2160:, Dr B. C. Sen, p 342, fn 1. According to scholars, the ancient Kambojas are known to have extended as far as up to little Tibet i.e. Bolor or Baltistan (See Refs: Peter weiss: Von existentialistischen Drama zum marxistischen Welttheater ..., 1971, Otto F. Best; The Devi Bhagavatam, Vol. 2 of 3, p 117, Swami Vijnanannanda; Historical Mahākāvyas in Sanskrit, Eleventh to Fifteenth Century A.D., 1976, 373, Chandra Prabha; Kāmarūpaśāsanāvalī, Assam, 1981, p 137, Dimbeswar Sarma, P. D. Chowdhury, R. K. Deva Sarma). When viewed from Nepala itself, the ancient Kambojas appeared as if extended up to main Tibet, and this is stated to have been the logic behind the Nepalese traditions which identify Tibet with the Kamboja.
2405:
of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p 140, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Political
History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133 fn 6, pp 216-20, (Also Commentary, op. cit., p 576, fn 22), Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; Panjab Past and Present, pp 9-10, Dr Buddha Parkash; History of Punjabi, Vol I, 1997, p 225, (Editors) Dr L. M. Joshi, Dr Fauja Singh, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University Patiala; Raja Poros, 1990, Publication Buareau, Punjabi University, Patiala; Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, 1981, pp 271-72, 278, Dr J. L. Kamboj; These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119, 192; Kambojas, Through the Ages, 2005, pp 129, 218-19, S Kirpal Singh. Dr J. W. McCrindle says that the modern Afghanistan – the Kaofu (Kambu) of
191:
336:
611:) of Kapisa/Kabul, who are believed to have probably ruled from the early 5th century till 870, are still not clear. All ancient sources unequivocally agree that the rulers of Kapisa were Kshatriyas from India and claimed descent from Ayodhya. Panini, writing in 5th century BC, Chinese travellers visiting the kings many centuries later and even Kalhana writing five centuries after the Chinese travellers agree on their Kshatriya origins from India.
1934:
two sexes. Both sexes ate meat, drank strong liquor and there would be mixed public dancing in a state of undress. Such way of life was positively obscene to the eastern
Brahmin eyes. The custom of bride price among the Madras (instead of dowry) appeared degrading to the easterners. Nevertheless, the beauty, the loving nature and utter fidelity of the women of the north-west including Madra, Bahlika remained proverbial (
2146:
Hiuen Tsang, an absurd tradition related by
Alberuni after 400 years and with evident reluctance and disbelief in it cannot, therefore, be taken for history.....Hiuen Tsang clearly addresses the ruler of Kapisa/Kabul, whom he had personally met, as devout Buddhist and a Kshatriya and not a Tu-kiue/Tu-kue (Turk)" (Ref: History of Mediaeval Hindu India, 1979, p 200, Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya).
730:, also calls the Shahis of Gandhara/Waihind as Kshatriyas. These early references from different sources link them as Kshatriya ruler and his dynasty undoubtedly to Hindu lineage. Further, though Kalhana takes the history of the Shahis to the year AD 730 or earlier, but he does not refer to any supplanting of the Shahi dynasty at any time in the entire history of the Shahis.
1933:
peoples as loose-lived and barbaric. As compared to the rigid four-class social system of
Madhyadesa, these tribes of the frontiers followed two social classes and further there was permissible vertical mobility.... The women were treated equal to men and there was no taboo of social mixing among the
2404:
For Aśvaka/Kamboja connection See: Historie du bouddhisme Indien, p 110, Dr E. Lammotte; East and West, 1950, pp 28, 157-58, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed
Estremo Oriente, Editor, Prof Giuseppe Tucci, Co-editors Prof Mario Bussagli, Prof Lionello Lanciotti; Hindu Polity, A constitutional History
1907:
people as described in the
Karanaparava of Mahabharata. Much of the physical characteristics as described by Xuanzang of the people of Kapisa to Rajapura (Rajauri), match very well with those which the Karanaparava of Mahabharata spells for the people of Aratta/Vahika countries which region included
765:
name the
Kambojas and the Gandharas as Kshatriyas. According to Olaf Caroe, "the earlier Kabul Shahis, in some sense, were the inheritors of the Kushana-Hephthalite chancery tradition and had brought in more Hinduised form with time. There does not yet exist in the upper Kabul valley any documentary
2197:
Si-Yu-Ki Vol. I: Buddhist
Records of the Western World, Edition 2006, p 54-55, Xuanzang; The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, p 120, Charles Frederick Oldham - Serpent worship; The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, 1973, p 17, Deena Bandhu Pandey; The
2155:
NOTE: Nepali
Traditions apply name Kamboja Desha to Tibet (See: Étude sur l'Iconographie bouddhique de l'Inde, pp 134-135, A. Foucher). It is also supported by two manuscripts described in the Catalogue of Sanskrit and Prakrit Mss in the library of India Office Vol II, Part II" (Refs: History of
769:
The affinities of the early Shahis of Kapisa/Kabul are still speculative, and the inheritance of the Kushan-Hephthalite chancery tradition and political institutions by Kabul Shahis do not necessarily connect them to the preceding dynasty i.e. the
Kushanas or Hephthalites. From the 5th century to
2145:
Cf: "That the first dynasty of Kabul was Turki is plainly based on the vulgar tradition which Alberuni himself remarked was clearly absurd. The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang knew well enough what a Turk was since he had come to Kabul through their country..... Against the contemporary evidence of
2409:
was ancient Kamboja, and also says that name Afghan evidently derives from Aśavakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian (See: Alexandra's Invasion of India, p 38; Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180, J. W. McCrindle). Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the
2169:
Alberuni's accounts also connect the early Shahis to a king Kanika (Kanishaka?) but at the same time, make some Barahatigin to be the founder of the dynasty which is claimed to have ruled for 60 generations i.e. about 1200-1500 years at a stretch which fact alone is sufficient to lose one's
1978:
Ancient references like Mahabharata, Ramayana etc profusely attest that the Kambojas produced and made use of woolen, fur and skin clothes and shawls, all embroidered with gold. Ancient Kambojas were noted for their horses, gold, woolen blankets, furry clothing etc
793:
religion in contrast to Shahi Katorman (Lagaturman) or his predecessors Shahi rulers, who were undoubtedly staunch Buddhists. It is very likely that a change in religion may have been confused with change in dynasty. In any case, this started the line of so-called
545:
country but the customs, the common language, and rule of behavior are somewhat different. For clothing they use hair garments (wool); their garments are trimmed with furs. In commerce, they use gold and silver coins and also little copper coins.
