1579:
55:
798:
1688:
nucleate can be deduced from stability diagrams, based as they are on dissolution data. Because of a lack of convincing results in their own experiments, La
Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978) had to conclude, however, that there were other, still unknown, factors involved in the low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite. Because of the observed very slow crystallization rates of kaolinite from solution at room temperature Fripiat and Herbillon (1971) postulated the existence of high activation energies in the low-temperature nucleation of kaolinite.
885:
1462:
7173:
7025:
3504:
1778:. Otherwise, the precipitate formed will be a "mixed alumino-silicic gel" (as Millot, 1970, p. 343 put it). If it were the only requirement, large amounts of kaolinite could be harvested simply by adding gibbsite powder to a silica solution. Undoubtedly a marked degree of adsorption of the silica in solution by the gibbsite surfaces will take place, but, as stated before, mere adsorption does not create the layer lattice typical of kaolinite crystals.
869:
853:
2059:) of amorphous alumino-silicates (as for example Harder, 1978 had noted) can be fully understood. As such, time is not bringing about any change in a closed system at equilibrium; but a series of alternations of periodically changing conditions (by definition, taking place in an open system) will bring about the low-temperature formation of more and more of the stable phase kaolinite instead of (ill-defined) amorphous alumino-silicates.
1652:
3509:
2010:
Syntheses of kaolinite at high temperatures (more than 100 °C ) are relatively well known. There are for example the syntheses of Van
Nieuwenberg and Pieters (1929); Noll (1934); Noll (1936); Norton (1939); Roy and Osborn (1954); Roy (1961); Hawkins and Roy (1962); Tomura et al. (1985); Satokawa
900:
the plates in place and allow the molded clay to retain its shape. When the clay is dried, most of the water molecules are removed, and the plates hydrogen bond directly to each other, so that the dried clay is rigid but still fragile. If the clay is moistened again, it will once more become plastic.
899:
When moistened, the tiny platelike crystals of kaolinite acquire a layer of water molecules that cause crystals to adhere to each other and give kaolin clay its cohesiveness. The bonds are weak enough to allow the plates to slip past each other when the clay is being molded, but strong enough to hold
2087:
applications require high-brightness, low abrasion and delaminated kaolins. For paper coatings it is used to enhance the gloss, brilliance, smoothness and receptability to inks; it can account for 25% of mass of the paper. As a paper filler it is used as a pulp extender, and to increase opacity; it
945:
Above 100 °C any remaining free water is lost. Above around 400 °C hydroxyl ions (OH) are lost from the kaolinite crystal structure in the form of water: the material cannot now be plasticised by absorbing water. This is irreversible, as are subsequent transformations; this is referred to
895:
A kaolinite layer has no net electrical charge and so there are no large cations (such as calcium, sodium, or potassium) between layers as with most other clay minerals. This accounts for kaolinite's relatively low ion exchange capacity. The close hydrogen bonding between layers also hinders water
1732:
Low-temperature synthesis of clay minerals (with kaolinite as an example) has several aspects. In the first place the silicic acid to be supplied to the growing crystal must be in a monomeric form, i.e., silica should be present in very dilute solution (Caillère et al., 1957; Caillère and Hénin,
1762:
must be present in concentrations below the maximum solubility of amorphous silica. The principle behind this prerequisite can be found in structural chemistry: "Since the polysilicate ions are not of uniform size, they cannot arrange themselves along with the metal ions into a regular crystal
1707:
process. The importance of syntheses at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure towards the understanding of the mechanism involved in the nucleation of clay minerals lies in overcoming these energy barriers. As indicated by Caillère and Hénin (1960) the processes involved will have to be
1687:
Difficulties are encountered when trying to explain kaolinite formation under atmospheric conditions by extrapolation of thermodynamic data from the more successful high-temperature syntheses. La
Iglesia and Van Oosterwijk-Gastuche (1978) thought that the conditions under which kaolinite will
2097:
bodies, kaolin can constitute up to 50% of the raw materials. In unfired bodies it contributes to the green strength, plasticity and rheological properties, such as the casting rate. During firing it reacts with other body components to form the crystal and glass phases. With suitable firing
3507:
2345:). Consumption is greater among women, especially during pregnancy, and its use is sometimes said by women of the region to be a habit analogous to cigarette smoking among men. The practice has also been observed within a small population of African-American women in the
2102:. The most valued grades have low contents of chromophoric oxides such that the fired material has high whiteness. In glazes it is primarily used as a rheology control agent, but also contributes some green strength. In both glazes and frits it contributes some SiO
966:
loss is observed up to 900 °C (1,650 °F). Although historically there was much disagreement concerning the nature of the metakaolin phase, extensive research has led to a general consensus that metakaolin is not a simple mixture of amorphous silica
2014:
Laboratory syntheses of kaolinite at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have been described by DeKimpe et al. (1961). From those tests the role of periodicity becomes convincingly clear. DeKimpe et al. (1961) had used daily additions of
833:
sheet is so called because each aluminium ion is surrounded by six oxygen or hydroxyl ions arranged at the corners of an octahedron. The two sheets in each layer are strongly bonded together via shared oxygen ions, while layers are bonded via
2076:. Following reduced demand from the paper industry, resulting from both competing minerals and the effect of digital media, in 2016 the market share was reported to be: paper, 36%; ceramics, 31%; paint, 7% and other, 26%. According to the
1720:
fraction of tropical soils) could ever be transformed into a corresponding ordered structure. This transformation seems to take place in soils without major changes in the environment, in a relatively short period of time, and at ambient
1774:(Caillère and Hénin, 1947; Caillère et al., 1953; Hénin and Robichet, 1955). Gastuche et al. (1962) and Caillère and Hénin (1962) have concluded that kaolinite can only ever be formed when the aluminium hydroxide is in the form of
1952:
1781:
The third aspect is that these two initial components must be incorporated into one mixed crystal with a layer structure. From the following equation (as given by
Gastuche and DeKimpe, 1962) for kaolinite formation
1435:
1619:
is known as the "Kaolin
Capital of the World" due to its abundance of kaolin. In the late 1800s, an active kaolin surface-mining industry existed in the extreme southeast corner of Pennsylvania, near the towns of
1575:(in drier climates) increases. Such climatically related differences in clay mineral content are often used to infer changes in climates in the geological past, where ancient soils have been buried and preserved.
4882:
1134:
1269:
1998:
areas). Kaolinite was only found in the areas with distinct seasonal alternations between wet and dry. The possible significance of alternating wet and dry conditions on the transition of
4310:"Unraveling climatic changes from intraprofile variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of goethite and kaolinite in laterites: an integrated study from Yaou, French Guiana"
2002:
into kaolinite has been stressed by Tamura and
Jackson (1953). The role of alternations between wetting and drying on the formation of kaolinite has also been noted by Moore (1964).
3508:
1961:
of kaolinite formed. Field evidence illustrating the importance of the removal of water from the kaolinite reaction has been supplied by
Gastuche and DeKimpe (1962). While studying
1708:
studied in well-defined experiments, because it is virtually impossible to isolate the factors involved by mere deduction from complex natural physico-chemical systems such as the
1567:
areas. Comparing soils along a gradient towards progressively cooler or drier climates, the proportion of kaolinite decreases, while the proportion of other clay minerals such as
2011:
et al. (1994) and
Huertas et al. (1999). Relatively few low-temperature syntheses have become known (cf. Brindley and DeKimpe (1961); DeKimpe (1969); Bogatyrev et al. (1997)).
6326:
1588:
934:
Below 100 °C, exposure to low humidity air will result in the slow evaporation of any liquid water in the kaolin. At low moisture content the mass can be described
4527:"Kaolinite Synthesis. I. Crystallization Conditions at Low Temperatures and Calculation of Thermodynamic Equilibria. Application to Laboratory and Field Observations"
3510:
5861:
569:
hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin. Alternating lighter and darker layers are sometimes found, as at
6301:
4127:"The dissolution kinetics of raw and mechanochemically treated kaolinites in industrial spent liquor – The effect of the physico-chemical properties of the solids"
3865:
5764:
5357:
Bogatyrev BA, Mateeva LA, Zhukov VV, et al. (1997). "Low-temperature synthesis of kaolinite and halloysite on the gibbsite – silicic acid solution system".
