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occurs in the open water when cutting the specific algae off of rope lines replacing in shallow reefs in the flatter, shallower environments. They have not established natural populations in the areas surrounding farmland. They reproduce through vegetative propagation, resulting in the spread and dispersal of the species. They can also reproduce sexually. Due to their large size they are able to out-compete the native species of the reef. It's reproductive structures are
Tettasporic and gametaphytic. The species responds to water temperatures between 22 and 25 degrees Celsius and there's no acclimation of species to 18 degrees Celsius. Maximum photosynthetic rates occur specifically at 30 degrees Celsius and is inhibited at 35 to 40 degrees Celsius. There is not much research conducted on this specific species and its response to salinity. The species has been an invasive species for the last 40 years and has not been explored very well. It has the potential for ecological and environmental impacts it needs further exploration.
169:. The elkhorn sea moss varies in size, weight, and age. It is a dark greenish-brown hue and can sometimes be deep purple. The moss is cylindrical in shape throughout the seaweed. Its diameter averages 1.526 mm when dried. Near the base of the seaweed, its average length is from 1 mm to 17 mm and 1 mm to 2 mm in diameter. Firm algae are around 2 m tall, with axes and branches around 1–2 cm in diameter. It used to be believed they reproduced through vegetative fermentation, but recent studies show that they reproduce sexually. They reproduce through vegetative propagation and reproduce sexually. Cross sections of the Elkhorn sea moss have a medulla composed of small thick-walled cells interspaced among large parenchyma cells. This moss is used for various types of foods that humans consume and can also be used to make a jelly-like dessert. This moss is a very good source of minerals and of high commercial interest
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meters deep. It can also loosely attach itself to the coral. They can form large unattached fragments that can form a mat like structure. This algal mat can act as UV protection for fish and act as a source of food for the surrounding aquatic life. This sea moss has the ability to attach itself to the coral reefs which is when their abilities of invasion are noticed. Once they attach to the surface of the coral they have the ability to endure high wave energy environments. When they are anchored to the tissue of the coral they are able to rapidly divide and spread due to their high growth rates and high successful vegetative regeneration. Once this species invades the coral reefs or the surrounding area it allows for the settlement of epiphytes and shelter for the mesograzers. Physical disturbances can also relocate this species and possibly allow it the opportunity to establish itself in its new environment.
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Sea, and the southern
Philippines. It was introduced to Kane ‘ohe Bay in 1974 for commercial cultivation only.During their invasion to Kane” ohe Bay in 1974 they spread at a rate of 260 m/yr. The high growth rate, plastic morphology, and extremely successful vegetative regeneration makes it this species potentially destructive invasives in Hawaiian waters.
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chocolate milk, cottage cheese, whipped cream, instant products, yogurt, jellies, pet foods, and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications such as mining. Carrageenan is extracted from this seaweed in two ways. In native extraction, the seaweed is made into an
215:. This species was considered an introduced many countries with the sole main purpose of increasing the commercial aquaculture carrageenan industry; the carrageenan is a biopolymer extracted from algae and used extensively in the food industry for the formation of gels to stabilize fat in food with dairy products.
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Kappaphycus is a major source of carrageenan. Carrageenan is an additive used for thickening and preserving foods and drinks. Carrageenan is used for their rheological properties such as emulsifiers, binders. It is also used for suspension or stabilization in a wide range of pharmaceutical carriers,
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Carrageenan is found within the cell wall of
Kappaphycus, which contributes to the antioxidant potential and the presence of ascorbic acid, various phenolics, and vitamin A. Antioxidants defend against oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species. These species can damage cells by chain reactions.
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Sea urchins have been used to determine what may help in the removal of invasive seaweed. The native collector urchins were placed onto a patch of reef and have grazed the algae. These sea urchins have preferred this species over any other type of algae. The algae have been kept to a minimum due to
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Primarily the habitat they usually invaded is in reef flat and edges around 1 to 17 meters deep. They attach loosely to the broken coral or floating fragments in the shallow deep waters. It can form large, moving mats of unattached seaweed. It is known to be invasive to Hawaii, Malaysia, Sulu
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Has been introduced to a lot of different countries around the world for aquaculture purposes. Some of the countries that this species has been introduced to include China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Vietnam, Tanzania, and the United States. Cultivation of the species
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Different carrageenan types differ in composition and conformation, resulting in a wide range of rheological and functional properties. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agents, especially in food products such as frozen desserts,
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Since the big spread of this species in the 1970s, it has spread to the point of naturally becoming part of the reefs in Kane’ohe bay in Oahu Hawaii. Though there is evidence of the widespread of this species, there aren't enough studies that prove or show the ecological impacts they have on the
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The role this sea moss plays in its native habitat is to feed the fish in the surrounding area. It also produces and releases certain minerals which benefit the habitat in which it inhabits. It is found on reef flats and the edges of the reef varying in depth. The moss can be anywhere from 1–17
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The
Elkhorn sea moss has also been killed by copper sulfate, temperature gradients, rock salt, and chlorine bleach. These methods used show a high mortality rate of the elkhorn sea moss in the areas. This method has also been used in other reefs as they will be used in the reefs of Hawaii.