373:(11th century), which specifically equates Kapisa with Kamboja, thus substituting the former with the latter, therefore, sufficiently attest that Kapisa and Kamboja are equivalent. Even according to illustrious Indian history series:
284:
Archeology discoveries in 1939 confirmed that the city of Kapisa was an emporium for Kapiśayana wine, discovering numerous glass flasks, fish-shaped wine jars, and drinking cups typical of the wine trade of the era. The grapes
1721:
See refs: Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India, Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900-500 B.C., p 17; Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan, (Rgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic), p 6, Dr Michael Witzel, Harvard
1667:
See: Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India: Their Religion and ..., 1874, p 365, Prof John Muir; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 167-68, Dr M. R.
2333:
The Quarterly Review, 1873, p 537, William Gifford, George Walter Prothero, John Gibson Lockhart, John Murray, Whitwell Elwin, John Taylor Coleridge, Rowland Edmund Prothero Ernle, William Macpherson, William
350:. In other words, Kamboja and Kapisa are believed to be two attempts to render the same foreign word (which could not appropriately be transliterated into Sanskrit). Historian S. Levi further holds that old
1544:
which on account of its rare appearance seems to be clinging to some original form phonetically very near to the Sanskritised form Karpasika when more common form as Kapisa and Kamboja were being commonly
949:
Dr S. Chattopadhyaya 1974: 58; India as Known to Panini, 1953, p. 71, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1979, p. 86, Dr Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
2368:
The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, 1893, p 334, John Watson M'Crindle, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Marcus Junianus Justinus, Plutarch, Arrian, Diodorus.
1139:
Dr S. Chattopadhyaya 1974: 58; India as Known to Pāṇini, 1953, p 71, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1979, p 86, Dr Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
1236:
Su-kao-seng-chaun, Chapter 2, (no. 1493); Kai-yuan-lu, chapter 7; Publications, 1904, p 122–123, published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors Dr T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London, Royal Asiatic
789:
called Kallar. Alberuni's reference to the Brahman vizier as having taken over the control of the Shahi dynasty, in fact, may be a reference to Kallar (and his successors) as having been followers of
1938:). A warrior's widow in these regions would even immolate herself with her husband's corpse. The horrifying custom of Sati was completely unknown in the east until as late as 6th century AD...." (
1695:
The area that is commonly called Greater Punjab had comprised, in ancient times, vast territories of northern India and eastern Pakistan. In its original sense, it encompassed territories from
653:
of the Kushanas, without providing evidence for this. H. M. Elliot links the Shahis to both the Kata and the Kushanas. George Scott Robertson states that the Kata belong to the Siyaposh (
1782:, 1970, p 113, Ram Chandra Jain; A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic), 1953, p 52, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher;
614:
While their ethnicities were probably mixed, they practiced both Buddhism and Hinduism like the rest of India. The different scholars link their affinities to different ethnics. 11th-century
541:"the people of Kapiśa (Kai-pi-chi(h)) are cruel and fierce; their language is coarse and rude. Their marriage ceremonies are mere intermingling of sexes. Their literature is like that of
322:
who visited in 644 AD. Xuan Zang notes the Shen breed of horses from the area, and also notes the production of many types of cereals and fruits, as well as a scented root called Yu-kin.
1625:
1973, p 39, Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan; Geography of the Mahabharata, 1986, p 14, B. S. Suryavanshi. The Riśikas & the Parama Riśikas, whom the Mahabharata closely allies with the
626:
on the early history of Shahis based mainly as they are on folklore, do not inspire much confidence on the precise identity of the early Shahis of Kapisa/Kabul. They call them as
1873:
See: Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, p 53, Dr Buddha Parkash; Cf also: The History of Indian Literature, 1878, p 178, Albrecht Weber - Sanskrit literature
1766:, p 49, Ed Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar; Hindu Civilization, 1923, p 289, Dr Radhakumud Mookerji; The Generalship of Alexander the Great, 2004, p 255, J. F. C. Fuller;
782:(until 870 AD). Alberuni's accounts further claim that the last king of the early Shahiya dynasty was king Lagaturman (Katorman) who was overthrown and imprisoned by his
976:
1525:: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Dr Moti Chandra - India; Tribes in the Mahabharata: A Socio-cultural Study, 1987, pp 94, 314, Krishna Chandra Mishra - Mahābhārata.
