Both of these tend to be realized in recent years as L-H, L-H(-L).
6509:
is famous for the typical feminine first-person pronoun of Kansai dialect and it is still popular among Kansai girls.
3221:. In Kansai, some dialects of southern Hyogo and Kii Peninsula have these discrimination, too. In parts of Wakayama, -
9401:
9073:
9034:
8919:
68:
46:
9802:
39:
10508:
10227:
8762:[Osaka-ben perfect master lecture No. 34 Yoro River] (in Japanese). Osaka Convention Bureau. Archived from
7977:. The similarity to Nagoya-ben becomes more pronounced in the northernmost parts of the prefecture; the dialect of
7612:(町方言葉). The former was spoken by court noble before moving the Emperor to Tokyo, and some phrases inherit at a few
1648:
is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた
1515:
7720:
is the largest prefecture in Kansai, and there are some different dialects in the prefecture. As mentioned above,
6355:
used more widely than in standard Japanese towards equals as well as inferiors; when used as helper auxiliaries, -
2745:
There is not a special conjugated form for presumptive of adjectives in Kansai dialect, it is just addition of やろ
1457:
10181:
10176:
9702:
9236:
7548:. The farther south in Osaka one goes, the cruder the language is considered to be, with the local Senshū-ben of
2545:, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command
200:
3942:
used in Kansai differ widely from those used in Tokyo. The most prominent to Tokyo speakers is the heavy use of
10350:
8851:
1150:
Below is a list of simplified Kansai accent patterns. H represents a high pitch and L represents a low pitch.
10191:
9907:
8129:"together" and so on. Wakayama people hardly ever use keigo, which is rather unusual for dialects in Kansai.
1620:(to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう
6956:(L-L-H-L). This means essentially "so-so": getting better little by little or not getting any worse. Unlike
10322:
10161:
9720:
9408:
3261:
5966:
3839:
was so famous as the characteristic particle of Kansai dialect that a special saying was made out of it: "
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2396:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1539:
1535:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
984:
980:
972:
968:
949:
942:
935:
931:
918:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
871:
862:
858:
850:
846:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
791:
782:
778:
769:
765:
756:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
693:
683:
679:
637:
10055:
10035:
9839:
9792:
5078:
533:
1581:
even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った
10531:
10171:
9229:
1891:
854:
651:
10045:
1973:
in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる
678:
is pronounced nearly as in standard Japanese, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce it distinctly as
10456:
10434:
10222:
7736:
as well as Tango-ben. Ancient vowel sequence /au/ changed in many Japanese dialects, but in Tajima,
6984:
1453:
953:
649:
641:
4510:
3286:
has two varieties between Kyōto and Ōsaka (see the table below). In Southern Hyōgo, including Kōbe,
10491:
10429:
10419:
10383:
10281:
10232:
10156:
10131:
9740:
9183:
2718:
ending can be dropped and the last vowel of the adjective's stem can be stretched out for a second
1404:
643:
419:) and its surroundings, a radius of about 50 km (31 mi) around the Osaka-Kyoto area (see
399:. It is characterized as being both more melodic and harsher by speakers of the standard language.
33:
9797:
5215:" means "throw out the garbage" in Kansai dialect, but "let the garbage be" in standard Japanese.
9875:
9021:
For non-Japanese speakers, learning environment of Kansai dialect is richer than other dialects.
7949:
They use the normal Kansai accent and basic grammar, but some of the vocabulary is common to the
5240:
4408:
is both a term of reproach and a term of endearment to the Kansai speaker, somewhat like English
3922:
2905:
are used in Kansai as well as in Tokyo, but traditional Kansai dialect has its own polite forms.
2708:
1550:
610:
7652:, which prizes the inheritance of traditional Kyoto customs. For example, a famous Kyoto copula
4420:, which is used as "idiot" in most regions, becomes "complete moron" and a stronger insult than
3958:
Another difference in sentence final particles that strikes the ear of the Tokyo speaker is the
10536:
9892:
9199:
6901:
2513:
In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the
1466:
equivalents (it is unusual to contract words in such a way in standard Japanese). For example,
520:(Kyoto) were Imperial capitals, the Kinai dialect, the ancestor of the Kansai dialect, was the
50:
10076:
8998:
423:). This article mainly discusses variations in Keihanshin during the 20th and 21st centuries.
10373:
10262:
9735:
9281:
9271:
8763:
6964:
is used in many situations to indicate gradual improvement or lack of negative change. Also,
3377:(more respectful), meaning "welcome", are the common phrases of sightseeing areas in Kyōto. -
1391:
1119:
1105:
955:
556:
252:
8417:
I don't know. "Maybe they haven't paid for the phone," I said. Because it's a big facility.
7540:), are famous for their harsh locution, characterized by trilled "r", the question particle
10424:
10247:
10151:
10025:
9827:
9762:
9276:
8156:(江州弁), is similar in many ways to Kyoto-ben. For example, Shiga people also frequently use
7866:
4848:
often used with bad meanings; also used in several dialects and recently standard Japanese
2809:
2354:
2353:
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from
1140:
690:
7617:
5296:
4699:
4479:
1247:
The pitch rises drastically the middle set mora and falls again: L-H-L, L-H-L-L, L-L-H-L,
1192:
The high pitch appears on the first mora and the others are low: H-L, H-L-L, H-L-L-L, etc.
930:
are two distinct syllables, as they are in Tokyo, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce じ
8:
10473:
10355:
10327:
10242:
9822:
8631:
8038:
7616:. The latter has subtle difference at each social class such as old merchant families at
6868:
6456:
4302:
1378:
1357:
1195:
The high pitch continues for the set mora and the rest are low: H-H-L, H-H-L-L, H-H-H-L,
9767:
8318:
In the first place, today you... what happened? I've been waiting for a very long time.
7810:
7717:
6775:
2421:. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や
532:. The literature style developed by the intelligentsia in Heian-kyō became the model of
10503:
10444:
10365:
10252:
10186:
10071:
9784:
9526:
8273:
8253:
8149:
8026:
7927:
7916:
7905:
7894:
7858:
7834:
7737:
7725:
7690:
7580:
7537:
7526:
6929:
6723:
6053:= (conversation with a takoyaki stall man) "Two takoyaki please, mister!" "All right!"
4117:
3620:
3202:
2719:
2647:
1463:
1144:
752:
591:
544:
9772:
9608:
9557:
7733:
6264:
4550:
439:
178:
10332:
10267:
10237:
10040:
9859:
9844:
9817:
9812:
9750:
9688:
9663:
9598:
9472:
9310:
9300:
9291:
9252:
9156:
9097:
9069:
9030:
8981:
8915:
8847:
8795:
6634:
are often heard not only in children's speech but also in adults' speech. The suffix
6452:
3218:
3183:
2871:) in late Edo period and is still commonly used in other parts of western Japan like
1877:
negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん
990:
552:
312:
129:
124:
9516:
9315:
7761:
206:
10461:
10439:
10217:
10013:
9854:
9656:
9646:
9641:
9629:
9482:
9418:
9374:
8598:
8506:
8137:
8005:
7874:
7865:, is different from Banshū/Kōbe-ben and mixed with dialects of Osaka, Wakayama and
7549:
7531:
6818:
6789:
6755:
6732:
6695:
4743:, isn't it?" "No, it isn't a Chow Chow, is it?" (a famous pun with Kansai dialect)
4602:
2305:
is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて
2053:, is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before
1449:
551:
grew in prominence, the Edo dialect took the place of the Kansai dialect. With the
466:
134:
9982:
9577:
9521:
9359:
8733:
Studies in regionalism in communication and the effect of the Kansai dialect on it
8021:
7671:
is an essential part of casual speech in modern Kyoto. In Osaka and its environs,
7560:
6993:
1064:"body". A play on words around these sound changes goes as follows: 淀川の水飲んれ腹らら下りや
567:
10486:
10146:
10141:
10136:
9849:
9622:
9533:
9433:
9394:
9389:
9350:
9330:
9080:
9052:
9041:
8638:
8603:
8269:
8245:
8237:
8205:
7870:
7829:, but they often sound violent to other Kansai speakers, as well as Kawachi-ben.
7756:
7729:
6841:
6822:
6782:
6743:
5488:
4681:
4677:
4168:, it means strong imperative sentence. In some areas such as Kawachi and Banshu,
3967:
3644:
3201:
Other Western Japanese as Chūgoku and Shikoku dialects has the discrimination of
3171:
976:
660:
579:
469:
share many similarities with the Kansai dialects, but are classified separately.
462:
455:
447:
427:
116:
9615:
9195:
9189:
8811:
7637:
6997:
6565:
6249:
6153:
4617:
3901:
is used with nouns, it means something like "even", "too," or "either", such as
1977:
shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる
1915:
is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of
1490:. These contractions follow similar inflection rules as their standard forms so
1136:
548:
10481:
9832:
9807:
9730:
9710:
9683:
9634:
9586:
9550:
9448:
9443:
9423:
8577:
8414:
Shiranai. Asoko denwadai o haratteinain janainoka tte itteita no yo. Ookii shi.
7978:
7950:
7910:
7886:
7806:
7802:
7741:
7520:
6879:
6826:
6811:
6762:
6716:
5481:
4183:, heard often from Tokyo men, is rarely heard in Kansai. Instead, the particle
1613:
1336:
1318:
1300:
1110:
614:
509:
435:
431:
7985:, for instance, could be considered far closer to Nagoya-ben than to Ise-ben.
2541:. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な
1462:
Many words and grammar structures in Kansai dialect are contractions of their
490:
259:
10525:
10272:
10018:
9997:
9715:
9567:
9511:
9379:
9369:
9345:
9335:
9325:
8217:
7982:
7853:
7599:
6913:
6886:
6749:
Senba dialect (old merchant dialect in the central area of the city of Osaka)
6712:
Machikata dialect (Kyoto citizens' dialect including several social dialects)
5744:
4792:
4724:
2937:
and also be used for polite form of adjectives, but it is more informal than
961:
529:
443:
316:
107:
8523:- a traditional puppet theatre played in Osaka dialect during the Edo period
5995:
is also used; sometimes, it is used ironically to mean "No thank you"; also
4176:, but it is considered a harsh masculine particle in common Kansai dialect.
663:
frequently occurs, but it is rare in Kansai. For example, the polite copula
10257:
10086:
9651:
9545:
9489:
9458:
9453:
9266:
9085:
9057:
9046:
8608:
8492:
8034:
7921:
7899:
7862:
7813:
dialects. In addition, Banshū-ben is famous for an emphatic final particle
6989:
6890:
6872:
6856:
6796:
6614:
6473:
are also generally used in Kansai, but there are some local pronoun words.
5530:
4669:
4231:
3787:
is usually considered too harsh a masculine particle in modern Keihanshin.
3762:
is considered rough masculine style in some context, but in Kansai dialect
2893:
is by and large used for the polite (teineigo) copula. For polite speech, -
1683:
The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう
624:, translates as "Let's go with ICOCA!" ICOCA is a rechargeable contactless
270:
187:
9178:
8411:
Shiran. Asoko denwadai harootaharahen no chaunka te yuutetan e. Ookii shi.
5486:
compared the colour of plumage of chickens to the colour of leaves of the
5180:
A result of the palatalization of "s" occurring elsewhere in the dialect.
2361:
form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by
524:
standard Japanese. It had an influence on all of the nation including the
517:
10312:
9540:
9132:
Kiichi Iitoyo, Sukezumi Hino, Ryōichi Satō (Ed.) (1982). 講座方言学7 -近畿地方の方言-
9027:
Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region
8001:
7930:) spoken in western Mie. Ise-ben is famous for a sentence final particle
7001:
6909:
6706:
5521:
2757:"cheap") is hardly used and is usually replaced with the plain form + やろ
2707:, thus accounting for the discrepancy in the standard language (see also
2377:. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the adverbial
9209:
9205:
8439:
Is that so. I... Was it the second time when you heard about the phone?
4571:
sometimes used friendly with a joke; this accompanies a stereotype that
3951:
in Tokyo is pronounced with a rising intonation and the Kansai usage of
10341:
10307:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
9987:
8241:
6905:
5526:
1845:). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs
1546:
1542:("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.
1073:
625:
513:
495:
451:
412:
390:
6936:, roughly translated as "how is business?", and derived from the verb
6241:
6238:
5863:
5860:
5717:
5714:
5656:
5324:
5321:
5119:
5116:
4921:
4452:
Here are some words and phrases famous as part of the Kansai dialect:
4432:
by a Kansai person is not necessarily much of an insult. Being called
4424:. Where a Tokyo citizen would almost certainly object to being called
4354:
In some cases, Kansai dialect uses entirely different words. The verb
3771:
is called the world's third most difficult word to translate. Besides
1253:
The pitch rises drastically the last mora: L-L-H, L-L-L-H, L-L-L-L-H,
10121:
10050:
10030:
9972:
7629:
6560:, is used as a hostile and impolite second-person pronoun in Kansai.