232:
Rarely as crystals, thin plates or stacked. More commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses.
4131:
3895:
Economic geology: principles and practice: metals, minerals, coal and hydrocarbons – introduction to formation and sustainable exploitation of mineral deposits
6316:
5992:
3572:
5038:
920:, although the properties of this solid are quite different. The high-energy milling process is highly inefficient and consumes a large amount of energy.
6528:
6461:
4222:
Bellotto M, Gualtieri A, Artioli G, et al. (1995). "Kinetic study of the kaolinite-mullite reaction sequence. Part I: kaolinite dehydroxylation".
2055:
during at least 60 days will have introduced the necessary element of periodicity. Only now the actual role of what has been described as the "aging" (
6306:
6995:
6924:
6692:
6551:
6481:
222:
White to cream, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities and pale-yellow; also often stained various hues, tans and browns being common.
7000:
6765:
6722:
6411:
6366:
6356:
6281:
6261:
4209:'Ceramics Are More Than Clay Alone - Raw Materials, Products, Applications' P. Bormans. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2004. pg. 180
3532:
4922:
van
Nieuwenburg CJ, Pieters HA (1929). "Studies on hydrated aluminium silicates: I. The rehydration of metakaolin and the synthesis of kaolin".
6805:
6800:
6790:
6707:
6436:
6381:
3927:'Kaolin Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application, By Region And Segment Forecasts, 2022 - 2030. Grand View Research, 2022
1449:
appears, offering substantial increases in structural strength and heat resistance. This is a structural but not chemical transformation. See
6967:
6962:
6939:
6712:
6654:
6639:
6609:
6509:
6471:
6341:
6311:
6276:
6246:
5738:
3564:
1788:
5062:
4836:
Tamura T, Jackson ML (1953). "Structural and Energy
Relationships in the Formation of Iron and Aluminum Oxides, Hydroxides, and Silicates".
1293:
6760:
6697:
6679:
6456:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6266:
6048:
884:
5700:
6901:
6727:
6451:
6291:
6737:
6717:
6644:
6476:
6406:
5998:
4924:
4273:(2002). "Deep weathering through time in central and northwestern Europe: problems of dating and interpretation of geological record".
3613:
3571:) for kaolin exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The
6702:
6331:
6201:
580:
in many industries and applications. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as powder, lumps, semi-dried noodle or
7063:
5122:
995:
868:
852:
1154:
4798:
Gastuche MC, Fripiat JJ, DeKimpe C (1962). "La genèse des minéraux argileux de la famille du kaolin. I. – Aspect colloidal".
4194:
1712:
environment. Fripiat and Herbillon (1971), in a review on the formation of kaolinite, raised the fundamental question how a
584:. Global production of kaolin in 2021 was estimated to be 45 million tonnes, with a total market value of $ US4.24 billion.
5958:
1664:
4479:"Response of terrestrial environment to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), new insights from India and NE Spain"
3831:
4569:
Caillère S, Hénin S (1960). "Vues d'ensemble sur le problème de la synthèse des minéraux argileux à basse température".
3983:
609:
7232:
908:
Kaolinite group clays undergo a series of phase transformations upon thermal treatment in air at atmospheric pressure.
5772:
6129:
5591:
5230:
Huertas FJ, Fiore S, Huertas F, et al. (1999). "Experimental study of the hydrothermal formation of kaolinite".
4686:
4364:
4224:
4079:
4043:
3903:
3787:
408:
2383:
can be alternatively replaced by safer illite, especially if its presence is less than 10.8% of the total rock mass.
4096:
2244:
143:
4817:
Gastuche MC, DeKimpe C (1962). "La genèse des minéraux argileux de la famille du kaolin. II. Aspect cristallin".
3518:
2077:
4725:
Caillère S, Hénin S (1947). "Formation d'une phyllite du type kaolinique par traitement d'une montmorillonite".
4432:
805:
Compared with other clay minerals, kaolinite is chemically and structurally simple. It is described as a 1:1 or
6085:
6058:
6037:
257:
4771:
Hénin S, Robichet O (1955). "Résultats obtenus au cours de nouveaux essais de synthèse de minéraux argileux".
2039:) during at least two months. In addition, adjustments of the pH took place every day by way of adding either
6194:
4458:
1482:
725:"). In more proper modern use, lithomarge now refers specifically to a compacted and massive form of kaolin.
5832:
5399:
Harder H (1978). "Synthesen von Tonmineralen unter spezieller Berücksichtigung festländischer Bedingungen".
4994:
Noll W (1936). "Über die Bildungsbedingungen von Kaolin, Montmorillonit, Sericit, Pyrophyllit und Analcim".
3552:, but may cause mild irritation of the skin or mucous membranes. Kaolin products may also contain traces of
7212:
7207:
5945:'Kaolin - Global Markets And Industry Outlook' 13th edition. Roskill Information Services, 2013. Pgs. 28-30
5814:
4650:
Wey R, Siffert B (1961). "Réactions de la silice monomoléculaire en solutions avec les ions Al3+ et Mg2+".
3549:
2354:
570:
5481:’Industrial Minerals And Their Uses - A Handbook And Formulary. P. A. Ciullo. William Andrew, 1996. Pg. 43
4309:
916:
High-energy milling of kaolin results in the formation of a mechanochemically amorphized phase similar to
7227:
7197:
7056:
5543:’Industrial Minerals And Their Uses - A Handbook And Formular’ P. A. Ciullo. William Andrew, 1996. Pg. 43
3943:
3640:
1633:
1604:
829:
sheet is so called because each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions forming a tetrahedron. The
5493:'Kaolin - Global Markets And Industry Outlook' 13th edition. Roskill Information Services, 2013. Pg. 332
1636:
line, along which can still be seen many open-pit clay mines. The deposits were formed between the late
3576:
3568:
658:. The area around the village had become the main source of Jingdezhen's kaolin over the course of the
1592:(INEAC) classification system, soils in which the clay fraction is predominantly kaolinite are called
1578:
7202:
5552:’Dictionary Of Ceramic Science And Engineering' L. S. O’Bannon. Plenum Press / Springer. 1984. Pg.146
4596:
Fripiat JJ, Herbillon AJ (1971). "Formation and transformations of clay minerals in tropical soils".
1692:
504:
5420:'Positive Outlook For Kaolin In Ceramics' F. Hart, I. Wilson. Industrial Minerals, April 2019. Pg.28
4270:
7222:
6187:
5837:
5730:
5570:'Ceramics Glaze Technology.' J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull. The Institute Of Ceramics/Pergamon Press986
3967:
2380:
1621:
508:
3579:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure TWA 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
2047:. Such daily additions of Si and Al to the solution in combination with the daily titrations with
7217:
3842:
2394:
633:
133:
54:
31:
1695:
thermodynamic models appear to be satisfactory for the description of kaolinite dissolution and
672:
was later added to generalize the name to cover nearly identical minerals from other locations.
7049:
5120:
Hawkins DB, Roy R (1962). "Electrolytic Synthesis of Kaolinite Under Hydrothermal Conditions".
3962:
2718:
2346:
797:
704:
196:
17:
6121:
6099:
6077:
6070:
3996:
1544:
Mantles of kaolinite are common in Western and Northern Europe. The ages of these mantles are
896:
molecules from infiltrating between layers, accounting for kaolinite's nonswelling character.
5798:
Le Français en Afrique: Revue du Réseau des Observatoires du Français Contemporain en Afrique
5581:
5381:
5083:
5043:
1987:(i.e., areas with a marked difference between wet and dry seasons) and those areas with poor
1616:
655:
247:
5609:"Characteristics and potential applications of coarse clay fractions from Puolanka, Finland"
4744:
Caillère S, Hénin S, Esquevin J (1953). "Recherches sur la synthèse des minéraux argileux".