1796:
territories were of wayward nature, committed highway robberies, and followed autonomous or republic way of life. And they were definitely outside the pale of
1386:
2377:
Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, p 72; History of Punjab, Publication Bureau Punjabi University Patiala, 1997, p 225, Dr Buddha Prakash.
500:. Even the Komoi clan of Ptolemy, inhabiting towards Sogdiana mountainous regions, north of Bactria, is believed by scholars to represent the Kamboja people.
766:
evidence or any identifiable coinage which can establish the exact affinities of these early Shahis who ruled there during the first two Islamic centuries."
1776:
denoted "those falling outside the pale of Aryandom" or "those who are outside the pale of virtue, and live away from the Himavat, Ganga and Sarsvati..." (
558:. He is of shrewd character (nature) and being brave and determined, he has brought into subjection the neighboring countries, some ten of which he rules "
570:
1770:, 1923, p 406, John Bagnell Bury, Stanley Arthur Cook, Frank Ezra Adcock, Martin Percival Charlesworth, Norman Hepburn Baynes, Charles Theodore Seltman
2437:
1106:
1069:
1012:
934:
1191:(Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the Best Books for ..., 1953, p 118, Dr Peggy Melcher, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel,
1207:, 1979, p 29, Jaya Goswami; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, 118, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala
1910:
See: Social Structure of Warrior Communities, Chapter VI of "Evolution of Heroic Traditions in Ancient Punjab", 1971, pp 52-60, Dr Buddha Prakash
1570:
124:
1921:
Cf: D. D. Kosambi observes: "The caste observances were so slack in the frontiers that the Brahmanical literature began to look upon the
2359:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1864, p 681, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1908:
the Madras, Gandharas, Kambojas etc, and where the rules of intermingling of sexes are also described as much relaxed and libralised (
2188:
And numerous scholars now also agree that the Siyaposh tribes of Hindukush are the modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.
2170:
confidence in the folklore accounts of Alberunis!!. King Kanika is shown as some intermediate king down the line in this dynasty.
1959:
See also the Mahabharata Link on the Madra peoples of the Vahika/Aratta country for general characteristics of Vahika society:
565:
much of the description of the people from Kapiśa to Rajapura as given by Xuanzang agrees well with the characteristics of the
1962:
1173:
1101:
1007:
971:
1983:, 1990, p 20, Dr Govind Chandra Pande - Spiritualism (Philosophy); Hindu World, Volume I, 1968, p 520, Benjamin Walker etc.
1658:, 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana. For Kamboja Nomads in Central Asia, Cf also: India and Central Asia, p 25, Dr P. C. Bagchi.
1038:
907:
2447:
507:
settlements came to be addressed as Kamboja proper, whereas the original Kamboja settlement lying north of Hindukush, in
2395:
See also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119-20, K. S. Dardi etc.
974:
770:
about the year 794, their capital was Kapisa, the ancient home of the cis-Hindukush Kambojas – popularly also known as
1093:
999:
963:
1384:
354:
Ka(m)bujiya or Kau(n)bojiya, Sanskrit Kamboja as well as Kapisa, all etymologically refer to the same foreign word.
814:) as the relics of the Kapiśas i.e. Kambojas of the Paropamisan region. Similarly, the former Kafir-like Aspins of
1560:
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, 2000, p 388, Dr Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed(d).
2102:, 1996, p 133, Dr Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Asoka, 2001, p 31, R. G. Bhandarkar - Biography & Autobiography;
1621:, 2000, p 1-8, K. D. Sethna; Some Aspects of Ancient Indian History and Culture, 1974, p 62, Dr Upendra Thakur;
1936:
e.g: Immortal Love Legend of Savitri & Satyavan. Savitri was the daughter of Asvapati, king of Madra tribe
863:
Kambojas, who were exclusively engaged in horse breeding/trading and also formed a specialised cavalry force.
2198:
History and Culture of the Indian People, 1977, p 165, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar - India.
17:
1576:
2410:
Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (
1800:. It was on account of these above characteristics of this people that they came to be commonly styled as
234:
was the capital city of the Kingdom of Kapisa. While the name of the kingdom has been used for the modern
2106:, 1973, p 29, Dr Deena Bandhu Pandey; Census of India, 1961, p 26, India Office of the Registrar General.
1104:
1067:
1010:
932:
1724:). In ancient times, the area was inhabited by people called the Vahikas or Arattas. Scholars say that
1379:, 1993 edition, p 120, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services.
109:
2230:, 1971, p 291, Dr D. C. Sircar; Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, 1972, p 5, Yogendra Mishra.
1488:, 1993 edition, p 121, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services.
1454:, 1993 edition, p 120, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services.
123:
made a pilgrimage to Kapisa, and described there the cultivation of rice and wheat, and a king of the
1996:
807:
178:
was the capital of the kingdom, though in the 7th century, the center of power of Kapisa shifted to
2442:
1192:
1066:. Sita Ram Kohli memorial lectures. Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, 1966
392:
Thus, both Karpasika and Kapisa are essentially equivalent to Sanskrit Kamboja. And Pāṇinian term
1656:
History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C.
1574:, 1977, p 15, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Dr Achut Dattatraya Pusalker, Dr Asoke Kumar Majumdar;
1351:, 1960, p 26, Bhasker Anand Saletore, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Deptt. of History;
1205:
Cultural History of Ancient India: A Socio-economic and Religio-cultural Survey of Kapisa and ...
1165:
Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE)
657:), a Hindu tribal grouping. Charles Fredrick Oldham identifies the Shahis with the Katas and the
2179:
The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush, 1896, pp 71-77, George Scott Robertson - Nuristani (Asian people).