6199:(仕様も無い, means "There isn't anything"); also used some other dialects
4740:
4382:"wait a minute" by a Kansai person sounds strange to a Tokyo person.
3881:
is also characteristic particle of Kansai dialect, transformation of
3245:
2872:
1747:
926:
171:
159:
9992:
9977:
9221:
9145:
Shinji Sanada, Makiko Okamoto, Yoko Ujihara (2006). 聞いておぼえる関西(大阪)弁入門
6105:
sometimes used as a vulgar word meaning "to go" or "to eat" such as
454:
are also far different from other Kansai dialects, and considered a
10286:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9884:
9725:
8815:
8784:
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (1998). NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典
8551:
8500:
8140:
is the eastern neighbor of Kyoto, so its dialect, sometimes called
8049:, especially on the southern coast. The ichidan verb negative form
7989:
7765:. As well as Chūgoku dialect, it has the discrimination of aspect,
7621:
3133:
which is common to other western Japanese. The proper use between -
3129:
just as does standard Japanese, the latter is a shortened form of -
945:
is pronounced either or in free variation, but is declining now.
366:
218:
10401:
8260:(大和弁), has a few particularities such as an interjectory particle
740:
are usually pronounced distinctly in Kansai dialect. In Wakayama,
10378:
10317:
9934:
8564:
8520:
7613:
7564:
A banner in Kyoto dialect. The advertisement of shopping street,
6658:
6524:
is hardly used. Traditional local second-person pronouns include
3966:, "you gotta be kidding!" or "why/what the hell?!", a stereotype
1896:
1132:
605:
214:
9066:
Kansai Japanese: The language of Osaka, Kyoto, and western Japan
8315:
Daiichi, anata kyoo nande? Monosugoku nagai koto matteita no yo.
7016:
and characteristic forms for shopkeeper family mentioned below.
6285:
is used only for cooking rice; also used in other western Japan
4374:
in Kansai dialect, means "a little" and is a contracted form of
3042:
When some sentence-final particles and a presumptive inflection
10396:
9929:
9897:
8538:
8532:
8526:
7589:
6840:□Banshū dialect (southwestern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, former
6292:
4842:
2722:, sometimes with a tonal change for emphasis. By this process,
2337:
means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん）
2025:
is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ
1966:
1147:
usually changes, but in the Kansai accent, it does not always.
573:
7022:
An example of forms of address for shopkeeper family in Senba
6761:
Senshū dialect (southwestern part of Osaka Prefecture, former
6638:
is also added to some familiar greeting phrases; for example,
1958:, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.
504:
The Kansai dialect has over a thousand years of history. When
241:
10391:
9939:
9902:
7625:
6736:
6699:
6629:
4693:("Are you walking to the station?" "No, I'm going by bike.")
4140:(somewhat feminine) in Kansai dialect. In standard Japanese,
2819:. The inflected forms maintain this difference, resulting in
2369:
in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ
619:
539:
When the political and military center of Japan was moved to
505:
349:
345:
97:
9174:
Kansai Dialect Self-study Site for Japanese Language Learner
9173:
8284:
An example of Kyoto women's conversation recorded in 1964:
2785:("It may be fine weather today") is replaced with 今日は晴れですやろ
2033:
is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん
1044:
are sometimes harmonized or metathesized. For example, でんでん
9949:
8348:
Iya ano, denwa shitan da, sorede watashi, goji kitchiri ni.
7838:
7633:
7584:
6878:
Shima dialect (southeastern part of Mie Prefecture, former
6847:■Tanba dialect (southwestern part of former Tanba Province)
6810:■Tanba dialect (northern part of former Tanba Province and
6771:
6622:
5777:
5320:, means "genuine thing"; also used in other western Japan;
3253:
2797:
2029:
and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん
1997:
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない
1950:
does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる
1798:; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる
1201:
The high pitch continues to the last: H-H, H-H-H, H-H-H-H,
416:
8312:
Daiichi, anta kyoo nande? Monossugo nagai koto mattetan e.
6795:■Iga dialect (northwestern part of Mie Prefecture, former
6754:
Kawachi dialect (eastern part of Osaka Prefecture, former
6742:
Settsu dialect (Northern part of Osaka Prefecture, former
5866:); also used in other western Japan, Tohoku and Hokkaido.
3154:
In the expression to the condition of inanimate objects, -
2875:, and is also used stereotypically by old men in fiction.
2291:, is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.
415:(the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and
217:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6983:(船場言葉), a social dialect of the wealthy merchants in the
5538:
3905:("I don't know, either"), and is similar to the particle
1087:
as well as colloquial Tokyo speech. For example, 何してるねん？
1083:+ vowel in the verb conjugations is sometimes changed to
540:
525:
7773:
in perfect. Banshū-ben is notable for transformation of
6968:(H-L-L-L) can be used in place of the standard Japanese
4951:
used only in Plain form; other conjugations are same as
908:
8436:
Aa soo. Watashi. Are nidome? Anata ga denwa o kiita no.
8345:
Iya ano, denwa shitan ya, honde uchi, goji kitchiri ni.
6832:■Kohoku dialect (northeastern part of Shiga Prefecture)
6520:
are often used for the informal second-person pronoun.
5824:(L-H) in southern Hyogo, adopted from Chugoku dialect.
3897:("Even if catch a cold, I will go on the trip"). When
3198:
in Senshu and Wakayama), so as not to confuse the two.
3093:-sse (-su + e, a variety of yo), explain, advise. e.g.
2885:
are used only informally, analogically to the standard
2101:, especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった
8180:
as a casual honorific form. The demonstrative pronoun
7869:
due to the intersecting location of sea routes in the
6855:■Ise dialect (northern part of Mie Prefecture, former
6324:
also used in other western Japan, Nagoya and Hokkaido
6160:
has come to be used throughout Japan in recent years.
4396:
Another widely recognized Kansai-specific usage is of
3113:
In common Kansai dialect, there are two forms for the
2839:
is often considered to be a masculine expression, but
751:
A recurring tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of
571:
394:
320:
264:
246:
232:
8513:
8433:
Aa soo ka. Atashi. Are nihenme? Anta no denwa kiitan.
7568:
translates as "Welcome. We have nice goods every day"
4684:. Has spread out to most of Japan in recent decades.
1981:. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる
1458:
Japanese dialects § Eastern and Western Japanese
744:
is also pronounced distinctly; it usually fuses into
8482:
8272:
because of its geographic isolation with mountains.
7697:, the Tokyo-type accent, the honorific verb ending -
6722:
Southern Yamashiro dialect (southern part of former
6571:
In traditional Kansai dialect, the honorific suffix
6244:, L-L-H-L) for informal apology instead of standard
4575:
is considered a much more serious insult in Kansai;
3361:
lacks an imperative form. In more honorific speech,
1561:("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った
1131:) in technical terms. It is used in most of Kansai,
269:, translates as "Take care! Do not let your bag get
8535:- Kamigata style rakugo is played in Kansai dialect
8529:- Kamigata style kabuki is played in Kansai dialect
7683:for their family and even for animals and weather.
5177:to spread on a flat surface (e.g. bedding, butter)
4306:A signboard utilizing Osakan words; from top left:
4246:has some variations, such as a masculine variation
4128:is often omitted as well as standard Japanese, but
2843:is used by both men and women. The negative copula
1922:Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる
1881:"I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".
1719:. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る
748:
in standard Japanese and almost all other dialects.
494:An example of a skit in Osaka dialect performed by
389:, and were particularly referred to as such in the
8340:At the top of the Miyako hotel. Uh, in the lobby.
8208:, people use the friendly-sounding auxiliary verb
7744:dialects, /au/ changed . Accordingly, Kansai word
6556:is more polite). An archaic first-person pronoun,
5393:= "I'll finish you off!" (typical fighting words)
2057:has two varieties: the more common conjugation is
689:In some registers, such as informal Tokyo speech,
263:A caution written in Kansai dialect. The warning,
8952:Nobusuke Kishie and Fumiko Inoue (1997). 京都市方言の動態
7957:(respectful suffix), they have the Nagoya-style -
7755:The dialect spoken in southwestern Hyōgo, former
6435:(余計, means "extra, too many"); a synonymous with
5281:then, in that case, if that's true (conjunction)
4254:is also used by women) and a shortened variation
4116:is restricted to emphatic questions and involves
2081:is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん
806:meaning "shall we go?" is shortened in Kansai to
245:A poster written in Kansai dialect. The warning,
10523:
3750:is used very often in Kansai dialect instead of
1911:and some written language. In western Japanese,
9148:
9135:
9122:
9109:
9025:Palter, DC and Slotsve, Kaoru Horiuchi (1995).
8887:
8863:
8787:
8708:
8693:
8669:
8654:
8089:follows the volitional conjugation of verbs as
5042:) = "It is a terrible/difficult thing/matter!"
4963:); also used in other western Japan and Tohoku
4454:
4195:in words. However, despite the similarity with
3933:
3856:
3806:
3734:
3634:
3100:-ssharo (-su + yaro), surmise, make sure. e.g.
2549:something, which they interpret as an order to
2408:
2386:
1277:
1236:
1218:
1181:
1163:
1139:. The Tokyo accent distinguishes words only by
664:
373:
364:
337:
295:
289:
8973:
8955:
8936:
8894:
8870:
8839:
8743:
8741:
8715:
8700:
8676:
8661:
8649:
8647:
8447:Honto.... Watashi yobidasareru no daikirai da.
5492:; also used in other western Japan and Nagoya
4144:is generally used as a masculine variation of
3927:
3850:
3800:
3728:
3628:
3190:, "to do for someone," is also contracted to -
2917:in Kyoto. There is another unique polite form
2402:
2380:
1727:as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る
1549:in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also
1230:
1212:
1175:
1157:
875:
866:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
786:
773:
760:
728:
719:
710:
701:
671:
380:
358:
331:
302:
283:
231:A label in Kansai dialect. The advertisement,
9237:
8836:Osamu Matsumoto (1993). 全国アホ・バカ分布考―はるかなる言葉の旅路
3986:) and much the same as the standard Japanese
2804:is used mainly in the zone colored in yellow.
2781:in standard Japanese. For example, 今日は晴れでしょう
1895:is used for reference to the existence of an
1821:for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる
8929:
8927:
8008:, some old men use the first-person pronoun
6871:and southern part of Mie Prefecture, former
6119:) = "Do you want me to give you a beating?"
5713:the original meaning is "Thank you always".
4721:that isn't it, that isn't good, nope, wrong
3758:in standard Japanese. In standard Japanese,
2301:is used in almost negative sentences and -ん
1942:). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる
1091:"What are you doing?" often changes 何してんねん？
266:Kii tsuke yā, Anta no koto ya de, Sono baggu
8738:
8644:
8584:is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word
8571:is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word
8558:is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word
8545:is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word
8444:Honma... Atashi yobidasaren no daikirai ya.
7705:and the peculiarly diphthong such as for
6900:Totsukawa-Kumano dialect (southern part of
6715:Tanba dialect (southeastern part of former
5852:how much, no matter how, how old, how many
4730:is often used for informal negative phrase
4587:(L-L-H-L-L) are adjective form; originally
4366:corresponds to the standard Japanese slang
4223:carries a rude masculine impression unlike
4022:). When a copula precedes these particles,
3916:
3827:is sometimes added to the end of both, and
2001:in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん
9244:
9230:
8450:Really, I hate having my name called out.
8085:is often used as sentence final particle.
7797:. Another feature is the honorific copula
6817:■Southern Fukui dialect (southern part of
6446:
5211:(H-H). Note particularly that the phrase "
4108:In the interrogative sentence, the use of
3863:". However, in recent years, the standard
3682:("a man called Mr. Tanaka") can change to
2117:and the standard past negative form -なかった
628:. Its name is a play on the Kansai phrase
186:
8975:Haru Keigo-kō Kyōto-go no Shakaigengo-shi
8924:
8248:. The northern dialect, sometimes called
8101:is used as tag question. Local words are
8097:is used as soft sentence final particle.
7552:said to represent the peak of harshness.
7000:periods with some changes, but after the
6781:□Northern Nara dialect (northern part of
5753:(Japanese pronunciation of "McDonald's")
4238:in the casual speech of Kanto changes to
4187:is used, arising from the replacement of
3955:is pronounced with a falling intonation.