4514:. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen. Vol. 80. Wageningen: Veenman. p. 18.
3860:
1628:, and in what is present-day White Clay Creek Preserve. The product was brought by train to
5892:
5664:
5621:
5516:
5439:
5329:
5280:
5239:
5202:
5191:"Effects of the Structure of Silica-Alumina Gel on the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Kaolinite"
5161:
5003:
4960:
4896:
4847:
4538:
4321:
4282:
4232:
4139:
3680:
2350:
2256:
1625:
1600:
617:
605:
4598:
Soils and tropical weathering: proceedings of the Bandung Symposium 16 to 23 November 1969
4380:
985:), but rather a complex amorphous structure that retains some longer-range order (but not
627:
8:
6586:
3772:
2296:
2183:
2124:
As a raw material for the production of an insulation material called Kaowool (a form of
2080:, in 2021 the global production of kaolin was estimated to be around 45 million tonnes.
1564:
766:
280:
270:
5896:
5668:
5625:
5520:
5443:
5333:
5284:
5243:
5206:
5165:
5007:
4964:
4900:
4851:
4542:
4325:
4286:
4236:
4143:
3684:
1957:
it can be seen that five molecules of water must be removed from the reaction for every
6117:
5455:
5298:
5134:
5019:
4976:
4692:
4248:
3698:
3553:
2423:
577:
496:
237:
38:
5879:
Supandi, Supandi; Zakaria, Zufialdi; Sukiyah, Emi; Sudradjat, Adjat (29 August 2019).
5561:’Dictionary Of Ceramic Science And Engineering’ 3rd edition. I. MCcolm. Springer, 2013
5251:
4333:
4294:
6371:
6226:
6125:
6081:
6054:
6033:
5810:
5682:
5587:
5505:"Correlation of Paper-Coating Quality with Degree of Crystal Perfection of Kaolinite"
5459:
5451:
5023:
4863:
4838:
4696:
4682:
4605:
4478:
4360:
4337:
4190:
4162:
4125:
Kasa E, Szabados M, Baan K, Konya Z, Kukovecz A, Kutus B, Palinko I, Sipos P (2021).
4075:
4049:
4039:
3899:
3793:
3783:
3702:
2342:
2048:
2040:
6140:
4980:
4252:
2317:
Humans sometimes eat kaolin for pleasure or to suppress hunger, a practice known as
1648:
and metakaolin rocks. Kaolin production in the US during 2011 was 5.5 million tons.
958:
Endothermic dehydration of kaolinite begins at 550–600 °C producing disordered
6029:
5900:
5672:
5655:
5629:
5613:
5524:
5447:
5374:"Ionic coordination in alumino-silicic acids in relation to clay mineral formation"
5337:
5302:
5288:
5271:
5247:
5210:
5169:
5130:
5011:
4968:
4933:
4908:
4904:
4855:
4780:
4753:
4674:
4632:
4578:
4546:
4490:
4329:
4290:
4240:
4182:
4157:
4147:
3688:
2136:
2125:
2052:
2044:
1629:
1608:
835:
769:
applications the same formula is typically written in terms of oxides, thus giving
739:
651:
621:
595:
525:
452:
358:
308:
290:
82:
75:
5373:
1279:
Upon calcination above 1050 °C, the spinel phase nucleates and transforms to
7177:
7123:
7029:
6990:
6770:
6103:
5794:
4859:
3893:
3745:
2401:
2255:. which is still the hemostat of choice for all branches of the US military. See
2248:
2179:
1733:
1960; Wey and Siffert, 1962; Millot, 1970). In order to prevent the formation of
613:
491:
Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white, mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate
478:
70:
4186:
1461:
600:
7088:
6815:
6446:
6431:
6210:
6095:
5881:"The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone"
4152:
4126:
3918:'U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022' USGS, 2022.
3816:
3628:
2036:
1962:
1700:
1612:
1530:
1486:
1144:
Further heating to 925–950 °C converts metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon
698:
647:
153:
6174:
5987:
5634:
5608:
5529:
5504:
5342:
5317:
5215:
5190:
5174:
5149:
4678:
4551:
4526:
4406:
4266:
3811:
7191:
7005:
6977:
6466:
5489:
5487:
5318:"Crystallization of kaolinite at low temperature from an alumino-silicic gel"
4937:
4887:
4341:
4308:
Girard, Jean-Pierre; Freyssinet, Philippe; Chazot, Gilles (1 February 2000).
4053:
3846:
3797:
2237:
2223:
2154:
1534:
227:
165:
4784:
4757:
1983:
of the area involved. A clear distinction was found between areas with good
1766:
The second aspect of the low-temperature synthesis of kaolinite is that the
7138:
7072:
6985:
6828:
6823:
6624:
6533:
6519:
6499:
6346:
5686:
5101:
Roy R (1962). "The preparation and properties of synthetic clay minerals".
4867:
4636:
4582:
3622:
2409:
2405:
1759:
1645:
1510:
1284:
986:
659:
646:, taken from the name of the village of Gaoling ("High Ridge") near Ehu in
421:
5921:
5905:
5880:
5484:
4623:
Caillère S, Hénin S, Esquevin J (1957). "Synthèse des minéraux argileux".
4609:
3938:
3531:
6919:
6891:
6838:
6795:
6751:
6629:
6614:
6604:
6566:
4359:. Cambridge Geographical Studies. Vol. 9. CUP Archive. p. 132.
3719:
3589:
2285:
for spa body treatments, such as body wraps, cocoons, or spot treatments.
2187:
1722:
1656:
1644:, about 100 to 45 million years ago, in sediments derived from weathered
1514:
1469:
Kaolinite is one of the most common minerals; it is mined, as kaolin, in
929:
456:
183:
6659:
4494:
4009:
3693:
3668:
3517:
2353:, likely brought with the traditions of the aforementioned Africans via
2178:; when added to a concrete mix, metakaolin accelerates the hydration of
1947:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Al(OH)3 + 2H4SiO4 -> Si2O5 . Al2(OH)4 + 5H2O}}}
202:
7133:
7098:
6947:
6863:
6848:
6775:
6634:
6619:
6599:
6561:
6441:
6426:
6416:
6361:
6336:
6321:
6286:
6271:
6241:
5015:
4972:
4883:"The in Situ Formation and Development of Some Kaolinite Macrocrystals"
4244:
3725:
3607:
3557:
3524:
2998:
Some selected typical properties of various ceramic grade kaolins are:
2262:
2201:
2197:
2171:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1676:
1637:
1556:
1430:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 Si3Al4O12 -> 2 (3 Al2O3 . 2 SiO2) + 5 SiO2}}}
1148:
which is sometimes also referred to as a gamma-alumina type structure:
959:
917:
743:
663:
562:
515:
474:
174:
4746:
Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie
4509:
1743:
precipitating from supersaturated solutions without reacting with the
7148:
7113:
7103:
7083:
6952:
6929:
6911:
6896:
6886:
6878:
6853:
6833:
6785:
6732:
6687:
6669:
6649:
6391:
6376:
5293:
5266:
2416:
2276:
1999:
1992:
1767:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1717:
1641:
1470:
1450:
821:) sheet composed of silicon and oxygen ions bonded to an octahedral (
710:
444:
425:
158:
5416:
5414:
2435:
Global production of kaolin by country in 2012 was estimated to be:
668:
7153:
7143:
6957:
6843:
6780:
6747:
6421:
6296:
6231:
3595:
3487:
2330:
2318:
2230:
2175:
2161:
1988:
1984:
1958:
1775:
1755:
1726:
1672:
1572:
1545:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1478:
963:
676:
500:
334:
6179:
5677:
5650:
1974:
1615:. This area of thirteen counties is called the "white gold" belt;
561:. In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by
7128:
7093:
6868:
6664:
6594:
6576:
6556:
6256:
6251:
5472:
U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022
5411:
4673:. Translated by Paquet H, Farrand WR. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4524:
3634:
3601:
3525:
2304:
2300:
2215:
2099:
2016:
1560:
1538:
1494:
1446:
1280:
431:
7041:
5150:"Growth Conditions and Genesis of Spherical and Platy Kaolinite"
3988:
3986:
7108:
6858:
6351:
6236:
4601:
3836:
2219:
2150:
2032:
1966:
1771:
1751:
1737:
1568:
1490:
1474:
1145:
643:
581:
467:
437:
5878:
5356:
4996:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie
4953:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie
4476:
2243:
To induce and accelerate blood clotting. In April 2008 the US
1977:), they noted how the occurrence of kaolinite depended on the
1651:
825:) sheet composed of oxygen, aluminium, and hydroxyl ions. The
5188:
5147:
4407:"Making Peace With the Age-Old Practice of Eating White Dirt"
4221:
2326:
2252:
2191:
2132:
2073:
1995:
1668:
1518:
1498:
702:
683:
5583:
Industrial Minerals and Their Uses: A Handbook and Formulary
3771:
Anthony JW, Bideaux RA, Bladh KW, et al., eds. (1995).