1611:
Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India: Their Religion and ...
1274:
Kathakasankalanam: amskrtagranthebhyah sangrahītani Kathhakabrahmana,- 1981, P xii, Surya Kanta.
958:
Dust in the wind: retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western pilgrimage. Rhythms Monthly, 2006.
1677:
See: Development of Hindu Polity and Political Theories, 1927, p 227, Narayanchandra Banerjee.
1623:
The Greco-Shunga Period of Indian History, Or, the North-West India of the Second Century B.C.
931:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Volumes 4–6. Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1959.
2127:
See: Tarikh-al-Hind, trans. E. C. Sachau, 1888/1910, vol ii, pp 10-14, Abu Rihan Alberuni.
994:. Asian religions and society series. Pia Brancaccio, Kurt A. Behrendt. UBC Press, 2006.
778:
Moslems began raiding the Shahi kingdom, the Shahi ruler of Kapisa moved their capital to
8:
2347:
2100:
Political History of India from the Accession of Parikshit to the Coronation of Bimbisara
1310:
Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra
872:
703:
101:
100:
form of an older name for the area, from prehistory. Following its conquest in 329 BC by
93:
2295:
Licchivika.Vrjika.Mallaka.Madraka.Kukura.Kuru.Panchala.adayo raaja.shabda.upajiivinah||
649:, in Nuristan were the origins of the Shahis. V. A. Smith calls the early Shahis a
585:
was a metropolitan city of the epic Kambojas. The Rajapuram (=Rajapura) of Mahabharata (
574:
249:
The first references to Kapisa appear in the writings of 5th-century BC Indian scholar
86:
1438:, 1981, pp 44, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; cf also: Dr J. W. McCrindle,
190:
1284:
1169:
1097:
1089:
1003:
995:
967:
959:
709:, who visited India (629 AD - 645 AD) calls the ruler of Kapisa as Buddhist and of a
1992:
The Kambojas are also labelled as Kshatriyas in numerous of ancient texts of India.
400:), in fact, refers to the Kamboja kingdom, located on the south-eastern side of the
790:
700:
662:
357:
Even the evidence from the 3rd-century Buddhist tantra text Mahamayuri (which uses
351:
220:
2082:
For Rajapura=Holo-she-pulo, See: Yuan Chwang, Vol I, p 284, Watters; Si-yu-ki:
1966:
1960:
1838:
1626:
1390:
1163:
1110:
1073:
1016:
980:
938:
877:
293:) of the area are referred to by several works of ancient Indian literature. The
239:
235:
60:
1850:
1752:
i.e. kingless or headless or in other words, a republican people or territory (
1708:
1696:
1686:
Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 117.
1650:
Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p 403, Dr H.C. Seth; See also:
1501:
1029:
898:
646:
631:
445:
335:
298:
136:
1837:, Vasatis, Trigartas, Pauravas, Malavas, Yaudheyas, Saindhavas, Sauviras; the
2431:
1892:
1639:
India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī
860:
726:
658:
638:
524:
497:
405:
203:
2215:(Kalahana's Rajatrangini, New Delhi, 1960, VIII, 3230, M. A. Stein (Editor).
1037:. Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University. pp. 215–216.
906:. Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University. pp. 215–216.
827:
734:
692:. Bishan Singh and K. S. Dardi etc. connect the Kabul Shahis to the ancient
250:
127:. In his chronicle, he relates that in Kapisa were over 6,000 monks of the
2226:
Kalahana's Rajatrangini, New Delhi, 1960, VIII, 3230, M. A. Stein (Editor;
1797:
1405:, 2000, p 1, K. D. Sethna; Purana, Vol VI No 1, January 1964, K. D. Sethna.
1298:
Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia
762:
650:
634:, while at the same time, they also claim their origin/descent from Tibet.
461:
378:
116:
as the "Indic Caucasus", although the older name appears to have survived.
2422:) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.
1715:, besides the five rivers of modern Punjab and extending as far as river
846:
842:
754:
746:
642:
577:
542:
508:
449:
444:
including Rajauri/Poonch districts, while the original Kamboja, known as
429:
409:
294:
270:
195:
171:
152:
148:
132:
66:
1031:
Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers
900:
Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers
301:, inlays surviving from burnt furniture, were important artistic finds.
849:) are believed to be modern representatives of the Pāṇinian Aśvayanas (
750:
738:
697:
665:. (Oldham further claims links between the Katas and/or Takkas and the
608:
437:
432:
refers to two Kamboja settlements: one called Kamboja, adjacent to the
366:
312:
304:
In later times, Kapisa seems to have been part of a kingdom ruled by a
278:
274:
266:
113:
74:
2386:
A Comprehensive History of India, Vol II, p 118, Dr Nilkantha Shastri.
589:
of Xuanzang) has been identified with modern Rajauri in south-western
581:. Moreover, the Drona Parava of Mahabharata specifically attests that
46:
43:
1887:
833:
758:
742:
710:
693:
654:
551:
535:
The surviving account of the travels of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim
489:
453:
417:
413:
401:
319:
308:
1152:, 1905, p 784, (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
859:
The Aśvakayanas and Aśvayanas are also believed to be sub-tribes of
688:
D. B. Pandey traces the affinities of the early Kabul Shahis to the
2406:
1946:
The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline
1930:
1926:
1864:
1842:
1830:
1150:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
852:
838:
819:
771:
706:
678:
674:
670:
619:
566:
536:
530:
469:
465:
425:
347:
344:
305:
128:
120:
97:
82:
2324:, Ed J. Dawson, p 426; S. D. Singh Charak, PURB No 1, 1970, p 2ff.