3333:has been dying out due to the spread of -
3252:"Welcome" on a billboard for visitors in
2815:is replaced by the Kansai dialect copula
609:A signboard written in Kansai dialect at
420:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
9179:The Corpus of Kansai Vernacular Japanese
9068:. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing.
9029:. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing.
7566:Maido okoshiyasu. Kyō mo ē mon arimasu e
7559:
7518:Southern branches of Osaka-ben, such as
6657:
4301:
3244:
2796:
2663:has reduced also the ren'yōkei ending く
1109:
907:
604:
258:
240:
237:, translates as "You must eat sardines!"
226:
32:This article includes a list of general
9137:Kōza hōgengaku 7 -Kinki chihō no hōgen-
9106:Minoru Umegaki (Ed.) (1962). 近畿方言の総合的研究
8160:, though some people tend to pronounce
8081:. Wakayama-ben has specific perticles.
7608:(御所言葉) and the citizens dialect called
6649:
6461:Standard first-person pronouns such as
6029:(also used in standard Japanese); also
5025:great, high-status, terrible, terribly
4591:and said to derive from a Chinese word
4400:. Basically equivalent to the standard
4282:("It is great!"). Youngsters often use
3895:Kaze hiita kate, watashi wa ryokō e iku
1628:in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう
411:The common Kansai dialect is spoken in
211:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
10524:
9198:- Kansai-ben texts and videos made by
8970:Kayoko Tsuji (2009). 「ハル」敬語考 京都語の社会言語史
8625:
8337:Miyako hoteru no ue de. Ano, robii de.
8334:Miyako hoteru no ue de. Ano, robii de.
6102:to beat somebody (with hands or rods)
5830:= "I know a really interesting shop."
5450:can't stand it; unpleasant; unwelcome
4764:used in Kobe and Banshu; harsher than
4270:are used only in informal speech, but
2121:. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ
319:(Kinki region) of Japan. In Japanese,
9251:
9225:
9092:Takahashi, Hiroshi and Kyoko (1995).
8220:dialects has a unique final particle
8176:. Some elderly Shiga people also use
7502:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7454:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7332:
7320:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7156:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7068:
7062:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
5071:is used as "very" or "terribly" like
4094:; for example, "I love you" would be
4078:can be used with formal form such as
3409:The honorific form of Kansai dialect
3125:; the former is a shortened form of -
2777:for presumptive form instead of でしょう
2749:to the plain form. For example, 安かろう
1070:/jodoɡawanomizunoNdeharadadakudarija/
1066:/joroɡawanomirunoNreharararakurarija/
9150:Kiite oboeru Kansai Ōsaka-ben nyūmon
8722:456 number. Tokyo: Taishukan Shoten.
8384:The lines must have gotten crossed.
8362:That's strange. Isn't that strange?
8033:(和歌山弁), the dialect in old province
7969:"because" is widely used instead of
6705:Gosho dialect (old court dialect of
6501:. Elderly Kansai men frequently use
5820:mostly used by younger people. also
5463:= "I can't stand this hot weather."
5115:; also used in other western Japan;
4579:(L-L-L-H-L) is strong abusive form;
4070:is never used with polite form, but
3970:phrase in the manzai. It comes from
3357:has comparatively survived because -
3321:was originally a shortened form of -
3142:
3072:-ngana (-su + gana), emphasis. e.g.
2691:), but the Kantō speech preserved く
2317:means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ
1985:is used for progressive aspect (See
1758:in Kansai dialect; for example, させる
1534:verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る
938:as and in place of Standard and .
344:in technical terms. The dialects of
325:is the common name and it is called
18:
8938:Todōfuken-betsu Zenkoku Hōgen Jiten
8933:Ryoichi Sato ed (2009). 都道府県別全国方言辞典
8632:Omusubi: Japan's Regional Diversity
8592:
8351:Well, I called, just at 5 o'clock.
8240:is divided into northern including
7728:) spoken in northern Hyōgo, former
5690:; also used in other western Japan
4447:
4278:can be used with formal forms like
3815:meaning "because," are replaced by
3065:-n'nen (-su + nen), emphasis. e.g.
2399:stem), an abbreviation of adverbial
2129:is used in the past negative form.
1470:(to be different or wrong) becomes
528:dialect, the predecessor of modern
13:
9155:. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo Publishing.
8812:"Congo word 'most untranslatable'"
8789:NHK Nihongo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten
8514:Kansai dialect in Japanese culture
8073:in Wakayama, Mie and Nara such as
5927:Ore ochokuru no mo eekagen ni see!
5186:= "Lay out the futons, will you?"
5067:a variation of the adjective form
4917:stupid, clumsy, inefficient, lazy
4164:follows the negative verb ending -
3643:are often left out especially the
3115:continuous and progressive aspects
2475:(L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え）
2460:(L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い）
2045:, a transitional form between はせん
1884:
1739:is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う）
1731:is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる
1711:has special volitional form しょ（う）
815:. The common phrase of agreement,
442:. Dialects spoken in Southeastern
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
10553:
9167:
8695:Kansai ni okeru hōgen to Kyōtsūgo
8683:202 number. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo.
8381:Monosugoku konsen shiteita desho.
7919:) spoken in southeastern Mie and
6694:■Kyoto dialect (southern part of
6192:dull, unimportant, uninteresting
5897:also used in other western Japan
5872:= "How much did you pay for it?"
5533:, a sportswear company in Osaka.
5284:often used for informal good-by.
4358:corresponds to standard Japanese
3086:-n'no (-su + no), question. e.g.
3058:-n'na (-su + na), emphasis. e.g.
1672:("I forgot ") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた
1018:"pawnshop", among other examples.
824:meaning "that's it", is replaced
248:Chikan wa akan de. Zettai akan de
9096:. Kobe: Taiseido Shobo Co. Ltd.
8499:
8485:
8285:
7012:instead of common Osakan copula
6976:"it is about time to be going".
6505:as well as other western Japan.
5428:= "It doesn't matter: it's OK."
5249:Honde na, kinō na, watashi na...
4737:Chau chau, chauchau chau n chau?
3783:is also used in some areas, but
3349:) and negative imperative form -
3104:("It may be fine weather today")
3079:-kka (-su + ka), question. e.g.
2977:The politeness levels of copula
2329:instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない）
1002:(formal negative form), and まひょ
485:
23:
9016:
8991:
8964:
8946:
8904:
8880:
8856:
6233:(H-L-L) in casual speech; also
5991:means "very much"); of course,
5929:= "That's enough to tease me!"
5828:Metcha omoroi mise shitteru de.
4672:of the bell, or corrupted from
4522:(H-H-H-H-H) for polite speech;
3670:happens only before two verbs:
3097:("I'll show you a nice place!")
3090:("What are you talking about?")
2429:. In Kyoto, women often add よし
1889:In Standard Japanese, the verb
1644:. Furthermore, as the verb しまう
1486:(interesting or funny) becomes
1099:
1040:Especially in the rural areas,
9111:Kinki hōgen no sōgōteki kenkyū
8830:
8804:
8778:
8750:
8725:
8686:
7908:) spoken in mid-northern Mie,
7660:, is used by a few elders and
6078:also used some other dialects
5651:is a lengthened vowel form of
5585:= "They are strange clothes."
5498:= "Give me a cut of chicken."
5415:never mind; it doesn't matter
4597:
3662:in standard). The ellipsis of
2933:, the polite form of the verb
1010:(formal volitional form), ひちや
1:
9184:The Kansai and Osaka dialects
8614:
8378:Monosugo konsen shiteta yaro.
6788:■Shiga dialect (main part of
6321:going for nothing, fruitless
6227:I'm sorry, excuse me, thanks
5359:= "Don't be spiteful to me."
4995:indecent, vicious, obnoxious
4540:= "You must not eat." :
4505:wrong, no good, must, oh no!
4297:
4219:by some Kansai speakers, but
4102:, and "I loved you" would be
3240:
2726:"interesting, funny" becomes
2641:
2591:下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる
2467:下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる
2433:to the soft imperative form.
2348:
2325:means "need not do";-んと（あかん）
2197:下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる
1842:
1632:in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう
912:A pawnshop signboard in Osaka
903:
895:"lively, busy" becomes にんぎゃか
402:
10388:Kanji pronunciation sources
10162:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
9129:. Tokyo: Tokyodo Publishing.
8656:Kansaiben no chiriteki han'i
8641:, retrieved January 23, 2007
8373:And I couldn't get through.
6109:"Why don't you go to cafe?"
5785:(H-L-L) in Kyoto and Shiga.
5759:= "Let's go to McDonald's."
5251:= "And, in yesterday, I..."
5150:elegant, splendid, graceful
4644:= "You are a pretty woman."
4456:
4440:but don't mind being called
3998:has some variation, such as
3650:and the quotation particles
3614:
3262:Honorific speech in Japanese
2921:and it is often replaced by
2753:(the presumptive form of 安い
2671:, yielding such forms as 早う
2576:上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる
2452:上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる
2321:instead of standard -なくてもいい
2151:上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる
1865:"can't go". This is because
1699:(the volitional form of 食べる
1279:
585:
7:
10542:Culture of the Kinki region
10497:Speculative fiction writers
10056:Transcription into Japanese
9149:
9136:
9123:
9110:
8888:
8864:
8788:
8731:Masataka Jinnouchi (2003).
8709:
8694:
8670:
8655:
8478:
8015:
7953:. For example, instead of -
6770:□Kobe dialect (the city of
6678:Eastern Kansai dialect and
6662:Okumura's division theory.
5607:damned, stupid, irritating
5032:in Chubu and western Japan
4920:literally "slow-smelling" (
4895:= "Hey, I'll clobber you!"
4680:word for "bicycle" used by
4668:said to derive either from
4207:is sometimes replaced with
4002:(intermediate form between
3934:
3857:
3807:
3797:, the conjunctive particles
3735:
3690:is sometimes contracted to
3635:
3270:In modern Kansai dialect, -
3162:form, a shortened form of -
2949:are sometimes shortened to
2765:. Polite suffixes です/だす/どす
2409:
2387:
2155:("to wake up") becomes 起きん
2017:"not going", which is 行かない
1992:
1986:
1813:The potential verb endings
1237:
1219:
1182:
1164:
755:nouns. Common examples are
665:
572:
534:Classical Japanese language
395:
374:
365:
338:
321:
296:
290:
265:
247:
233:
10:
10558:
9415:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
9119:Isamu Maeda (1965). 上方語源辞典
9094:How to speak Osaka Dialect
9042:Colloquial Kansai Japanese
8279:
6450:
4959:generally does not change
4611:= "You are really silly."
3618:
3259:
2965:have their negative forms
2792:
2445:in the normal form, 使い（い）
1597:("received") becoming 貰うた
1447:
1443:
1103:
1029:in some words such as さぶい
845:When vowels and semivowel
589:
472:
10472:
10412:
10364:
10206:
10064:
10006:
9948:
9883:
9874:
9783:
9758:
9749:
9701:
9674:
9597:
9471:
9299:
9290:
9259:
8999:"Yellowtail - Sushi Fish"
8912:Kishiwada Shonen Gurentai
8895:
8871:
8841:Zenkoku Aho Baka Bunpu-kō
8716:
8701:
8677:
8662:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7328:
7318:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7154:
7112:
7110:
7078:
7072:
7060:
7058:
7056:
6985:central business district
6735:, especially the city of
6698:, especially the city of
6670:Northern Kansai dialect,
6575:is sometimes pronounced -
6489:(somewhat feminine), and
6330:= "It's no good at all."
6048:Otchan, takoyaki futatsu!
5921:to make fun of, to tease
5645:be not in a good feeling
5545:" (won, beat, overcame).
5496:Kashiwa hito-kire chōdai.
5316:, equivalent to Standard
4592:
4148:, but in Kansai dialect,
3928:
3858:Ōsaka sakai ni Edo berabō
3851:
3801:
3729:
3725:The interjectory particle
3718:("My goodness!") becomes
3678:(to think). For example,
3629:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3337:but its imperative form -
3166:. In standard Japanese, -
3108:
3033:
3023:
3008:
3003:
2521:, an abbreviation of the
2505:in the normal form, き（い）
2490:in the normal form, し（い）
2403:
2381:
2313:instead of standard -ないで
2021:in standard Japanese. -ん
1754:is usually replaced with
1585:("laughed") becoming 笑うた
1557:). Thus, for the verb 言う
1516:two types of regular verb
1454:Japanese verb conjugation
1424:
1403:
1377:
1356:
1335:
1317:
1299:
1295:
1231:
1213:
1176:
1158:
1052:"never, not at all", かだら
948:In a provocative speech,
876:
867:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
787:
774:
761:
729:
720:
711:
702:
672:
600:
484:
479:
381:
359:
332:
303:
284:
197:
185:
169:
157:
152:
113:
103:
93:
88:
83:
10282:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
9741:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
9142:. Tokyo: Kokushokankōkai
8957:Kyōto-shi Hōgen no Dōtai
8758:
8619:
8367:Hona tsuujihinkattan ya.