1129:{\displaystyle {\ce {Al2Si2O5(OH)4 -> Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O}}}
7158:
7018:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
6504:
6491:
6218:
5606:
5039:"Hydrothermal formation of clay minerals in the laboratory"
4466:(Technical report). U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 44–45.
3873:
3598: – Open-pit mining for the extraction of clay minerals
2379:
Research results show that the utilization of kaolinite in
2072:
In 2009, up to 70% of kaolin was used in the production of
1970:
1709:
1552:
1502:
722:
566:
540:
534:
492:
470:
388:
379:
373:
367:
5862:"The Old And Mysterious Practice of Eating Dirt, Revealed"
5229:
3770:
2226:
originally used it (more recently, industrially produced).
2190:
formed in the hydration of the main cement minerals (e.g.
801:
Kaolinite structure, showing the interlayer hydrogen bonds
5359:
Transactions (Doklady) of the Russian Academy of Sciences
4477:
Adatte T, Khozyem H, Spangenberg JE, et al. (2014).
3898:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 331.
1937:
1917:
1896:
1880:
1867:
1851:
1838:
1818:
1740:
1599:
In the US, the main kaolin deposits are found in central
1589:
Institut National pour l'Étude Agronomique au Congo Belge
1423:
1399:
1379:
1366:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1264:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Al2Si2O7 -> Si3Al4O12 + SiO2}}}
1257:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1199:
1186:
1173:
1119:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1057:
1036:
1023:
1010:
842:
sheet of one layer and hydroxyl on the outer face of the
546:
400:
5267:"Attempted Low-Temperature Syntheses of Kaolin Minerals"
4179:
Mechanochemistry in Nanoscience and Minerals Engineering
3866:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2412:
damage, and in the case of apples, to prevent sun scald.
2321:. In Africa, kaolin used for such purposes is known as
5371:
4074:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 254–255.
3618:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5401:
Schriftenreihe für geologische Wissenschaften (Berlin)
4921:
4797:
4658:. Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques: 11–23.
4307:
1699:, because the thermal energy suffices to overcome the
5189:
Satokawa S, Osaki Y, Samejima S, et al. (1994).
5148:
Tomura S, Shibasaki Y, Mizuta H, et al. (1985).
4951:
Noll W (1934). "Hydrothermale Synthese des Kaolins".
4743:
4622:
4265:
4124:
3573:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1791:
1296:
1157:
998:
809:
clay mineral because its crystals consist of stacked
637:
549:
531:
409:
385:
382:
364:
5926:
Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, & Old Records
5607:
Leiviskä T, Gehör S, Eijärvi E, et al. (2012).
5586:. Westwood, NJ: Noyes Publications. pp. 41–43.
4835:
2247:
announced the successful use of a kaolinite-derived
2229:
Kaolin-based preparations are used for treatment of
890:
Kaolinite crystal structure looking along the layers
543:
397:
391:
376:
6139:Schroeder, Paul A.; et al., eds. (June 2014).
6138:
4600:. Natural resources research. Vol. 11. Paris:
675:Kaolinite is also occasionally discussed under the
528:
361:
6069:
4727:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
4507:
4483:Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana
4038:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
3637: – Phyllosilicate mineral: group of kaolinite
1946:
1429:
1263:
1128:
6100:"Chinese Porcelain and the City of Ching-te-chen"
6094:
6067:
4525:La Iglesia A, Van Oosterwyck-Gastuche MC (1978).
4398:
3992:
3956:
3954:
2299:since kaolinite can contain very small traces of
7189:
6046:
6032:: R.E. Krieger Publishing Co. pp. 314–315.
5264:
4595:
4564:
4562:
3879:
2236:An ingredient in 'pre-work' skin protection and
2167:As adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment.
1770:cations must be hexacoordinated with respect to
1667:sediments deposited in the Esplugafreda area of
1659:in the UK, which is used to dry processed kaolin
4816:
4373:
3506:
938:, and at near 0% moisture it is referred to as
6047:Deer, W. A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1992).
5826:
5824:
5731:"Nanoparticles Help Gauze Stop Gushing Wounds"
3951:
1445:Finally, at 1400 °C the "needle" form of
7057:
6195:
5372:DeKimpe CR, Gastuche MC, Brindley GW (1961).
4770:
4724:
4712:The colloid chemistry of silica and silicates
4568:
4559:
3565:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
903:
625:
30:"Kaolin" redirects here. For other uses, see
6175:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
6050:An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals
4177:Baláž, Peter (2008). "High-Energy Milling".
3960:
3859:
2419:in traditional stone masonry homes in Nepal.
1978:
5821:
5758:
5756:
5502:
3616: – Sedimentary clay deposits in France
2373:
989:) due to stacking of its hexagonal layers.
716:
692:
686:
537:
370:
7064:
7050:
6202:
6188:
5830:
5119:
4649:
3782:. Tucson, Ariz.: Mineral Data Publishing.
3766:
3764:
3614:Kaolin Deposits of Charentes Basin, France
858:View of the structure of the tetrahedral (
495:), produced by the chemical weathering of
5904:
5762:
5676:
5633:
5528:
5361:. Earth science sections. 353 A: 403–405.
5341:
5292:
5214:
5173:
5060:
4714:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
4550:
4161:
4151:
3780:Handbook of Mineralogy: Silica, silicates
3692:
1926:
1827:
1796:
1412:
1388:
1355:
1347:
1301:
1162:
1108:
874:View of the structure of the octahedral (
5919:
5753:
5315:
4430:
4065:
4063:
3714:
3712:
2149:An additive to modify the properties of
2146:) white pigment and modify gloss levels.
2098:schedules it is key to the formation of
1682:
1650:
1577:
1460:
838:between oxygen on the outer face of the
796:
6120:: Cambridge University Press, pp.
5953:
5951:
5648:
4773:Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles
4625:Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles
4571:Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles
4456:
3761:
3643: – Railway branch lines in England
2393:As a light-diffusing material in white
2005:
14:
7190:
5859:
5767:[Balengou: around the mines].
5728:
5579:
5430:King, R.J. (March 2009). "Kaolinite".
5398:
5036:
4668:
4094:
3631: – Use of clay for health reasons
2114:as both a network former and modifier.
1551:Kaolinite clay occurs in abundance in
514:Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and
209:β = 104.5°, γ = 89.8°; Z = 2
7045:
6183:
6023:
6016:
5968:. Imerys Pigments and Additives Group
5710:(product leaflet). Deb USA, Inc. 2017
4880:
4511:Relative stabilities of soil minerals
4431:Smothers, Ronald (12 December 1987).
4354:
4217:
4215:
4176:
4069:
4060:
4033:
3738:
3709:
2993:
620:. D'Entrecolles was transcribing the
339:Measured: 24° to 50°, Calculated: 44°
6068:Hurlbut, C. S.; et al. (1985).