1467:, 1981, pp 44, 147, 155, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī.
2020:
Jataka 548; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1912, p 255-57.
1896:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1737:
1729:
1630:
1325:, 1981, p 44, 147, 155, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī.
1225:
Mahābhārata; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata
815:
783:
721:
717:
682:
666:
593:. Culturally speaking, Kapiśa had significant Iranian influence.
590:
485:
473:
441:
421:
396:
is believed to have been the capital of ancient Kamboja. Kapisa (
370:
316:
311:
king holding sway over ten neighboring states including Lampaka,
261:, a famous wine from Kapisa. The city of Kapiśi also appeared as
164:
78:
2292:
Kamboja.Suraastra.Ksatriya.shreny.aadayovartasastra.upajiivinah|
1413:
1411:
170:
Between the 7th and 9th centuries, the kingdom was ruled by the
2419:
2415:
2156:
Bebgal, I, 191, Dr R. C. Majumdar; Dist Gazeteer , 1915, p 26;
1868:
1834:
1764:
The Age of Imperial Unity, History and Culture of Indian People
1716:
1148:
See: Notes on Indian coins and Seals, Part IV, E. J. Rapson in
823:
786:
627:
615:
457:
433:
243:
199:
175:
105:
1540:
denoted the same geographical unit. To this may also be added
2411:
1922:
1853:
1822:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1408:
779:
713:
689:
555:
515:. Some scholars call Parama Kamboja as 'Uttara-Kamboja' i.e.
476:
refers to two Kamboja territories/and or ethnics - viz.: (1)
179:
108:
and the surrounding area were known in the Hellenic world as
69:
during the late 1st millennium. Its capital was the city of
2275:
Mahabharata 13.33.20-21). Cf also: (Mahabharata 13.35.17-18.
1086:
Buddhist caves of Jāghūrī and Qarabāgh-e Ghaznī, Afghanistan
297:
also noted the common practice of slavery in the city. The
131:
school of Buddhism. In a 7th-century Chinese chronicle, the
1826:
1634:
1300:, 1953, p 58, Sir William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, M. C. Gillet.
775:
603:
481:
238:
in Afghanistan, the ancient city of Kapisa was located in
2056:, 1996, p 134, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee;
2048:, 1920, p 78, University of Calcutta, Deptt. of Letters;
1804:
etc. Aratta or Vahika, by no means, implies an ethic term
801:
2098:, 1923, p 77, Dept. of Letters, University of Calcutta;
2073:
Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava (MBH 7.4.5).
2228:
Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India
398:
Ki-pin, Ke-pin, Ka-pin, Chi-pin of the Chinese records
257:, a city of the Kapisa kingdom. Pāṇini also refers to
2158:
Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal
523:. The Kapisa-Kamboja equivalence also applies to the
381:, Dr Krishna Chandra Mishra etc. also write that the
343:
Scholar community holds that Kapisa is equivalent to
52:
35:
1615:
Die Voelker des oestlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen
1549:
Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata
1523:
Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata
1227:: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Dr Moti Chandra - India
826:
are identified as the modern representatives of the
119:
In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk
1942:
Mobile Men: Limits to Social Change in Urban Punjab
596:
377:, Kapisa and Kamboja are equivalent. Scholars like
841:(from Aspazai) in the Kabul valley (between river
330:
2212:Tatsantana bhavonantah samuhah Ksatrajanamanam ||
2086:, 1906, p 163, Samuel Beal - Travelers, Chinese;
1221:Tribes in the Mahabharata: A Socio-cultural Study
696:clans of the Kambojas/Gandharas. The 7th-century
630:on the one hand and claim their descent from the
339:Asia in 565 AD, showing Kapisa and its neighbors.
85:in the south and west, out as far as the modern
2429:
1365:Non-Aryan Linguistic Elements in the Atharvaveda
810:clans of the Kams, Kamoje/Kamoz, Kamtoz etc. (or
531:Physical characteristics of the people of Kapiśa
143:). In other Chinese works, it is called Jibin (*
1760:Evolution of Heroic Tradition in ancient Panjab
1707:including Sarayu (Herat River), Gomal, Kurrum,
1349:Main Currents in the Ancient History of Gujarat
1161:
365:) and the Ramayana-manjri by Sanskrit Acharya,
34:, appearing in contemporary Chinese sources as
2344:An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan
2322:History of India as told by its own Historians
315:, Gandhara and Banu, according to the Chinese
214:
1551:: Upāyana Parva, 1945, P 44, Dr Moti Chandra.
1155:
387:Ki-pin/Ka-pin/Chi-pin of the Chinese writings
58:
41:
1571:The History and Culture of the Indian People
1536:"Thus before us is placed a suggestion that
1367:, 2000, 137, Abhijit Ghosh - Vedic language.
1249:1966 p 170, 461, Dr William Woodthorpe Tarn.
1223:, 1987, pp 94,314, Krishna Chandra Mishra -
1641:, 1953, p 64, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
1476:See: Indian Antiquaries, 52, part 2, 1923 .
992:Gandhāran Buddhism: archaeology, art, texts
194:Statue of Buddha found in the monastery of
2136:The Pathans, 1958, p 108, 109, Olaf Caroe.
1997:Kambojas#Kambojas as Kshatriyas (warriors)
1732:) form of Vedic "A-rashtra" – which means
1580:, 1973, p 54, Dr Rameṣa-Chandra Majumdar;
798:rulers, according to Alberuni's accounts.