8132:
7996:is sometimes pronounced
7961:. Conjunctive particles
7821:and a question particle
7759:alias Banshū, is called
7712:
7555:
7544:, and the second person
6920:
6864:Southern Kansai dialect
6807:Northern Kansai dialect
6682:Southern Kansai dialect.
6674:Western Kansai dialect,
5987:" (thank you very much,
5726:= "Hi, may I help you?"
5529:. originally a brand of
5461:Kō atsui to kanawan naa.
4948:good, proper, all right
4886:(突く; prick, push); also
4120:. For simple questions,
3923:sentence-final particles
3917:Sentence final particles
3186:. One should note that -
2599:in the normal form, 食べな
2584:in the normal form, 起きな
2569:in the normal form, 使いな
2533:sometimes changes to なや
2479:(L-L-H) in the soft one.
2464:(L-L-H) in the soft one.
2297:Generally speaking, -へん
2219:("to sleep") becomes 寝ん
1707:. The irregular verb する
1687:(the volitional form of
1514:Kansai dialect also has
1509:
1095:in fluent Kansai speech.
962:Tokyo Shitamachi dialect
887:"Sunday" becomes にっちょうび
255:is out. Absolutely out."
10228:Godan and ichidan verbs
10046:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
9210:Kyoto-ben Study Website
9206:Osaka-ben Study Website
8653:Mitsuo Okumura (1968).
8244:and southern including
8231:
7849:as well as Banshū-ben.
6944:"well, so-so, y'know".
6852:Eastern Kansai dialect
6837:Western Kansai dialect
6447:Pronouns and honorifics
5385:to beat, to finish off
5204:to throw away, to dump
3710:in Tokyo. For example,
3528:iteharu (mainly Ōsaka)
3401:) are used instead of -
3325:, a transformation of -
2925:in Kyoto. The usage of
2633:in the normal form, きな
2618:in the normal form, しな
2201:("to eat") becomes 食べん
2137:("to use") becomes 使わん
2037:, the emphatic form of
1969:and usually pronounced
1926:and its variation, いてる
1849:is often replaced with
1172:or Flat-straight accent
921:is nearer to than to .
53:more precise citations.
9200:Ritsumeikan University
9186:- nihongoresources.com
8974:
8956:
8937:
8910:Riichi Nakaba (2005).
8901:. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun
8840:
8759:大阪弁完全マスター講座 第三十四話 よろがわ
8370:Jaa tsuujinakattan da.
7880:
7748:"idiot" is pronounced
7656:, instead of standard
7569:
6942:maa, bochi bochi denna
6683:
6666:Inner Kansai dialect,
6281:in standard Japanese,
5351:spiteful, ill-natured
5107:, may be a mixture of
5082:= "feelin' real good"
4526:means "must not ...";
4391:kono jitensha naoshite
4351:
4326:"mischievous person",
4179:The emphatic particle
4014:(shortened form), and
3871:have become dominant.
3405:in standard Japanese.
3365:, a transformation of
3257:
3074:Yoroshū tanomimangana.
2808:The standard Japanese
2805:
2177:("to see") becomes 見ん
1946:is hardly used and おる
1938:and humble expression
1817:for 五段 godan and -られる
1802:("to show"), e.g. 見して
1774:(causative form of 言う
1115:
913:
633:
274:
256:
238:
199:This article contains
10333:Court lady language (
9803:Southern Amami Ōshima
9736:Yilan Creole Japanese
9216:A Course in Osaka-ben
9196:Kansai Japanese Guide
9192:- TheJapanesePage.com
8865:Ōsaka "Honmamon" Kōza
8862:Kazuo Fudano (2006).
8692:Fumiko Inoue (2009).
8472:It's awkward, right?
8301:Original Kyoto speech
7867:Tokushima Prefectures
7563:
7281:itosan, itohan, tōhan
6912:area in southeastern
6804:Outer Kansai dialect
6691:Inner Kansai dialect
6661:
6646:("congratulations").
6642:("good morning") and
6607:("Mr. Satō") becomes
6477:has many variations:
6408:anta toko no yome-han
5870:Sore nanbo de kōta n?
5583:Kettai-na fuku ya na.
5153:mainly used in Kyoto
4691:Uun, chari de iku wa.
4688:Eki made aruite ikun?
4362:"to throw away", and
4305:
4286:, the combination of
3889:has two usages. When
3680:Tanaka-san to yū hito
3483:okoshiyasu, oideyasu
3345:(mainly Kyōto, also -
3294:. In formal speech, -
3248:
3102:Kyō wa hare dessharo.
3050:ending polite forms,
2889:, while the standard
2800:
2625:k-irregular verb: 来る
2606:s-irregular verb: する
2497:k-irregular verb: 来る
2482:s-irregular verb: する
2257:k-irregular verb: 来る
2235:s-irregular verb: する
2093:often changes to -ひん
1565:("said") becomes 言うた
1135:and parts of western
1129:Keihan-shiki akusento
1113:
1106:Japanese pitch accent
911:
874:"I love you" becomes
608:
557:Early Modern Japanese
262:
244:
234:Iwashi o tabena akan!
230:
10152:Small Kana Extension
9763:Eastern Old Japanese
9402:Northern Izu Islands
9124:Kamigata gogen jiten
8886:Isamu Maeda (1977).
8359:Okashii. Okashii na.
8356:Okashii. Okashii na.
8274:The southern dialect
8057:in Wakayama such as
7942:instead of standard
7877:rule in Edo period.
7667:The verb inflection
6893:in Hyōgo Prefecture)
6650:Regional differences
5710:commercial greeting
5157:Hannari-shita kimono
4876:to clobber somebody
4250:(in some areas, but
4215:is also replaced to
4124:is usually used and
3290:is used instead of -
3076:("Nice to meet you")
3062:("So-so, you know.")
2787:/kjoːwaharedesujaro/
2355:Late Middle Japanese
2335:/-nakereba(naranai)/
1954:is replaced with ある
1786:and perfective form
1076:and have the trots".
421:regional differences
9703:Pidgins and creoles
9064:Tse, Peter (1993).
9001:. Sushiencyclopedia
8877:. Tokyo: Shinchosha
8039:Wakayama Prefecture
7889:, sometimes called
7769:in progressive and
7482:(youngest daughter)
7283:(keeper's daughter)
6979:In the Edo period,
6869:Wakayama Prefecture
6599:("mother") becomes
6457:Japanese honorifics
6359:usually shortened -
6352:to give (informal)
6328:Sappari waya ya wa.
6278:to boil, to simmer
6166:= "Ah, I'm tired."
6075:it can't be helped
6004:= "Thanks always!"
5972:H-L-H-L or L-L-H-L
5373:H-H-H-H, H-H-H-H-H
5357:Ikezu sentoitee na.
5159:= "Elegant kimono"
5138:H-L-L-L or L-L-H-L
5092:H-L-L-L or L-L-H-L
4969:= "You look cool."
4858:= "terribly miser"
4805:(such, like this);
4761:silly, idiot, fool
4734:Are, chauchau chau?
4568:silly, idiot, fool
4542:Tabena/Tabento akan
4172:is used instead of
4118:interrogative words
4082:, a formal form of
4062:does not change to
3410:
3341:(mainly Ōsaka) or -
3229:are replaced with -
3095:Ee toko oshiemasse!
3083:("How's business?")
3060:Bochi-bochi den'na.
2978:
2859:in Kansai dialect.
2675:(contraction of 早う
2659:, respectively) to
2561:五段 godan verbs: 使う
2215:one mora verbs: 寝る
2173:one mora verbs: 見る
2133:五段 godan verbs: 使う
1762:(causative form of
1538:("to come") and する
1498:in the same way as
1154:High-initial accent
192:Kansai-dialect area
10504:Classical Japanese
10351:Gender differences
10187:Extended shinjitai
9116:. Tokyo: Sanseido.
8637:2006-12-14 at the
7643:Kyoto-ben was the
7570:
6974:bochi bochi iko ka
6724:Yamashiro Province
6684:
6295:was boiled well."
6258:= "I'm so sorry."
5855:transformation of
5686:shortened form of
5333:= "Is that true?"
5219:Sore hokashitoite.
5184:Futon hiitoite ya.
5128:= "Eat heartily."
5001:Egetsunai yarikata
4854:= "terribly fool"
4821:(such, like that)
4682:Osaka-born Koreans
4544:= "You must eat."
4534:means "must ...".
4352:
4294:for tag question.
3684:Tanaka-san yū hito
3621:Japanese particles
3408:
3258:
3203:grammatical aspect
3184:intransitive verbs
3182:is also used with
3170:is only used with
2976:
2806:
2783:/kjoːwaharedesjoː/
2773:are also added やろ
2331:/-nakutja(ikenai)/
2287:with standard 来ない
2109:, a mixture of -ん
1965:is also used as a
1656:rather than -ちまった
1464:classical Japanese
1209:Low-initial accent
1116:
1072:"I drank water of
1068:for 淀川の水飲んで腹だだ下りや
914:
634:
592:Japanese phonology
545:Tokugawa Shogunate
275:
257:
239:
10532:Japanese dialects
10519:
10518:
10223:Verb conjugations
10202:
10201:
9870:
9869:
9751:Japonic languages
9697:
9696:
9689:Okinawan Japanese
9253:Japanese language
9161:978-4-89476-296-1
9102:978-4-88463-076-8
8986:978-4-89476-416-3
8800:978-4-14-011112-3
8766:on March 20, 2016
8476:
8475:
8469:Kakkowarui desho.
8403:Nande daroo, are?
8304:Standard Japanese
8293:
8184:often changes to
8000:in Ise. Near the
7897:), is made up of
7732:, is included in
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7458:(eldest daughter)
7066:(keeper's father)
7054:(keeper's mother)
6453:Japanese pronouns
6444:
6443:
6289:Daikon yō taketa.
6145:tired, exhausted
6037:, but ruder than
6022:uncle, older man
5983:abbreviation of "
5958:very casual form
5541:of "cutter" and "
5512:H-H-H L-L, H-L-L
5426:Kamahen, kamahen.
5418:abbreviation of "
5239:and so, so that (
5213:gomi (o) hottoite
5003:= "Indecent way"
4955:(Perfective form
4893:Anta, dotsuku de!
4813:(such, like it);
4642:Beppin-san ya na.
4609:Honma aho ya naa.
4508:abbreviation of "
4464:Standard Japanese
4338:"smart dresser",
4334:"merry drinker",
4132:is often changed
4086:. In past tense,
3962:particle such as
3712:nanto yū koto da!
3612:
3611:
3040:
3039:
2695:while reducing し
2283:, a mixture けえへん
1903:is replaced with
1494:is politely said
1441:
1440:
960:, similar to the
853:, they sometimes
553:Meiji Restoration
502:
501:
313:Japanese dialects
251:, translates as "
225:
224:
207:rendering support
203:phonetic symbols.
79:
78:
71:
10549:
10462:Polivanov system
10323:Honorific speech
10218:Japanese grammar
9881:
9880:
9756:
9755:
9297:
9296:
9246:
9239:
9232:
9223:
9222:
9154:
9152:
9141:
9139:
9128:
9126:
9115:
9113:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8995:
8989:
8979:
8977:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8931:
8922:
8908:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8891:
8884:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8867:
8860:
8854:
8845:
8843:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8808:
8802:
8793:
8791:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8736:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8697:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8658:
8651:
8642:
8629:
8599:Hokuriku dialect
8593:Related dialects
8509:
8507:Languages portal
8504:
8503:
8495:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8466:Kakkowarui yaro.
8400:Nande yaro, are?
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8138:Shiga Prefecture
7875:Tokushima Domain
7718:Hyōgo Prefecture
7610:Machikata kotoba
7472:koitosan, koisan
7165:(after retiring)
7147:(after retiring)
7028:
7027:
7019:
7018:
6947:The idea behind
6819:Fukui Prefecture
6790:Shiga Prefecture
6776:Hyōgo Prefecture
6756:Kawachi Province
6733:Osaka Prefecture
6731:□Osaka dialect (
6696:Kyoto Prefecture
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6117:shibaite yarō ka
6107:Chaa shibakehen?
5749:abbreviation of
5724:Maido, irasshai!