5959:"Material Safety Data Sheet: Kaolin"
5948:
5429:
4993:
4950:
4709:
4118:
3891:
3669:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
3666:
3610: – Aluminosilicate clay mineral
2430:
1763:lattice." (Iler, 1955, p. 182)
1671:were enriched with kaolinite from a
6209:
6109:Chemistry and Chemical Technology,
6105:Science and Civilisation in China,
5922:"Edison Diamond Discs: 1912 - 1929"
5100:
4433:"White George clay turns into cash"
4404:
2387:
2160:An additive to adhesives to modify
2118:
1555:that have formed from the chemical
1453:for more information on this form.
1274:
24:
5795:"Le lexique français du Gabon: K."
5135:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11044.x
4508:Meijer EL, van der Plas L (1980).
4212:
3936:
3502:
25:
7244:
7071:
6168:
6076:(20th ed.). Wiley. pp.
6053:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman.
5651:"Dirty eating for healthy living"
3625: – Kaolin-based pest control
2106:as a glass network former, and Al
1440:
817:layer consists of a tetrahedral (
424:, with the chemical composition:
7171:
7023:
5995:Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
5841:(online). Science & Medicine
5793:Karine Boucher, Suzanne Lafage.
5741:from the original on 6 July 2009
5452:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2009.00711.x
5265:Brindley GW, De Kimpe C (1961).
3880:Deer, Howie & Zussman (1992)
3567:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
2245:Naval Medical Research Institute
1665:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
883:
867:
851:
524:
357:
53:
5980:
5939:
5913:
5872:
5853:
5803:
5787:
5722:
5693:
5642:
5600:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5546:
5537:
5496:
5475:
5466:
5423:
5392:
5365:
5350:
5309:
5258:
5223:
5182:
5141:
5113:
5094:
5054:
5030:
4987:
4944:
4915:
4874:
4829:
4810:
4791:
4764:
4737:
4718:
4703:
4662:
4643:
4616:
4589:
4518:
4501:
4470:
4450:
4424:
4348:
4314:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
4301:
4259:
4203:
4170:
4088:
4036:Handbook of Inorganic Compounds
4027:
4002:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3592: – Type of altered granite
2062:
5831:Grigsby RK (3 February 2004).
4909:10.1180/claymin.1964.005.31.02
4357:Tropical soils and soil survey
3885:
3869:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
3853:
3824:
3804:
3660:
3604: – Phyllosilicate mineral
2357:. There, the kaolin is called
2289:
1907:
1901:
1854:
1808:
1802:
1402:
1349:
1341:
1202:
1060:
1047:
1041:
616:reports on the manufacture of
13:
1:
5252:10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00180-6
4381:"Kaolin Capital of the World"
4334:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00299-9
4295:10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00015-2
4095:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
3961:Schroeder PA (31 July 2018).
3648:
2200:is also a base component for
1465:Kaolin mine in Czech Republic
1456:
953:
610:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
5815:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5765:"Balengou: autour des mines"
5503:Murray HH, Lyons SC (1955).
4860:10.1126/science.117.3041.381
3653:
3550:generally recognized as safe
2984:S. & C. America - total
2269:
2088:can account for 15% of mass.
792:
742:for kaolinite as written in
728:
711:
571:Providence Canyon State Park
7:
5771:(in French). Archived from
4460:Mineral Commodity Summaries
4187:10.1007/978-3-540-74855-7_2
3944:Online Etymology Dictionary
3641:Cornish China Clay Branches
3582:
2311:
1605:Atlantic Seaboard fall line
733:
638:
573:in Georgia, United States.
27:Phyllosilicate clay mineral
10:
7249:
6327:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
4925:Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas
4153:10.1016/j.clay.2021.105994
4097:"The chemistry of pottery"
4072:Introduction to mineralogy
4070:Nesse, William D. (2000).
3577:recommended exposure limit
3569:permissible exposure limit
2408:applied to crops to deter
2208:
927:
911:
904:Structural transformations
703:
36:
29:
7233:Minerals in space group 1
7167:
7079:
7014:
6976:
6938:
6910:
6877:
6814:
6746:
6678:
6585:
6542:
6518:
6490:
6217:
5635:10.2478/s13531-011-0067-9
5530:10.1346/CCMN.1955.0040105
5343:10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170107
5216:10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420307
5175:10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330305
5061:Roy R, Osborn EF (1954).
4679:10.1007/978-3-662-41609-9
4552:10.1346/CCMN.1978.0260603
4163:21.11116/0000-0008-06AA-2
3817:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3497:
3486:
3479:
2282:For facial masks or soap.
1582:A kaolin processing plant
1139:
923:
846:sheet of the next layer.
626:
343:
333:
307:
299:
289:
279:
269:
256:
246:
236:
226:
218:
213:
207:c = 7.25 Å; α = 90°
195:
182:
164:
152:
142:
132:
81:
66:
61:
52:
47:
6026:Zeolite Molecular Sieves
5838:New Georgia Encyclopedia
5729:Rowe A (24 April 2008).
5701:"Stokoderm Protect PURE"
5659:. Evolutionary biology.
4938:10.1002/recl.19290480106
4652:Colloques Internationaux
4385:City of Sandersville, GA
3993:Needham & al. (2004)
3968:New Georgia Encyclopedia
2395:incandescent light bulbs
2381:geotechnical engineering
2374:Geotechnical engineering
2251:infusion in traditional
1596:(from kaolin and soil).
1571:(in cooler climates) or
589:
509:cation-exchange capacity
413:-ə-lə-nyte, -lih-
109:, or in oxide notation:
6072:Manual of Mineralogy...
5860:Chen L (2 April 2014).
5509:Clays and Clay Minerals
5322:Clays and Clay Minerals
5195:Clays and Clay Minerals
5154:Clays and Clay Minerals
4785:10.3406/argil.1955.1257
4758:10.3406/bulmi.1953.4841
4531:Clays and Clay Minerals
3843:Oxford University Press
2222:(and later, humans) in
2067:
1559:of rocks in hot, moist
1283:and highly crystalline
576:Kaolin is an important
565:, giving it a distinct
511:(1–15 meq/100 g).
32:Kaolin (disambiguation)
6302:Ferroaluminoceladonite
6098:; et al. (2004),
4637:10.3406/argil.1957.940
4583:10.3406/argil.1960.969
4104:Education in Chemistry
3747:Kaolinite Mineral Data
3673:Mineralogical Magazine
3513:
2347:Southern United States
2261:As a mild abrasive in
2182:and takes part in the
1979:
1948:
1691:At high temperatures,
1660:
1603:, on a stretch of the
1583:
1466:
1431:
1265:
1130:
802:
717:
693:
687:
252:Flexible but inelastic
6024:Breck, D. W. (1984).
5906:10.1515/geo-2019-0035
4411:The Bitter Southerner
3839:UK English Dictionary
3512:
3458:Cristobalite, %
2218:, similar to the way
1949:
1683:Synthesis and genesis
1654:
1581:
1464:
1432:
1266:
1131:
800:
656:Jingdezhen Prefecture
505:shrink–swell capacity
275:Pearly to dull earthy
144:Strunz classification
5818:. 9.8 (August 2003).
5809:Gerald N. Callahan.
5316:De Kimpe CR (1969).
4181:. pp. 103–132.
2868:Middle East - total
2424:Edison Diamond Discs
2257:Kaolin clotting time
2131:An additive to some
2006:Laboratory syntheses
1980:"degrée de drainage"
1789:
1754:to form crystalline
1716:material (i.e., the
1294:
1155:
996:
987:strictly crystalline
878:) sheet of kaolinite
862:) sheet of kaolinite
682:and lithomarga from
618:Jingdezhen porcelain
7213:Industrial minerals
7208:Clay minerals group
7178:Minerals portal
7030:Minerals portal
6317:Fluorokinoshitalite
5966:Connecticut College
5897:2019OGeo...11...35S
5669:1999Natur.400..120D
5649:Diamond JM (1999).
5626:2012CEJE....2..239L
5521:1955CCM.....4...31M
5444:2009GeolT..25...75K
5388:(11–12): 1370–1381.