408:region. It was anciently inhabited by the
2009:V1: Buddhist Records of the Western World
1338:, 1972, p 89, Dr Gupta, Dharmendra Kumar.
1336:Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin
496:located on southern side of Hindukush in
27:Ancient kingdom in modern-day Afghanistan
2438:Former political entities in Afghanistan
2104:The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab
2088:History of Kanauj to the Moslem Conquest
1088:. Volume 2 of Reports and. IsIAO, 2004.
1027:
896:
511:, became known as 'Parama-Kamboja' i.e.
334:
189:
2209:Adyapi dyotate sahevahvayena digantare,
1629:, are located right into Śaka-dvipa or
14:
2430:
2052:, 1923, p 78, University of Calcutta;
1841:and transfrontier peoples such as the
1786:, 1943, p 71, Dr B. C. Law - Ethnology
1504:, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr. K. M. Munshi.
1355:, 2003, Edition, p 277, Dr W. W. Tarn.
1168:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
802:Modern ethnicities derived from Kapiśa
135:, Kapisa appears as the realm of Cao (
65:), was a state located in what is now
2311:The Pathans, 1958, p 101, Olaf Caroe.
2092:Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India
2090:, 1964, p 84, Rama Shankar Tripathi;
2084:Buddhist Records of the Western World
2062:Geographical Data in the early Purana
1895:territory to as far as south-west of
1758:, 1871, p 215, Alexander Cunningham;
637:Some authors have suggested that the
2096:Journal of the Department of Letters
2050:Journal of the Department of Letters
1613:, 1874, p 365, Dr John Muir - 1874;
1498:History and Culture of Indian People
1486:Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India
1463:Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada
1452:Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India
1434:Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada
1377:Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India
1321:Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada
1189:A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit
806:Scholars have identified the former
661:of Punjab, whom Oldham describes as
375:History and Culture of Indian People
147:), a name appearing as early as the
2298:(Kautiliya Arathashastra, 11.1.03).
1465:Ancient Kamboja, people and country
1436:Ancient Kamboja, people and country
1323:Ancient Kamboja, people and country
724:historian and author of the famous
24:
2054:Political History of Ancient India
2011:, Edition 2006, p 54-55, Xuanzang.
1584:, 1961, p 56, Amaury De Riencourt.
1084:Giovanni Verardi, Elio Paparatti.
448:was located north of Hindukush in
25:
2459:
1762:, 1971, p 53, Dr Buddha Prakash;
1654:, Vol XIII, 1937, p 400-403; cf:
73:. The kingdom stretched from the
1903:). They had formed parts of the
1044:from the original on 6 June 2022
913:from the original on 6 June 2022
597:The early Shahis of Kapiśa/Kabul
569:described in the Buddhist text,
480:, located north of Hindukush on
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2337:
2327:
2314:
2305:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2220:
2201:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2163:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2109:
2076:
2067:
2039:
2023:
2014:
2001:
1986:
1972:
1953:
1915:
1878:
1807:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1644:
1603:
1587:
1563:
1554:
1528:
1516:
1507:
1491:
1479:
1470:
1457:
1445:
1428:
1396:
1370:
1358:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1312:, 1981, pe xii, Dr Surya Kanta.
1303:
1291:
1277:
1268:
1259:The Indian Historical Quarterly
1252:
1247:The Greeks in Bactria and India
1240:
1230:
1210:
1198:
1182:
1142:
1133:
1124:
733:Ancient Indian sources such as
331:Equivalence to Sanskrit Kamboja
253:. Pāṇini refers to the city of
2239:Ashtadhyayi Sutra 4.1.168-175.
2064:, 1972, p 164, Dr M. R. Singh.
1944:- 1976, p 3, Satish Saberwal;
1617:, 1865, p 186, Adolf Bastian;
1115:
1078:
1056:
1021:
985:
952:
943:
925:
890:
601:The affinities of the earlier
13:
1:
2094:, 1924, p 236, Dr B. C. Law;
1981:Foundations of Indian Culture
1768:The Cambridge Ancient History
1619:The Problems of Ancient India
1265:, Vol XXV-3, 1949, pp 190–92.
884:
385:(of Mahabharata) and Kapisa (
1884:The cis-Hindukush Kambojas (
1780:Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata
1577:An Advanced History of India
573:as well in the great Indian
548:Xuanzang further writes that
436:(of Gilgit), extending from
325:
7:
2116:Indian Historical Quarterly
2058:Indian Historical Quarterly
1652:Indian Historical Quarterly
1500:, Vol III, pp 122, 617, Dr
1263:Indian historical quarterly
1121:Ashtadhyayia Sutra IV.2.99.
866:
424:) (q.v.) sub-tribes of the
53:
36:
10:
2464:
2448:History of Kapisa Province
1756:Ancient Geography of India
1742:without head/or government
1734:without king or government
1064:Glimpses of ancient Panjab
503:With passage of time, the
110:Alexandria on the Caucasus
1891:), had extended from the
1403:Problems of Ancient India
389:) are synonymous terms.
242:, in or near present-day
224:
185:
59:
42:
1534:Dr Moti Chandra writes:
1193:Arthur Anthony Macdonell
1162:Klaus Vondrovec (2014).
645:(Kaṭor/Kaṭir) tribe, of
2320:Cf also: H. M. Elliot,
2257:Vayu Purana, 88.127-43.
1965:3 February 2023 at the
1821:were divided into many
1784:Tribes in Ancient India
1772:). Similarly, the term
1740:"A-sara" – also meaning
1015:31 January 2024 at the
837:) and the Asip/Isap or
563:According to scholars,
167:and surrounding areas.