5391:Itemau do, ware!
4827:= "How was it?"
4631:beautiful woman
4603:Muromachi period
4599:
4594:
4583:(L-L-H-L-L) and
4455:
4448:Well-known words
4378:Thus the phrase
4230:The emphasis or
4160:(harsher). When
4018:(softer form of
3941:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3411:
3407:
3172:transitive verbs
3088:Nani yūteman'no?
2979:
2975:
2867:(a variation of
2863:originated from
2857:ya arahen/arehen
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:/desu,dasu,dosu/
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2717:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2637:in the soft one.
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:in the soft one.
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:in the soft one.
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:in the soft one.
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:in the soft one.
2572:
2568:
2564:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2509:in the soft one.
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:in the soft one.
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:in the soft one.
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:godan verbs: 使う
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:instead of 行けない
1856:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
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1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1686:
1679:
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1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1541:
1537:
1502:is inflected to
1450:Japanese grammar
1428:
1407:
1381:
1360:
1339:
1321:
1303:
1278:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:or Ascent accent
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:"Mr., Ms.", まへん
986:
982:
974:
970:
959:
951:
944:
937:
933:
920:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
878:
873:
870:
869:
864:
860:
852:
848:
841:
838:
837:
832:
829:
828:
823:
820:
819:
814:
811:
810:
805:
802:
801:
793:
790:
789:
784:
780:
777:
776:
771:
767:
764:
763:
758:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
731:
726:
723:
722:
717:
714:
713:
708:
705:
704:
699:
696:often fuse into
695:
685:
681:
677:
675:
674:
668:
655:
647:
639:
577:
489:
488:
477:
476:
467:Hokuriku dialect
398:
388:
386:
384:
383:
377:
371:
362:
361:
354:Kamigata dialect
343:
341:
335:
334:
324:
310:
308:
306:
305:
299:
294:, also known as
293:
287:
286:
268:
250:
236:
190:
181:
162:
135:Western Japanese
119:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
16:Japanese dialect
10557:
10556:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10546:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10515:
10468:
10413:Transliteration
10408:
10384:Sound symbolism
10360:
10342:Role language (
10301:from Portuguese
10233:Irregular verbs
10211:
10209:
10198:
10147:Kana Supplement
10142:Kana Extended-B
10137:Kana Extended-A
10060:
10036:Historical kana
10002:
9944:
9923:by stroke count
9914:Kanji radicals
9908:by stroke count
9866:
9779:
9745:
9721:Hawaiian Creole
9693:
9670:
9593:
9467:
9286:
9255:
9250:
9170:
9146:
9133:
9120:
9107:
9081:Kansai Japanese
9019:
9014:
9004:
9002:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8934:
8932:
8925:
8909:
8905:
8892:
8885:
8881:
8868:
8861:
8857:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8818:. June 22, 2004
8810:
8809:
8805:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8769:
8767:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8739:
8730:
8726:
8713:
8698:
8691:
8687:
8674:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8639:Wayback Machine
8630:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8604:Shikoku dialect
8595:
8590:
8516:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8286:
8282:
8270:language island
8238:Nara Prefecture
8236:The dialect in
8234:
8216:. Nagahama and
8200:(that) becomes
8188:; for example,
8135:
8093:("Let's go!").
8018:
7885:The dialect in
7883:
7871:Seto Inland Sea
7757:Harima Province
7752:in Tajima-ben.
7734:Chūgoku dialect
7730:Tajima Province
7715:
7620:, craftsmen at
7558:
7316:(keeper's heir)
7312:
7161:
7158:dansan, danahan
7148:
7143:
7142:(keeper's wife)
6972:, for instance
6923:
6867:Kishū dialect (
6842:Harima Province
6823:Wakasa Province
6783:Nara Prefecture
6744:Settsu Province
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6652:
6595:; for example,
6485:(both gender),
6459:
6449:
6428:a lot of, many
5955:mother, father
5591:kettakuso warui
5290:= "Well then."
5126:Gyōsan tabe ya.
5100:a lot of, many
5079:Gottsu ee kanji
4489:H-H-H, H-L-L-L
4450:
4428:, being called
4404:"idiot, fool",
4346:"whatever" and
4330:"to be silly",
4318:"to be noisy",
4300:
4280:sugoi desu yan!
4211:. The particle
3938:
3925:
3919:
3903:Ore kate shiran
3848:
3835:in some areas.
3811:
3808:setsuzoku-joshi
3798:
3739:
3726:
3658:(equivalent to
3645:accusative case
3639:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3545:-haru in Ōsaka
3527:
3517:-haru in Kyōto
3264:
3243:
3111:
3069:("It is wrong")
2909:is replaced by
2851:is replaced by
2827:(presumptive),
2795:
2644:
2413:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2351:
1995:
1909:humble language
1887:
1885:Existence verbs
1782:. Its -te form
1715:instead of しよう
1674:/wasuretemoːta/
1666:/wasuretimaQta/
1640:, becomes してまう
1573:instead of 言って
1512:
1478:(well) becomes
1460:
1446:
1416:good afternoon
1241:
1228:
1223:
1210:
1186:
1173:
1168:
1155:
1108:
1102:
1089:/nanisiteruneN/
977:debuccalization
917:The syllable ひ
906:
865:. For example,
781:"mosquito" and
669:
661:vowel reduction
617:. The message,
611:Kusatsu Station
603:
594:
588:
580:Yoshimoto Kogyo
508:cities such as
493:
486:
480:External videos
475:
463:Shikoku dialect
456:language island
440:Chūgoku dialect
405:
378:
356:
329:
300:
281:
205:Without proper
193:
177:
158:
148:
140:Kansai Japanese
120:
117:Language family
115:
84:Kansai Japanese
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10555:
10545:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10489:
10484:
10478:
10476:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10370:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10339:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10304:
10303:
10298:
10284:
10279:
10273:Native words (
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10214:
10212:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10010:
10008:
10004:
10003:
10001:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9954:
9952:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9920:
9912:
9911:
9910:
9900:
9895:
9889:
9887:
9878:
9876:Writing system
9872:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9789:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9731:Pseudo-Chinese
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9711:Bamboo English
9707:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9684:Amami Japanese
9680:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9605:
9603:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9479:
9477:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9313:
9307:
9305:
9294:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9256:
9249:
9248:
9241:
9234:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9213:
9203:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9176:
9169:
9168:External links
9166:
9165:
9164:
9143:
9130:
9117:
9104:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9053:Kinki Japanese
9049:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9012:
8990:
8963:
8945:
8923:
8903:
8879:
8855:
8829:
8803:
8777:
8749:
8747:Umegaki (1962)
8737:
8724:
8685:
8671:Gengo seikatsu
8643:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8575:
8562:
8549:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8496:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8423:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8406:I wonder why?
8404:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8281:
8278:
8233:
8230:
8134:
8131:
8053:often changes
8037:, present-day
8017:
8014:
7988:In and around
7951:Nagoya dialect
7887:Mie Prefecture
7882:
7879:
7714:
7711:
7557:
7554:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7506:(youngest son)
7501:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7474:(3rd daughter)
7469:
7467:
7466:(2nd daughter)
7461:
7459:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7311:(keeper's son)
7309:bonsan, bonbon
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7155:
7153:
7145:inkyo no oehan
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7023:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6883:
6880:Shima Province
6876:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6763:Izumi Province
6759:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6717:Tanba Province
6713:
6710:
6651:
6648:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6410:= "your wife"
6405:
6395:
6392:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6353:
6350:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6268:
6260:
6259:
6256:Erai sunmahen.
6253:
6228:
6225:
6216:
6213:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6177:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6146:
6143:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6113:Shibaitaro ka!
6110:
6103:
6100:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6071:shikata ga nai
6064:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6045:
6023:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5985:ōki ni arigatō
5981:
5978:
5973:
5970:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5944:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5883:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5853:
5850:
5841:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5815:
5806:
5803:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5646:
5643:
5637:kanji ga warui
5634:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5608:
5605:
5596:
5595:H-H-H-H H-L-L
5593:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5500:
5499:
5493:
5484:
5482:chicken (food)
5479:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5451:
5448:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5374:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5311:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5266:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5123:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4949:
4946:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4731:
4722:
4719:
4706:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4538:Tabetara akan.
4535:
4511:rachi ga akanu
4506:
4503:
4490:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4458:Kansai dialect
4449:
4446:
4299:
4296:
4080:nande desu nen
3918:
3915:
3720:nanchū kotcha!
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3379:Te okun nahare
3302:connect with -
3242:
3239:
3174:, but Kansai -
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2996:polite formal
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2794:
2791:
2734:"hot" becomes
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2623:
2604:
2589:
2574:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2480:
2465:
2450:
2350:
2347:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2255:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2149:
1994:
1991:
1886:
1883:
1853:such as 行かれへん
1827:ra-nuki kotoba
1778:) changes 言わす
1703:) becomes 食べよ
1678:/wasuretemota/
1670:/wasuretjaQta/
1614:auxiliary verb
1526:verbs) and 一段
1511:
1508:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:/nanisiteNneN/
1077:
1038:
1021:The change of
1019:
965:
946:
939:
922:
905:
902:
901:
900:
843:
795:
749:
687:
657:
632:("Let's go!").
615:Kusatsu, Shiga
602:
599:
587:
584:
500:
499:
491:Taxi (YouTube)
482:
481:
474:
471:
404:
401:
311:is a group of
279:Kansai dialect
223:
222:
209:, you may see
195:
194:
191:
183:
182:
175:
167:
166:
163:
155:
154:
153:Language codes
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
123:
121:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:Native to
91:
90:
86:
85:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10554:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10537:Kansai region
10535:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10471:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10457:Cyrillization
10455:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10445:Wāpuro rōmaji
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10367:
10363:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10275:yamato kotoba
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10263:Counter words
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10205:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10005:
9999:
9998:Kana ligature
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9893:Script reform
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9716:Bonin English
9714:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9585:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9491:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9470:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9358:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9289:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9260:Earlier forms
9258:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9240:
9235:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9224:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9144:
9138:
9131:
9125:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:0-8048-1868-1
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:0-8048-3723-6
9032:
9028:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9000:
8994:
8987:
8983:
8976:
8967:
8958:
8949:
8939:
8930:
8928:
8921:
8920:4-06-275074-0
8917:
8913:
8907:
8890:
8883:
8866:
8859:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8833:
8822:September 19,
8817:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8794:. pp149-150.
8790:
8781:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8744:
8742:
8734:
8728:
8711:
8696:
8689:
8672:
8657:
8650:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8508:
8502:
8497:
8494:
8483:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8392:Aa soo da yo.
8391:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8069:also changes
8068:
8065:("not eat");
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7509:
7505:
7497:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7442:
7440:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7420:
7418:
7410:
7408:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7384:
7382:
7374:
7372:
7362:
7350:
7348:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7322:wakagoryonsan
7315:
7310:
7282:
7266:
7263:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7221:
7205:
7203:
7191:
7189:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7117:
7115:
7081:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7065:
7053:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6915:
6914:Kii Peninsula
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6888:
6887:Awaji dialect
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6660:
6656:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6454:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:omoshirokunai
6181:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:; hardship);
6155:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5943:L-H-L, L-H-L
5942:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:kattaa shatsu
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:L-L-H, H-H-H
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:H-H-L-L, H-L
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:= "Dump it."
5220:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:excessively (
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:demonstrative
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:reduplication
4723:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4199:, the Kansai
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:(softer) and
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:nande ya nen!