5334:1969CCM....17...37D
5285:1961Natur.190..254B
5244:1999ChGeo.156..171H
5207:1994CCM....42..288S
5166:1985CCM....33..200T
5008:1936ZKMP...48..210N
4965:1934ZKMP...45..175N
4901:1964ClMin...5..338M
4852:1953Sci...117..381T
4543:1978CCM....26..397L
4495:10.3301/ROL.2014.17
4326:2000GeCoA..64..409G
4287:2002Caten..49...25M
4237:1995PCM....22..207B
4144:2021ApCS..20305994K
3849:on 25 January 2021.
3694:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
3685:2021MinM...85..291W
3667:Warr, L.N. (2021).
3378:Halloysite, %
2814:N. America - total
2440:
2297:radiological dating
2295:As an indicator in
2214:To soothe an upset
2184:pozzolanic reaction
1939:
1919:
1898:
1882:
1869:
1853:
1840:
1820:
1565:tropical rainforest
1548:to Early Cenozoic.
1425:
1401:
1381:
1368:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1259:
1243:
1230:
1217:
1201:
1188:
1175:
1121:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1059:
1038:
1025:
1012:
691:, a combination of
7228:Triclinic minerals
7198:Aluminium minerals
6113:Ceramic Technology
6017:General references
5763:Kamtche F (2012).
5580:Ciullo PA (1996).
5123:J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
5037:Norton FH (1939).
5016:10.1007/BF02939458
4973:10.1007/BF02943371
4604:. pp. 15–24.
4437:The New York Times
4271:Lidmar-Bergström K
4245:10.1007/BF00202253
4225:Phys. Chem. Miner.
3575:(NIOSH) has set a
3554:crystalline silica
3514:
3492:safety square
3358:Kaolinite, %
2994:Typical properties
2719:Bosnia–Herzegovina
2438:
1944:
1927:
1899:
1886:
1870:
1857:
1841:
1828:
1800:
1661:
1584:
1467:
1427:
1413:
1389:
1369:
1356:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1261:
1247:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1126:
1109:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1039:
1026:
1013:
1000:
803:
497:aluminium silicate
451:. It is a layered
300:Optical properties
205:, b = 8.89 Å
39:Aluminium silicate
7185:
7184:
7039:
7038:
6529:Ferripyrophyllite
6372:Manganiceladonite
6227:Aluminoceladonite
5920:Gracyk T (2006).
5663:(6740): 120–121.
5090:(11–12): 853–885.
4881:Moore LR (1964).
4846:(3041): 381–383.
4669:Millot G (1970).
4196:978-3-540-74854-0
4034:Perry DL (2011).
3937:Harper, Douglas.
3546:
3545:
3477:
3476:
3438:Smectite, %
2991:
2990:
2431:Production output
2343:Equatorial Guinea
2049:hydrochloric acid
2041:hydrochloric acid
1942:
1930:
1906:
1889:
1873:
1860:
1844:
1831:
1807:
1799:
1563:; for example in
1416:
1392:
1372:
1359:
1331:
1318:
1305:
1250:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1124:
1112:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1046:
1029:
1016:
1003:
962:, but continuous
466:) linked through
459:sheet of silica (
350:
349:
178:
16:(Redirected from
7240:
7203:Aluminosilicates
7176:
7175:
7174:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7028:
7027:
7026:
6462:Tetraferriannite
6322:Fluorophlogopite
6204:
6197:
6190:
6181:
6180:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6145:
6134:
6091:
6075:
6064:
6043:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5963:
5955:
5946:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5885:Open Geosciences
5876:
5870:
5869:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5828:
5819:
5807:
5801:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5482:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5378:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5294:10.1038/190254a0
5262:
5256:
5255:
5238:(1–4): 171–190.
5232:Chemical Geology
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5103:Colloque C.N.R.S
5098:
5092:
5091:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5002:(3–4): 210–247.
4991:
4985:
4984:
4959:(2–3): 175–190.
4948:
4942:
4941:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4819:Colloque C.N.R.S
4814:
4808:
4807:
4800:Colloque C.N.R.S
4795:
4789:
4788:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4710:Iler RK (1955).
4707:
4701:
4700:
4671:Geology of Clays
4666:
4660:
4659:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4457:Virta R (2012).
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4355:Young A (1980).
4352:
4346:
4345:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4219:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4006:
4000:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3892:Pohl WL (2011).
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3845:. Archived from
3828:
3822:
3821:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3750:, WebMineral.com
3742:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3664:
3619:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3505:
3484:
3483:
3001:
3000:
2898:Oceania - total
2441:
2437:
2388:Small-scale uses
2145:
2137:titanium dioxide
2119:Other industrial
2053:sodium hydroxide
2045:sodium hydroxide
2035:(in the form of
2030:
1982:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1703:involved in the
1630:Newark, Delaware
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1281:platelet mullite
1275:Platelet mullite
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1001:
984:
973:
887:
871:
855:
836:hydrogen bonding
788:
764:
740:chemical formula
720:
714:
708:
707:
696:
690:
652:Jiangxi Province
641:
631:
630:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
487:
465:
453:silicate mineral
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
309:Refractive index
291:Specific gravity
262:
242:Perfect on {001}
172:
128:
108:
88:
87:(repeating unit)
76:serpentine group
57:
45:
44:
21:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7223:Phyllosilicates
7188:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7172:
7170:
7163:
7124:Montmorillonite
7075:
7070:
7040:
7035:
7024:
7022:
7010:
6991:Franklinphilite
6972:
6934:
6906:
6873:
6810:
6771:Montmorillonite
6742:
6674:
6581:
6538:
6514:
6486:
6307:Ferroceladonite
6213:
6211:Phyllosilicates
6208:
6171:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6143:
6132:
6096:Needham, Joseph
6088:
6061:
6040:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5918:
5914:
5877:
5873:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5842:
5829:
5822:
5808:
5804:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5775:on 4 March 2012
5761:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5647:
5643:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5397:
5393:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5355:
5351:
5314:
5310:
5263:
5259:
5228:
5224:
5187:
5183:
5146:
5142:
5129:(10): 507–508.
5118:
5114:
5099:
5095:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5035:
5031:
4992:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4920:
4916:
4895:(31): 338–352.
4879:
4875:
4834:
4830:
4815:
4811:
4796:
4792:
4769:
4765:
4742:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4689:
4667:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4621:
4617:
4594:
4590:
4567:
4560:
4523:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4349:
4306:
4302:
4264:
4260:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4175:
4171:
4132:Appl. Clay Sci.
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4068:
4061:
4046:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3991:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3952:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3858:
3854:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3790:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3617:
3585:
3563:In the US, the
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3490:
3482:
3418:Quartz, %
3303:
3279:
3215:
3191:
3187:
3163:
3159:
3135:
2996:
2784:Europe - total
2678:Czech Republic
2530:Africa - total
2433:
2422:As a filler in
2402:organic farming
2390:
2376:
2314:
2292:
2275:As a filler in
2272:
2249:aluminosilicate
2211:
2180:Portland cement
2170:In its altered
2144:
2140:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2070:
2065:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2008:
1936:
1931:
1916:
1911:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1817:
1812:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1701:energy barriers
1685:
1459:
1443:
1422:
1417:
1398:
1393:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1256:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
994:
993:
983:
979:
975:
974:) and alumina (
972:
968:
956:
932:
926:
914:
906:
891:
888:
879:
872:
863:
856:
795:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
736:
731:
715:, "stone") and
592:
527:
523:
518:, are known as
503:. It has a low
486:
482:
464:
460:
450:
442:
436:
430:
410:
396:
360:
356:
328:
324:
322:
318:
317:= 1.553–1.565,
316:
260:
208:
206:
171:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
85:
73:
71:Phyllosilicates
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7218:Medicinal clay
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7183:
7182:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6996:Lennilenapeite
6993:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6978:Stilpnomelanes
6974:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6925:Ferrisepiolite
6922:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6693:Brinrobertsite
6690:
6684:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:Bismutoferrite
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6482:Yangzhumingite
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6447:Siderophyllite
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Polylithionite
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6169:External links
6167:
6165:
6164:
6136:
6130:
6092:
6086:
6065:
6059:
6044:
6038:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
5979:
5947:
5938:
5912:
5891:(1): 440–446.