1948:, p 119, D. D. Kosambi
1609:Mahabharata II.27.25;
1389:3 October 2023 at the
607:rulers (the so-called
550:the king of Kapisa is
464:, as neighbors to the
340:
215:
207:
1788:). The tribes of the
1748:is said to allude to
1028:Kuwayama, S. (2002).
897:Kuwayama, S. (2002).
338:
193:
2266:Manusmirity X.43-44.
2248:Harivamsa, 14.19-20.
1421:, 52, part 2, 1923;
880:(modern Afghanistan)
527:Kamboja settlement.
452:territory mainly in
112:in reference to the
2348:Henry Walter Bellew
1744:--- thus the Vedic
1736:. This compares to
1353:Alexander the Great
1109:2 July 2023 at the
1072:2 July 2023 at the
979:2 July 2023 at the
937:2 July 2023 at the
873:Etymology of Kapisa
720:, the 12th-century
102:Alexander the Great
1802:Arattas or Vahikas
1425:, 203, 1923, p 54.
1423:Indian Antiquaries
1419:Indian Antiquaries
1288:, Vol XIX-1, p 11.
341:
287:Kapiśayani Draksha
208:
198:, Gurband Valley,
172:Turk Shahi dynasty
163:) in reference to
87:Jalalabad District
1901:north-west Punjab
1886:i.e south of the
1860:) as well as the
1582:The Soul of India
1513:Mahabhara 2.48.7.
1285:Epigraphia Indica
1175:978-3-7001-7695-4
1102:978-88-85320-22-2
1062:Buddha Prakash .
1008:978-0-7748-1080-7
972:978-986-81419-8-8
812:modern Nuristanis
624:confused accounts
571:Bhuridatta Jataka
277:, as well as the
32:Kingdom of Kapisa
16:(Redirected from
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2255:
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2240:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2205:
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2195:
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2177:
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1990:
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1951:
1919:
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1905:Aratta or Vahika
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983:
956:
950:
947:
941:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
912:
905:
894:
856:) respectively.
663:Naga-worshippers
517:northern Kamboja
513:furthest Kamboja
291:Kapiśayani Madhu
229:
218:
174:. At one point,
96:appears to be a
77:in the north to
64:
63:
56:
50:
49:
39:
21:
2463:
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2458:
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2443:Former kingdoms
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2202:
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2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2060:, 1963, p 103;
2044:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1967:Wayback Machine
1958:
1954:
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1812:
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1694:
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1645:
1627:Parama-Kambojas
1608:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1568:
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1278:
1273:
1269:
1261:, 1963, p 291;
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1235:
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1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1187:
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891:
887:
878:Kapisa Province
869:
818:and Ashkuns or
804:
618:histriographer
599:
533:
521:Distant Kamboja
379:Dr Moti Chandra
333:
328:
251:Achariya Pāṇini
240:Parwan Province
236:Kapisa Province
202:. 7th century.
188:
139:pronunciation *
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2451:
2450:
2445:
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2346:, 1893, p 75,
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2213:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2118:, 1963, p 103.
2108:
2075:
2066:
2038:
2032:12.207.43-44;
2022:
2013:
2000:
1985:
1971:
1952:
1914:
1877:
1867:, also called
1833:, Prasthalas,
1806:
1754:See refs: The
1728:is a popular (
1688:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1643:
1602:
1586:
1562:
1553:
1538:Kapis- Kamboja
1527:
1515:
1506:
1502:R. C. Majumdar
1490:
1478:
1469:
1456:
1444:
1427:
1407:
1395:
1369:
1357:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1251:
1239:
1229:
1209:
1197:
1181:
1174:
1154:
1141:
1132:
1130:Sutra IV.2.29.
1123:
1114:
1077:
1055:
1020:
984:
951:
942:
924:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
875:
868:
865:
803:
800:
647:Bashgul Valley
598:
595:
587:Ho-b-she-pu-lo
532:
529:
446:Parama Kamboja
440:to south-east
332:
329:
327:
324:
299:Begram ivories
187:
184:
137:Middle Chinese
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2460:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
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2047:
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2026:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Paropamisadae
1890:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1866:
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1859:
1855:
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1094:88-85320-22-8
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1000:0-7748-1080-7
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830:Aśvakayanas (
829:
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727:Rajatarangini
723:
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89:in the east.
88:
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48:
45:
38:
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18:Kapisa (city)
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2364:
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2307:
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2141:
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2057:
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2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1974:
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1943:
1939:
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1917:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1798:Vedic Aryans
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
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1720:
1719:in the east(
1691:
1682:
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1184:
1164:
1157:
1149:
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1135:
1126:
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1085:
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1063:
1058:
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1030:
1023:
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987:
954:
945:
927:
915:. Retrieved
899:
892:
858:
850:
831:
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805:
795:
774:. After the
768:
763:Arthashastra
732:
725:
687:
651:cadet branch
636:
623:
613:
602:
600:
586:
582:
564:
562:
549:
540:
534:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
493:
477:
462:Allai valley
397:
393:
391:
386:
382:
374:
362:
358:
356:
342:
303:
290:
289:) and wine (
286:
283:
262:
258:
254:
248:
231:
226:
210:
209:
169:
160:
156:
144:
140:
118:
98:Sanskritized
91:
70:
31:
29:
2036:6.11.63-64.