3961:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3936:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3846:
3843:in Osaka and
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:(to say) and
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3637:
3622:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:tsukainaharu
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:te okure yasu
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:in Osaka and
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2649:
2624:
2605:
2595:becomes 食べるな
2590:
2580:becomes 起きるな
2575:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2524:
2516:
2496:
2481:
2466:
2451:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2411:
2389:
2356:
2346:
2333:or -なければならない
2323:/-nakutemoiː/
2278:
2277:
2256:
2234:
2214:
2213:
2196:
2172:
2171:
2150:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2056:
1990:
1988:
1968:
1959:
1941:
1937:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1844:
1828:
1811:
1766:) changes さす
1749:
1744:
1691:) becomes 使お
1690:
1681:
1615:
1610:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1528:ichidan verbs
1525:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:Heishin-shiki
1166:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1107:
1078:
1075:
1039:
1020:
993:
992:
978:
966:
963:
957:
947:
941:Intervocalic
940:
929:
928:
923:
916:
915:
910:
856:
844:
796:
754:
750:
736:"great", but
692:
688:
667:
662:
659:In Standard,
658:
653:
645:
640:is nearer to
636:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
607:
598:
593:
583:
581:
576:
575:
569:
568:Taishō period
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
530:Tokyo dialect
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
492:
483:
478:
470:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Kii Peninsula
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
400:
397:
392:
376:
370:
368:
355:
352:are known as
351:
347:
340:
328:
327:Kinki dialect
323:
318:
317:Kansai region
314:
298:
292:
280:
272:
267:
261:
254:
249:
243:
235:
229:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
196:
189:
184:
180:
176:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
156:
151:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
122:
118:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
10450:In Esperanto
10420:Romanization
10374:Pitch accent
10356:Dictionaries
10343:
10335:nyōbō kotoba
10334:
10288:
10287:Loan words (
10274:
10258:Topic marker
10172:ARIB STD B24
9918:by frequency
9798:Amami Ōshima
9675:
9664:
9623:
9609:
9599:
9587:
9574:East San'in
9558:
9534:
9505:
9504:
9483:
9473:
9409:
9360:
9316:
9301:
9282:Early Modern
9272:Early Middle
9218:- Osaka city
9093:
9086:Google Books
9079:
9065:
9058:Google Books
9051:
9047:Google Books
9040:
9026:
9020:
9017:Bibliography
9003:. Retrieved
8993:
8966:
8948:
8914:. Kodansha.
8911:
8906:
8882:
8872:大阪弁「ほんまもん」講座
8858:
8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8806:
8780:
8768:. Retrieved
8764:the original
8752:
8732:
8727:
8710:Gekkan gengo
8702:関西における方言と共通語
8688:
8627:
8609:Mino dialect
8585:
8581:
8572:
8568:
8559:
8555:
8546:
8542:
8493:Japan portal
8283:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8249:
8235:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:Kii Province
8031:Wakayama-ben
8030:
8020:
8019:
8009:
8006:Naikū shrine
7997:
7993:
7987:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7920:
7909:
7898:
7890:
7884:
7863:Awaji Island
7861:) spoken in
7852:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7837:) spoken in
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7801:, common in
7798:
7794:
7790:
7789:, sometimes
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7721:
7716:
7706:
7702:
7701:instead of -
7698:
7694:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7642:
7638:Miyagawa-chō
7609:
7606:Gosho kotoba
7605:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7565:
7545:
7541:
7530:
7519:
7517:
7503:
7495:
7490:(eldest son)
7487:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7455:
7324:(son's wife)
7321:
7313:
7308:
7280:
7162:
7160:(shopkeeper)
7157:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7063:
7052:oesan, oehan
7051:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6981:Senba-kotoba
6980:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6934:mōkarimakka?
6933:
6925:
6924:
6891:Awaji Island
6873:Kii Province
6857:Ise Province
6797:Iga Province
6685:
6653:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6436:
6432:
6431:change from
6423:
6415:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6360:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6288:
6282:
6273:
6263:
6255:
6245:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6197:shiyō mo nai
6196:
6195:change from
6187:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6149:
6148:change from
6140:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6017:
6009:
6002:Maido ōkini!
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5975:
5965:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5916:
5912:
5904:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5856:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5821:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5772:
5764:
5756:
5751:makudonarudo
5750:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5705:
5697:
5687:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:haradatashii
5602:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5542:
5534:
5518:("Y-shirt")
5515:
5507:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5476:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5295:
5287:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5212:
5208:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:rough, huge
5059:
5055:
5047:
5040:erai koto ja
5039:
5036:Erai kotcha!
5035:
5029:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4967:Kakko ee de.
4966:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4832:
4825:Donai yatta?
4824:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4748:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4690:
4687:
4673:
4670:onomatopoeia
4660:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4635:
4626:
4616:
4608:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4560:L-HL, L-H-L
4555:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4524:-ta(ra) akan
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4451:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4310:"to touch",
4307:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:, just like
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4232:tag question
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4104:suki yatten.
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4084:nande ya nen
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3920:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3852:大阪さかいに江戸べらぼう
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3724:
3719:
3716:nante kotta!
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3624:
3520:tsukawaharu
3468:otsukaiyasu
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:tokun nahare
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:(sometimes -
3271:
3269:
3265:
3249:
3235:taaru/chaaru
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3081:Mōkarimakka?
3080:
3073:
3067:Chaiman'nen.
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3025:de gozaimasu
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:. In Osaka,
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2645:
2629:becomes 来るな
2610:becomes するな
2565:becomes 使うな
2554:
2550:
2546:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2471:becomes 食べえ
2456:becomes 起きい
2352:
2327:/-Nto(akaN)/
2296:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2009:, as in 行かん
1996:
1961:The verb おる
1960:
1939:
1935:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1899:object, and
1890:
1888:
1812:
1750:verb ending
1745:
1688:
1682:
1611:
1605:or even もうた
1544:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1400:konnichi wa
1392:
1254:
1248:
1202:
1196:
1149:
1137:Chūbu region
1128:
1120:pitch accent
1117:
1100:Pitch accent
988:
971:in place of
925:
727:"yummy" and
629:
618:
595:
565:
561:
549:Kantō region
538:
521:
503:
460:
425:
410:
406:
353:
326:
297:Kansai-hōgen
278:
276:
198:
170:
139:
65:
56:
37:
10430:Nihon-shiki
10313:Wasei-kango
10248:Possessives
10208:Grammar and
10041:Modern kana
10026:Punctuation
10007:Orthography
9828:Tokunoshima
9440:Gifu-Aichi
9410:Tōkai–Tōsan
9277:Late Middle
8264:as well as
8224:as well as
8168:instead of
8121:"oneself",
8113:instead of
8105:instead of
8077:instead of
8061:instead of
8002:Isuzu River
7944:-te kudasai
7934:as well as
7002:Pacific War
6966:bochi bochi
6962:bochi bochi
6958:mōkarimakka
6954:bochi bochi
6949:mōkarimakka
6707:Kyoto Gosho
6644:omedetō-san
6512:In Kansai,
6309:mucha-kucha
6223:gomen nasai
5757:Makudo iko.
5641:iyana kanji
5522:dress shirt
5331:Sore honma?
5310:true, real
5241:conjunction
4739:= "It is a
4322:"thickly",
4314:"foolish",
4242:in Kansai.
4096:suki ya nen
4090:changes to
4046:changes to
4030:changes to
3831:changes to
3736:kantō-joshi
3722:in Kansai.
3698:instead of
3590:tsukōte ya
3569:tabeyaharu
3548:tsukaiharu
3503:tabenaharu
3395:tokure yasu
3387:toku nahare
3375:okoshi yasu
3250:Okoshi yasu
3211:progressive
3141:is same as
2929:is same as
2763:/jasuijaro/
2761:likes 安いやろ
2751:/jasukaroː/
2501:becomes こい
2486:becomes せえ
2441:becomes 使え
2339:/-na(akaN)/
2261:becomes 来ん
2239:becomes せん
2207:/tabejaheN/
2143:/tukawaheN/
2107:/-heNkaQta/
1743:in Kansai.
1680:in Kansai.
1520:godan verbs
1330:chopsticks
1238:Jōshō-shiki
1220:teiki-shiki
967:The use of
889:/niQtjoːbi/
885:/nitijoːbi/
881:/suQkjaneN/
872:/sukijaneN/
718:instead of
375:Kamigata-go
339:Kinki-hōgen
213:instead of
51:introducing
10526:Categories
10474:Literature
10344:yakuwarigo
10328:Honorifics
10308:Wasei-eigo
10296:from Dutch
10243:Adjectives
10210:vocabulary
9988:Hentaigana
9983:Man'yōgana
9823:Okinoerabu
9527:Okuyoshino
9190:Kansai Ben
8852:4872331168
8615:References
8455:Kan'nin e.
8389:Aa soo ya.
8258:Yamato-ben
8174:-te yaharu
8091:iko ra yō!
7762:Banshū-ben
7722:Tajima-ben
7577:Kyō-kotoba
7496:nakabonsan
7464:nakaitosan
7314:wakadansan
7163:goinkyohan
7150:okohittsan
6544:(both are
6451:See also:
6215:L-L-L-L-H
6180:tsumaranai
6176:L-L-H-L-L
6164:Aa shindo.
5745:McDonald's
5720:in kanji.
5679:kusuguttai
5633:H-H H-L-L
5599:imaimashii
5573:fushigi-na
5527:wasei-eigo
5516:wai shatsu
5377:yattsukeru
5288:Hona mata.
5277:(sore)nara
5269:(sore)dewa
4991:rokotsu-na
4979:H-H-H-L-L
4905:L-L-H-L-L
4350:"spiteful"
4298:Vocabulary
4262:in Kanto.
4100:sukkya nen
3974:(particle
3636:kaku-joshi
3619:See also:
3608:-totte ya
3599:tabete ya
3582:-teyaharu
3512:-tenaharu
3506:shinaharu
3477:otabeyasu
3403:te kudasai
3367:o- asobasu
3260:See also:
3241:Politeness
2689:/omedetoː/
2687:and おめでとう
2685:/ariɡatoː/
2642:Adjectives
2597:/taberuna/
2527:/nasaruna/
2447:/tukai(ː)/
2349:Imperative
2319:/-Ndemoeː/
2205:and 食べやへん
2161:/okijaheN/
2159:and 起きやへん
2147:/tukaeheN/
2127:/-henaNda/
2125:and -へなんだ
2119:/-nakaQta/
2073:like 行けへん
2061:like 行かへん
1855:/ikareheN/
1790:change to
1741:/-teko(ː)/
1737:/-tekojoː/
1668:or 忘れちゃった
1658:/-timaQta/
1650:/-temoːta/
1636:, or しちゃう
1618:/-tesimau/
1504:chigaimasu
1448:See also:
1434:L-H-L-L-L
1431:L-L-L-H-L
1413:L-H-H-H-H
1410:L-H-L-L-H
1165:kōki-shiki
1104:See also:
1074:Yodo River
904:Consonants
897:/niNɡjaka/
893:/niɡijaka/
855:palatalize
842:in Kansai.
753:monomoraic
738:/ai,ae,oi/
694:/ai,ae,oi/
626:smart card
622:de iko ka!
590:See also:
566:Since the
543:under the
496:Nakagawake
446:including
413:Keihanshin
403:Background
391:Edo period
322:Kansai-ben
291:Kansai-ben
59:March 2008
34:references
10366:Phonology
10253:Particles
10192:Half/Full
10122:Shift JIS
10051:Yotsugana
10031:Kanazukai
9973:Okurigana
9885:Logograms
9497:Shiramine
9342:Southern
9322:Northern
9005:March 14,
8889:Ōsaka-ben
8663:関西弁の地理的範囲
8458:Gomen ne.
8246:Totsukawa
8242:Nara city
8214:-te yansu
8166:-te yaaru
8154:Gōshū-ben
8144:(滋賀弁) or
8142:Shiga-ben
8127:tsuremote
8022:Kishū-ben
7979:Nagashima
7940:-te daako
7854:Awaji-ben
7687:Tango-ben
7630:Hanamachi
7595:geiko-han
7575:(京都弁) or
7573:Kyōto-ben
7550:Kishiwada
7498:(2nd son)
7488:anibonsan
7480:koikoisan
7456:aneitosan
7140:goryonsan
7064:oyadansan
6970:soro soro
6926:Osaka-ben
6821:, former
6640:ohayō-san
6219:sumimasen
6188:kudaranai
6133:tsukareru
5773:monomorai
5765:mebachiko
5688:kosobayui
5683:ticklish
5629:kii warui
5617:"shit" +
5569:okashi-na
5553:kettai-na
5446:tamaranai
5420:kamawahen
5411:kamawanai
5381:yatchimau
5369:itekomasu
5327:in kanji
5314:honma-mon
5122:in kanji
4987:iyarashii
4975:egetsunai
4741:Chow Chow
4728:chau chau
4713:de wa nai
4674:jajeongeo
4585:Ahorashii
4532:-nto akan
4380:chō matte
4234:particle
3978:+ copula
3935:shū-joshi
3615:Particles
3602:shite ya
3572:shiyaharu
3561:miyaharu
3531:tabeharu
3509:kinaharu
3497:minaharu
3486:-toiyasu
3480:oshiyasu
3448:iru, oru
3439:original
3434:-te form
3399:tokuryasu
3371:Oide yasu
3310:changes -
2987:informal
2984:impolite
2939:gozaimasu
2931:gozaimasu
2927:omasu/osu
2903:gozaimasu
2873:Hiroshima
2845:de wa nai
2679:) for 早く
2582:/okiruna/
2571:/tukaina/
2567:/tukauna/
2547:not to do
2523:ren'yōkei
2515:ren'yōkei
2477:/tabe(ː)/
2410:ren'yōkei
2388:ren'yōkei
2357:. The -ろ
2343:/-NnaraN/
2341:or -んならん
2311:/-NtoQte/
2309:or -んとって
2307:/-Ntoite/
2267:/kijaheN/
2265:and きやへん
2245:/sijaheN/
2243:and しやへん
2225:/nejaheN/
2223:and 寝やへん
2211:/tabeheN/
2183:/mijaheN/
2181:and 見やへん
2141:and 使わへん
2139:/tukawaN/
2103:/-NkaQta/
2013:and 行かへん
1979:/-jaɡaru/
1879:/joːiwaN/
1861:and 行けへん
1851:/-areheN/
1819:/-rareru/
1772:/iwaseru/
1748:causative
1733:/-tekuru/
1697:/tabejoː/
1676:or 忘れてもた
1664:: 忘れちまった
1662:/-tjaQta/
1660:or -ちゃった
1654:/-temota/
1642:/sitemau/
1634:/sitimau/
1599:/moroːta/
1595:/moraQta/
1587:/waroːta/
1583:/waraQta/
1547:shortened
1484:omoshiroi
1016:/siti-ja/
1012:/hiti-ja/
1008:/-masjoː/
1006:for ましょう
927:yotsugana
630:"iko ka!"