5871:
5852:
5820:
5811:"Eating Dirt."
5802:
5786:
5752:
5737:. Condé Nast.
5721:
5692:
5641:
5620:(2): 239–247.
5599:
5592:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5545:
5536:
5495:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5422:
5410:
5391:
5364:
5349:
5308:
5257:
5222:
5201:(3): 288–297.
5181:
5160:(3): 200–206.
5140:
5112:
5093:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5063:"The system Al
5053:
5029:
4986:
4943:
4914:
4873:
4828:
4809:
4790:
4763:
4752:(7): 300–314.
4736:
4717:
4702:
4687:
4661:
4642:
4615:
4588:
4558:
4537:(6): 397–408.
4517:
4500:
4469:
4449:
4423:
4397:
4372:
4365:
4347:
4320:(3): 409–426.
4300:
4281:(1–2): 25–40.
4258:
4231:(4): 207–214.
4211:
4202:
4195:
4169:
4117:
4087:
4080:
4059:
4044:
4026:
4014:www.mindat.org
4001:
3982:
3950:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3872:
3852:
3823:
3820:(Online). n.d.
3803:
3788:
3760:
3737:
3708:
3679:(3): 291–320.
3658:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3629:Medicinal clay
3626:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:Czech Republic
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:Global - total
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2241:
2238:barrier creams
2234:
2227:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2147:
2142:
2135:to extend the
2129:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2037:ethyl silicate
2026:
2022:
2007:
2004:
1963:soil formation
1955:
1954:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1684:
1681:
1675:source due to
1634:Newark-Pomeroy
1531:United Kingdom
1487:Czech Republic
1458:
1455:
1442:
1441:Needle mullite
1439:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1161:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1020:
1007:
981:
977:
970:
955:
952:
925:
922:
913:
910:
905:
902:
893:
892:
889:
882:
880:
873:
866:
864:
857:
850:
794:
791:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:, however, in
761:
757:
753:
749:
735:
732:
730:
727:
650:, now part of
648:Fuliang County
591:
588:
499:minerals like
484:
462:
448:
440:
434:
428:
416:; also called
348:
347:
345:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
326:
323:= 1.559–1.569,
320:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
214:Identification
211:
210:
201:a = 5.13
199:
193:
192:
186:
180:
179:
168:
162:
161:
156:
154:Crystal system
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
78:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7245:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7180:
7179:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7073:Clay minerals
7067:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7032:
7031:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7007:
7006:Stilpnomelane
7004:
7002:
7001:Parsettensite
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Ferrosaponite
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Lunijianlaite
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Trilithionite
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Oxyphlogopite
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6367:Luanshiweiite
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:Kinoshitalite
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Chromphyllite
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:Boromuscovite
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6131:0-521-83833-9
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5967:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5942:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5833:"Clay Eating"
5827:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5796:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5678:10.1038/22014
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5593:9780815518082
5589:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5567:
5558:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5478:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:Geology Today
5426:
5417:
5415:
5406:
5403:(in German).
5402:
5395:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5279:(4772): 254.
5278:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4998:(in German).
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4955:(in German).
4954:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4888:Clay Minerals
4884:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:(in French).
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4748:(in French).
4747:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4688:9783662416099
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4654:(in French).
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:(in French).
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:(in French).
4572:
4565:
4563:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4366:9780521297684
4362:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4081:9780195106916
4077:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4045:9781439814611
4041:
4037:
4030:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3907:
3905:9781444336627
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3789:9780962209734
3785:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:NFPA 704
3485:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:Mica, %
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:Manufacturer
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:Saudi Arabia
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:Asia - total
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:South Africa
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:, especially
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:South America
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:vulcanization
2152:
2148:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2101:
2096:
2093:In whiteware
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2018:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1862:
1846:
1833:
1824:
1821:
1813:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:United States
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1052:
1031:
1018:
1005:
992:
991:
990:
988:
965:
961:
951:
949:
943:
941:
937:
931:
921:
919:
909:
901:
897:
886:
881:
877:
870:
865:
861:
854:
849:
848:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:layers. Each
812:
808:
799:
790:
768:
745:
741:
726:
724:
719:
713:
706:
700:
695:
689:
685:
681:
678:
677:archaic names
673:
671:
670:
665:
664:mineralogical
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
635:
629:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:in 1727 from
607:
603:
602:
597:
587:
585:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
480:
476:
472:
469:
458:
454:
446:
439:
433:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
405:
354:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
329:= 1.569–1.570
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
228:Crystal habit
225:
221:
217:
212:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
187:
185:
181:
176:
169:
167:
166:Crystal class
163:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
90:
84:
80:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
40:
33:
19:
7169:
7139:Palygorskite
7118:
7021:
6986:Bannisterite
6940:Pyrosmalites
6829:Borocookeite
6824:Baileychlore
6806:Yakhontovite
6801:Volkonskoite
6791:Swinefordite
6708:Hydrobiotite
6625:Cronstedtite
6571:
6543:
6534:Pyrophyllite
6520:Pyrophyllite
6500:Minnesotaite
6437:Preiswerkite
6382:Masutomilite
6347:Hendricksite
6158:14 September
6156:. Retrieved
6151:
6147:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6071:
6049:
6025:
6002:. Retrieved
5991:
5982:
5970:. Retrieved
5965:
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5925:
5915:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5865:
5855:
5843:. Retrieved
5836:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5777:. Retrieved
5773:the original
5768:
5743:. Retrieved
5734:
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5708:debgroup.com
5707:
5695:
5660:
5654:
5644:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5582:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5515:(1): 31–40.
5512:
5508:
5498:
5477:
5468:
5438:(2): 75–78.
5435:
5431:
5425:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5382:Am. Mineral.
5380:
5367:
5358:
5352:
5328:(1): 37–38.
5325:
5321:
5311:
5276:
5270:
5260:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5084:Am. Mineral.
5082:
5056:
5047:
5044:Am. Mineral.
5042:
5032:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4932:(1): 27–36.
4929:
4923:
4917:
4892:
4886:
4876:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4779:(1): 19–22.
4776:
4772:
4766:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4670:
4664:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4631:(4): 67–76.
4628:
4624:
4618:
4597:
4591:
4574:
4570:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4503:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4459:
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4436:
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4410:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:
4375:
4356:
4350:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4278:
4274:
4261:
4228:
4223:
4205:
4178:
4172:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4103:
4090:
4071:
4035:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:
4010:"Lithomarge"
4004:
3973:. Retrieved
3966:
3942:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3894:
3887:
3875:
3864:
3855:
3847:the original
3835:
3826:
3815:
3806:
3779:
3752:, retrieved
3746:
3740:
3729:, retrieved
3720:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3623:Kaolin spray
3562:
3560:if inhaled.
3547:
3491:
3324:LOI, %
3256:MgO, %
3236:CaO, %
3078:% < 2 μm
3013:Longyan 325#
3004:Product name
2997:
2890:New Zealand
2640:Philippines
2552:South Korea
2439:'000 tonnes
2434:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2126:mineral wool
2094:
2084:
2071:
2063:Applications
2056:
2013:
2009:
1956:
1780:
1765:
1760:silicic acid
1731:
1690:
1686:
1662:
1617:Sandersville
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1550:
1543:
1511:South Africa
1468:
1444:
1285:cristobalite
1278:
1143:
957:
947:
944:
939:
935:
933:
915:
907:
898:
894:
875:
859:
843:
839:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
804:
737:
679:
674:
667:
660:Qing dynasty
599:
593:
586:
578:raw material
575:
558:
519:
513:
490:
422:clay mineral
417:
352:
351:
188:
42:
6968:Schallerite
6963:Pyrosmalite
6920:Falcondoite
6892:Chrysocolla
6839:Clinochlore
6796:Vermiculite
6752:vermiculite
6713:Karpinskite
6680:Corrensites
6655:Manandonite
6640:Guidottiite
6630:Fraipontite
6615:Caryopilite
6610:Brindleyite
6605:Berthierine
6587:Serpentines
6567:Hisingerite
6510:Willemseite
6472:Voloshinite
6342:Gorbunovite
6312:Fluorannite
6277:Chernykhite
6247:Balestraite
5972:11 November
4733:(1): 53–55.