279:, and the residue is filtered, leaving nearly pure carrageenan. The alkaline-modified method is less expensive and easier. The seaweed is mixed in an alkali solution, leaving a mixture of carrageenan and cellulose that can be sold as semirefined carrageenan.
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Hayashi, Leila; Reis, Renata P.; dos Santos, Alex Alves; Castelar, Beatriz; Robledo, Daniel; de Vega, Gloria
Batista; Msuya, Flower E.; Eswaran, K.; Yasir, Suhaimi Md. (2017), Hurtado, Anicia Q.; Critchley, Alan T.; Neish, Iain C. (eds.),
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The
Elkhorn sea moss is located in the Pacific, French, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Caribbean sea, South China sea. It is located on the islands of Hawaii and Guam. Lastly, it is located in Fanning, Moana, Tonga, and Fiji.
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has been introduced throughout the warm tropics for commercial cultivation. It is a major producer of kappa-carrageenan, which is used for medicinal purposes and as a homogenizer in milk products, toothpaste, and jellies.
177:, a family of gel-forming, viscosifying polysaccharides. Farming methods affect the character of the carrageenan that can be extracted from the seaweed. It is very fast-growing, known to double its biomass in 15 days.
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This species has been highly successful at
Kaneohe Bay, dominating the sandy spur and grooves on the reef flat. It inhabits barren sandy grooves where it does not appear to compete with native algal species.
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reefs communities. These species have been growing on and over reefs for many years causing them to outcompete native species and restrict the growth of native species.
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Regardless of the widespread introduction of the species, there have been few studies explaining that this species has formed natural populations surrounding farm plots.
612:"Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of São Paulo State, Brazil"
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459:"Abundance and Spread of the Invasive Red Algae, Kappaphycus spp., in Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i and an Experimental Assessment of Management Options"
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434:"DLNR press release (17 August 2010) - The use of native collector urchins to manage invasive seaweed on a patch reef in Kaneohe Bay - HEAR"
354:"Effect of Radiation-modified Kappa-carrageenan on the Morpho-agronomic Characteristics of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]"
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Due to the damage done by
Kappaphycus alvarezii, actions have taken place to remove Kappaphycus alvarezii in Hawaii.
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Gatan, Mary Grace B.; V. Montefalcon, Djowel Recto; B. Aurigue, Fernando; V. Abad, Lucille (June 17, 2019).
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processed food products, and cosmetics. It is used in things like toothpaste, dairy products, and jellies.
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573:"Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty – An edible seaweed"
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All cells contain antioxidants to reduce or prevent said damage.
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650:"Benefits Of Sea Moss Gel For Men And Women – Boosting Wellness"
383:"Another Growing Threat To Hawaii's Coral Reefs: Invasive Algae"
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Kumar, K. Suresh; Ganesan, K.; Rao, P. V. Subba (2008-03-01).
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Hayashi, Leila; De Paula, Edison José; Chow, Fungyi (2007).
513:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–90,
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Tropical
Seaweed Farming Trends, Problems and Opportunities
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Conklin, Eric J.; Smith, Jennifer E. (November 2005).
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It is one of the most important commercial sources of
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361:Philippine Journal of Science
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616:Journal of Applied Phycology
381:Eagle, Nathan (2017-09-18).
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548:"Kappaphycus alvarezii"
335:"Kappaphycus alvarezii"
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734:Kappaphycus alvarezii
704:Kappaphycus alvarezii
682:Kappaphycus alvarezii
222:Kappaphycus alverezil
158:Kappaphycus alvarezii
143:Kappaphycus alvarezii
25:Kappaphycus alvarezii
463:Biological Invasions
209:noxious aquatic weed
149:(Doty) Doty ex Silva
16:Species of red algae
387:Honolulu Civil Beat
181:Habitat and ecology
312:www.sealifebase.ca
205:introduced species
165:, is a species of
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882:Categories
686:AlgaeBase.
557:2022-12-07
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392:2022-12-07
317:2022-12-07
291:References
71:Rhodophyta
67:Division:
743:AlgaeBase
597:0308-8146
483:1387-3547
167:red algae
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800:10014231
719:Q6367130
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285:ice-ice
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213:Hawaii
207:and a
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357:(PDF)
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593:ISSN
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