586:Phonology
518:Heian-kyō
510:Heijō-kyō
448:Totsukawa
396:Osaka-ben
172:Glottolog
160:ISO 639-3
10289:gairaigo
10268:Numerals
10238:Pronouns
10177:Enclosed
10157:Katakana
10132:Hiragana
10128:Unicode
10083:ISO/IEC
10065:Encoding
9968:Furigana
9963:Katakana
9958:Hiragana
9860:Yonaguni
9840:Southern
9818:Okinawan
9813:Kunigami
9793:Northern
9785:Ryukyuan
9726:Kyowa-go
9657:Tsushima
9647:Nagasaki
9642:Kumamoto
9630:Chikuzen
9494:Kanazawa
9484:Hokuriku
9419:Shizuoka
9386:Eastern
9375:Kanagawa
9366:Western
9311:Hokkaidō
9292:Dialects
9202:students
8816:BBC News
8770:July 19,
8635:Archived
8556:shichimi
8552:Shichimi
8479:See also
8326:Doko de?
8323:Doko de?
8307:English
8250:Nara-ben
8206:Nagahama
8192:becomes
8016:Wakayama
7990:Ise city
7983:Kisosaki
7959:te mieru
7873:and the
7831:Kōbe-ben
7645:de facto
7622:Nishijin
7504:kobonsan
6609:Satō-han
6605:Satō-san
6583:follows
6554:anta-han
6538:anta-han
6403:yome-han
6399:yome-san
6313:dainashi
6211:sunmahen
6207:sunmasen
6172:shōmonai
6141:kurushii
6129:L-L-H-L
6067:shōganai
6063:H-H-L-L
5909:H-H-H-H
5905:ochokuru
5886:atatakai
5857:nanihodo
5769:L-H-L-L
5675:H-H-L-L
5671:koshobai
5577:strange
5561:kimyō-na
5557:H-L-L-L
5477:toriniku
5457:(H-L-L)
5438:H-H-L-L
5407:H-L-L-L
5273:(sore)ja
5142:hanayaka
4901:donkusai
4856:do-kechi
4665:bicycle
4661:jitensha
4650:charinko
4581:Ahokusai
4577:Ahondara
4528:-na akan
4520:akimahen
4516:akimasen
4501:shimatta
4497:ikemasen
4473:Example
4370:"very".
4342:"well",
4336:yatsushi
4320:kotekote
4048:na no ya
4032:na no da
3968:tsukkomi
3605:kite ya
3596:otte ya
3593:mite ya
3579:kyaharu
3577:kiyaharu
3574:shaharu
3556:-yaharu
3551:-teharu
3540:-taharu
3534:shiharu
3500:inaharu
3491:-naharu
3471:omiyasu
3465:o- yasu
3355:nahan'na
3351:nasan'na
3046:follow -
3020:de omasu
2993:polite2
2990:polite1
2835:(past);
2779:/desjoː/
2681:/hajaku/
2631:/kuruna/
2612:/suruna/
2601:/tabena/
2593:/taberu/
2469:/taberu/
2462:/oki(ː)/
2315:/-naide/
2285:/keːheN/
2281:/koːheN/
2275:/kiːhiN/
2271:/keːheN/
2253:/siːhiN/
2249:/seːheN/
2229:/neːheN/
2199:/taberu/
2191:/miːhiN/
2187:/meːheN/
2169:/okihiN/
2165:/okiheN/
2123:/-naNda/
2047:/-waseN/
2043:/-jaheN/
2035:/-waseN/
2019:/ikanai/
2015:/ikaheN/
1993:Negative
1863:/ikeheN/
1859:/ikenai/
1843:Negative
1833:with -ん
1808:/misete/
1806:for 見せて
1804:/misite/
1800:/miseru/
1796:/-asita/
1792:/-asite/
1788:/-aseta/
1784:/-asete/
1760:/saseru/
1752:/-aseru/
1735:, -てこよう
1713:/sjo(ː)/
1705:/tabejo/
1701:/taberu/
1685:/tukaoː/
1652:or -てもた
1638:/sitjau/
1630:/-temau/
1624:or -ちゃう
1622:/-timau/
1616:] -てしまう
1603:/morota/
1593:and 貰った
1591:/warota/
1559:/iu,juː/
1496:chaimasu
1421:arigatō
1345:L-H(-H)
1309:L-H(-L)
1291:English
1141:downstep
1125:京阪式アクセント
1062:/karada/
1058:/karara/
1054:/kadara/
1050:/zeNzeN/
1046:/deNdeN/
1004:/-mahjo/
1000:/-maseN/
998:for ません
996:/-maheN/
952:becomes
891:and 賑やか
877:'好っきゃねん'
833:or even
804:/ikoːka/
768:"tree",
700:, as in
691:hiatuses
682:or even
648:than to
547:and the
522:de facto
465:and the
434:(except
367:Kamigata
271:snatched
219:Help:IPA
179:kink1238
130:Japanese
10492:Writers
10425:Hepburn
10379:Rendaku
10318:Engrish
10014:Braille
9935:Ryakuji
9855:Yaeyama
9773:grammar
9768:Hachijō
9665:Satsugū
9624:Hichiku
9610:Hōnichi
9564:San'yō
9559:Chūgoku
9535:Shikoku
9474:Western
9434:Nagaoka
9430:Echigo
9395:Tochigi
9390:Ibaraki
9351:Nairiku
9331:Tsugaru
9302:Eastern
9212:- U-biq
8582:hamachi
8578:Hamachi
8573:agedama
8569:tenkasu
8565:Tenkasu
8560:nanairo
8521:Bunraku
8461:Sorry.
8329:Where?
8280:Example
8146:Ōmi-ben
8125:"you",
8111:omoshai
8099:Yashite
8079:tabehen
8075:tabeyan
8059:taberan
7955:te haru
7891:Mie-ben
7807:Maizuru
7738:Tottori
7709:"red".
7618:Nakagyo
7614:monzeki
7532:Kawachi
7152:(widow)
6902:Yoshino
6827:Tsuruga
6812:Maizuru
6601:okaahan
6597:okaasan
6475:Watashi
6463:watashi
6424:takusan
6386:kamisan
6357:te yaru
6291:= "The
6235:kan'nin
6158:shindoi
6125:shindoi
6115:( <
6086:shibaku
6059:shaanai
6043:obachan
6027:obachan
5993:arigatō
5980:thanks
5976:arigatō
5947:okaasan
5917:chakasu
5913:karakau
5890:attakai
5667:kosobai
5489:kashiwa
5469:kashiwa
5434:kanawan
5403:kamehen
5399:kamahen
5347:ijiwaru
5318:honmono
5257:honnara
5134:hannari
5096:takusan
5056:ikatsui
5030:shindoi
4957:yokatta
4864:dotsuku
4467:English
4376:chotto.
4344:nannato
4328:chokeru
4316:hotaeru
4312:sukatan
4284:yan naa
4122:(no) ka
4054:), but
4052:na n ya
4036:na n da
3982:, also
3883:ka tote
3847:in Edo"
3587:-te ya
3566:yaharu
3564:iyaharu
3537:kiharu
3523:miharu
3474:oiyasu
3451:taberu
3442:tsukau
3393:(also -
3389:) and -
3381:(also -
3363:o- yasu
3312:te desu
3278:except
3256:, Kyōto
3219:perfect
3188:te yaru
2793:Copulae
2771:/-masu/
2769:and ます
2755:/jasui/
2677:/hajau/
2673:/hajoː/
2586:/okina/
2578:/okiru/
2563:/tukau/
2539:/naina/
2537:or ないな
2525:+ なさるな
2507:/ki(ː)/
2492:/si(ː)/
2473:/tabeː/
2454:/okiru/
2443:/tukae/
2439:/tukau/
2431:/-josi/
2419:/nasai/
2397:/-masu/
2289:/konai/
2273:, きいひん
2269:, けえへん
2251:, しいひん
2247:, せえへん
2227:, 寝えへん
2209:, 食べへん
2203:/tabeN/
2189:, 見いひん
2185:, 見えへん
2167:, 起きひん
2163:, 起きへん
2153:/okiru/
2145:, 使えへん
2135:/tukau/
2113:or -へん
2059:/-aheN/
2049:and へん
2041:. -やへん
2005:or -へん
1983:/-joru/
1975:/-joru/
1971:/-joru/
1940:orimasu
1936:orareru
1928:/iteru/
1897:animate
1873:and -ん
1867:/-eheN/
1847:/-enai/
1837:or -へん
1823:/-reru/
1780:/iwasu/
1770:, 言わせる
1725:/kojoː/
1723:is 来よう
1717:/sijoː/
1695:, 食べよう
1693:/tukao/
1646:/simau/
1626:/-tjau/
1607:/moːta/
1589:or わろた
1579:/juQte/
1571:/juːte/
1567:/juːta/
1555:u-onbin
1444:Grammar
1437:thanks
1312:bridge
1133:Shikoku
1056:or からら
1048:for 全然
1042:/z,d,r/
1037:"cold".
1035:/samui/
1033:for 寒い
1031:/sabui/
1014:for 質屋
987:for さん
975:. Some
868:"好きやねん"
849:follow
822:/soːda/
813:/ikoka/
800:"行こうか？"
734:/suɡoi/
716:/suɡeː/
684:/desuː/
473:History
436:Maizuru
315:in the
253:Groping
215:Unicode
125:Japonic
47:improve
10487:Poetry
10435:Kunrei
10397:Kan-on
10168:Other
10077:EUC-JP
9993:Sōgana
9978:Gojūon
9930:Kokuji
9898:Kanbun
9850:Tarama
9845:Miyako
9635:Hakata
9600:Kyūshū
9588:Umpaku
9551:Sanuki
9517:Banshū
9506:Kansai
9449:Mikawa
9444:Nagoya
9424:Narada
9317:Tōhoku
9159:
9100:
9072:
9033:
8984:
8918:
8850:
8798:
8543:mizuna
8539:Mizuna
8533:Rakugo
8527:Kabuki
8218:Hikone
8115:omoroi
7811:San'yō
7799:-te ya
7662:geisha
7650:geisha
7640:etc.)