2034:Mahabharata
2030:Mahabharata
1851:Persianised
1633:, north of
1598:Mahabharata
1594:Mahabharata
1217:Mahabharata
1048:24 November
917:24 November
861:Paropamisan
808:Vedic Hindu
796:Hindu Shahi
791:Brahmanical
755:Mahabharata
747:Vayu Purana
641:and/or the
578:Mahabharata
525:Paropamisan
509:Transoxiana
505:Paropamisan
472:land. Even
450:Transoxiana
430:Mahabharata
416:), and the
295:Mahabharata
271:Apollodotus
196:Fondukistan
153:Old Chinese
149:Book of Han
133:Book of Sui
94:name Kapisa
67:Afghanistan
2432:Categories
1849:; and the
1778:See refs:
1722:University
1417:See also:
885:References
751:Manusmriti
739:Astadhyayi
722:Kashmirian
609:Turk Shahi
539:says that
438:Kafiristan
410:Aśvakayana
367:Kshemendra
313:Nagarahara
279:Nezak Huns
275:Eucratides
267:Indo-Greek
259:Kapiśayana
125:Suli tribe
114:Hindu Kush
75:Hindu Kush
2007:Si-Yu-KI
1994:See Link:
1940:See ref:
1888:Hindukush
1865:Scythians
1831:Gandharas
1829:like the
1774:"Vahikas"
1750:A-rashtra
1600:II.27.23.
1542:Karpasika
1237:Society).
1219:2.48.7.;
834:Assakenoi
759:Kautiliya
743:Harivamsa
711:Kshatriya
694:Kshatriya
675:Gandharas
655:Siah-Posh
583:Rajapuram
552:Kshatriya
492:and (2)
490:Badakshan
454:Badakshan
414:Assakenoi
402:Hindukush
383:Karpasika
326:Etymology
320:Xuan Zang
309:Kshatriya
269:coins of
161:Krats-pin
157:Krads-pin
145:Kjej-pjin
2407:Xuanzang
2287:Sanskrit
1963:Archived
1927:Gandhara
1847:Pahlavas
1843:Kambojas
1794:"Vahika"
1790:"Aratta"
1726:"Aratta"
1442:, p 268.
1387:Archived
1381:See Link
1107:Archived
1070:Archived
1039:Archived
1013:Archived
977:Archived
935:Archived
908:Archived
867:See also
853:Aspasioi
839:Yusufzai
828:Pāṇinian
820:Yashkuns
772:Ashvakas
707:Xuanzang
701:Buddhist
679:Kambojas
671:Abhisara
620:Alberuni
567:Kambojas
537:Xuanzang
494:Ambautai
478:Tambyzoi
470:Scythian
466:Rishikas
426:Kambojas
418:Aśvayana
412:(Greek:
345:Sanskrit
306:Buddhist
263:Kaviśiye
227:Jiapishi
129:Mahayana
121:Xuanzang
83:Kandahar
2046:Journal
1931:Kamboja
1897:Kashmir
1862:nomadic
1858:Yavanas
1854:Ionians
1839:Iranian
1819:Arattas
1815:Vahikas
1738:Avestic
1730:prakrit
1637:. See:
1631:Scythia
1596:7.4.5;
1440:Ptolemy
851:Greek:
832:Greek:
816:Chitral
784:Brahmin
718:Kalhana
704:pilgrim
698:Chinese
683:Daradas
667:Hazaras
591:Kashmir
543:Tukhara
486:Bactria
474:Ptolemy
468:in the
442:Kashmir
434:Daradas
428:. Epic
422:Aspasio
420:(Greek
404:in the
371:Kashmir
363:Kapisha
359:Kabusha
352:Persian
348:Kamboja
317:pilgrim
221:Chinese
165:Kashmir
79:Bamiyan
2420:Kamtoz
2416:Camoje
2334:Smith.
1899:(i.e.
1869:Shakas
1835:Khasas
1823:tribes
1746:Aratta
1717:Yamuna
1668:Singh.
1547:(See:
1172:
1100:
1092:
1006:
998:
970:
962:
824:Gilgit
787:vizier
757:, and
735:Pāṇini
659:Takkas
628:Hindus
616:Muslim
458:Pamirs
394:Kapiśi
255:Kapiśi
244:Bagram
232:Kapisa
223::
216:Kapiśi
211:Kapisi
200:Parwan
186:Kapisi
176:Bagram
106:Bagram
71:Kapisa
51:) and
37:Caoguo
2412:Kamoz
1923:Madra
1827:clans
1713:Indus
1705:Delhi
1701:Kabul
1545:used"
1042:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
847:Indus
843:Kabul
780:Kabul
714:caste
690:Hunas
632:Turks
604:shahi
556:caste
230:) or
180:Kabul
54:Jibin
1929:and
1813:The
1711:and
1709:Swat
1697:Swat
1635:Oxus
1347:Cf:
1334:Cf:
1170:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1050:2021
1004:ISBN
996:ISBN
968:ISBN
960:ISBN
919:2021
845:and
776:Arab
681:and
643:Kaṭa
575:epic
482:Oxus
456:and
361:for
225:迦畢試
141:Dzaw
92:The
81:and
30:The
1825:or
1817:or
1792:or
1703:to
822:of
761:'s
737:'s
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622:'s
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519:or
484:in
369:of
265:on
159:or
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1845:,
1410:^
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219:,
182:.
104:,
61:罽賓
2414:/
2350:.
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1979:(
1969:.
1950:.
1871:(
1856:(
1699:/
1195:.
1178:.
1052:.
921:.
488:/
460:/
285:(
273:/
213:(
206:.
155:*
151:(
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47:國
44:漕
40:(
20:)
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