4019:23 February
3861:"kaolinite"
3832:"kaolinite"
3812:"kaolinite"
3773:"Kaolinite"
3590:China stone
3098:% <1 μm
3030:New Zealand
3016:Zettlitz 1A
2600:Bangladesh
2584:Indonesia'
2290:Archaeology
2188:portlandite
2174:form, as a
1993:perennially
1723:temperature
1693:equilibrium
1663:During the
1657:Buell dryer
1515:South Korea
948:calcination
936:leather dry
930:Buell dryer
457:tetrahedral
455:, with one
303:Biaxial (–)
184:Space group
170:Pedial (1)
7192:Categories
7134:Nontronite
7099:Halloysite
6948:Friedelite
6912:Sepiolites
6879:Allophanes
6864:Pennantite
6849:Donbassite
6776:Nontronite
6761:Beidellite
6698:Corrensite
6635:Greenalite
6620:Chrysotile
6600:Antigorite
6562:Halloysite
6544:Kaolinites
6457:Tainiolite
6442:Roscoelite
6427:Phlogopite
6417:Paragonite
6402:Norrishite
6397:Nanpingite
6387:Montdorite
6362:Lepidolite
6337:Glauconite
6287:Clintonite
6272:Celadonite
6267:Bramallite
6242:Aspidolite
6087:0471805807
6060:0582300940
6039:0898746485
6004:6 November
5845:20 October
5050:(1): 1–17.
4442:19 January
4138:: 105994.
4110:8 December
3995:, p.
3726:Mindat.org
3649:References
3608:Halloysite
3558:carcinogen
3556:, a known
3548:Kaolin is
3304:O, %
3280:O, %
2976:Guatemala
2968:Venezuela
2920:Argentina
2882:Australia
2624:Sri Lanka
2367:white clay
2359:white dirt
2339:calabachop
2263:toothpaste
2204:compounds.
2202:geopolymer
2198:Metakaolin
2172:metakaolin
1714:disordered
1705:nucleation
1697:nucleation
1677:denudation
1640:and early
1638:Cretaceous
1622:Landenberg
1557:weathering
1457:Occurrence
960:metakaolin
954:Metakaolin
928:See also:
918:metakaolin
779:·2SiO
744:mineralogy
688:lithomarga
680:lithomarge
563:iron oxide
559:china clay
516:halloysite
507:and a low
475:octahedral
344:References
258:Mohs scale
175:H-M symbol
134:IMA symbol
119:·2SiO
74:Kaolinite-
37:See also:
7149:Sepiolite
7119:Kaolinite
7114:Imogolite
7104:Hectorite
7084:Allophane
6953:Mcgillite
6930:Sepiolite
6902:Neotocite
6897:Imogolite
6887:Allophane
6854:Gonyerite
6834:Chamosite
6816:Chlorites
6786:Sauconite
6748:Smectites
6733:Saliotite
6728:Rectorite
6688:Aliettite
6670:Pecoraite
6650:Lizardite
6572:Kaolinite
6452:Suhailite
6392:Muscovite
6377:Margarite
6292:Eastonite
6118:Cambridge
6111:Part XII:
5614:Open Eng.
5460:242917623
5024:128744123
4697:128831318
4577:(7): 63.
4416:27 August
4405:Reece C.
4390:27 August
4342:0016-7037
4054:587104373
3798:928816381
3721:Kaolinite
3703:235729616
3654:Citations
3216:, %
3192:, %
3164:, %
3136:, %
2944:Colombia
2928:Paraguay
2728:Bulgaria
2702:Portugal
2616:Pakistan
2576:Thailand
2568:Malaysia
2514:Ethiopia
2482:Tanzania
2417:whitewash
2277:cosmetics
2270:Cosmetics
2186:with the
2025:·6 H
2000:allophane
1884:⋅
1855:⟶
1768:aluminium
1756:silicates
1749:magnesium
1745:aluminium
1735:amorphous
1718:amorphous
1642:Paleogene
1632:, on the
1471:Australia
1451:stoneware
1383:⋅
1342:⟶
1203:⟶
1061:⟶
793:Structure
729:Chemistry
639:gāolǐngtǔ
634:romanized
477:sheet of
353:Kaolinite
295:2.16–2.68
197:Unit cell
159:Triclinic
48:Kaolinite
7154:Smectite
7144:Saponite
7089:Chlorite
6958:Nelenite
6844:Cookeite
6781:Saponite
6738:Tosudite
6718:Kulkeite
6660:Népouite
6645:Kellyite
6477:Wonesite
6422:Phengite
6407:Orlovite
6297:Ephesite
6232:Anandite
6148:Elements
6141:"Kaolin"
5988:"Kaolin"
5931:22 March
5866:The Salt
5779:22 March
5745:5 August
5739:Archived
5714:12 April
5687:10408435
5407:: 51–78.
5109:: 83–98.
4981:96869398
4868:17749950
4825:: 75–88.
4806:: 57–65.
4253:95897543
3975:14 March
3971:(online)
3963:"Kaolin"
3939:"kaolin"
3754:5 August
3731:5 August
3596:Clay pit
3583:See also
3056:Sedlecky
3039:Germany
3024:Country
2960:Ecuador
2776:Denmark
2768:Austria
2752:Ukraine
2662:Germany
2560:Vietnam
2474:Algeria
2466:Nigeria
2331:Cameroon
2319:geophagy
2312:Geophagy
2231:diarrhea
2176:pozzolan
2162:rheology
2057:Alterung
1989:drainage
1985:drainage
1969:rock in
1967:basaltic
1959:molecule
1776:gibbsite
1727:pressure
1673:detrital
1607:between
1594:kaolisol
1573:smectite
1561:climates
1546:Mesozoic
1527:Thailand
1523:Tanzania
1507:Malaysia
1479:Bulgaria
964:hydroxyl
940:bone dry
783:·2H
767:ceramics
734:Notation
612:'s 1712
606:borrowed
501:feldspar
335:2V angle
261:hardness
248:Tenacity
238:Cleavage
123:·2H
67:Category
7129:Nacrite
7094:Dickite
6869:Sudoite
6703:Dozyite
6665:Odinite
6595:Amesite
6577:Nacrite
6557:Dickite
6332:Garmite
6257:Biotite
6252:Bityite
6122:184–240
6107:Vol. 5:
6078:428–429
6030:Malabar
5893:Bibcode
5800:. 2000.
5769:Le Jour
5665:Bibcode
5622:Bibcode
5517:Bibcode
5440:Bibcode
5330:Bibcode
5303:4149442
5281:Bibcode
5240:Bibcode
5203:Bibcode
5162:Bibcode
5004:Bibcode
4961:Bibcode
4897:Bibcode
4848:Bibcode
4839:Science
4539:Bibcode
4489:: 5–6.
4322:Bibcode
4283:Bibcode
4267:Migoń P
4233:Bibcode
4140:Bibcode
4106:: 17–20
3681:Bibcode
3635:Nacrite
3602:Dickite
3010:Premium
2912:Brazil
2844:Jordan
2836:Turkey
2806:Mexico
2760:Serbia
2744:Poland
2736:Russia
2694:France
2608:Taiwan
2498:Uganda
2447:26,651
2355:slavery
2351:Georgia
2305:thorium
2301:uranium
2220:parrots
2216:stomach
2209:Medical
2100:mullite
2095:ceramic
2017:alumina
1991:(i.e.,
1752:cations
1646:igneous
1609:Augusta
1601:Georgia
1586:In the
1539:Vietnam
1495:Germany
1447:mullite
912:Milling
666:suffix
622:Chinese
596:English
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