7590:geisha
7529:) and
7521:Senshū
7006:gowasu
6994:Taishō
6938:mōkaru
6910:Kumano
6603:, and
6579:when -
6552:, but
6526:omahan
6437:gyōsan
6420:H-L-L
6382:okusan
6293:daikon
6246:kanben
6150:shinrō
6137:tsurai
6098:tataku
6094:naguru
6090:H-H-H
6039:otchan
6035:obahan
6018:ojisan
6014:H-H-H
6010:otchan
5989:ōki ni
5951:otōsan
5882:H-L-L
5848:ikutsu
5840:L-L-H
5809:totemo
5801:mutcha
5793:metcha
5736:L-H-L
5732:makudo
5702:L-H-L
5621:"bad"
5611:kettai
5565:hen-na
5535:kattaa
5531:Mizuno
5473:L-H-L
5442:iya da
5365:itemau
5343:L-H-L
5235:sorede
5231:H-H-H
5200:suteru
5196:H-H-H
5192:hokasu
5109:gyōsan
5088:gyōsan
5073:metcha
5069:gottsu
5052:H-L-L
5048:gotsui
5038:(<
5021:taihen
5013:H-L-L
4983:akudoi
4961:ekatta
4909:manuke
4888:dozuku
4872:naguru
4868:H-H-H
4852:do-aho
4843:prefix
4817:means
4809:means
4801:means
4779:H-H-H
4709:chigau
4678:Korean
4623:H-H-H
4618:beppin
4485:akahen
4461:accent
4364:metcha
4360:suteru
4356:hokasu
4272:yan ka
4264:Jan ka
4252:yan ke
4248:yan ke
4244:Yan ka
4240:yan ka
4236:jan ka
4064:na nen
4038:) and
3990:(also
3845:Berabō
3686:. And
3460:-teru
3422:exist
3339:nahare
3331:Naharu
3327:nasaru
3323:naharu
3296:naharu
3288:-te ya
3276:yaharu
3168:te aru
3164:te aru
3131:te oru
3127:te iru
3109:Aspect
3031:Kyoto
3001:Osaka
2967:omahen
2853:ya nai
2849:ja nai
2810:copula
2775:/jaro/
2759:/jaro/
2747:/jaro/
2724:omoroi
2699:and き
2655:and き
2635:/kina/
2627:/kuru/
2620:/sina/
2616:/suna/
2614:or すな
2608:/suru/
2535:/naja/
2499:/kuru/
2484:/suru/
2458:/okiː/
2299:/-heN/
2259:/kuru/
2237:/suru/
2217:/neru/
2175:/miru/
2157:/okiN/
2115:/-heN/
2091:/-heN/
2089:, -へん
2083:/-heN/
2069:, but
2051:/-heN/
2031:/-heN/
2011:/ikaN/
2007:/-heN/
1999:/-nai/
1987:Aspect
1967:suffix
1839:/-heN/
1831:/-nai/
1815:/-eru/
1768:/sasu/
1764:/suru/
1756:/-asu/
1729:/kuru/
1721:/kuru/
1709:/suru/
1689:tsukau
1601:, もろた
1575:/iQte/
1563:/iQta/
1540:/suru/
1536:/kuru/
1500:chigau
1488:omoroi
1482:, and
1468:chigau
1456:, and
1387:H-L-L
1384:L-L-H
1374:nihon
1369:Japan
1366:L-H-L
1363:H-L-L
1353:Nihon
1296:hashi
1285:Kansai
1060:for 体
985:/-haN/
934:and ず
883:, 日曜日
840:/seja/
831:/soja/
809:"行こか？"
794:"eye".
725:/umai/
707:/umeː/
680:/desu/
601:Vowels
574:manzai
570:, the
516:) and
428:Tajima
369:kotoba
108:Kansai
104:Region
36:, but
10509:texts
10482:Books
10402:Tō-on
10392:Go-on
10019:Kanji
9940:Ateji
9903:Kanji
9833:Yoron
9808:Kikai
9676:Other
9578:Inshū
9568:Bingo
9522:Kishū
9512:Awaji
9380:Tokyo
9370:Gunma
9361:Kantō
9346:Kesen
9336:Akita
9326:Nanbu
8620:Notes
8586:inada
8547:kyōna
8395:Yes.
8256:) or
8210:-ansu
8204:. In
8194:ho ya
8190:so ya
8178:-raru
8170:-haru
8158:-haru
8152:) or
8133:Shiga
8103:akana
8095:Noshi
8063:taben
8029:) or
7998:ōkina
7994:ōkini
7975:yotte
7971:sakai
7967:monde
7911:Shima
7819:doiya
7803:Tanba
7781:into
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7775:-yoru
7771:-toru
7767:-yoru
7742:Izumo
7713:Hyogo
7677:-masu
7673:-haru
7669:-haru
7664:now.
7626:geiko
7600:maiko
7556:Kyoto
7014:omasu
7010:goasu
6998:Shōwa
6990:Meiji
6921:Osaka
6906:Owase
6737:Osaka
6700:Kyoto
6632:-chan
6562:Jibun
6542:ansan
6522:Anata
6503:washi
6479:watai
6433:yokei
6394:wife
6390:kanai
6378:tsuma
6348:ageru
6231:suman
6051:Aiyo!
6031:ossan
5997:ōkeni
5967:ōkini
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5844:ikura
5836:nanbo
5817:very
5797:messa
5783:meibo
5740:makku
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5543:katta
5537:is a
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5060:sugoi
4913:nibui
4884:tsuku
4811:sonna
4807:sonai
4803:konna
4799:konai
4791:how (
4783:donna
4775:donai
4753:L-HL
4717:janai
4654:chari
4627:bijin
4598:ā dāi
4414:silly
4387:naosu
4348:ikezu
4324:gonta
4191:with
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4154:kaina
4114:no ya
4072:no ya
4068:No da
4044:no ya
4028:no da
4004:no ya
3988:no da
3972:no ya
3911:datte
3879:katte
3841:Sakai
3837:Sakai
3829:sakai
3821:yotte
3817:sakai
3688:to yū
3526:iharu
3457:kuru
3454:suru
3445:miru
3431:come
3343:nahai
3308:te ya
3306:and -
3298:and -
3280:godan
3233:and -
3225:and -
3213:and -
3196:charu
3180:taaru
3160:taaru
3137:and -
3121:and -
2959:Omasu
2947:omasu
2919:omasu
2869:dearu
2833:datta
2829:yatta
2740:attsū
2732:atsui
2728:omorō
2709:Onbin
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2697:/-si/
2693:/-ku/
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1841:(See
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1551:Onbin
1518:, 五段
1510:Verbs
1426:ありがとう
1348:edge
1288:Tokyo
1145:morae
958:]
954:[
857:with
851:/i,e/
818:"そうだ"
783:/meː/
770:/kaː/
757:/kiː/
654:]
650:[
646:]
642:[
620:ICOCA
506:Kinai
452:Owase
432:Tango
372:, or
350:Osaka
346:Kyoto
98:Japan
10117:0213
10112:0212
10107:0211
10102:0208
10097:0201
10093:JIS
10087:2022
9950:Kana
9652:Saga
9616:Ōita
9546:Tosa
9490:Kaga
9459:Hida
9454:Mino
9157:ISBN
9098:ISBN
9070:ISBN
9031:ISBN
9007:2016
8982:ISBN
8916:ISBN
8848:ISBN
8824:2011
8796:ISBN
8772:2015
8717:月刊言語
8678:言語生活
8232:Nara
8212:and
8202:hore
8198:sore
8196:and
8172:and
8164:and
8162:-aru
8123:teki
8107:akan
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8067:-hen
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8045:and
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8004:and
7981:and
7973:and
7965:and
7924:-ben
7913:-ben
7902:-ben
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7839:Kobe
7809:and
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7777:and
7750:ahaa
7740:and
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7703:haru
7699:naru
7681:haru
7658:desu
7654:dosu
7634:Gion
7624:and
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7597:and
7585:Gion
7546:ware
7534:-ben
7523:-ben
6996:and
6904:and
6825:and
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6636:-san
6627:and
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6623:mame
6617:-san
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6558:ware
6550:-san
6546:anta
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6530:omae
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6507:Uchi
6497:and
6495:wate
6483:wate
6469:and
6467:boku
6455:and
6416:yōke
6374:H-H
6370:yome
6361:taru
6344:yaru
6340:H-H
6336:yaru
6317:dame
6305:H-L
6301:waya
6283:taku
6274:niru
6270:H-H
6265:taku
6041:and
6033:and
5939:oton
5935:okan
5822:bari
5805:L-H
5778:stye
5706:dōmo
5615:kuso
5261:hona
5209:horu
5169:H-H
5165:hiku
5113:yōke
5111:and
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5009:erai
4936:L-H
4924:臭い)
4819:anna
4815:anai
4757:baka
4749:dabo
4705:H-H
4700:chau
4676:, a
4636:-san
4589:ahau
4573:baka
4564:baka
4530:and
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4480:akan
4470:Note
4438:baka
4434:baka
4426:baka
4418:Baka
4410:twit
4402:baka
4372:Chō,
4340:anjō
4332:gera
4308:irau
4290:and
4274:and
4266:and
4112:and
4092:-ten
4074:and
4020:neya
4006:and
4000:neya
3992:n da
3984:n ya
3921:The
3909:and
3899:kate
3891:kate
3887:Kate
3875:Kate
3869:node
3867:and
3865:kara
3833:sake
3802:接続助詞
3795:node
3793:and
3791:Kara
3775:and
3730:間投助詞
3708:ttsū
3696:tchū
3676:omou
3666:and
3654:and
3425:eat
3419:see
3416:use
3373:and
3359:haru
3353:or -
3335:haru
3319:Haru
3304:masu
3300:haru
3292:haru
3284:haru
3272:haru
3254:Gion
3231:yaru
3227:toru
3223:yoru
3215:toru
3207:yoru
3192:taru
3178:or -
3176:taru
3158:or -
3156:taru
3146:and
3139:toru
3135:teru
3123:toru
3119:teru
3044:yaro
3035:dosu
3015:dasu
2971:ohen
2969:and
2961:and
2953:and
2945:and
2943:dasu
2915:dosu
2911:dasu
2907:Desu
2901:and
2899:desu
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2891:desu
2881:and
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2823:for
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2736:atsū
2730:and
2720:mora
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2714:The
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2669:/-u/
2661:/-i/
2648:stem
2646:The
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2531:/na/
2529:. な
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2423:/ja/
2395:(ます
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2363:/-i/
2303:/-N/
2111:/-N/
2105:and
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2067:heN/
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2023:/-N/
2003:/-N/
1875:/-N/
1835:/-N/
1794:and
1746:The
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1476:yoku
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1342:H-H
1327:H-L
1324:L-H
1306:H-L
1255:etc.
1249:etc.
1203:etc.
1197:etc.
1118:The
1079:The
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932:/zi/
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836:"せや"
827:"そや"
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772:for
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666:desu
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461:The
450:and
430:and
417:Kobe
360:上方言葉
348:and
333:近畿方言
304:関西方言
277:The
10440:JSL
10182:EIS
10072:EUC
9541:Iyo
9267:Old
9084:at
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9045:at
8896:大阪弁
8266:naa
8262:mii
8254:奈良弁
8222:hon
8186:ho-
8182:so-
8150:近江弁
8119:aga
8027:紀州弁
7928:伊賀弁
7922:Iga
7917:志摩弁
7906:伊勢弁
7900:Ise
7895:三重弁
7881:Mie
7859:淡路弁
7847:-tō
7843:-yō
7835:神戸弁
7825:or
7817:or
7815:doi
7787:-tō
7783:-yō
7746:ahō
7726:但馬弁
7691:丹後弁
7628:at
7587:'s
7581:京言葉
7538:河内弁
7527:泉州弁
7008:or
6930:大阪弁
6630:ame
6615:imo
6581:san
6577:han
6536:),
6499:wai
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6487:ate
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6401:or
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5799:or
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5669:or
5659:).
5649:kii
5539:pun
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4953:yoi
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4766:aho
4601:in
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4518:or
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4483:or
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4422:aho
4412:or
4406:aho
4398:aho
4368:chō
4292:naa
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4276:yan
4268:jan
4260:jan
4256:yan
4162:kai
4150:kai
4142:kai
4138:non
4136:or
4110:nen
4098:or
4088:nen
4076:nen
4060:nen
4016:nya
4010:),
4008:nen
3996:Nen
3994:).
3960:nen
3929:終助詞
3877:or
3819:or
3785:noo
3781:noo
3777:nee
3773:naa
3769:naa
3764:naa
3760:naa
3756:nee
3754:or
3748:naa
3746:or
3714:or
3706:or
3704:tsū
3694:or
3692:chū
3660:tte
3630:格助詞
3428:do
3397:, -
3385:, -
3347:nai
3329:. -
3217:in
3209:in
3205:, -
3148:oru
3144:iru
2963:osu
2955:oma
2935:aru
2923:osu
2855:or
2847:or
2738:or
2703:to
2667:to
2404:連用形
2382:連用形
2365:or
2095:/-h
2085:is
2075:/ik
2063:/ik
1989:).
1917:iru
1913:oru
1907:in
1905:oru
1901:iru
1892:iru
1612:An
1577:or
1532:-ru
1405:今日は
1393:hon
1232:上昇式
1214:低起式
1177:平進式
1159:高起式
1085:/N/
1081:/r/
1027:/b/
1023:/m/
991:san
981:/s/
979:of
973:/s/
969:/h/
950:/r/
943:/ɡ/
863:/Q/
861:or
859:/N/
847:/j/
712:すげえ
703:うめえ
638:/u/
613:in
541:Edo
526:Edo
382:上方語
285:関西弁
201:IPA
89:関西弁
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1474:,
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1390:2-
1379:二本
1358:日本
1235:,
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1127:,
730:凄い
721:旨い
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